摘要:

This study of conditions making for the decline of an organization examines a college from the advent of charismatic leadership (emerging in a crisis) through its routinization to the period of decline. Critical factors in its decline are revealed as: sharp discontinuities in succession of personnel (faculty, student traits to be processed), absentee leadership and Trustees unable to give or respond to early warning signals, program innovations resisted by workers, or that workers were incompetent to execute, external programs that siphoned resources from the parent organization, and conditions in the social surround that contributed to disruption. The central orienting notion is that factors making for decline or death emerge at the intersection of an organization's legacy—its inherited purpose, procedures, and product—and influences that pour through its permeable boundary from its social and cultural environment.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.2.259

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The series of challenges to the autonomy and self-regulatory authority of the professions which occurred in the 1970s has generally been attributed to changes in public attitudes and values. Questioning the adequacy of this explanation, this paper examines the emergence of new or strengthened market, client, and government controls affecting the legal profession and argues that these developments were initiated or facilitated by the actions of segments of the bar itself seeking to further their own interests. New market, client, and government controls served to modify and supplement collegial regulation rather than displace it. Furthermore, it is argued that these developments contribute not so much to the deprofessionalization of the legal profession as to its reprofessionalization whereby the parameters of its autonomy and self-regulatory authority are redefined.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.2.281

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Previous research has shown that Puerto Ricans are highly segregated from non-Hispanic whites and moderately segregated from blacks, with socioeconomic factors having no effect on these patterns. These findings are opposite those observed for other Hispanic groups and contradict the fundamental tenets of ecological theory. This paper explains these anomalous patterns and brings results for Puerto Ricans into conformity with prior theory and research on residential segregation. The Puerto Rican anomaly stems from their very low SES and their black ancestry. Law social status leads directly to high segregation, while a high percent of blacks among Puerto Ricans draws them strongly towards residence near non-Hispanic blacks. Since Anglos avoid living near blacks, Puerto Ricans become bystander victims of Anglos' racial prejudice, leading to their residential segregation in society.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.2.306

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Kanter's theory of proportional representation suggests that tokens (members of one social category in a numerical minority) will underachieve relative to dominants (members of a complementary social category in numerical majority). This paper identifies and controls for several factors confounded with the effects of proportional representation on performance outcomes. The grade point averages of male and female college seniors are examined in an academic community into which relatively small numbers of women recently have been introduced. The analysis suggests that the relationship between tokenism and underachievement holds only for low-status tokens among high-status dominants and that a modified definition of relative achievement is needed.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.2.332

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Analysis of industrializing agrarian societies of the Third World reveals notable differences in demographic rates, levels and patterns of development, income distributions, and patterns of trade dependency that are linked to the length of time since the population of these societies made the shift from horticulture to agriculture. Furthermore, the fact that societies that made the shift more recently enjoy higher GNPs/capita supports the hypothesis that there can be certain developmental advantages tolimitedbackwardness.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.2.341

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Variations in working class political consciousness and behavior are normally ascribed to structural differences between industries. This study, focusing on a single industry, employs a more historical and culturally sensitive approach to explain the emergence of radical and conservative longshore unions on opposite coasts of the United States. Drawing on original oral histories, government and union documents, archival sources and secondary materials, we locate the source of these distinctive political cultures in the differing ideological communities out of which longshoremen on both coasts were recruited prior to World War I. The implications of this finding are briefly discussed.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.2.359

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper describes a biosocial model of status in face-to-face groups. It argues that status ranks are allocated among members of a group through face-to-face interaction and that the allocation process is similar across each primate species, including humans. Every member of a group signifies its rank through physical or vocal demeanor. For example, behavioral signs of dominant status include erect posture, glares, eye contact, strutting, and (in humans) assertive speech. Individuals whose behaviors exhibit dominance show high or rising levels of testosterone compared to those who exhibit deference. Testosterone and dominance are reciprocally related. The model relies more on research on males than on females. It is proposed as a theory about both sexes, but with a caution that little is known about sex differences in the relation of hormones to dominance behavior.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.2.377

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The paper seeks to identify the criteria which companies use to select board members and which firms use to select the outside boards they sit on. Hypotheses were drawn from theories which view corporate interlocks as a strategy of market cooptation and from theories which argue that board interlocks are based on the prestige of CEOs or the prestige of companies. These hypotheses were tested on a population of 116 manufacturing corporations in a major metropolitan area. The statistical models used in the paper were developed by Fienberg and Wasserman.In sum, we found that interlocking on the metropolitan level was not influenced by the market position of firms. Neither dependencies across industrial sectors nor the locale of labor and consumer markets had any effects on the choice

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.2.403

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Bonacich's theoretical synthesis includes two propositions which assert that ethnic economy participants are more likely than other co-ethnics to be (1) attached to the in-group and (2) ambivalent toward the host society. Using data collected in a sample of Cuban exiles in Puerto Rico, this paper tests the propositions as well as an extension of them. Although the data do not support Bonacich's propositions in their original form, results uphold the extension. The implications of these findings are discussed.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.2.432

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The producer side of markets has been viewed aseithera decision arenaora stable structure of distinct roles. Harrison White has, however, proposed a model of markets where decision and structure depend on each other for their content and form. I show how White's model creates an image of markets as mechanisms—built from distinctive role behavior and giving guidance to the production decisions that underlie distinct roles. I offer a user's guide to the mechanism, and illustrate its payoffs. Finally, I argue that transcending the dualism between decision and structural approaches involves producing a theory that is both normative and positive in its claims, and ex post and ex ante in its orientation. Such theory is needed for contexts where both decisions and stable structures can be found.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.2.442

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP