摘要:

Pest management systems that utilize modern systems engineering principles are discussed. It is a well-tested framework in physical sciences and especially useful when the information about the system to be controlled is not completely known. The theory of on-line pest management, along with the discussion of its various components, is presented. Necessary developments in the pest management areas of environmental monitoring, system modeling, biological monitoring, are discussed.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/6.3.339

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The development of boll weevils from egg to adult emergence was studied in relation to temperature at Jackson, TN, during 1974. The development period varied with average temperature. Average temperatures ranged 20.67°–27.12°C. Development periods ranged 16–28 days. Variability increased as average temperatures decreased. Development periods can be estimated using a linear regression equation.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/6.3.350

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

In April 1977 issue of Environmental Entomology, paper by Gary et al., pages 303–314, the second column in Table 2, page 309, should read: “Recovered on male fertile rows.”

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/6.3.352

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The sex pheromone components ofPandemis pyrusanaKearfott (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were identified as (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate in a 94:6 ratio. They are the same pheromone components (91:9) found in the allopatric speciesPandemis limitata(Robinson).

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/6.3.353

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A field study of oviposition activity byAedes(Protomacleaya)triseriatus(Say) andA.(P.)hendersoniCockerell in southern Wisconsin revealed differences in both the vertical and temporal distribution of eggs laid by these 2 closely related treehole breeding mosquitoes. Oviposition was measured by the number of eggs laid in can-traps at ground level and at 3, 6, and 9 m above ground level.A. triseriatusexhibited strong preference for oviposition at ground level, 69% of its eggs being laid in ground-level traps, whileA. hendersoniwas much more arboreal, depositing only 26% of its eggs in ground level traps. Oviposition activity of both species was considerably reduced during weeks when mean temperature was approximately 18°C or lower. The period of high oviposition activity byA. triseriatusextended for a period of 10 wk, from the week ending July 3 through the week ending Sept. 4. The period of maximum oviposition activity byA. hendersoniwas much shorter, extending through only 4 wk, from the week ending July 3 through the week ending July 24.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/6.3.355

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The vegetation of New Jersey tidal salt marshes is composed primarily of 2 grasses;Spartina patens, which occupies a narrow elevational zone of high marsh andSpartina alterniflora, an intertidal species.S. patensforms a dense, persistent, thatch, whileS. alternifloraproduces only a loose lattice of litter which rapidly decomposes.A comparison between the guilds of sap-feeding insects (for the most part, Delphacidae, Cicadellidae, Issidae, and Miridae) inhabiting these grasses revealsS. patenshousing a much more diverse assemblage of herbivores thanS. alterniflora. S. alterniflora-inhabiting species are exclusively bi- or trivoltine, while onS. patens, sap-feeders possess a greater variety of life history types and show a specialized trend toward univoltinism.Removal of only the dead thatch portion ofS. patensresults in reduced species diversity and evenness of sap-feeders on the living grass system. Trivoltine species, which normally inhabit the upper strata ofS. patens, increase their populations on dethatched grass compared to the unaltered grass system.Both empirical and experimental evidence suggests that the complex microstructure and thatch ofS. patensprovide a more heterogeneous and protective resource which supports a more diverse and specialized fauna of sap-feeders thanS. alterniflora.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/6.3.359

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A potent attractant in the field for spotted tentiform leaf miner,Lithocolletis blancardella(F.) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), male moths was found to be (E)-10-dodecenyl acetate. The compound was predicted from male antennal responses to monounsaturated acetates and alcohols.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/6.3.373

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The value of outdoor field cages in assessing the potential for establishment of exotic parasites of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar(L.), is demonstrated, usingRogas indiscretusReardon as a model. Aspects of its laboratory biology are presented. This Indian parasite was found to produce 3 generations/yr in Connecticut (CT) in gypsy moth larvae artificially supplied as hosts in field cages. It overwintered successfully as a diapausing larva within a mummy and emerged in synchrony with the appearance of young gypsy moth larvae the following spring. Alternate hosts would be needed by this parasite in CT during July and Sept. Based on field cage studies, the availability of suitable alternate hosts at these appropriate periods appears to be the limiting factor for establishment of this parasite in North America.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/6.3.375

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Representatives of different insecticide classes were tested for toxicity to larvae of an organophosphate (OP) resistant strain of the tobacco budworm,Heliothis virescens(F.), and adults of one of its Ichneumonid parasites,Campoletis sonorensis(Carlson). Organochlorine insecticides, most phosphorothionates (P=S), a carbamate, a formamidine and natural pyrethrins were at least 100 times as toxic to the parasite as to the host. AnS-alkyl phosphorodithioate, severalS-alkyl phosphorothiolates and phosphates (P=O), and several synthetic pyrethroids were more nearly equal in toxicity to the parasite and the host. Those insecticides much more toxic to the parasite than the host are detoxified primarily by oxidative processes. Many of the insecticides of similar toxicity to both insects are detoxified in large part by hydrolytic processes. The data indicate that hydrolytically metabolized insecticides may be best suited for use in integrated control programs as they are less likely to selectively kill parasite populations.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/6.3.381

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The LD50's of carbofuran, carbaryl, malathion, phosmet, and methoxychlor were determined by topical application in the laboratory on adult femaleBathyplectes curculionis, adult femaleMicroctonus aethiopoides, 3rd-instar larvae ofHypera postica, 3rd-instar larvae ofH. posticaparasitized byB. curculionis, adult overwinteredH. posticaand adult overwinteredH. posticaparasitized byM. aethiopoides. Selectivity ratios, calculated as the LD50of the parasite divided by the LD50of the weevil larva or adult, indicated that each of the insecticides was more toxic to the 2 parasites than to the host larvae, but, comparatively, carbofuran and carbaryl were 2–3 times safer to the parasites than malathion, phosmet, or methoxychlor. Carbofuran was selective in favor of both parasites over the adult weevils. Parasitized larvae and adults ofH. posticawere more susceptible to the insecticides than were their nonparasitized counterparts and most of the parasite larvae died within the susceptible hosts. Larvae were more tolerant to all the insecticides than were the adults. The usefulness of the insecticides in an integrated control program is discussed on the basis of this laboratory study.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/6.3.385

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP