摘要:

The purpose of this article is to raise some questions and to make some observations about the linkages of sociology to its specialties by reviewing the changing relationship of sociology and criminology. In the United States, the development of criminology as a field of study has been closely linked to the development of sociology as a discipline, and sociology has given American criminology its distinctive cast. Criminology has benefited from theoretical and methodological developments in sociology and in turn has contributed to sociology as one of its central specialties. In the past two decades, the dominance of sociology in criminology has diminished, and criminology has gravitated somewhat away from the center of sociology. However, sociology remains very much the intellectual “center of gravity” in criminology, and criminology remains an important part of sociology. Both criminology and sociology will benefit by a continuation and reinvigoration of their prior relationship.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.1.1

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Although social network analysis has provided many measures of network position, these are rarely applied to spatial networks. Sociological measures of network structure were constructed to reflect binary interactions and such measures were of limited use in analysis of urban systems. Recently, several measures have been refined to accommodate the asymmetric continuous flaws of people and information across space, making them appropriate for urban models. In this article, we evaluate the applicability of graph theoretic measures to the urban system. We find that graph theoretic conceptualizations of centrality are consistent with theoretical specifications of urban hierarchy. We then apply centrality measures to simulated and actual urban systems. We conclude that such measures elucidate key substantive issues relevant to increasingly complex sociospatial structures.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.1.17

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Although many authors have argued that social support and sense of control influence survival, most studies of this issue have concentrated on a limited set of potential relationships, typically “spouse” and a mixed group, “friends and relatives.” This article uses data from a more complex family system, the stem family households of early modern Japan, to argue that for elderly women each of the potential relationships — with spouse, adult children, and grandchildren — has an independent effect on mortality. In addition, the effect is dependent on the character of the relationships, not just their number, and it originates not only from receiving support from others but also from providing it to them. Hence the family can be thought of as an institution that enhances health by providing opportunities for individuals to exert a sense of control, not only in the late twentieth-century U.S. but also in earlier periods of other societies.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.1.53

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

While previous research has established that parents in the contemporary U.S. often provide support to their adult children, little is known about how that support changes as both parents and children age over the life course. Using data from the National Survey of Families and Households, we examine how support received from parents changes as the child moves from young adulthood through middle age. Attention is given to several different dimensions of support and to life-course factors of the parent and the child that are related to receipt of support. In general, there is no change or a slight increase in support received from parents when children are in their 20s. Decline in all forms of support occurs after age 30. However, the pattern of decline varies by type of support, and in no case is the decline linear. We conclude by discussing the family roles played by parents in later life.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.1.63

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

We use a National Survey of Families and Households sample of 7,730 adults with siblings to test a model of perceived and actual social support among adult siblings. Despite low levels of actual exchange, nearly 30% of the sample would call on a sibling first in an emergency. Social support among siblings was higher for those with living sisters and for those without adult children, but African Americans and respondents with lower education and family income levels were less likely to be involved in actual exchange with siblings. Although weak support from siblings may simply represent a contraction of the support network to the “inner circle” of parents and children, these findings suggest caution in assuming that disadvantaged groups can rely on stronger extended family networks.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.1.85

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This article uses data from the 1979–85 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine the effects of family type on high school graduation. The results show that (1) not living with both parents at age 14 has negative consequences for children's high school graduation regardless of whether the child lives with a single parent, a parent and stepparent, or neither parent; (2) disruptions (changes in family structure) between ages 14 and 17 also have negative consequences; and, (3) the effects of family structure and changes in family structure on high school graduation persist after controlling for income and some social psychological attributes of the adolescent individuals in these families. Income accounts for approximately 15% of the single-parent effect.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.1.103

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The “minority power” perspective in stratification maintains that inequality between minority and majority groups can be attributed to the former's lack of power. Students of inequality tend to reject this conjecture on the strength of consistent findings showing that the minority earnings level is negatively related to its group size. A valid test of the minority power hypothesis requires an organizational analysis where a distinction can be made between (1) minority size and (2) minority share in managerial positions. We examined these two effects on wage inequality between females and males as well as between blacks and whites in 117 work organizations. For reasons specified in the article we cannot conclude that the findings lend support to the minority power argument.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.1.123

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

We construct intergenerational occupational mobility tables for men and women aged 25–64 in the year 2000. The procedure for creating such tables involves three steps: (1) deriving origin distributions in the absence of actual survey data on occupational background; (2) constructing destination distributions using occupational forecasts prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics; (3) calculating cell counts by adjusting the most recent mobility tables available to the derived origin and destination distributions using the Deming-Stephan technique. The empirical accuracy of some aspects of our projection method is also assessed. We calculate several descriptive statistics on the basis of our predicted mobility matrix and examine mobility trends by comparing these statistics to those based on tables from earlier periods. Our results show an increasing tendency toward immobility and downward mobility, especially for men.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.1.145

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Satisfactory and robust explanations of sex differences in scientific productivity remain elusive. This article provides a multidimensional, longitudinal description of the productivity of male and female biochemists. Several findings have implications for explaining differences in productivity. Sex differences in the numbers of publications and citations increase during the first decade of the career but are reversed later in the career. The lower productivity of females results from their overrepresentation among nonpublishers and their underrepresentation among the extremely productive. Among biochemists who publish, differences cannot be explained by patterns of collaboration, which are nearly identical for males and females, with one exception: females are much more likely to collaborate with a spouse. The smaller number of citations received by females results from their fewer publications, not from the quality of their publications. Papers by females on average receive more citations than those by males. These and other findings suggest future directions for research to understand sex differences in scientific productivity.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.1.159

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This article examines the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and current (six-month) and lifetime rates of psychiatric disorders among blacks and whites. Overall, SES is inversely related to psychiatric disorder for both racial groups. This association is weaker for black males than for white males. There is some variation among specific disorders, with the strongest relationship with SES occurring for alcohol abuse. The six- month rate of depression is unrelated to SES among blacks but inversely related for whites. In contrast to our expectations, we found that lower-SES white males have higher rates of psychiatric illness than their black peers. Lawer-SES black females have higher rates of substance abuse disorders than their white counterparts. These findings underscore the need for research efforts to identify the mechanisms and processes that link social stratification to disease.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.1.179

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP