摘要:

Sociobiologists claim that genes which code for altruistic acts toward close genetic kin can overcome selection pressures favoring self-interested behaviors. This article argues that similar processes may operate in the cultural sphere. Specifically, rules that mandate beneficent acts toward people with a higher than average probability of carrying the same rule may proliferate without sanctions, even when those acts are costly to the actor. One class of rules directs beneficent behavior toward close cultural relatives, including cultural ancestors, descendants, siblings, and cousins. Another class directs beneficent behavior toward those who exhibit particular cultural markers. Tor several reasons, such rules may lead to larger sets of mutual altruists than those produced by genetic processes.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.2.279

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This research examines the effects of Federal investments made during World War II on the regional restructuring of the U.S. in the postwar era. Using data on federalindustrial investments made in each county during World War II, this study traces the postwar disposition of these facilities, including the sizeable portfolio of industrial assets in the possession of the Department of Defense as of 1955. The effects of World War II investments on local manufacturing are estimated by tracing the lagged effects of those investments on local manufacturing growth in the postwar period. World War II investments made a sizeable and significant contribution to growth in manufacturing in the 1947–72 period. Moreover, economic areas in the South and West were the big “winners” in terms of the cumulative effects of World War II investments, while areas in the North and East were the big “losers.”

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.2.303

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Simpson (1990) suggests that curvilinear specifications for educational enrollments and political democracy are appropriate in modeling the cross-national determinants of income inequality, whereas the well-known curvilinear effect of national wealth, or the “logic of industrialism” hypothesis, is mediated by education and democracy. This analysis uses the same data on income inequality to replicate Simpson's research. Findings include the following: (1) most of Simpson's central findings can be replicated; (2) using a different measure of development, national wealth does exhibit a direct, curvilinear relationship with income inequality; (3) world-systems/dependency theory finds less support; and (4) agricultural density, used as a proxy for the social and physical carrying capacities of rural areas, has a robust, negative influence on income inequality, in accord with ecological-evolutionary theory.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.2.339

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This article analyzes the 1960, 1970, and 1980 Public Use Microdata Samples of the decennial censuses and a pooled extract from the 1983, 1985, and 1987Current Population Surveysto examine labor force activity among minority women. We document changes in the market position of Puerto Rican women since 1960 and discuss the conditions that ultimately led to their reduced participation during a period of substantial increase in market activity of other women. Results show widening race and ethnic differentials in employment states over time and unequal employment returns to education among women of color. Industrial restructuring, the influx of unskilled immigrants from Latin America, and changing economic cycles are three possible mechanisms responsible for the declining labor market position of minority women, but discrimination also is implicated in the unequal employment outcomes among equally qualified workers.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.2.365

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This study notes the deviant nature of nonconventional religious affiliation in Japan, and posits that only individuals with weak attachment and commitment to conventional society are likely to join. Using survey data on religious beliefs collected by the Institute of Statistical Mathematics in Tokyo, this study obtains results confirming that individuals with weak social bonds are much more likely to join these organizations than are individuals with strong social bonds. These affiliations may possibly provide a setting where compensatory social bonds can be obtained.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.2.397

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This study explores the relationships between religiosity and interpersonal friendliness and cooperation using data from the 1979–80 National Survey of Black Americans (NSBA). Results indicate that respondents who engage in frequent devotional activities (e.g., prayer, Bible study) are reported to be more open and less suspicious, and more enjoyable to interview, than their less-religious counterparts in post-hoc ratings by NSBA interviewers. In addition, respondents for whom religion serves as an important source of moral guidance are also viewed as friendlier, more interested, and more open than those for whom this aspect of religion is less salient. Other aspects of respondent religiosity (e.g., church participation) are unrelated to these post-hoc interviewer assessments. Findings are discussed in terms of (1) religious role-taking processes and (2) the internalization of religious norms concerning interpersonal kindness and empathy, although several alternative explanations are also considered. A number of implications and directions for future research are identified.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.2.411

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This research tests general claims of how political and economic competition affected county-level variation of black lynching rates in Georgia in the 1890s. The central argument is that rates of racial violence rose when interracial competition increased. This increase was due primarily to black migration to southern manufacturing areas, black participation in the cotton economy, and the rise of black participation in the Populist movement. To address more fully the political facet of interracial competition, we first analyze the forces leading to the Populist movement. We find that black counties and counties with a higher degree of farm tenancy were more likely to have supported Populist candidates, and that manufacturing counties were less likely to vote Populist. When we analyze the causes of lynching, we find that lynching rates increased when economic competition increased, but that counties that voted Populist did not have significantly higher rates of black lynching.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.2.431

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The factors influencing the identification of oneself as “old” have been studied extensively for people in their later life. This study extends the analysis to the middle years of life, when transitions may occur from age identities of young to middle-aged, as well as from middle-aged to old. It replicates previous findings for the effects of chronological age and poor health on older age identity. The study also demonstrates that having children is associated with a middle-aged (rather than young) identification, while not being married (largely due to widowhood or divorce) is associated with labeling oneself as old (rather than middle-aged). In the comparisons both of persons who identify themselves as young rather than middle-aged, and middle-aged rather than old, the older category of people have less happiness and lower life satisfaction, suggesting that these transitions are experienced negatively.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.2.451

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This article examines a hypothesis claiming that there is a less positive association of science achievement with age in adolescence among girls than among boys, a hypothesis based on assumptions about the effect of traditional feminine stereotypes on adolescent girls. Data from 1,747 seventh and ninth graders support the prediction only for those living with both parents. The female disadvantage is larger among those with separated parents, regardless of age. This finding is interpreted, ex post facto, in terms of separated mothers becoming stronger models for traditionally feminine roles as they become involved in heterosexual activities. For 1,252 of the subjects, the same pattern is found in effects on change in science achievement over the preceding two years of the adolescents' lives.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.2.469

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The Burke-Tully technique for the measurement of role-identity offers a theoretically sophisticated quantitative measure of self-in-role. Since its development it has been used to explain a wide range of behaviors from a symbolic interactionist perspective. Three general problem areas, however, challenge its reliability and validity: (1) the identification of counteridentities, (2) the use of adjectives to assess meaning, and (3) cumbersome and lengthy implementation and construction procedures. In this study a modified measure of self-in-role is developed that avoids these three areas. An empirical application of the modified measure demonstrates relatively strong construct validity and a predictive power equal to that of the Burke-Tully technique.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/71.2.485

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1992

数据来源: OUP