摘要:

A model was developed that describes the interaction between a pest insect, the house fly,Musca domesticaL., and a wasp,Spalangia endiusWalker, a parasite of house fly pupae. The model is based on life history studies of both insects in the laboratory and in the field. With this model, densities of both insects can be simulated by computer techniques, and the degree of control of house flies that can be obtained by release of the parasite can be studied. The simulation is based principally upon 4 life history parameters: survival of adult females; survival of immature forms; developmental times for immature forms; and fecundity and egg-laying patterns of adult females. Simulations showed that high level control of house flies can be expected by the sustained release of the parasites, a result in agreement with the results of field tests. The simulations were therefore used to study the effects of varying the rate and pattern of parasite releases on house fly density reduction.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/6.4.489

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Treatment of soybean with methyl parathion and methomyl caused resurgence of populations ofPlathypena scabraF.,Heliothisspp.,Pseudoplusia includens(Walker),Anticarsia gemmatalisHübner, andEpilachna varivestisMulsant. Less resurgence occurred when monocrotophos was applied. Removal of the natural biotic agents by the insecticides was probably the major reason for the resurgence. Newly-established soybean fields in isolated situations were more susceptible to outbreaks of these pests than fields which were cultivated annually.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/6.4.501

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Japanese beetles,Popillia japonicaNewman, can survive on grape leaf tissue between galls of the grape phylloxera,Daktulosphaira vitifoliae(Fitch). However, with galls the only food source, feeding is limited and survival is significantly reduced.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/6.4.507

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Fenthion (O,O-dimethylO-[4-(methylthio)-m-tolyl] phosphorothioate) applied by airplane at a rate of 56.0 g/ha (20.8 ml mixed in one liter fuel oil) to control mosquito larvae on 14,164 ha of mountain meadow ranchland in the Little Laramie Valley, Wyoming, had relatively little adverse effect on honey bees,Apis melliferaL. Although the material is highly toxic to the bees, exposed colonies had only partial, nonincapacitating loss of the field force that lasted only one day. Brood production, number of frames of adult bees, and pollen collection were not affected. Therefore, in a similar situation, it would not be necessary or practical for a commercial beekeeper to move his colonies during application of this insecticide.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/6.4.509

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Constant temperatures between 32–35°C or higher and fluctuating temperatures with a mean of 32°C or higher generally resulted in reproductive failure of pink bollworms,Pectinophora gossypiella(Saunders), if the exposure occurred in the larval and pupal, pupal, or adult stages. This failure usually occurred because the male exposed to high temperature did not mate and/or effectively transfer sperm to the spermatheca of the female. Short exposures to high temperature in the late larval-early pupal stage caused mortality but had little effect on reproduction. Sperm was often found in the transferred spermatophores, an indication that death of the sperm, reduced sperm motility, or some other mechanism prevented movement of sperm to the spermatheca. Both eupyrene and apyrene sperm were affected. Females exposed to these temperatures had reduced egg laying and egg viability.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/6.4.513

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Trapping experiments were conducted in Massachusetts to compare the attractiveness of the enantiomers of disparlure (cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane), the sex attractant pheromone of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar(L.). The (+) enantiomer of disparlure showed much greater activity than the (−) enantiomer or an equivalent amount of racemic disparlure.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/6.4.518

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Thirteen families, 34 genera, and 51 species of spiders were collected in guar,Cyamopsis tetragonoloba(L.) Taub., in Texas and Oklahoma.Dictyna volucripesKeyserling appeared to be a primary predator of adult midges,Contarinia texana(Felt). Larvae ofC. texanawere preyed upon by the wolf spider,Pardosa pauxillaMontgomery.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/6.4.523

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

An instance of aVespula vulgarisnest being usurped or adopted by aV. pensylvanicaqueen is reported. The gradual replacement ofV. vulgarisworkers byV. pensylvanicaworkers was evidenced by a gradual transition in the nest from tan, brittleV. vulgarispaper to gray, flexibleV. pensylvanicapaper. Intraspecific competition for nests by queens is probably common and interspecific competition for nests is likely where there is an overlap in the distribution of 2 closely related species.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/6.4.525

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The role of kairomones in host recognition and host acceptance of the parasiteBrachymeria intermedia(Nees) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) was examined using 3 lepidopteran host species: the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar(L.) (Lymantriidae); the greater wax moth,Galleria mellonellaL. (Pyralidae); and the spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana(Clemens) (Tortricidae). The behavioral sequence from initial contact of the host through oviposition and departure is described. Responses to kairomones washed from host pupae with equivalent amounts ofn-hexane per pupal surface area were greatest with gypsy moth, followed by spruce budworm and wax moth. When pupae were washed several times withn-hexane, there was a reduction in responses to the gypsy moth washes, with a dramatic reduction in responses to wax moth and spruce budworm washes. Females responded to gypsy moth pupae after 3 washes, but not to wax moth and spruce budworm pupae.B. intermediafemales did not respond ton-hexane washes of larvae, nor to washes of combined larval frass, exuviae, and silk. Parasite males showed no response to kairomones.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/6.4.527

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

As part of an evaluation into their effectiveness as natural control agents, 7 species of carabids (Scarites substriatusHaldeman,Evarthrus alternansCasey,Pterostichus chalcitesSay,P. lucublandusSay,Bembidion quadrimaculatumL.,B. rapidumLeConte, andHarpalus pensylvanicusDeGeer) commonly found in Iowa cropland, were tested to quantify their prey consumption. Tests were conducted under laboratory conditions with various stages of the black cutworm used as prey. The experiment was divided into 2 main parts: maximum consumption during 24 h and continued prey consumption per day over a 4-day period. Results of the 24-h feeding trials revealed that all species tested are capable of consuming large amounts of prey. With the exception ofE. alternans, results of the continued feeding trial indicated that a carabid population is capable of consuming both a relatively high and constant amount of prey over an extended period of time.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/6.4.532

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP