摘要:

This article reports results from a quantitative network analysis of international commodity trade flows designed to measure the structure of the world economic system and to identify the roles that particular countries play in the global division of labor. It improves on previous network-analytic studies of the world-economy in two ways. First, by using a newly developed measure of regular equivalence, this operationalization of a nation's roles in the international system is methodologically superior to previous work. Second, we have built a dynamic aspect into the analysis by examining international trade networks at more than one point in time (1965,1970, and 1980). This allows us to answer questions about change both in the overall structure of the world-economy and in the positions of particular countries in the system. Our findings generally conform to the theoretically expectations of the world-system perspective as well as qualitative descriptions of recent changes in the international division of labor.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/70.4.857

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

World-system and related theories indicate that international dependence has important impacts on the satisfaction of basic needs such as nutrition. However, previous crossnational studies of food consumption have yielded ambiguous findings on the effect of export dependence on consumption; they also have neglected the potentially intervening role of economic growth — the focus of earlier cross-national research and an object of ongoing controversy. Our panel analysis of 59 Third World countries for 1967–1985 shows that reduction of primary export dependence promotes food consumption, and that transnational corporate (TNC) investment dependence has an exceptionally strong harmful effect on consumption. Economic growth, however, mediates very little of the effects of dependence on consumption, signifying the limited relevance of earlier crossnational research on growth. Our findings, which support world-system, dependency, and related perspectives, are upheld by robust regression analysis.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/70.4.895

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

How efficacious are central political actors in building local institutions that help to rationalize the nation-state? In an earlier article, we showed that policies emanating from the Parisian state fueled construction of French secondary schools, spurred local demand for education, and reinforced class distinctions following the Third Republic (1870). Primary school enrollments, however, rose long before the fragile central state gained prominent institutional strength. We find that spending by local village councils, rather than central government action or changing economic demands, was consistently associated with the spread of primary schooling. The emerging strength of heretofore fragile states may be rooted more in their capacity to capture, rather than to create, local institutions and to mediate competing local demands, thereby advancing central-state formation.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/70.4.923

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Although sociologists have made advances in understanding the community-level impacts of technological and environmental change, attention to date has focused almost exclusively on the relatively brief development stage of construction and rapid expansion. Significant social changes can also take place both before and after the phases of the most intense physical activities (construction, production, expansion), and pathways of influence can be social as well as physical. At the outset, during the “opportunity-threat” stage, most social and economic impacts are associated with opportunities and/or threats to biophysical, economic, social, cultural, and psychological systems of the human environment. If development proceeds, the opportunities and threats are joined by the impacts of visible, physical perturbations that have received most of the attention to date. Over time, both of these sets of impacts are increasingly joined by the accumulation of experience. While human systems do adapt to changes or impacts, even apparently functional short-term responses can lead over the longer term to overadaptation.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/70.4.937

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Social movement organizations (SMOs) operate in a multiorganizational field known as the social movement sector. Although it is generally agreed that an organization's environment affects the outcomes associated with that organization, little research exists regarding characteristics and trends in the social movement sector. By examining changes in an activity common to SMOs, I assess claims in the social movement literature concerning the professionalization of the sector and its effects on the sector's size, relations, and composition. Using data on protest demonstrations in Washington, D.C., between 1961 and 1983 (N=485), I show that interorganizational relations in the sector have become denser as the number and differentiation of organizations has increased. I present evidence that organizers have moderated their tactical and ideological approaches in efforts to expand their appeal, resulting in an increase in individual participation.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/70.4.957

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This study examines the role of a wide range of community characteristics in determining the risk of married and nonmarried nonblack women having a live birth. We find that context affects the risk of both a marital and nonmarital birth, although the number of contextual influences is greater for nonmarried women. For married women, the factors that affect the likelihood of a birth are: the extent of full-time female labor-force participation, percent white-collar workers, and percent females in the community who are separated or divorced. Contextual factors affecting the risk of an out-of-wedlock birth include: the female unemployment rate; median housing value; percent females separated or divorced; percent females of childbearing age; the sex ratio of the never married population; and the child/woman ratio for women aged 15–24. Almost all these community characteristics operate independently of individual-level characteristics of the woman.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/70.4.977

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This study draws on, and advances, four key theories in explaining life insurance carrier births in New York from 1842 to 1904. It advances institutional theory by introducing two new institutional variables, public trust in carrier management and the Insurance Incorporation Law, whose effects are significant This research also clarifies ecological theory with analyses indicating that only legitimation processes governed density dependence effects when this insurance industry was young; and that births were more sensitive to size-based competition (industry concentration and entry-barriers) than density-based competition when the industry was older. New-firms theory benefits from the finding that numbers of large carriers spurred carrier entrepreneurship, due to the operation of entrepreneurial spin-off processes. Finally, the results show that key economic forces had significant effects. I conclude that theoretical integration must occur in order to comprehend fully organizational birth processes.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/70.4.1013

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

We examine in this article the relationship between economic inequality and rates of violent crime of blacks and whites, using SMSA-level data for 1980 as compiled from raw arrest data on index violent crimes in the FBI's Uniform Crime Reports and from the 1980 census. The analysis is disaggregated by race and uses alternative measures of inequality (and poverty) to provide more theoretically appropriate indicators of income inequality, including measures of within-race inequality in addition to measures of overall inequality and between-race inequality. Controls are included for racial composition and other variables related to race and crime. We find that the effects of inequality differ sharply for blacks and whites. Inequality strongly affects white violence rates — high inequality is associated with high white arrest rates for the violent crimes. However, inequality has a weak effect on black violence rates. The theoretical and research implications of our findings are discussed.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/70.4.1035

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This article examines infant mortality differentials among Hispanic groups using linked birth-death certificate data from the 1980–1982 birth cohorts in Florida. Findings indicate some large differentials between groups in rates of infant mortality for both endogenous and exogenous causes of death, with Puerto Ricans and Mexicans having higher rates than Cubans and other Hispanics from each set of causes. Results also show that controlling for background and intervening variables of the infant mortality process explains a portion of the mortality differentials, while interactions between Hispanic origin and independent variables suggest some unique relationships between ethnic origin and explanatory factors. Factors that might aid in the further explanation of the infant mortality differentials between groups are discussed.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/70.4.1055

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

In response to Wirth's (1938) image of city dwellers as isolated individuals lacking strong ties to others, urban sociologists and network analysts have closely examined personal networks. Because neighbors are vital components of such networks, we examine three theoretical perspectives offered to explain the links between statuses and neighbor networks: social integration, need, and available time. Survey evidence from 690 adults in 81 Nashville, Tennessee neighborhoods best supports a social integration interpretation — those in statuses well integrated into society in general (female, middle-aged, married, and high-SES respondents) have larger networks within their neighborhoods. Need may be the inverse of integration, for low-SES persons, though maintaining smaller networks, have more frequent and intense contact with their neighbors.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/70.4.1077

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP