摘要:

Proceedings of the Society for Analytical Chemistry CONTENTS Proc. SOC. Analyt. Chem. Vol. 7 No. 2 Pages 21-40 Amalgamation of Chemical Societies in the U.K. .. 21 SAC Conference 1971 . . . . 24 Group . . . . . . . . 24 “Particle-size Analysis” . . . . 27 Joint Pharmaceutical Analysis Reports of Meetings . . .. 24 “Computer Applications” . . 28 “Water Analysis” .. . . 30 Changes in the Register of Mem- bers . . . . . . . . 38 Papers Accepted for The Analyst 38 Publications Received . . . . 39 Forthcoming Meetings Bock cover February I970 Vol. 7 No. 2 February 1970 PROCEED1 N GS THE SOCIETY FOR ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY OF President of the Society T. S. West Hon. Secretary of the Society W. H. C. Shaw Hon. Treasurer of the Society G . W. C. Milner Hon. Assistant Secretaries of the Society D.I. Coomber; D. W. Wilson Secretary Miss P. E. Hutchinson 9/10 SAVILE ROW LONDON W I X IAF Telephone 01-734 6205 Editor J. B. Attrill Assistant Editor Miss C . M. Richards Telephone 01-734 3419 Proceedings is published by The Society for Analytical Chemistry and distributed to all members of the Society and t o subscribers with The Analyst; subscriptions cannot be accepted for Proceedings alone. Single copies may be obtained direct from the Society’s Distribution Agents The Chemical Society Publications Sales Ofice Blackhorse Road Letchworth Herts. (NOT through Trade Agents) price 0 The Society for Analytical Chemistry 5s. post free. Remittances MUST accompany orders. The Determination of Sterols Society for Analytical Chemistry Monograph No. 2 This Monograph contains six papers on various aspects of the determination of sterols by colorimetric and chromato- graphic methods applicable in many fields Available ONLY from The Society for Analytical Chemistry Book Department 9f 10 Savile ROW London W I X I AF (Not through Trode Agents) Price 15s. or US. $2.00 Post free A remittance made out to “Society for Analytical Chemistry” should accompany every order. Members of the Society may purchase copies at the special price of Ss. post free.

ISSN:0037-9697    

DOI:10.1039/SA97007FX005

出版商:RSC    

年代:1970

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE SOCIETY FOR AN.4LYTICAL CHEMISTRY Notice BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION DRAFT SPECIFICATIONS -4 FEW copies of the following draft specifications issued for comment only are available to members of the Society and can be obtained from the Secretary The Society for Analytical Chemistry 9/10 Savile Row London W1X 1AF. Draft Specification prepared by Technical Committee OFFA/4-Essential Oils. 69/34835-Draft B.S. Specification for Essential Oils (Metric Units) (Revision of Draft Specification prepared by Technical Committee P/137 -Glass Containers (Packaging 701537-Draft B.S. Recommendations on the Use of Units for Glass Containers BS 2999/32-43 1963). Code). Specifications (Metric Units). Forthcoming Meetings-continued Tuesday 17th CAMBRIDGE EAST ANGLIA SECTIOX and SPECIAL TECIIKIQUES GROUP.Spillers Ltd. Technological Research Station Cambridge ; 2.30 p.m. Tuesday 17th LONDOP; Friday 20th CONSCTT Friday 20th CHEPSTO\i‘ Wednesday 25th 3IASCHESTER JOINT PHARMACECTICAL AKALYSIS GROUP. Discussion on “Microbial Contamination of Xon-sterile Preparations.” British Medical Association House Tavistock Square London W.C. 1 ; 2.30 p.m. YORTH OF ENGLAND SECTIOK Tour of the Consett Works of the British Steel Corporation followed by an Ordinary Meeting on “Analytical Methods in the Iron and Steel Industry.” Consett Works British Steel Corporation Consett ; 2.15 p.m. WESTERN SECTIOX. Discussion on “Automatic Methods of Analysis,” introduced by D. C. RI. The George Hotel Chepstow; 6.30 p.m. NORTH OF ENGLAND SECTIOP; jointly with The Chemical Society the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Society of Dyers and Colourists one-day Symposium on “Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry.” Squirrell.Speakers 31. Barber L. S. Bark J . B. Dawson and J. P. Redfern. University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology Manchester. THE SOCIETY FOR ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Forthcoming Meetings February Tuesday 24th NORTH EAST SECTION jointly with the Teesside Section of the Royal Institute “Yorkshire’s Pink Gold its Discovery Exploration and Evaluation,” by “The Analysis of Crude Potash Materials,” by J. M. Skinner. Constantine College of Technology Middlesbrough ; 8 p.m. NORTH OF ENGLAND and MIDLANDS SECTIONS and THERMAL ANALYSIS GROUP jointly with the local Section of The Chemical Society on “Newer Techniques of Thermal Analysis with Special Reference to Calorimetry.’’ “Vaccum and Decomposition Rate Controlled Thermal Analysis Its Matching with Microcalorimetry in order to Study the Decomposition of Hydroxides,” by Professor J.Rouquerol and M. Ganteaume. “Some Aspects of Quantitative Differential Thermal Analysis ” by M. M. Faktor. “Quantitative Thermal Analysis by Differential Scanning Calorimetry ” by R. A. W. Hill. Department of Chemistry University of Keele Staffs ; 2.30 p.m. MICROCHEMICAL METHODS GROUP London Discussion Meeting. Discussion on “The Direct Determination of Oxygen in Organic Compounds,” The Leicester Lounge Glasshouse Street London W. 1 ; 6.30 p.m. CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ELECTROPHORESIS GROUP. Discussion on “Pre-coated Plates and Films for Thin-layer Chromatography,” The Leicester Lounge Glasshouse Street London W.1 ; 6.15 p.m. MIDDLESBROUGH of Chemistry. L. S. Phillips. Wednesday 25th KEELE Wednesday 25th LONDON to be introduced by F. H. Oliver. Thursday 26th LONDON to be introduced by Professor E. J. Shellard and G. Whitechurch. March Wednesday 4th LOUGHBOROUGH Friday 6th MANCHESTER Wednesday 1 l t h BIRMINGHAM Thursday 12th LONDON PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS GROUP Meeting on “Surface Area Determination.” Speakers I. C. Edmundson A. S. Joy R. W. Lines and N. G. Stanley-Wood. Chemical Engineering Department University of Technology Loughborough ; SOCIETY Annual General Meeting. “An Organic Chemist at Large,” by F. L. Rose O.B.E. F.R.S. Followed by an Informal Dinner at which the Society’s Gold Medal will be presented to Dr. R. C. Chirnside. 2 p.m. Midland Hotel Peter Street Manchester 2; 5 p.m. MIDLANDS SECTION Annual General Meeting. “Catalytic Methods of Analysis,” by A. Townshend. Haworth Lecture Theatre Chemical Department The University Edgbaston ELECTROANALYTICAL GROUP Meeting on “Applications of Oxygen Sensors in “Recent Developments in Polarographic Oxygen Sensors,” by I. Bergman. “In-vivo Measurement of Oxygen Tension,’’ by D. Parker. “Encapsulated Aluminium - Air Cell for Biomedical Applications,” by A. C. Royal College of Surgeons of England Lincolns Inn Fields London W.C.2; Birmingham 15; 6 p.m. Biological and Other Systems.” Tseung. 6.30 p.m. [continued on inside back cover Printed by W Heffer & Sons Ltd Cambridge England

ISSN:0037-9697    

DOI:10.1039/SA97007BX007

出版商:RSC    

年代:1970

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

February 1970 Vol. 7 No. 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Amalgamation of Chemical Societies in the United Kingdom PROGRESS REPORT FROM THE PRESIDENT SINCE my first report of our intention to explore the possibility of joining an amalgamation of the chemical societies within the U.K. considerable progress has been made as far as the Society for Analytical Chemistry is concerned and I am now in a position to submit a much more detailed report to you. You will probably all have seen the plan published by The Chemical Society and the Royal Institute of Chemistry in Chemistry i p 2 Britnin in October 1969. This was of course a plan for those two societies and was subject to modification following further consideration by both Societies and by the smaller Societies who were invited to join in the “new chemical society.” Several meetings of our own negotiating Sub- committee and of our representatives with the other five Societies have resulted in considerable alteration to the previous two-body plan.The present plan which we have negotiated for the Society for Analytical Chemistry is shown below. This new five-body plan is shown in two sections “A” National (Divisional) Structure ; and “€3” Kegional Structure. I think the plan is self explanatory but would like to make the following points. 1. The suggested Regional/Divisional structure “A” would permit our Society (and the others) to carry on its present activities without hindrance in the regions or in the subject groups. The Regional Councils “B” would be largely of an advisory nature to co-ordinate the activities of the Divisional sub-committees which would continue to exist in each of our present six regions.The local Divisional (S.A.C.) committees would continue to report to the Divisional (S.A.C.) Council and would be represented on it. They would also continue to receive their funding etc. from the Divisional (S.A.C.) Council as at present. The Regional Council would therefore not control or finance the activities of the Analytical Division (Society for Analytical Chemistry) in the regions. Thus the future of our activities in the regions would be safeguarded. Local committees are already familiar with the idea of a Regional Council as such a body already virtually exists in many regions to co-ordinate activities and arrange joint meetings etc. Our subject groups Plan “A,” would continue to report to the Divisional (S.A.C.) Council and would as at present be financed by the Council and have access to the Council through a Group Liaison and Policy Committee Secretaries’ Conference and so on as at present.The groups would therefore be able to carry on with their future activities as at present. Additionally through the Inter-divisional Committee Plan “A,” they would be able to arrange joint meetings with corresponding or related groups of the Physical Organic Inorganic and industrial Divisions. I t appears to me that the group structure and co- operative meetings with other divisional groups should cement the “new society” toget her very effectively as time goes on. 4. We would retain our own finance and publication committees Plan “A,” to administer our own Divisional funds and to be primarily responsible for the policy of our journals and publications.The business of production and printing would be more the concern of the Publication Services Board. 2. 3. 21 22 AMALGAMATION OF CHEMICAL SOCIETIES IN THE U.K. [Proc. SOC. Aycalyt. Chem. Both the Inter-divisional and Inter-regional Committees Plan “A,” would function largely in a co-ordinative capacity and would require minimum funding. They are to be regarded as subservient to the Divisional Councils. The Inter-divisi onal Council would however be charged with responsibility for special subject groups which do not “belong” especially to any one Division. It would also have a special National Meetings Committee. The Inter-regional Committee would co-ordinate affairs between the regions arrange joint Regional meetings and so on.Each Division and Region would be represented on the Main Council of the new society. 5. 6. (a) Elected from the membership of the whole society . . . . 25 per cent. (b) Members nominated by Division Councils .. .. . . 25 per cent. (c) Members nominated by Region Councils . . . . . . . . 25 per cent. ( d ) R.1 .C. Council Representatives Ex-O@cio Members (Divisional Presidents Past-Presidents of the Council etc.) . . f . . . 25 per cent. 7. The Divisional Presidents would act as Vice-presidents of the “new society.” 8. The Analytical Division (S.A.C.) would have representatives on the Finance Board Plan “A,” Publication Services Board External Relations Board and Education and Training Board as well as on the Main Council Inter-divisional Committee and Inter-regional Com- mit tee.9. Because of its Charter in relation to its professional qualifications status the Royal Institute of Chemistry Council cannot at present be controlled by the Main Council and membership of the Qualifications and Membership Board and Professional Activities Board would be restricted to members of the Royal Institute of Chemistry as at present. It is probable that the Main Council would set up an Executive Committee to which it would delegate authority to conduct business between itsmeetings and to advise it on specific topics. The President of the Analytical Division (S.A.C.) or his deputy would automatically become a member of such an Executive Committee. Common regional boundaries will have to be set up in due course but this cannot be discussed in detail here.However it appears to me that this would affect us chiefly by changes in boundaries rather than by the abolition of present regions or the creation of new ones. The financial structure has yet to be worked out in detail but I can say that the S.A.C. would retain control over the funds that it takes in with it and that it would expect to retain a proportion of profits that are made on the sale of journals to libraries non- members of the “new society,” etc. Any members of the S.A.C. could opt for additional membership of any other division or divisions for a small nominal fee (e.g. k1). I t is stated policy that amalgamation should not result in an increase in the cost of membership of any single society and that membership of several divisions should cost less than membership of several societies as at present.14. We have also negotiated that the S.A.C. would have the right to withdraw from the amalgamation after a period of (say) 2 years if it did not like the status of a Division or found that its activities were being restricted or unduly influenced by amalgamation with the other societies. We have made it clear that we would retain our name and identity until 1974 when we celebrate our centenary. The foregoing notes obviously leave much unsaid but it was not my intention to give anything other than a brief report to the members of the Society of the present status of our negotiations. After more details have been worked out I will of course report more fully and the Council will probably conduct a referendum to decide upon what action is to be taken.Progress is such that it appears that we could easily be a founder member of the “new society,” together with The Chemical Society and the Royal Institute of Chemistry who will sliortly be conducting referenda. The present structure suggested for the Main Council is as follows 10. 11. 12. 13. 15. The S.A.C. is the second oldest of the societies involved in the negotiations. At the present time I am well pleased with our progress. T. S. WEST President “A” Structure of New Society PUBLICATION SERVICES BOARD*- I_.- I PROFESSIONAL I FINANCE BOARD* QUALIFICATIONS AND ACTIVITIES BOARD MEMBERSHIP BOARD EDUCATION AND TRAINING BOARD* EXTERNAL RELATIONS BOARD* - I I I I 1 I I .1 J. J. .1 J. 1’HYSICAL EDUCATXON * ANALYTICAL INORGANIC INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC COUNCIL COUNCIL COUNCIL COUNCIL DIVISION COUNCIL COUNCIL DIVISION DIVISION DIVISION DIVISION DIVISION INTER-DIVISIONAL* COMMITTEE INTER-REGIONAL FINANCE COMMITTEE* COMMITTEE- PUBLICAT~ONS COMMITTEE - OTHER COMMITTEES- I REGIONAL SECTIONS East Anglia Midlands North of England North East Scottish Western I SUBJECT GROUPS Atomic Spectroscopy Microchemical Methods Automatic Methods Particle Size Analysis Biological Methods Radiochemical Methods Chromatography and Electrophoresis Special Techniques Electroanalytical Thermal Analysis * Representatives of the Analytical Division Council serve on these Committees.“B” Structure of New7 Society REGIONAL COUNCIL - I I LOCAL I I I I I I I EDUCATION PROFESSIONAL PHYSICAL ORGANIC I)IVISION DIVISION DIVISION DIVISION DIVISION DIVISION SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION C o M M I TTE E COMMITTEE COMMITTEE COMMITTEE COMMITTEE COMMITTEE INORGANIC ANALYTICAL INDUSTRIAL SECTION COMMITTEES~ ACTIVITIES SECTION SECTION COMMITTEE t Some of the larger Societies (e.g. the Royal Institute of Chemistry and Tlic Chcmical Society) have 6 to S local comnijttees i n each region. 5. (I 0 c3 w

ISSN:0037-9697    

DOI:10.1039/SA9700700021

出版商:RSC    

年代:1970

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

24 REPORTS OF MEETINGS [Proc. SOC. Analyt. Chem. Reports of Meetings MICROCHEMICAL METHODS GROUP THE twenty-sixth Annual General Meeting of the Group was held at 6.30 p.m. on Friday November 21st 1969 in Room 542 Department of Mechanical Engineering Imperial College London S.W.7. The Chair was taken by the Vice-chairman of the Group Mr. S. Bance. The following office bearers were elected for the forthcoming year Chairman-Dr. G. Ingram. Vice-Chairman-Mr. S. Bance. Honorary Secretary-Mrs. D. Butterworth Division of Chemical Standards National Physical Laboratory Teddington Middlesex. Honorary Assistant Secretary-Mr. P. R. W. Baker. Honorary Treasurer-Mr. A. T. Masters. iwembers of Committee-Dr. D. Thorburn Burns Mr. F. H. Oliver Dr. D. A. Pantony Mr. A. C. Thomas and Mr. D. W. Wilson. Mr.H. Childs and Mr. C. Whalley were re-appointed as Honorary Auditors. THE seventy-first London Discussion Meeting of the Group was held at 6.30 p.m. on Tuesday December 9th 1969 at “The Leicester Lounge,” Glasshouse Street London W.l. The Chair was taken by the Chairman of the Group Dr. G. Ingram. THE seventy-second London Discussion Meeting of the Group was held a t 6.30 p.m. on Wednesday January 14th 1970 at “The Leicester Lounge,” Glasshouse Street London W. 1. The Chair was taken by the Chairman of the Group Dr. G. Ingram. A discussion on “Electron Probe Microanalysis” was introduced by D. A. Pantony. The Annual General Meeting was followed by a Group Dinner. A discussion on “C.H.N. Automatic Analysers” was introduced by H. G. Baxter. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES GROUP THE twenty-fifth Annual General Meeting of the Group was held a t 7 p.m.on Tuesday November 18th 1969 in Lecture Theatre “C,” Chemistry Department Imperial College London S.W.7. The Chair was taken by the Chairman of the Group Dr. T. L. Parkinson. The following office bearers were elected for the forthcoming year Chairman-Mr. J. IT. Glover. Honorary Secretary and Tyeasurey-Dr. P. B . Smith Research Department Albright & Wilson Ltd. P.O. Box No. 3 Oldbury Warley Vice-Chairman-Mr. S. Greenfield. February 19701 REPORTS OF MEETINGS 25 Worcs. Members of Cowunittee-Mr. P. E. Arnold Mr. J. R. Bishop Dr. J. A. W. Dalziel Dr. G. M. S. Duff Mr. J. K. Foreman and Dr. G. Nickless. Mr. R. A. C. Isbell and Mr. S. G. E. Stevens were re-appointed as Honorary Auditors. The Annual General Meeting was followed by an Ordinary Meeting of the Group at which the Chair was taken by the new Chairman Mr.J. H. Glover. The retiring Chairman’s Address on “Some Analytical Problems in Egg Research” was given by T. L. Parkinson. BIOLOGICAL METHODS GROUP THE twenty-fifth Annual General Meeting of the Group was held at 6 p.m. on Tuesday December k d 1969 in “The Feathers,” Tudor Street London E.C.4. The Chair was taken by the Chairman of the Group Dr. I. D. Fleming. The following office bearers were elected for the forthcoming year Chairmaw-Dr. I. D. Fleming. Vice-Chairman-Mr. J. W. Light- bown. Honorary Secretary and Treasztrer-Mr. F. W. Webb Wellcome Biological Control Laboratories Acacia Hall Dartford Kent. Members of Comnzittez-Miss A. M. Jones Dr. K. R. L. Mansford Mr. A. W. Macfarlane Dr. M.W. Parkes Dr. L. Singleton and Mr. K. L. Smith. Mr. D. M. Freeland and Dr. J. H. Hamence were re-appointed as Honorary Auditors. On behalf of the Committee and members of the Group Dr. I. D. Fleming presented a glass decanter to Mr. K. L. Smith in recognition of his long and valuable service to the Group as Honorary Secretary and Treasurer. The Annual General Meeting was followed by a Discussion Meeting on “Statutory Requirements for Biological Substances of the B.P.,” which was introduced by G. A. Stewart. This was followed by a Wine and Cheese Party. ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY GROUP THE fifth Annual General Meeting of the Group was held at 2 p.m. on Tuesday December 2nd 1969 in the Meeting Room of the Geological Society of London Burlington House London W.1. The Chair was taken by the Chairman of the Group Mr.W. J. Price. It was proposed that the name of the Group should be changed to the Atomic Spectroscopy Group with terms of reference to include the analytical applications of atomic absorption atomic fluorescence flame emission and emission spectroscopy. This proposal was unanimously accepted by all the members present. The following office bearers were elected for the forthcoming year Chairman-Mr. W. J. Price. Honorary Secretary and Trensztrer-Mr. C. P. Cole Rank Precision Industries Ltd. Analytical Division Twyman House 31 /33 Camden Road London N.W.1. Members of Committee-Mr. D. J. Bucknall Mr. D. Ellis Dr. G. F. Kirk- bright Mr. J. Rogers Mr. N. R. Woodhead and Dr. C. Woodward. Mr. R. 0. Cochrane and Mr. D. Moore were re-appointed as Honorary Auditors.The Annual General Meeting was followed by an Ordinary Meeting at which the following papers were presented and discussed “Practical Aspects Involved in the Automation of Atomic-absorption Spectroscopy,” by J. Varley; International Atomic-absorption Spectro- scopy Conference Sheffield 1969 “A Review of Theoretical Aspects,” by G. F. Kirkbright; ‘‘*4 Review of Practical Aspects,” by R. White. Vice-Chairman-Mr. W. R. Nall. THERMAL ANALYSIS GROUP THE fifth Annual General Meeting of the Group was held at 10 a.m. on Thursday November 13th 1969 at the Geological Society of London Burlington House London W.l. The Chair was taken by the Chairman of the Group Dr. J. P. Redfern. The following office bearers were elected for the forthcoming year Chairman-Dr. D. Dollimore. Vice-chairman -Dr.R. C. Mackenzie. Honorary Secretary-Mr. C. J. Keattch Industrial and Laboratory Services P.O. Box 9 Lyme Regis Dorset. Honorary Treasurer-Dr. A. A. Hodgson. Members of Committee-Dr. K. E. J. Barrett Dr. R. A. W. Hill Mr. M. Landau Dr. M. I. Pope Dr. J. P. Redfern and Dr. J. H. Sharp. Dr. W. Boardman and Dr. T. L. Parkinson were re-appointed as Honorary Auditors. The Annual General Meeting was followed by the Address of the retiring Chairman Dr. J. P. Redfern. This was followed by an Ordinary Meeting of the Group at which the subject was “Evolved Gas Analysis and Detection” and the following papers were presented 26 REPORTS OF MEETINGS CProc. SOC. Analyt. Chewc. and discussed “Studies of Polymer Stability and Decomposition Products by Thermal Volatilisation Analysis,’’ by I.C. McNeill; “Evolved Gas Analysis of Hydrogen and other Vapour Species from Hydrous Silicates,” by K. J. D. MacKenzie; “An Introduction to the Use of Mass Spectrometry with Gas - Liquid Chromatography and Differential Thermal Analysis Systems,” by J. R. Chapman ; “The Use of Partial-pressure Mass Spectroscopy in the Thermal Analysis Studies of Carbon and Graphite,” by J. Dollimore C. M. Freedman and B. H. Harrison; “The Use of Gas - Liquid Chromatography in Investigating Products Desorbed on Heating Organic Compounds Chemisorbed on Oxide Surfaces,” by A. K. Galwey. AUTOMATIC METHODS GROUP THE fourth Annual General Meeting of the Group was held at 4.50 p.m. on Thursday Novem ber 13th 1969 in the Wellcome Building Euston Road London N.W.1. The Chair was taken by the Chairman of the Group Mr.H. E Stagg. The following office bearers were elected for the forthcoming year Chairman-Mr. D. C. M. Squirrell. Vice-Chairman- Dr. J. M. Skinner. Honorary Secretary-Mr. R. Sawyer Laboratory of the Government Chemist Cornwall House Stamford Street London S.E. 1. Honorary Treaszsrer-Mr. IT. Trowell. Members of Comnzittee-Mr. C. L. Denton Mr. A. A. Diggens Mr. J. L. Martin Mr. C. F. M. Rose Mr. H. E. Stagg and Mr. K. Steed. Dr. J. E. Page and Mr. W. H. C. Shaw were re-appointed as Honorary Auditors. The Annual General Meeting was preceded at 3 p.m. by an Ordinary Meeting of the Group at which the subject was “User Experience on Data Recovery Equipment in Automatic Analysis” and the following papers were presented and discussed “Computer Dependent Data-processing in Clinical Chemistry,” by L.G. Whitby; “Gas-chromatographic Data Recovery by Computer,’’ by J. G. Lyons. PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS GROUP THE fourth Annual General Meeting of the Group was held at 6.30 p.m. on Tuesday November 25th 1969 in the Physics Lecture Theatre Imperial College London S.W.7. The Chair was taken by the Chairman of the Group Professor H. Heywood. The following office bearers were elected for the forthcoming year Chairman-Professor H. Heywood. Vice-Chnirman- Mr. K. Marshall. Honorary Secretary and Treasurer-Mr. M. W7. G. Burt Building R9C5 Atomic Weapons Research Establishment Aldermaston Berks. Members of Commiftee- Dr. V. T. Crowl Mr. A. Forster Dr. M. J. Groves Mr. J. L. F. Kellie Dr. N. G. Stanley-Wood and Mr. M. Wood. Mr. P. W. Shallis and Mr. C. Whalley were re-appointed as Honorary Auditors.The Annual General Meeting was followed by an Ordinary Meeting of the Group at which the subject was “Presentation of Particle-size Distributions’’ and the following papers were presented and discussed “Graphical Presentation,” by Professor H. Heywood ; “The Characterisation of Particulate Systems,” by B. Scarlett. ELECTROANALYTICAL GROUP THE Inaugural Meeting of the Group was held at 6.30 p.m. on Wednesday November 26th 1969 in the Department of Mechanical Engineering Imperial College London S.W.7. The meeting was opened by the President Professor T. S. West and the following were con- firmed as Officers and Committee Members for the forthcoming year Chairman-Dr. M. E. Peover. Vice-Chairman-Dr. J. V. Westwood. Honorary Secretary-Dr. B. Fleet Chemistry Department Imperial College South Kensington London S.W.7. Honorary Treasurer- Dr. D. R. Crow. Members of Committee-Mr. H. M. Davis Dr. D. Inman Mr. J. Jackson Dr. P. 0. Kane Mr. R. J. Newcombe Dr. G. F. Reynolds and Dr. J. K. Taylor. Dr. J. M. Skinner and Dr. I. Bergman were appointed as Honorary Auditors. The business meeting was followed by an Ordinary Meeting of the Group at which the Chair was taken by the Chairman of the Group Dr. M. E. Peover. The subject of the meeting was “Selective Electrode Systems” and the following papers were presented and discussed “Glass and Solid-state Electrodes,” by K. Covington ; “Liquid Ion-exchange Resin Membrane and Related Electrodes,” by B. Fleet; “Galvanic and Related Electrode Systems,” by J. Tenygl.

ISSN:0037-9697    

DOI:10.1039/SA970070024b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1970

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

February 19701 PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS 27 Particle-size Analysis The following are summaries of some of the papers presented at a Meeting of the Particle Size Analysis Group held on September 24th 1969 and reported in the October 1969 issue of Proceedings (p. 183). Surface Area Determination by the Diffusion of Air Through Packed Beds of Powder BY N. G. STANLEY-WOOD (Postgraduate School of Studies in Powder Technology University of Bradford Bradford 7) THE transport of gases through porous media has been recognised for a long time as a means of determining surface area of powders by using the empirical equations of Poiseuille and D’Arcy. The solution of these equations has been widely applied in the form of the Kozeny - Carman equation corrected or uncorrected for slip to evaluate an external surface area.The surface area determined by viscous and slip-flow methods is not always in agreement with values obtained by independent methods. When the mean free path of a gas molecule becomes greater than the radius of the channel through which the gas is flowing flow can no longer be regarded as viscous or slip as designated by the Kozeny - Carman equation but becomes analogous to diffusion. In diffusion the gas - gas molecular collisions are negligible and only solid - gas molecular collisions are significant so that the surface area measured should be comparable with the low-temperature nitrogen absorption method. The diffusion coefficients obtained from steady state and time-lag diffusion of air through powder compressed at various porosities can be determined by using the method initially described by Daynesl and further developed by Barrer.2 By considering that a packed bed of powder is simply a bundle of cylindrical capillaries traversing the bed longitudinally Knudsen’s molecular-flow equation can be used to evaluate the surface area of powders.In the Knudsen flow region the surface area of cement (Klasse B) zinc oxide and a resinous dye evaluated from steady state and time-lag diffusion coefficients was similar to that obtained from the static low-temperature nitrogen absorption (B.E.T.) method. Some of the powders investigated by the diffusion of air through packed beds gave surface areas not of the same magnitude as the B.E.T. surface area. This can be explained as being caused either by a change in the numerical constant which was initially derived by Knudsen for flow in a single capillary and not a packed bed or by the limitation of the Kozeny model as in reality packed beds are not a bundle of capillaries and can be represented better by a “dusty gas” or st atistical model.REFERENCES 1. 2 . Daynes H. A. Proc. Rqy. Soc. 1920 97A 286. Barrer R. M. “Diffusion in and through Solids,” Cambridge University Press 1941. Adsorption of Normal Alcohols on Finely Divided Polar Solids BY R. M. PATEL (Postgraduate School of Studies in Powder Technology University of Bradford Bradford 7) THE flow-microcalorimeter has been used for the determination of energies of adsorption at monolayer coverage (mca1.g-l of powder) from solution for an homologous series of long-chain alcohols on iron( 111) oxide titanium dioxide barium sulphate and sodium fluoride adsorbents.In each case the solvent was n-heptane. The results show that the adsorption energies increase with increase in length of carbon chain up to six carbon atoms and then the energies fall to a constant value. The amount of solute adsorbed on solid surfaces from solution was determined by a pre-column method. From the knowledge of these energies of adsorption and amount of solute adsorbed various parameters have been evaluated from these systems including the energy evolved per molecule the physical energy of adsorption (kcal. mole-I) and the area occupied by each molecule of adsorbent. The results show that the area occupied by one adsorbed molecule increases slowly at first then more rapidly for a chain length of four to eight carbon atoms and then approaches a constant value.The heat of adsorption (kcal. mole-1) 28 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS [Proc. SOC. Aiial2k Cherut. also rises rapidly at first and then smooths off to a constant value as the length of the carbon chain increases above ten. The most satisfactory explanation for these results is that long-chain alcohols are physi- cally adsorbed in the form of a carbon ring comprised of six carbon atoms. The seventh and and eighth carbon atoms lie above this ring and stronglb- repel adjacent molecules (strongly repel because the change in area occupied by the alcohol molecule per carbon atom increase in chain length is greatest for these values). I t is possible that a second ring forms above the first so that the arrangement is in the form of a spiral. Further work is in progress to support these results on other solid adsorbents together with similar work involving fatty acids.A New X-ray Sedimentometer BY T. ALLEN AND L. SVAROVSKY (Postgraduate School of Studies in Powder Technology University of Bradfovd Bradford 7) THE particle-size distribution of fine powders can be determined by analysing the changing concentration with time or depth of fall of a settling suspension. X-ray sedimentation has an advantage over most techniques in that the suspension is not disturbed during the analysis. Other advantages are that the technique can be easily automated and a full analysis carried out in 20 rninutcs. A new X-ray technique has been developed at Bradford which combines these advan- tages with low cost and high stability. The instrument can be used to determine the size distribution of inorganic materials in the sub-sieve size range down to about 2 pm.X-rays are produced by an isotope source and detected by a proportional counter after traversing a tank containing the suspension. The output from the counter is amplified and then passes to a rate meter which converts the rate of counting into a voltage level to feed a pen recorder. The instrument has been tested and found to give a linear response over a wide range of counting rates. Proportionality is maintained over a wide range of powder concentration in the sedimentation tank (0.1 to 1.0 per cent. v/v). Accuracy has been investigated by analysing two size ranges of the same powder and then mixing and analysing the mixture; comparing this analysis with the theoretical distribution gives an extremely good fit. Reproducibility has been investigated by carrying out many analyses with the same powder. The absolute accuracy has been examined by comparing analyses of spherical particles with microscope analyses. Many powders have been analysed and although the instrument is at its most accurate with dense powders it is also capable of high reproducibility with powders such as silica or alumina. It is felt that an instrument of this kind will find wide applications in industry supplanting many of the more onerous and less accurate techniques now in use. The technique has been found so successful that it is being extended to centrifugal sedimentation in order to extend the size range of its applicability. This work is being supported by a S.R.C. grant for which we express our acknowledgement and gratitude.

ISSN:0037-9697    

DOI:10.1039/SA9700700027

出版商:RSC    

年代:1970

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

28 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS [Proc. SOC. Apialyt. Chem. Computer Applications The following are summaries of some of the papers presented at an Ordinary Meeting of the Midlands Section held on October 15th 1969 and reported in the November 1969 issue of Proceedings (p. 197). Introduction to Computers BY R. K. WEBSTER (Analytical R & D Unit A.E.R.E. Hnrwell Didcot Bevks.) THE introductory lecture described how computers work how they are programmed and some typical applications and methods of data entry; it was given as background for the four subsequent papers on specific computer applications and also covered various terms of “com- puter dialect,” such as on-line off-line hard-ware soft-ware bit word address accumulator, February 19701 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 29 core-store backing-store cycle-time data-break program-interrupt machine code binary octal and Fortran.Both program instructions and data are stored in a computer in binary form for example in a three-dimensional matrix of ferrite rings or in registers made up of integrated circuit “flip-flops.” A computer functions by obeying a sequence of stored instructions to operate on stored data and this process was illustrated by analogy with a human operator “pro- grammed” to read and carry out a sequence of written instructions on strips of paper in successive locations of a nest of pigeon holes. Some simple examples of programming were given particularly to show the relationship between machine level or binary coded instructions octal instructions mnemonic instructions and higher level languages such as Autocode Fortran and Algol.For off-line applications both data and programs are coded on punched tape or card or magnetic tape and then processed by a central computer service; typical applications are scientific calculations information retrieval etc. For on-line applications where a small computer is connected directly to an analytical instrument data are introduced by program-interrupt or for the very highest data rates by direct entry into the computer store by a “data-break” channel. On-line applications include data acquisition e.g. from n.m.r. e.s.r. infrared and gas chromatography; data manipulation e.g. real-time processing of organic mass spectra to manipulate and compress data during the data acquisition process ; and instrument control where the computer monitors instrumental settings and when necessary applies adjustments e.g.in maintaining magnetic field homogeneity for n.m.r. spectrometry. An extended summary of a similar lecture is reported in the May 1969 issue of the Proceedings (p. 78 to 80). Data Acquisition from Analytical Systems BY J. A. NEWELL (Depavtment of Medical Physics Queen Elizabeth Hospital Bivmingham) IN a hospital biochemistry department the end-product of an analysis is usually a recording on a chart which then requires interpretation to yield meaningful results. The recording normally consists of a series of peaks each peak corresponding to a sample that has been analysed. These peaks are interpreted manually by first putting through a series of calibration samples of known concentrations drawing a calibration curve of peak height against concen- tration measuring the peak heights of the samples that have been measured and then reading off the corresponding concentrations from the calibration curve.As there is already such a large measure of automation of the whole process up to the chart recorder it seems obvious that this should be continued to give the final result namely concentration automatically. In collaboration with the hospital biochemistry department here we have developed two systems for doing this. The first is suitable for a number of channels requires a moderate amount of setting up and will type out the results from all channels each time a peak is passed in all channels. To the backs of the chart recorders we have fixed potentiometers which give a voltage proportional to the position of the pen of the chart recorder.This voltage passes to a circuit that detects its peak value which is then passed through a circuit that translates this value into a voltage numerically equal to the concentration of the sample. This latter circuit needs preliminary setting up after the calibration samples have been measured but acts automatically thereafter. This voltage is then digitised by a digital voltmeter and the value typed out by an electric typewriter. When a peak is passed in all channels all channels are scanned by the digital voltmeter and the values for all channels typed out. This system has been more fully described e1sewhere.l The second system which we are in the process of developing is suitable for a larger number of channels and is based on a laboratory digital computer namely an IBM 1130 attached on-line to the biochemical equipment.It requires less setting up than the first system but needs a large amount of initial programming work. I t acquires the position of the pen of the chart recorder in the same way as the first system by using the voltage on a potentiometer. But this voltage is immediately digitised and is processed thereafter not by electronic circuits but by the computer program. We use a commercially available scanning system to look at the voltage from each channel in turn a complete scan being performed 30 WATER ANALYSIS [Proc. SOC. Analyt. Chew. every 2 seconds. When it detects a peak it translates it into a concentration with information obtained from the calibration samples. This value can be printed out or stored for later printing as required.Given that the original manual process is tedious time consuming and liable to error which of the two automatic systems should one use? The first system is compact relatively cheap and fairly simple to operate. It is however limited in the number of channels the cost increases with each channel it is fairly inflexible and there is no recognition of faults in the pen traces. The second system is quite the opposite. There is practically no limit to the number of channels the cost is almost independent of the number of channels it is very flexible and there is no limit to the degree of analysis possible and faults in the pen traces can be recognised. On the other hand the initial cost is very high it needs space and it needs extensive programming. If both systems were readily available the choice would probably be determined by the size of the department the first system being more suited to the small department the second to the large. REFERENCE The computer program searches for the occurrence of peaks. 1. Farr R. F. Newell J. A Whitehead T. P. and Widdowson G. M. “Digital Concentration Print-out from a Four Channel AutoAnalyzer System,” in “Technicon Symposia 1966 Auto- mation in Analytical Chemistry,” Volume 2 Mediac tnc. White Plains N.Y. 1966 p. 225.

ISSN:0037-9697    

DOI:10.1039/SA9700700028

出版商:RSC    

年代:1970

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

30 WATER ANALYSIS [Proc. SOC. Analyt. Chew. Water Analysis The following are summaries of some of the papers presented a t an Ordinary Meeting of the Society held on November 5th 1969 and reported in the November 1969 issue of Proceedings (p. 196). Examination of Potable Water BY A. T. PALIN (Newcastle and Gateshead Water Co. Throckley Newcastle upon Tyne ATE15 9 D T ) MOST water authorities employ qualified chemists for the purpose not only of applying the necessary treatment plant control tests but for ensuring that water of adequate quality is delivered into the distribution system and that there is no deterioration in this quality in its passage to the consumer. According to the Water Act of 1945 “The undertakers shall provide in their mains and communication pipes a supply of wholesome water sufficient for the domestic purposes of all owners and occupiers of premises within the limits of supply.” Wholesome water has been defined as “water which could be consumed without risk from its bacterial or chemical content.” A more detailed definition is “free from visible suspended matter colour odour and taste from all objectionable bacteria indicative of the presence of disease-producing organisms and contains no dissolved matter of mineral or organic origin which in quality or quantity would render it dangerous to health and will not dissolve substances injurious to health.’’ When taking samples it is in general most important that they should be representative of the main supply.Thus the connecting pipe must first be thoroughly flushed and any external fittings on the tap such as anti-splash nozzles removed.That is to quote the A.P.H.A. Drinking Water Standards the limits must be applied to the water at the free-flowing outlet of the ultimate consumer. The best approach to avoid the disadvantages of taking samples from ordinary taps is to have special sampling taps fitted at representative points throughout the distribution system and to encourage the Public Health Authorities who generally take their own independent samples to use these as far as possible. The frequency of chemical sampling depends upon the nature of the supply the variability of quality and the risks of pollution. When bacteriological samples are concerned it is recommended by the Ministry of Housing and Local Government1 that the frequency of sampling should be determined by the size of the population.At the treatment works the chemist will generally fix his own sampling programme for treatment control possibly aided by continuous monitoring of some parameters such as turbidity. For the examination itself the chemical analysis may be considered as comprising four groups of tests. February 19701 WATER ANALYSIS 31 These are prepared by dilution of Hazen’s solution of potassium chloroplatinate and cobalt (11) chloride prepared to match most natural colours encountered and given an arbitrary value of 500 (the equivalent platinum concentration mg 1-l). Turbidity can be measured by the Jackson candle turbidimeter which although de- veloped about 70 years ago remains the standard American method. In practice photometric methods are used although care must be exercised in the calibration procedures which generally involve standard suspensions of Fuller’s earth.Colour must be measured on the clear sample i.e. turbidity must first be removed by filtration (which may absorb some colour) or better by centrifuging the sample. Absorptiometric methods for turbidity must be corrected for colour. A method for determining on the same portion of sample both the colour and the turbidity each corrected for the other by the simple operation of deter- mining its absorbances with two different wavelengths of incident light has been p~blished.~1~ This is the dilution ratio with odour-free water at which taste or odour is just detectable. Group 1-This group includes appearance colour turbidity taste and odour. Colour is measured by visual comparison with Hazen standards.In reporting taste and odour the term threshold number often appears. This group therefore is concerned with the physical characteristics of the water. Group 2-This group is mainly concerned with the mineral content and includes pH free carbon dioxide alkalinity carbonate hardness total hardness chlorides sulphates and total dissolved solids. The electrical conductivity (or specific conductance) at 20” C can also be measured; for a given water it is closely proportional to the amount of dissolved solids. These determinations relate to the mineral constituents of the water and thus indicate the corrosiveness of waters and the scale-forming properties. Hardness or the soap-destroying power is of course of considerable importance to the domestic user. Chlorides are important first because if they are excessive the water will taste salty (this rarely arises) and secondly because too great a concentration of chloride in relation to the alkalinity renders the water corrosive to duplex brass fittings.The use of coagu- lants such as alum adds sulphate to the water. If sulphates were excessive there would obviously be some medicinal effect but even when sulphate concentrations are high it is surprising how soon consumers can adjust themselves. It may be desirable to examine water with a view to assessing its corrosiveness to metals. Low pH for instance may lead to cupro-solvency and hence green stains on fittings or plumbo-solvency and consequently lead poisoning. Considerable attention has been paid to the equilibria between pH free carbon dioxide and calcium carbonate in water and its influence upon the formation of protective layers capable of stifling metallic corrosion.Group 3-This group comprises what are for the most part the pollution-indicating tests. These are ammonia-nitrogen albuminoid-nitrogen nitrite nitrate and oxygen absorbed. The nitrogen determinations relate to the nitrogen system nitrogenous organic matter being oxidised through ammonia and nitrite to nitrate. The O.A. figure is a measure of the oxidisable organic matter. By careful interpretation of the results taken together some indication can be obtained of the nature of the contamination whether of vegetable or animal origin and whether it is recent or more remote and therefore potentially less dangerous. The related B.O.D. and C.O.D. tests are not applied to finished waters; they are essentially parameters of river quality.Some care must be exercised in interpreting the results of the tests e.g. nitrites might be produced from harmless sources such as reduction of nitrate by contact with metals. In general bacteriological methods provide much more delicate indicators of pollution. None of this group with the exception of nitrate appears in the W.H.O. Standards of Chemical and Physical Quality. Probably the main importance attached to the free- ammonia determination is that it has a profound bearing on chlorination processes and is therefore a plant-control test. G~ozq5 4-This includes the miscellaneous tests such as residual chlorine fluoride content trace constituents e.g. metals such as iron manganese and aluminium (residue from co- agulants) and finally toxic elements if there is reason to suspect their presence.Other miscellaneous tests such as phenols (influence on taste) synthetic detergent residues phos- pates radioactivity and the more sophisticated tests for organic pollutants would generally be applied to raw rather than finished waters. Sulphates are not usually a problem. 32 WATER ANALYSIS [Proc. SOC. Analyt. Chem. In the methods of water analysis used there is a substantial measure of standardisation and detailed procedures have been p~blished.~ 95 ,6 Drinking water standards are also laid down by the American Public Health Service. In the U.K. there are no official standards or limits with the exception of fluoride where fluoridation is practised and in connection with bacteriological results where a recommended classification is given by the Ministry of Housing and Local Government1 based upon the results of the examination for the coliform group and particularly Escherichia coli.REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. Ministry of Housing and Local Government “The Bacteriological Examination of Water Supplies,’ Report No. 71 H.M. Stationery Officc London 1969. Palin A. T. “Photometric Determination of the Colour and Turbidity of Water,” Wat. & Wat. Engng 1955 59 341. - “A Further Note on the Photometric Determination of Colour and Turbidity,” Ibid. 1957 61 523. “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Jiaste Water,” Twelfth Edition American Public Health Association American Water Works Association and the Water Pollution Control Federation New York 1965.“Approved Methods for the Physical Examination of Water,” Institution of Water Engineers Third Edition 1960. “International Standards for Drinking Water,” World Health Organisation 1963. 5. 6. Analysis of Industrial Waters BY T. D. REES (Imflerial Chemical Industries Limited Agricultural Division P.O. Box No. 6 Billinghanz Teesside) THE analysis of industrial waters includes not only raw and purified water for boiler-feed purposes but also steam condensates cooling waters and a wide range of process waters and aqueous effluents depending on the complexity of the industrial processes involved. To provide this service use is still made of many of the classical gravimetric volumetric and colorimetric methods but these are now supplemented with an ever-increasing range of new techniques such as flame photometry atomic absorption chromatography and the various electrochemical methods including selective-ion electrodes and polarograyhy .I decided to start with raw inlet water and follow its progress through to the effluent stage by giving examples of the problems that arise. Considering raw waters the industrial-water chemist is faced with problems similar to those of his colleagues in say the electricity supply industry. For steam-raising purposes most raw waters require some form of treatment and a knowledge of the chemical charac- teristics of these waters is necessary. In many instances the raw water supply to industry is changeable in composition (often quite rapidly) and allowance must be made for this in collating analytical data for the design of water-treatment plant.In some cases also water qualities are deteriorating and the water chemist must devise methods for impurities not normally expected for example phosphates and detergents. To illustrate this it has been necessary to devise methods for detergents and we have accepted the colorimetric methods based on methylene blue for anionic and cationic types. For the non-ionics we measure the colour of the complex formed with ammonium cobaltothiocyanate after extraction into chloroform ; an interesting alternative is a procedure based on thin-layer chromatography. A chloroform extract is spotted on to a thin layer of silica gel and the chromatogram developed with an aqueous mixture of ethyl acetate and acetic acid. The detergent is then detected by spraying with a solution of bismuth oxynitrate and potassium iodide in dilute acetic acid mixed with phosphoric acid and barium chloride.Considering boiler water in many large industries steam is raised at pressures ranging from 100 to at least 1500 p.s.i. The quality of feed water therefore varies from simple base exchange to full demineralisation and suitable analytical coverage is necessary. This must include methods for determining newer water-treatment chemicals such as volatile and filming amines and polyacrylates and also trace techniques for impurities such as chloride iron copper and silica. For silica for example we use the colorimetric method based on reduced silicomolybdate. By measuring at the peak wavelength of about 815 nm it is possible to determine down to 1 pg of silica. Although this was developed as a laboratory method we have also devised an AutoAnalyzer channel for use on the plant or where we are February 19701 WATER ANALYSIS 33 required to carry out a large number of determinations.Difficulties however can arise if boiler water containing solutes is allowed to contaminate the steam especially with lower pressure boilers in which demineralised water is not used as make-up. These solutes can deposit in superheaters and turbines causing serious failures and therefore steam purity tests are carried out. Formerly this was done by measuring the conductivity of the condensed steam after the removal of dissolved gases but now we rely more on the sodium content. We have done this both “on line” and in the laboratory with various sodium flame plioto- meters and related steam purity to operating conditions in the boiler.More recently however we have evaluated the sodium-ion selective electrode and have obtained promising results down to about the 0.01 p.p.m. level which is quite adequate for our purpose. On the basis of these results and visits to operating plant we have now ordered several “on line” sodium monitors from E.I.L. based on this electrode. It must also be remembered that in many industrial processes steam is used not only for power generation but also as a raw material. In the I.C.I. steam reforming process for example steani and naphtha are converted into hydrogen or lower hydrocarbons. As this is a catalytic process it is necessary to ensure that the steam as well as the naphtha is free from catalyst poisons. In many of our lower pressure boilers sodium sulphite is used as an oxygen scavenger and several papers in the literature suggest that this can give rise to hydrogen sulphide a well known catalyst poison in the steam.It was necessary to check this point and we therefore devised a very sensitive procedure for sulphide based on the methylene blue reaction. This method is capable of determining sulphide at the microgram level. The condensed steam is collected in zinc acetate solution which stabilises any sulphide. It is then allowed to react with dimethyl 9-phenylenediamine and an iron(II1) salt to give rnethylene blue. The colour is then measured spectrophotometrically or for plant work it can be matched in situ with a standard solution of methylene blue. Under our conditions up to about 2OOpg of sulphur dioxide can be tolerated.We confirm that the sulphur dioxide does not exceed this amount by carrying out an independent check with iodine. The above tests are simple to carry out but it is much more difficult to determine total sulphur at these very low concentrations. Nevertheless we have recently developed a technique in which sulphate can be reduced to sulphide with a mixture of hydriodic and hypophosphorous acids. In addition to its use as a raw material and for power generation steam has many other applications in industry e:g. evaporation and drying. At almost any stage product contamination is possible and since as much condensate as possible must be recovered for boiler-feed purposes the monitoring of this returned condensate can present some difficulties. The contaminants in these cases are essentially (but not always) inorganic and can often be detected by simple conductivity alarms.Even so this method lacks specificity and it is pointless to reject a source of con- densate on the basis of conductivity if this is caused by say sodium chloride which is already present in the make-up water. We are therefore trying to “back up” conductivity alarms with monitors which have more specificity. For instance we find the Testomat hardness meter useful. This is a simple instrument based on the colour produced between hardness salts and a dye such as Solochrome black. There also seems to be a wide scope for selective-ion electrodes in this field; we have assessed the sodium fluoride and potassium electrodes with this in mind. The potassium electrode also measures ammonium ions but if only potassium is required ammonia can be eliminated by using formaldehyde to convert it into hexamine which is unreactive.Our current work includes an examination of the nitrate sulphide and calcium electrodes. Two interesting problems arose some months ago concerning steam contamination. In one of our processes arsenate is present in a solution used for the absorption of carbon dioxide and it is possible under certain circumstances for this to contaminate condensate. This occurred and traces of arsenic appeared in the steam. As arsenic like sul- phur is injurious to catalysts we now guard against any recurrence of this contamination. To determine low concentrations of arsenic in steam condensate we developed a procedure based on the colour produced between arsine and silver diethyldithiocarbamate in pyridine solution.The final colour is measured spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of about 540 nm and as little as 1 pg of arsenic can be determined. Another problem concerned the contamination of steam with methanol from a re-boiler. Methanol from this equipment leaked into the steam which was condensed and re-used for de-superheating purposes. I t thus became necessary to determine the methanol content of this condensate before use. A convenient way of carrying out this analysis is by gas chromatography. We used a 34 WATER AWALYSIS [Proc. SOC. AmEyt. Cizem. poly(ethy1ene glycol) column at 100” C which incorporated a back-flushing system. Nitrogen was the carrier gas with a flame ionisation detector. With this technique we were able to determine down to 10 p.p.m.v/v of methanol. Turning now to cooling water although large volumes are used in industry in open re-circulating systems much effort is still required to keep consumption at a minimum. This means operating at high concentration factors with low purge rates and good analytical control is therefore necessary. As with steam contamination of cooling water by prxess chemicals such as ammonia urea nitrates and phosphates is possible and any analytical schedules must cover this. To conserve water further by operating at even higher con- centration factors under slightly acid conditions we tend to use an increasing number of corrosion inhibitors. Some of these are chromate-based formulations which have presented analytical problems. In the method for free chlorine for instance based on Palin’s diethyl 9-phenylenediamine (DPD) method we found that chromate gave a red colour even in the absence of chlorine.By increasing the pH however we discovered that the chromate - DPD reaction was slowed down whereas chlorine reacted almost instantaneously and we could thus distinguish between them. Another problem we have recently been investigating is the determination of zinc a t the p.p.m. level as this is often used in association with chromate. We devised a polarographic method for zinc in an ammonia solution - ammonium chloride base electrolyte but this required the prior removal of chromate and phosphate on an anion- exchange column and was time consuming. In our latest work this is replaced by a method based on atomic-absorption spectrophotometry.This technique is now well established and particularly useful in the analysis of waters and effluents where the constituents sought are in true solution. Essentially atomic-absorption spectroscopy consists of two processes firstly the solution under examination is sprayed as a fine mist into a flame the purpose of which is to convert the components into the atomic state. Air - acetylene or nitrous oxide - acetylene flames are often used. Light from a hollow-cathode lamp or electrodeless discharge tube which is characteristic of the element of interest is then passed through the flame when a proportion of the light is absorbed by atoms of that element present in the flame. The degree of absorption provides a measure of the concentration of the desired element in the solution.For zinc the method is specific and essentially free from interference and down to about 0.1 p.p.m. can readily be measured. Because of recent legislation aqueous efAuent analysis will obviously become increasingly important. For several years increasingly large sums of money have been spent on effluent control. We have already made extensive use of AutoAnalyzers and have automated at least ten colorimetric mzthods. We monitored extensively the various outfalls from the works and moved upstream to the plant involved and in many cases pin-pointed the plant operation responsible. This sort of activity is likely to increase and there will be a greater need not only for continuous “on-line” methods but also for laboratory innovation to deal with the large numbers of samples one can expect from effluent surveys.For example we recently carried out two hundred and fifty ammonia determinations a day for several days. We are tackling this problem in several ways of which the following are examples. An application of the AutoAnalyzer is in the determination of nitrate PZZ~S nitrite usually a time- consuming operation. The nitrate present is reduced to nitrite in a cadmium reductor and the combined nitrite plus nitrate determined colorimetrically with sulphanilic acid and N-1-naphthylethylenediamine. In another situation we make use of the fluoride-ion selective electrode. Until recently we found it necessary to carry out a conventional distillation on effluent samples before applying the Eriochrome cyanine R colorimetric method for fluoride. This procedure was simplified by using the electrode directly on distillates in preference to this colorimetric finish.Further work has now indicated that with care the time-consuming distillation step can often be omitted. The acquisition of a Unicam SP3000 automatic spectrophotometer has also proved useful in handling large numbers of samples. Among the various attractive features of this versatile instrument is an automatic sample changer that holds up to fifty sample solutions. Once started optical density measurements can be made automatically on all these solutions thus removing the tedium from measurement and saving the operator’s time. The advent of high pressure boilers the need to conserve and recover water and the control of effluent discharges create challenging analytical problems but these can be solved with one of the increasing number of new techniques now available to the analyst.February 19701 WATER ANALYSIS 35 The Analysis of Aqueous Effluents and Polluted River Waters BY H. A. C. MONTGOMERY (Water Pollutiow Research Laboratovy Elder W a y Stevenage Hevts.) THE types of analysis traditionally applied to polluted waters fall into two broad categories. Firstly there are non-specific determinations concerned with the organic matter in samples and with the potential of that organic matter to consume oxygen either during treatment or in the river lake or estuary into which it is discharged. Examples are the 5-day B.O.D. test the permanganate value which seems to be giving way gradually to the C.O.D. test and the determination of organic carbon. The second category comprises the determination of specific substances in water either because of an inhibitory effect on treatment processes or because of toxic or other undesirable effects in the receiving water.Ammonia toxic metals detergents cyanide and phenols have been determined for many years but the list of sub- stances that may have to be determined is lengthening rapidly with the increasing complexity of industrial activity and with the improvement of standards. Examples of substances of this type are the insecticides chlorinated solvents thiourea pentachlorophenol and oils of various kinds. Instrumental and chromatographic methods are being used to an increasing extent in water-pollution control laboratories. Atomic absorption for example is widely used for the determination of metals.By filtering the sample it is possible to distinguish between metals in solution and in suspension. It is often necessary to bring metals into solution by wet oxidation with nitric and perchloric acids although in some cases nitric acid alone will suffice. Concentration of the sample may be achieved by evaporation or by ion exchange1; solvent-extraction techniques could probably be used but in testing such methods on polluted waters the analyst would have to allow for the presence of metals in suspension and for the possibility that strongly complexing ligands such as cyanide might be present. Until about 6 years ago methods for the determination of organic carbon in water were either inaccurate or time consuming or both. I t is now relatively easy to detennine organic carbon to within about 1 mg 1-1 with the Beckman carbonaceous analyser which was developed by an American chemical company for monitoring effluent streams.A new model of the instrument allows both inorganic and organic carbon to be determined. Suspended matter must be fully homogenised before the liquid is drawn into the syringe. Gas chromatography is now widely used for the analysis of polluted waters. It is used especially for the determination of pesticide residues and with an electron capture detector and starting with 1 litre of water concentrations of y-benzene hexachloride down g 1-1 can be detected. Extreme care and cleanliness are necessary to avoid contamination. Solvent extraction methods are used for isolating the pesticides and recoveries are often considerably less than theoretical from the more polluted samples.2 Another application of gas chromatography is as a “fingerprinting” technique for identifying It is often possible to obtain a chromatogram which is characteristic of a particular oil even though one may not know which components give rise to the individual peaks.Some recent analytical research carried out at the W.P.R.L. has been connected with predicting the toxicity of pollutants to fish. Free hydrogen cyanide is very toxic to fish whereas the cyanide ion is of unknown but relatively low toxicity. The equilibrium constant for the reaction HCN + Hf + CN- is 6.2 x 1O-l0 hence the equilibrium lies well to the left unless hydrogen ions are removed by making the solution alkaline. It has also been shown that the common metallic complex cyanides are toxic to fish mainly because of the hydrogen cyanide with which they are in eq~ilibrium.~ Some years ago a fish toxicologist suggested that Latimer’s value for the dissociation constant of nickelocyanide might be wrong by about eight orders of magnitude.6 He was later shown to be right and recent work’ indicates a value of When determining hydrogen cyanide in the presence of complexing metals it is im- portant that only a small proportion of the hydrogen cyanide is removed to avoid disturbing the equilibrium.For the same reason the temperature and pH must be kept reasonably constant Methods involving equilibration with a supernatant gas phase have a large temperature coefficient and also other disadvantages so solvent extraction was used in the Oil spillages are an annoying type of sporadic pollution.instead of 36 WATER AKA4LYSIS [Proc. SOC. Andy€. Cheutz. new method.* It was shown that on shaking 100 ml of sample with 35 ml of l,l,l-trichloro- ethane 3.7 per cent. of the hydrogen cyanide was extracted at 22” C with a temperature coefficient of only 2 per cent. per degree. The hydrogen cyanide is re-extracted into sodium pyrophosphate solution and deter- mined by the method of Bark and Hig~on.~ The method is calibrated by extracting standard solutions of hydrogen cyanide at a known temperature. This principle is being extended to the analysis of samples in which copper is the toxic constituent. There is some evidence that dissolved copper is most toxic to fish when present as the hydrated copper(I1) ion or in complexes of low stability such as those that are formed with fulvic acids.M. J. Stiff a t W.P.R.L. has shown using a specific-ion electrode that copper in natural water in the absence of strong complexing agents is present almost entirely as the carbonate complex. There is a correlation between calculated copper( 11) ion concentra- tions and the toxicity of copper to fish in waters of varying hardness. Stiff has worked out a scheme for the analysis of copper-containing waters. Copper(I1) ion activity is determined with an ion-selective electrode and the concentration of carbonate complex is found by calculation. Copper complexed with fulvic acids is determined colori- metrically after extraction of the complex together with the excess of fulvic acid by using hexanol. Any copper complexed with amino-acids and with cyanide is found with suitable colorimetric reagents.In this way it will be possible to distinguish between all the important types of copper complex and ultimately it is hoped to relate state of copper to toxicity in real situations. Alternative methods for determining copper( 11) ion in the presence of complexed copper have been developed. Aluminon gives a coloured derivative with such a low stability constant that even weak complexes such as those with fulvic acids are not caused to dissociate to any marked extent by the addition of aluminon. The method is applicable only in the absence of nickel and zinc. A better method is to add copper-64 tracer followed by thio- cyanate to a concentration of 0.02 M. On extraction with pentyl alcohol 3 per cent. of the copper originally present as copper(I1) ion passes into the organic phase at equilibrium.The two latter methods are interesting from the analytical point of view but both are inferior t o the direct determination with a specific-ion electrode. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. REFERENCES Biechler D. G. Anulyt. Chem. 1965 37 1054. Montgomery H. A. C. and Lowden G. F. Process Biochem. 1968 3 (3) 24. Adams I. M. Ibid. 1967 2 (5) 33. Ellerker R. Dee H. J. Lax F. G. I. and Sargent D. A. Wut. Pollut. Control 1968 67 542. Doudoroff P. Leduc G. and Schneider C. R. Trans. Amer. Fish Soc. 1966 95 6. Doudoroff P. Sewuge I n d . Wastes 1956 28 1020. Christensen J. J. Izatt R. M. Hale J. D. Pack R. T. and Watt G. D. Inorg. Chem. 1963 Montgomery H. A. C. Gardiner D. K. and Gregory J. G. G. Analyst 1969 94 284. Bark L.S. and Higson H. G. Talanta 1964 11 621. 2 337. On-line Analysis in Water Systems BY D. E. COLLIS WITH the increasing rate of use and re-use of water and the inevitable tightening of quality requirements of both the influents and effluents of plants the use of automatic on-line analysers is becoming the rule rather than the exception. Consequently a great deal of effort has been put into the development of techniques and systems suitable for on-line monitoring of water quality parameters and I intend to describe the progress made in one particular field the determination of ammonia which typifies the development of on-line systems over the past 5 years. Ammonia measurement is probably the most widespread determination in the water analysis laboratory and this alone shows the importance of the ammonia levels in rivers where it is indicative of B.O.D.loading pollution from domestic sewage works and the general “health” of a river; in sewage effluents where it is proportional to the efficiencyof the treatment; and in potable or industrial waters where the ammonia level may determine the suitability of the water for use or re-use. (Electronic Instruments Ltd. Richmond Surrey) February 19701 WATER ANALYSIS 37 CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS- The most common method for ammonia determination in the laboratory is an alkaline distillation to separate the ammonia from contaminants followed by a colorimetric deter- mination of ammonia in the distillate. This method is not suitable for automation and an early automatic method utilised a membrane-separation technique prior to a colorimetric determination of ammonia.This particular technique is complex and is not sufficiently reliable for unattended on-line use. However on clean samples such as domestic drinking water the use of a direct colorimetric determination is possible. A direct adaptation of the standard laboratory method is used in the instrument but it suffers from reagent variability instability and cost although the worst effects of the former are removed by automatic periodic calibration. For sewage effluents and river waters an alternative separation technique was developed by the Water Pollution Research Laboratory in which a gas stripper is used to remove oxygen carbon dioxide and nitrogen from the sample water which is then transferred to another scrubber for conversion of the ammonia into nitrogen before measurement of the latter with a katharometer.This separation technique relies on the efficiency of the scrubbers and hence is liable to interference from deposited hardness and silt. Also the range of the instrument has a claimed lower limit of 0 to 10 mg 1-1 and therefore is of use only on the most polluted rivers. IT)EVELOPMENT OF NEW TECHNIQUES- Clearly at this stage in the proceedings some new technique had to be found that would operate satisfactorily in polluted waters with little or no sample preparation. A review of simple analytical techniques led to the development of a coulometric method for use on an automatic titrator. The basic chemical method is the oxidation of ammonium ions to nitrogen at pH 9.2 by hypobromite ion the latter being electrogenerated from a bromide solution at a platinum anode.The exact reaction mechanism is not clearly understood but the method has proved to be quantitative and remarkably free from interference. In its on-line form a constant-current source is used in the system to generate hypo- bromite ion from the potassium bromide - sodium tetraborate - sample mixture and the state of the reaction is monitored by a gold - calomel electrode pair. When the reaction is nearing completion the current is fed to the generator electrode in pulses until the reaction is shown to be complete by the potential of the gold electrode changing suddenly. Automatic standardisation is carried out every 12 hours the result of the analysis of the standard solution being automatically reset to its proper value.Zeroing is carried out manually when the bromide - tetraborate reagent is changed at weekly intervals. The range of this instrument can be adjusted from 0 to 5 to 0 to 100 mg 1-1 by altering the constant-current supply the lower limit being set by the presence of between 0.5 and 1.0 mg 1-1 of ammonium or am- monium-like substances in the reagent. The instrument has been field tested on the River Lee where the mean river ammonium level of 0.3 to 0.6 mg 1-1 was too low for the method and on the River Trent at Nottingham where the levels are higher (about 1 to 2 mg 1-I) and the instrument has given continuously reliable service replacing a colorimetric auto- an a1 yzer . A laboratory comparison of the technique with an automatic colorimeter gave a straight- line calibration for all river waters analysed by the Trent River Authority.This technique then shows a considerable increase in reliability and application over previous methods of analysis the only limitations being interference of heavy oxidisable metals and a relatively high practical limit of detection. The latter consideration and the relative complexity of titration techniques compared with direct electrode measurements lead us to look at the ammonium - potassium responsive glass electrode and to develop a new electrode for ammonia detection. The ammonium - potassium sensitive glass electrode was obviously of little use in river waters and effluents where the potassium level is appreciable but it has found use for the determination of ammonia in boiler water where hydrazine and ammonia are added for oxygen scavenging and pH control.The sodium - potassium levels in these waters are ex- tremely low and with the use of a triethanolarnine - hydrochloric acid buffer the determination of ammonium ion down to 0.1 mg 1-1 is feasible. Extensive testing by the Central Electricity Research Laboratory at Leatherhead and on-site a t West Burton Power Station has shown 38 PAPERS ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION [Proc. SOC. A?zaZyt. Chew. the method to be as reliable and accurate as that currently used for sodium. The instrument is similar to that used for the measurement of sodium in steam and boiler waters. This however did not solve the problem of determining low ammonia concentration in river water and a system at present in use for the determination of carbon dioxide in blood was investigated.This utilises a gas-permeable membrane to allow carbon dioxide in the sample to equilibrate with a hydrogen carbonate - carbonate buffer the pH of which is dependent on the carbon dioxide content. A new membrane has been found that allows the free passage of ammonia gas from the sample to the ammonium chloride solution inside the electrode body. The pH of this internal solution held in a thin matrix next to the membrane is measured by a flat-headed pH electrode the reference electrode being silver - silver chloride. Under the conditions of measurement (i.e. sample pH 11 to 12) the electrode is specific to ammonia and has a limit of detection of less than 0.1 mg 1-l. Carbon dioxide does not interfere in total ammonium measurements at pH 11 to 12 but may cause a problem when free ammonia is being measured at lower pH values.In this latest measurement both free and ionised ammonia can be determined in the same sample and simple techniques can possibly be developed for the determination of com- bined ammonia and nitrate also on the same sample as the electrode is unaffected by other ionic species in solution. CONCLUSION The development of successive techniques for ammonia determination in real samples (shown in Table I) demonstrates the advances in analytical systems for on-line and laboratory analysis from complex and often temperamental separation methods to the direct potentio- metric determination of the free ion or dissolved gas in solution. TABLE I DEVELOPMENT OF AMMOSIA DETERMINATION TECHNIQUES Method Type Application Distillation . . . . .. . . Colorimetric All samples laboratory only Auto-colour (Laboratory) . . . . Colorimetric All filtered samples laboratory mainly Auto-colour (Industrial) . . . . Colorimetric Potable water on-line Water Pollution Research Laboratory Katharometer All clean samples on-line Titration .. .. . . . . Coulometric All samples on-line and laboratory Specific ion . . .. .. . . Potentiometric Boiler water on-line and laboratory Membrane electrode . . .. . . Potentiometric All samples on-line ard laboratory Changes in the Register of Members DEATHS WE record with regret the deaths of George William Ferguson Piet Gouverner Hugh Bryan Nisbet.

ISSN:0037-9697    

DOI:10.1039/SA9700700030

出版商:RSC    

年代:1970

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

38 PAPERS ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION [Proc. SOC. A?zaZyt. Chew. Papers Accepted for Publication in The Analyst THE following papers have been accepted for publication in The A%aZyst and are expected to appear in the near future. “The Analysis of Fish Cakes,” by G. H. 0. Burgess T. McLachlan I. N. Tatterson and “Spot Tests of Quinones Hydroquinone and Pyrocatechol,” by L. Legradi. “Determination of Total Nitrogen Phosphorus and Iron in Fresh Water by Photo- “A Colorimetric Method for Micro Determination of o-Phenylphenol,” by Anna Rajzman. ‘ Won-aqueous Atomic-absorption Spectrophotornetry of Organornetallic Biocides,” by M. L. Windsor. oxidation with Ultraviolet Radiation,” by A. Henriksen. G. N. Freeland and R. M. Hoskinson. February 19701 PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED 39 “An Automated Method of Lactic Acid Analysis,” by J. D. Cameron and B. J. Francis. “Determination of Water-soluble Sulphate in Acid Sulphate Soils by Atomic-absorption Spectroscopy,’’ by J. A. Varley and Poon Yew Chin. “The Interference of Cobalt Nickel and Copper in the Determination of Iron by Atomic- absorption Spectrophotometry with an Air - Acetylene Flame,” by J. M. Ottaway D. T. Coker W. B. Rowston and D. R. Bhattarai. “A Micro-sampling Method for the Rapid Determination of Lead in Blood by Atomic- absorption Spectrophotometry ” by H. T. Delves. “The Extraction and Determination of Copper Chromium and Arsenic in Preserved Softwoods,” by A. I. Williams.

