摘要:

A multi-species, phenology (or timing) modeling system described under the acronym of PETE (Predictive Extension Timing Estimator) has been developed for use by extension personnel to schedule integrated pest management (IPM) activities for a tree-fruit pest complex and selected vegetable pests in the state of Michigan. This computer-based system contains a library of pest models in a generalized format with appropriate software programs for constructing models with limited computer programming. It allows automatic operation, spot checking of pest status in the field, model testing, and model validation. When used with an earlier developed Pest Management Executive system (PMEX), it enables IPM extension personnel to monitor key events in the field and make appropriate recommendations to growers. The value of this program for summarizing phenological research and its practical value for implementing IPM methods are discussed.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.4.487

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Adult strawberry root weevil,Otiorhynchus ovatus(L.), emerged from western Oregon soil from late May to mid-June and was present in peppermint until late July. Adult activity on plants was greatest 1–7 h after sunset and adults marked with fluorescent powder dispersed<2 m. Adults collected in the field and reared in the laboratory oviposited for 12 wk, but the percentage of fertile eggs declined significantly after 6 wk. In 1973, 68.2% of the eggs were fertile, 60.7% hatched, and 31.7% were infertile (n=760), and in 1974, 82.0% were fertile, 72.8% hatched, and 18% were infertile (n=239). Eggs hatched in 13.9±1.5 days at constant 20°C and in 12.9±0.9 days at 24°C day and 15°C night temperatures in the laboratory. Larvae were in the soil from early June until May of the following year, and pupation occurred from mid-Apr. until early June.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.4.495

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The effects of host quality and mite density on developmental rate, survivorship and sex ratio ofTetranychus cinnabarinuswere investigated. Males developed faster than females and more females than males were produced. Female mites reared on good leaves tended to produce offspring with a slightly slower developmental rate and lower sex ratio and survivorship than females from poor quality leaves. The effects were shown to be indirect influences of density. Good leaf quality during oviposition and development of offspring resulted in relatively faster developmental rates and higher survivorship of offspring but had no effect on sex ratio. The density regimes used drastically affected the traits. At high density, the mites showed a marked reduction in developmental rate, survivorship, and sex ratio as compared with mites reared in the low density regime.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.4.499

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Concentrations of the sex pheromone (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate present in superficial rinses of the sex pheromone gland of virgin femalePlodia interpunctella(Hübner) at different times during a 14L:10D photoperiod fluctuated at least 10-fold. Maximum quantitites of pheromone, 1–2 ng/female, were obtained during the scotophase when ca. 90% of the females were calling. During the latter 1/2 of the photophase when calling was ca. 60%, less than 0.1 ng/female of the compound was detected. The corresponding alcohol, (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol, showed a similar diel periodicity.Concurrent analyses of the pheromone levels in unmated females ofEphestia(=Cadra)cautellaWalker revealed little<2X) variation in the quantity of either of the 2 previously identified components [(Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate and (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate] at different times during the photoperiod. Ca. 46 and 30% of these females called during the scotophase and photophase, respectively.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.4.502

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The gall midge,Cystiphora schmidti, imported from Greece via Australia, readily attacks representative plants ofChondrilla junceaobtained from skeletonweed infestations throughout the United States. A strain ofAceria chondrillaefrom Greece (via Australia) attacked but did not form galls on the American strains of skeletonweed. The Vieste (Italy) strain ofAceriareproduced and formed varying amounts of gall tissue on all United States plants tested.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.4.506

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The ability of larvae ofScatella stagnalisFallén, a widely distributed species of Ephydridae, to utilize monocultures of 17 species of algae belonging to the classes Bacillariophyceae (diatoms), Chlorophyceae (green algae), Xanthophyceae (yellow-green algae), Cyanophyceae (blue-green algae), and Euglenophyceae (euglenoids) was determined. Thirteen of the 17 algal monocultures allowed larvae to attain the adult stage. Only species ofAnkistrodesmus(Chlorophyceae),MelosiraandAsterionella(Bacillariophyceae), and Cylindrospermum (Cyanophyceae) were completely unsuitable as larval food. However, even among the 13 algal species that were satisfactory foods, there were distinct differences in the egg to adult developmental time. The shortest avg developmental time (12.1 days) was obtained on the diatomNavicula pellieulosa(Brébisson) Hilse; the longest (23.0), on the blue-green algaNostoe muscorumAgardh. The results indicate thatS. stagnalisis a trophic generalist, a fact that explains in part its occurrence in a great variety of wetland habitats.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.4.509

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The bionomics ofAedes cantatorwere investigated under laboratory and field conditions. Less than 2% of the females reared from larvae and pupae under specified laboratory conditions matured eggs in the absence of vertebrate blood; limited autogeny occurred in early season broods. Anautogenous fecundity was significantly greater than autogenous egg production. Nearly half of the 455 resting and host-seeking females examined had not yet completed an ovarian cycle (42.4% nulliparous), and that of the 198 parous specimens collected, only 7 (1.5%) survived the 4th gonotrophic cycle and initiated the 5th.A 50-m2salt-marsh study plot was used to observeA. cantatoron blooming plants.Chrysanthemum leucanthemum,Malva neglecta,Achillea millefolium,Rosa palustris Hieracium pratense, Daucus carota, andSolidago sempervirensserved as nectar sources for 449 adults (283 ♀, 166 ♂). During July,A. cantatorshifted preference fromC. leucanthemumtoA. millefoliumandH. pratense. Of the total 1633 females analyzed for nectar sugars by either anthrone or thin-layer chromatography, more than 50% contained one or more of the primary nectar sugars. Significantly more females contained nectar sugars in the salt marsh (avg 57% positive) than specimens in inland forests (avg 19.6%). Results indicate that males and females frequently feed on nectar in the marsh and thereby supplement their stored nutritional reserves before dispersal.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.4.512

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The mosquitoCulex pipiens quinquefasciatusSay was found to have developed resistance to the mermithid nematodeRomanomermis culicivoraxRoss and Smith after some 300 generations. Parasitism was 32–42% higher in a native strain than in the laboratory strain of the host under similar conditions. Differences were even greater when the number of successful penetrations (multiple parasitism) was measured. No evidence of humoral defense mechanisms were found, and the mode of resistance has not been determined.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.4.518

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

One effect of competition betweenScutellista cyaneaMotsch. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) andMetaphycus lounsburyi(How.) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), natural enemies ofSaissetia oleae(Oliv.) (Homoptera: Coccidae), was investigated. Proportion of hosts attacked byS. cyaneawas significantly lower when this species occurred in combination withM. lounsburyicompared to when it occurred alone. Percent parasitization byM. lounsburyiwas not significantly reduced when in combination withS. cyanea. Total proportion of hosts attacked was greater when both species were present compared to when either occurred alone. Relevance to biological control is discussed.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.4.521

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

We measured developmental time and survivorship ofAleurocanthus woglumiAshby on grapefruit (Citrus paradisiMacf.), lemon (C. limonBurm. f.), lime (C. aurantifoliaSwingle), orangeC. sinesisOsbeck), tangelo (C. x. Tangelo) and tangerine (C. reticulataBlanco). No significant differences were observed in the developmental times among the plants tested. Survivorship ofA. woglumiwas significantly (P<0.01) greater on lemon (K=0.19) and significantly (P<0.01) lower on grapefruit (K=0.50) than that on the other plants tested (K=0.35). K-values for orange, lime, tangerine, and tangelo did not significantly differ from the overall value or each other. Grapefruit appears to be a less desirable host forA. woglumidevelopment and therefore less suitable for use in research work.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/7.4.524

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1978

数据来源: OUP