摘要:

Many studies have examined the effects of social class and academic ability on access to higher education, but there has been little systematic research on the factors influencing who goes where to college. Yet the existing literature indicates that hierarchial differentiation among colleges is an increasingly salient issue for students of education and social stratification. Using nationally representative data from the joint research program of the American Council on Education and the University of California at Los Angeles, this study analyzes the relative influence of social background and academic ability in determining the quality of the college attended. The results indicate that college quality, as measured by selectivity and affluence, is significantly related to social class, with the relationship between the two variables mediated primarily by academic ability. Cross-tabular and regression analyses indicate that measured academic ability is the more powerful predictor of the quality of the college attended, though social class has an independent impact. The study concludes with a discussion of findings that bear on the emerging conflict between merit and equality in higher education.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/53.3.381

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Contradictory predictions about the effects of sanctioning drawn from control and labeling perspectives are evaluated in light of extant empirical evidence. Although the data favor a deterrent rather than a secondary deviance interpretation, consideration of the issue reveals gross theoretical inadequacy. The fundamental task is to specify the conditions under which one or the other outcome is likely and then to build an integrated theory that incorporates those contingencies. Drawing on current literature, contingencies that are likely to affect the outcome of sanctioning are identified.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/53.3.399

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Adult reactions to27hypothetical criminal offenses are explored to assess how offenders' and victims' occupational status and the seriousness of the acts affect conceptions of “fair punishment.” The findings suggest that information about the status of criminal offenders is not used in making judgments about punishment. Rather, punitive reactions seem to be based principally on the seriousness of the act. Further, an investigation of interaction showed that the kind of act was an important factor, even beyond the degree of harm produced. Further inquiries should investigate the effects of victim responsibility and offender intentionality on the public's reaction to criminal offenses.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/53.3.411

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Three models predict an association between urbanism and nontraditional behavior: (1) that it is a function of the characteristics of individuals found in cities; (2) that it is due to the anomie of cities; (3) that it is due to the generation of and consequent influence of innovative urban subcultures. Secondary analysis of American survey data on religiosity, church attendance, attitudes toward alcohol and birth control confirm the general urbanism-deviance association. Controlling for covariates suggests that Model 1 is inadequate for there remains an independent effect of residence—albeit a quite small one—unaccounted for by individual traits. Some suggestive data point to Model 3 as the more accurate one.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/53.3.420

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper attempts to examine the assumptions and major propositions of Ralf Dahrendorf's and Lewis Coser's theories of conflict. Particular attention is drawn to the divergence in their respective schemes and how such divergence actually makes the schemes highly complementary. By formalizing the propositions of Dahrendorf and Coser, then examining how the theoretical statements of each inventory correct for omissions in the other, a strategy for synthesizing the propositions on the causes and form of conflict is suggested. Such synthesis is presumed to improve upon previous attempts at theoretical reconciliation, since it is couched in propositional rather than assumptive terms.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/53.3.433

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Based on structural and behavioral orientations, a theory of intergroup antagonism (subsuming ethnic prejudice, racism, and sexism) is developed interlinking social power, competition, labor force structure, and contact. The behavioral orientation is invoked chiefly on matters of interpersonal contact, and the development of individual attitudes and behavioral patterns towards others. Employing a structural orientation, social power, competition, and the labor force structure are assumed to affect intergroup relations directly. Given the learning of prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavioral patterns, differences in power, competition, and the structure of the labor force lead to five hypotheses on intergroup antagonism.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/53.3.444

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This study investigates causes of black residential segregation. The units of analysis are cities and a causal model is specified and evaluated using the technique of path analysis. The principal hypotheses are supported, although there is some interaction with regional location. The data suggest that the relative status of blacks and black population size are important determinants of segregation; these findings are especially interesting given the general belief that black socioeconomic progress is unrelated to changes in segregation, as well as the tendency to ignore absolute size of the black population in analyses of segregation. Also important are percent black and the relative growth rates of the white and black populations; however, the impact of the latter variable was smaller than anticipated in view of the emphasis often given to it.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/53.3.449

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A comparison of data from reputational studies of black community leadership in Providence, R. I., conducted in 1962, 1970, and 1972 revealed a high turnover in personnel, a decrease in average age, more local origin, more orientation to the black community, more employment in administrative positions related to race relations, more residence in the black working-class area, and a decline in community consensus as to reputed leadership. The implications of these findings for the structure and functioning of the black community and for the future of race relations are discussed in the context of the history of blacks in Providence together with data on changes in the demographic, ecological, and socioeconomic characteristics of the city and its black population during the past twenty years.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/53.3.460

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The division of labor refers to differences among members of a population in their sustenance activities and the related functional interdependence. It is proposed that the first dimension of the division of labor, sustenance differentiation, may be measured with data on occupational composition. Six alternative measures are presented and evaluated. Emphasis is placed on the attention each gives to the two aspects of sustenance differentiation: structural differentiation (number of classes) and distributive differentiation (distribution of individuals among the classes).

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/53.3.468

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

An essential feature of social interaction is negotiation as to the identities actors may assume. A role-playing experiment was designed in which this identity bargaining could be observed and its outcomes predicted. Male subjects interacted with female stooges who demanded that they assume a certain identity in order to accomplish a desirable goal (e.g., get a date). In half the cases the subject was altercast in an identity incompatible with his ideal self-conception; in the other half the altercast was irrelevant to his ideal self. Half the subjects interacted in private, while half believed themselves to have a peer audience. As predicted, subjects engaged in greater ceding of identity when the stooges' altercast was not aimed at a central feature of their self-conception. While measures of subjects' interpersonal strategies were not consistently differentiated when the episode had an audience, in relative privacy, however, subjects whose central feature of self was attacked proved to be relatively more defensive and derogatory toward the stooge, to project greater “secondariness,” to altercast the stooge into a support-seeking identity, and to project greater autonomy.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/53.3.476

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1975

数据来源: OUP