ISSN:0037-9697    

DOI:10.1039/SA9700700038

出版商:RSC    

年代:1970

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

February 19701 PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED 39 Publications Received The publications listed below have been received by the Editor of The Analyst in which journal Book Reviews will continue to appear. INTERNATIONAL COMPENDIUM OF NUMERICAL DATA PROJECTS. A SURVEY AND ANALYSIS. Produced by CODATA THE COMMITTEE ON DATA FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC UNIONS. Pp. xxiv + 295. Berlin Heidelberg and New York Springer-Verlag. 1969. Price DM 48. A CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM. Edited by RUTH PORTER. Pp. x + 213. London J . & A. Churchill Ltd. 1969. Price (Limp) 30s.; (Cloth) 60s. MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY. IXTH EUROPEAN CONGKESS. MADRID 1967. GENERALECTURES. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Physical Chemistry Division. Pp. viii + 275-403. London Butterworth & Co.(Publishers) Ltd. 1969. Price 58s. STRUCTURE OF ORGANIC SOLIDS. SECOND MICROSYMPOSIUM. PRAGUE 1968. MAIN LECTURES. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Macromolecular Division in conjunc- tion with the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences and Czechoslovak Chemical Society. Pp. vi + 465-550. London Butterworth & Co. (Publishers) Ltd. 1969. Price 58s. VTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON X-RAY OPTICS AND MICROANALYSIS. TUBINGEN SEPTEMBER ~ T H - ~ ~ T H 1968. Edited by G. MOLLENSTEDT and K. H. GAUKLER. Pp. xii + 612. Berlin Heidelberg and New York Springer-Verlag. 1969. Price DM 198. MANUEL SUISSE DES DENRBES ALIMENTAIRES. VOLUME I. PARTIE GENERALE. Fifth Edition. Pp. vi + 880. Berne Centrale Federale des Imprimes et du Material. 1969. Price Sw. fr. 75. MODERN SEPARATION METHODS OF MACROMOLECULES AND PARTICLES.PROGRESS IN SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION. VOLUME 2. Edited by THEO GERRITSEN. Pp. viii + 250. New York London Sydney and Toronto Wiley-Interscience a division of John Wiley & Sons. 1969. Price 140s. By ISTVAN KOVACS. Pp. 320. London Adam Hilger Ltd. 1969. Price 104s. MICROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS SECTION SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES JULY 1968 To JUNE 1969. National Bureau of Standards Technical Note 505 Issued October 1969. Edited by JOHN K. TAYLOR. Pp. xiv + 126. Washington D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1969. Price $1.25. BRITISH CERAMIC ABSTRACTS. January/February 1969. Number 1. Pp. 29. The British Ceramic Research Association. Annual Subscription &lo for 6 issues and indexes; single copies &2 each. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE.ROTATIONAL STRUCTURE IN THE SPECTRA O F DIATOMIC MOLECULES. A New JouvnaE ANALYTICAL COORDINATION CHEMISTRY SECTION SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES JULY 1968 TO JUNE 1969. National Bureau of Standards ‘‘Technical Note 504 issued October 1969. Edited by OSCAR MENIS. Pp. xiv + 106. Washington D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1969. Price $1.00. 40 PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED [Proc. SOC. Analyt. Chem. ELEMENTARY REACTION KINETICS. Second Edition. Pp. xii + 175. London Butterworth & Co. (Publishers) Ltd. 1969. Price 18s. DICTIONARY OF FUEL TECHNOLOGY. By ADAM GILPIK B.Sc.(Econ.) M.Inst.F. M.I.P.H.E. Assoc.I.E.Aust. Pp. xii + 275. London Butterworth & Co. (Publishers) Ltd. 1969. Price 42s. THE CHEMISTRY OF THE ISOQUINOLINE ALKALOIDS. By TETSUJI KAMETANI. Pp.x + 266. Amsterdam London and New York Elsevier Publishing Co. 1969. Price 145s. ADDENDUM 1969 TO THE BRITISH PHARMACOPOEIA 1968. Published under the direction of the General Medical Council pursuant to the Medical Act 1956. London The Pharmaceutical Press. 1969. Price 65s. Proceedings of a Conference organised by the Soil Scientists of the Xational Agricultural Advisory Service October 22nd- 23rd 1964. Pp. x + 178. London H.M. Stationery Office. 1969. Price 40s. MINERALOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF CRYSTAL FIELD THEORY. By ROGER G. BURNS. Pp. xiv + 224. Cambridge University Press. 1970. Price 80s. LA CHROMATOGRAPHIE GAZ-SOLIDE. Translated -from Russian by G. GUOCHOM C. GUICHON and A. V. KOUZNETSOV. Paris Masson et Cie. 1969. Price 90F. Pp. xvi + 468. Paris Masson et Cie. 1969. Price 92F.Lectures presented at the Second Chania Conference held in Chania Crete June 30-July 14 1968. Pp. xvi + 459. London Heyden & Son Ltd. 1969. Price k11.15~. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CHEMISTRY OF THE TERPENOIDS AND STEROIDS. By WILLIAM ’I’EMPLETON B.Sc. Ph.D. D.I.C. London Butterworth & Co. (Publishers) Ltd. 1969. Price 48s. DAYLIGHT AND ITS SPECTRUM. Pp. x + 277. London Adam Hilger Ltd. 1969. Price 104s. PRACTICAL MANUAL OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. Authors J . BUZON N. GUICHARD J. LEBBE A. PREVOT J. SERPINET and J. TRANCHANT. Pp. xx + 387. Amsterdam London and New Yorlc Elsevier Publishing Co. 1969. Price k10. PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. By LEONARD C. LABOWITZ and JOHN S. ARENTS. Pp. x + 524. New York and London Academic Press. 1969. Price 70s. ADVANCES IN CHROMATOGRAPHY.VOLUME 8. Edited by J. CALVIN GIDDINGS and ROY A. KELLER. Pp. xvi + 400. New York Marcel Delrker Inc. 1969. Price $18.75. ANORGANISCHE UND ALLGEMEINE CHEMIE IN EINZELDARSTELLUNGEN. Edited by MARGOT Brzc~te- GOEHRING. SECHS-TJND ACHTGLIEDRIGE RINGSYSTRME IX DER PHOSPHOR-STICKSTOFF-CHEMIE. By S. PANTEL and M. BECKE-GOEHRING. Berlin Heidelberg and New York Springer-Verlag. 1969. Price $14.90. By K. ECKSCHLAGER M.Sc. D.Ph. Translation Editor R. A. CHALMERS. Pp. 155. New York London Toronto and Melbourne Van Nostrand Co. Ltd. 1969. Price 60s. BASIC INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY. By J. H. VAN DER MAAS. London Heyden & Son Ltd. 1969. Price 30s. ORGANIC POLAROGRAPHY. By P. ZUMAN and C. L. PERRIX. New York London Sydney and Toronto Interscience Publishers a division of John Wiky & Sons. 1969. Price 95s. Collected reprints from Advances in Analytical Chemistry and Instrumentation Vol. 2 pp. 219-253 and Progress in Physical Organic Chemistry Vol. 3 pp. 165-316 and Vol. 5 SPECTROCHEMTCAL ABSTRACTS. VOLUME XIV. 1967-68. By ERNEST H. S. VAN SORIEREN Pp. iv + 106. By J . L. LATHAM B.Sc. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. Pp. xx + 100. TECHNICAL BULLETIN 15. NITROGEN AND SOIL ORGANIC MATTER. By A. V. KISELEV and YA. I. YASHIN. Py. 289. LES REACTIONS CHIMIQUES EN SOLUTION. L’ANALYSE QUALITATIVE MINEKALE. By G. CKARLOT. ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES IN SOLIDS. Edited by E. D. HAII~EMANAKIS. Pp. viii + 277. By s. T. HENDERSON &LA. Ph.D. B.Sc. Edited by JEAN TRANCHANT. Pp. x + 301. ERRORS MEASUREMENT AND RESULTS I N CHEMICAL ANALYSIS. Pp. vi + 108. Pp. vi + 262. I>P. 81-206. B.Sc. F.Inst.P. F. LACHMAN Dipl. Ing. and F. T. BIRKS B.Sc. F.II.1.C. London Adam Hilger Ltd. Price 84s.

ISSN:0037-9697    

DOI:10.1039/SA9700700039

出版商:RSC    

年代:1970

数据来源: RSC