摘要:

E11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:Ac) was identified as the primary female sex pheromone component of the mimosa webworm,Homadaula anisocentraMeyrick. Chemical analyses by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of virgin female sex pheromone gland extracts indicated the presence ofE11-14:Ac,E11-14: OH, and 14:Ac, whereas sex pheromone gland volatiles contained onlyE11-14:Ac and 14: Ac (at approximately 1% ofE11-14:Ac). Gas chromatography-electroantennogram detector analyses indicated male antennal responsiveness to a component in pheromone gland extracts and volatiles that had an elution time coincident withE11-14:Ac. In field-trapping studies,E11-14:Ac elicited trap capture rates not different (P>0.05) from those in traps baited with virgin females. Addition of eitherE11-14:OH or Z11-14:Ac reduced trap capture rates, whereasE- and Z11-14:Ald appeared to have no effect on trap capture rates.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/19.1.1

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

In the absence of contact and visual stimuli, significant numbers of adult striped cucumber beetles,Acalymma vittatum(F.), were caught on veiled sticky cups containing either squash seedlings or blossoms. The role of volatile kairomones in host finding was further demonstrated by the attraction ofA. vittatumadults to a synthetic odor mimic of cucurbit blossoms (a mixture of 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene, indole, andtrans-cinnamaldehyde [TIC]. From July to late August 1988, TIC-baited traps caught 4–100 times more adult beetles than controls. Although indole was the most active single component of TIC, the slope of the log-dose response curve for the TIC-baited traps was 7 times greater than the slope for the indole-baited traps. Traps baited with the three-component mixture caught twice as many beetles as the theoretical additive response based on the trap catches of the individual components. Several phenylpropanoid attractants forDiabroticaspecies and other squash blossom odor components also were bioassayed in field tests, but none was as active as TIC or indole.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/19.1.8

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Aspects of the water relations of worker and soldier Formosan subterranean,Coptotermes formosanusShiraki, and eastern subterranean,Reticuliiermes flavipes(Kollar), termites were investigated. The percentage of total body water ranged from 55.68 ± 0.42% forC. formosanusfemale alates to 75.88 ± 0.36% forR. flavipesworkers. Body water loss of both species increased linearly from 2 to 10 h at 30°C and 0–2% RH. Cuticular permeabilities ranged from 15.22 ± 0.93 μg cm−2h−1mmHg−1forC. formosanussoldiers to 42.53 ± 0.21 μg cm−2h−1mmHg−1forC. formosanusmale alates. Cuticular permeability ofC. formosanussoldiers was also significantly less than that of any stage ofR. flavipes. Water loss at death ranged from 35.30 to 55.49% forC. formosanussoldiers andR. flavipesmale alates, respectively. Water content of nest material ranged from 16.3 to 67.7% for both species.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/19.1.15

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Sterile female pink bollworm moths,Pectinophora gossypiella(Saunders). originating from a mass-rearing facility and intercepted en route to be air-dropped over the San Joaquin Valley of California, emitted amounts and ratios of pheromone components that were not significantly different from field-collected females. Sterile males from the same shipments were as successful as field-collected males in mating with either sterile or field collected females. However, sterile males spent significantly more time during courtship to secure copulations. Field-collected females mated at significantly lower frequencies than sterile females, most likely because of laboratory conditions that were not optimal to induce calling behavior. These results indicate that, for the most part, even after the rigors of mass rearing and shipment, sterile males and females are sexually competent and that much of the benefit of sterile pink bollworm releases may come from the sterile females. Sterile males might, under some conditions. be outcompeted by field males were they to court a calling female at approximately the same time.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/19.1.21

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

In wind tunnel flight tests, only 13% of maleCampoletis sonorensis(Cameron) located a female in the absence of a cotton plant, whereas 63% of males located a female placed on a leaf of a cotton plant. Males flown to plants only in the wind tunnel zigzagged in the plume of the plant volatiles but landed infrequently. The increased mate location observed when females were located on a cotton plant was due partly to plant olfactory cues and partly to plant visual cues. Males located females 60% of the time when females were placed on plants and only 33% of the time when the plant was hidden from the male's view but plant volatiles were present. Male flight behavior is described and was distinctly different toward a female compared with a plant alone.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/19.1.26

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A biotype of the green peach aphid.Myzus persicae(Sulzer), from Yakima, Wash. (46°34'N) produced gynoparae and males in response to daily scotophases that were 1.0–1.5 h shorter than those needed to induce the production of these morphs by a biotype ofM. persicaederived from a more southern latitude (40°N) in Spain. Predictions regarding the production of these morphs under fall conditions in their regions of origin are consistent with field observations in these regions.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/19.1.32

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Studies in Connecticut revealed that wind, birds, deer, and humans can play an important role in the dispersal of hemlock woolly adelgid,Adelges tsugaeAnnand. Eggs, crawlers (mobile first instars), and winged adult sexuparae were captured on sticky traps hung in the forest canopy and placed on the forest floor up to 1,350 m (farthest distance tested) leeward of an infested hemlock stand. Greatest numbers of airborne adelgids were trapped at the center and edge of the stand; few were captured 600 m beyond the infestation. Numbers of airborne adelgids trapped at three heights in the forest (5, 10, and 15 m aboveground) did not differ and reflected the uniform vertical distribution of the adelgid source population on the hemlock trees themselves. Examination of birds captured in mist nets revealed that 19 of 22 birds (representing 10 species) trapped in an infested hemlock forest, and 3 of 14 birds (representing three species) captured in an old field 2 km from the nearest known hemlock, were each carrying 1–15 eggs and crawlers ofA. tsugaeon their bodies. Among these birds were several ground-dwelling species that spend little or no time in hemlock trees. Among seedlings that had been planted at various distances from an infested hemlock stand, significantly more adelgids occurred on hemlock seedlings that had been browsed by deer than on seedlings that had not. The interaction between distance and browsing accounted for a significant amount of variation in adelgid density. Within the heavily infested stand, browsing by deer was inconsequential. However, browsing was increasingly important as a means of adelgid dispersal as distance of seedlings from the infested stand increased. The trunks of all 40 mature hemlock and northern hardwood trees examined within the infested forest had ovisacs ofA. tsugaeaffixed to their bark. These ovisacs, which contained on average>100 eggs, had been dislodged from the hemlock canopy above. Ovisac density on these trunks at breast height ranged from 0.5 to 3.6 per 616 cm2. Studies revealed that eggs and crawlers removed from hemlock could survive under ambient conditions without sustenance up to 2 wk in the laboratory. These data suggest that logging operations could be important in the long-range dispersal ofA. tsugae.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/19.1.36

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Pecan,Carya illinoensis(Wangenh.) K. Koch, orchards provide an important habitat for the red imported fire ant,Solenopsis invictaBuren, and orchards from middle to southern Georgia were heavily infested. Honeydew produced by blackmargined aphids,Monellia caryella(Fitch), on pecans was an important source of carbohydrate food forS. invicta, which were found foraging at 9-m heights in trees. Mowing of orchard ground cover caused a change in the ratio ofS. invictaon the ground to that in trees but was not correlated with outbreaks ofM. caryellain trees.S. invictawas a major predator of eggs, larvae, and pupae of a green lacewing,Chrysoperla rufilabris(Burmeister), and of the pupae ofAllograpta obliqua(Say) in pecans but had little effect on the eggs ofHippodamia convergensGuérin-Méneville. A close mutualistic relationship betweenS. invictaand the mealybugDysmicoccus morrisoni(Hollinger) was discovered.S. invictapromoted the development of colonies ofD. morrisonion callus tissue located on the main stem of trees by covering the colony with soil and debris, by defending the colony, and by collecting honeydew.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/19.1.44

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Leaders ofPicea sitchensis(Bong.)Carrière freshly attacked byPissodes strobi(Peck) were covered with sleeve cages to excludeLonchaea corticisTaylor. Unsuccessful empty pupal cells ofP. strobiformed during the summer were associated with leaders without cages whereL. corticislarvae were present. Unsuccessful empty pupal cells were generated during the winter in the presence ofL. corticis. Examination of all leaders in a plantation attacked byP. strobiin each of 2 yr showed predation byL. corticisonP. strobibrood that had formed pupal cells but little if any predation ofP. strobieggs or mining larvae. When the mean percentage of successfulP. strobiemergence from pupal cells was 7%, noP. strobiemerged from leaders with more than twoL. corticisper pupal cell formed byP. strobi; the following year mean emergence was 25% and the threshold for no emergence was near fourL. corticisper pupal cell. With meanL. corticisnumbers near one per pupal cell formed byP. strobi, the success of matureP. strobibrood may have been largely regulated by weather and resultantL. corticispredation.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/19.1.54

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Geographical and phenological patterns in the mortality of immature boll weevil,Anthonomus grandis grandisBoheman, were observed within cotton buds in three regions of Texas during 1983. Boundaries of the geographical regions (eastcoastal, northcentral, and midwestern Texas), were determined based on patterns of mortality contributed by parasitism, predation, and desiccation. Predation was the dominant factor contributing to boll weevil mortality in cotton in the eastcoastal region, accounting for an average of 58% mortality. The red imported fire ant,Solenopsis invictaBuren, was the major predator of the boll weevil in the eastcoastal region. In the midwestern region, desiccation accounted for an average 57% of immature weevil mortality. In the northcentral region, boll weevil mortality was almost equally distributed among parasitism (23%), predation (23%), and desiccation (30%). Parasitism occurred most often in the northcentral region, although it was not the dominant mortality factor in any region. The hymenopteranBracon mellitorSay was the major parasite of the boll weevil. Average boll weevil mortality occurring in the egg stage was<8%. Mortality attributable to disease in the larval through teneraI adult stage was<9% in all three regions. Despite the varied contributions of each mortality factor, total mortality was fairly equal among geographical regions; total mortality was 82% in the northcentral region, 71% in the midwestern region, and 64% in the eastcoastal region.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/19.1.59

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1990

数据来源: OUP