摘要:

A description is given of a new method for the isolation from spruce meal of lignin in apparently a relatively unchanged form. The method consists in first extracting the spruce meal with a mixture of equal volumes of benzene and alcohol, followed by an extraction with water. The dried meal is then digested for 6–8 hr. at 110 °C. with 8–10 times its weight of ethylene glycol containing 0.2% of iodine, calculated on the weight of spruce meal taken. The reaction mixture is filtered, and the lignin isolated by pouring the filtrate into a large excess of cold water. Other catalysts such as hydrochloric acid may be used in place of iodine and the glycol may be replaced by a variety of hydroxy-compounds such as glycol mono-ethyl ether, glycerol, chlorhydrins, hydroxyacids, etc.

ISSN:1923-4287    

DOI:10.1139/cjr30-029

出版商:NRC Research Press    

年代:1930

数据来源: NRC

摘要:

The extraction of spruce wood meal with ethylene glycol in the presence of 0.05% HCl leads to the isolation of a lignin derivative to which the name glycol-lignin is given. If the monomethyl ether of glycol be substituted for the free alcohol, a glycol-ether-lignin is obtained which has a much higher methoxyl content than glycol-lignin. The product of extraction is therefore a compound of lignin and the solvent. A comparison of the methoxyl content of the derivatives obtained from the two lignins by methylation and hydrolysis supports this conclusion. On oxidation, glycol-lignin gives rise to a product which forms ap-bromphenylhydrazone, identical with that obtained from the product of the oxidation of ethylene glycol under the same conditions. On hydrolysis with acids glycol-lignin yields, besides 0.7% formaldehyde, a substance which reduces Fehling's solution.

ISSN:1923-4287    

DOI:10.1139/cjr30-030

出版商:NRC Research Press    

年代:1930

数据来源: NRC

摘要:

Bitumen from Alberta bituminous sands, hydrogenated at high temperatures and pressures, has been found to form a light crude oil, amounting under favorable conditions to 80% or more of the original bitumen. It is believed that this yield can be increased by the use of a more efficient apparatus. The optimum temperature was in the region of 380 °C., and the best catalysts used were ammonium molybdate and aluminum chloride. An absorption of hydrogen equivalent to 3% by weight of bitumen was easily attained. The oil had a sulphur content equal to about one-half that of the bitumen; it is easily refined to produce a stable, white gasoline.

ISSN:1923-4287    

DOI:10.1139/cjr30-031

出版商:NRC Research Press    

年代:1930

数据来源: NRC

摘要:

The presence of ethane has been confirmed among the products of the catalytic decomposition of ethyl alcohol, and comparatively large amounts of carbon dioxide have been found to occur. The ethane produced has been shown to be due only in part, if at all, to the hydrogenation of ethylene, and may be explained by a decomposition of alcohol to acetaldehyde, water and ethane. In view of the small oil and acid production, the presence of carbon dioxide is inexplicable on the basis of accepted mechanisms.

ISSN:1923-4287    

DOI:10.1139/cjr30-032

出版商:NRC Research Press    

年代:1930

数据来源: NRC

摘要:

Modifications are described by the Maass and Russel method for the determination of the densitites of gases which permit an accuracy of about one part in 10,000. The determination has been made of the density of carbon dioxide at two temperatures and over a pressure range of 75 to 25 cm. of mercury. The mean value obtained for the molecular weight of carbon dioxide at zero pressure is 44.0033 ± 0.002, from which the atomic weight of carbon is found to be 12.0033 ± 0.002.

ISSN:1923-4287    

DOI:10.1139/cjr30-033

出版商:NRC Research Press    

年代:1930

数据来源: NRC

摘要:

On account of investigations on the effect of light on various marine and freshwater organisms which are being carried on at the Atlantic Biological Station, St. Andrews, N.B., Canada, it was necessary to know something of the energy values of sunlight, especially of its ultra-violet component, and also of moonlight. Consequently a Moll-Richard-Gorczynski pyrheliometer, and various other apparatus for measuring natural radiation, were brought into use in the summer of 1926. It was found that the sun, shining from a clear sky in June at this Station (Lat. 45° N. sea-level) had an energy value of 1.55 gm. cal. per sq. cm. per min., and data on the effects of clouds and haze were obtained. The ultra-violet component of the sun's radiation was found to be 2% of the total radiation in August. The energy value of the light of the full moon, at an elevation of 22° above the horizon in July was found to be 0.0000029 gm. cal. per sq. cm. per min., or about 1/555,000 that of full noon June sunlight.

ISSN:1923-4287    

DOI:10.1139/cjr30-034

出版商:NRC Research Press    

年代:1930

数据来源: NRC

摘要:

The removal of the udders from two cows known to be infected withBr.melitensis(abortus) was followed in both cases by a reduction in agglutination titre. In the one case, the agglutination titre declined from 1:600 to a value within the negative range, 1:25, and in the other the very high agglutination titre (1:28000) rapidly declined to a point just within the positive range, 1:100.

ISSN:1923-4287    

DOI:10.1139/cjr30-035

出版商:NRC Research Press    

年代:1930

数据来源: NRC

摘要:

Tubercle bacillus, isolated from an avian source, the common crow, remained alive in the udder tissue of a cow 210 days after intravenous inoculation without producing demonstrable macroscopic lesion; reinoculated from the udder tissues into laboratory animals it proved virulent, and caused progressive lesions in chickens and rabbits but not in guinea pigs.

ISSN:1923-4287    

DOI:10.1139/cjr30-036

出版商:NRC Research Press    

年代:1930

数据来源: NRC

摘要:

The distribution of water in logs, floated in a lake, was determined and found similar to that in living trees. The trees examined belonged to the following species: jack pine, spruce, poplar and balsam, in which there is a relatively dry heartwood becoming wetter in the order named, the sapwood being wet all around, and birch in which the heartwood is equally as wet as the sapwood.The rate of radial penetration of water into the logs seems to increase in the order, birch, jack pine, spruce, balsam, poplar. Penetration takes place very slowly, even into sapwood. The advantage of a large proportion of relatively dry heartwood depends more on the initial buoyancy it confers, than on the greater resistance to penetration it may possess. Narrow outer rays and density of the wood diminish the rate of penetration in the samples studied. In air-dry logs, penetration of free water is also very slow; saturation of the cell walls precedes it at a more rapid rate. The gas in floated logs is enveloped by water and can escape only in solution. There is evidence that more gas may be liberated by fermentation of storage material in the parenchyma cells. Whether escape of gas or penetration of water is the leading factor in determining rate of sinkage is undecided at present.

ISSN:1923-4287    

DOI:10.1139/cjr30-037

出版商:NRC Research Press    

年代:1930

数据来源: NRC

摘要:

The distribution of water and gas in trees has been studied together with the seasonal changes which occur in distribution. The species studied were balsam, jack pine, birch and poplar. In freshly cut soft woods, with the possible exception of balsam, the water content is fairly uniform and very high in sapwood, but constantly low in the heartwood. The water content in birch was higher in the centre than near the outside. In poplar, the reverse condition was found. The heartwood in jack pine contained about 12% water, the sapwood 52%.The heartwood contains more gas than sapwood and consequently the higher the heartwood content, the better the floating properties of the log. In jack pine heartwood contains 60% of gas and the outermost samples about 23%.Wood and density values are not constant, but vary considerably. Even by allowing for the variation of density across a log, the errors in measurement are scarcely reduced. A useful determination involves the examination of standardized lots of logs, and the restriction of seasonal and other measurements to these lots.

ISSN:1923-4287    

DOI:10.1139/cjr30-038

出版商:NRC Research Press    

年代:1930

数据来源: NRC