摘要:

The Zald and Berger model of “bureaucratic insurgency” is assessed in light of data of the “modernist movement” in the Roman Catholic Church. Our historical case study of this movement produces evidence that generally supports the model but that also indicates the need for some important modifications. In particular, we find that the Zald and Berger propositions are appropriate only to thelaterstages of the modernist movement. The earlier stages of the movement's development appear to have been governed by an entirely different dynamic, a process whereby the conflict between organizational authorities and bureaucratic insurgents paradoxically produced resources for both groups. In an effort to organize these findings theoretically, we review several propositional frameworks that deal with the paradoxical, ironic aspects of authority/insurgent interaction. Finally, we synthesize these different perspectives into a single “dialectical” model that can be appended to the Zald and Berger model.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.4.901

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper reports an analysis of data from a small but substantially representative nationwide sample of white students in seventh grade through college. We propose and measure a concept, educational self-direction, by which we mean the use of initiative, thought, and independent judgment in schoolwork. Reciprocal-effects causal models show that the degree of educational self-direction exercised by students, in particular the substantive complexity of their schoolwork, has a decided impact on their cognitive functioning. Cognitive functioning, in turn, affects the exercise of educational self-direction. Separate models for secondary-school and college students confirm these findings at both educational levels.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.4.923

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The relation between college grades and self-reported amount of effort was examined in four major and several minor investigations of undergraduates in a large state university. Grades were operationalized mainly by using grade point average (GPA), though in one investigation grades in a particular course were the focus. Effort was measured in several different ways, ranging from student estimates of typical study over the term to reports of study on specific days. Despite evidence that these self-reports provide meaningful estimates of actual studying, there is at best only a very small relation between amount of studying and grades, as compared to the considerably stronger and more monotonic relations between grades and both aptitude measures and self-reported class attendance. The plausible assumption that college grades reflect student effort to an important extent does not receive much support from these investigations. This raises a larger question about the extent to which rewards are linked to effort in other areas of life—a connection often assumed but seldom investigated.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.4.945

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Although trust is an underdeveloped concept in sociology, promising theoretical formulations are available in the recent work of Luhmann and Barber. This sociological version complements the psychological and attitudinal conceptualizations of experimental and survey researchers. Trust is seen to include both emotional and cognitive dimensions and to function as a deep assumption underwriting social order. Contemporary examples such as lying, family exchange, monetary attitudes, and litigation illustrate the centrality of trust as a sociological reality.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.4.967

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Japanese Americans differ from most other American ethnic groups by combining high levels of structural assimilation with high levels of involvement in ethnic community voluntary associations. The impact of this on political participation is examined with data from a two generation study of Japanese Americans. The analysis shows that structural assimilation and involvement in the ethnic community can provide different but complementary mechanisms to integrate individuals into conventional politics.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.4.986

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The concept of a protected consumer market has been used to refer to the special, culturally based tastes of ethnic minorities that can only be served by co-ethnic businesses. We argue that residentially segregated ethnic enclaves are another form of protected market which arises under historically determined conjunctures of immigration patterns and urban economic development. Using 571 survey interviews with Asian and white shopkeepers and population data from three British cities, we test six hypotheses regarding the determinants of a shopkeeper's proportion of ethnic minority (Asian) customers. Taken together, residential concentration and social distance factors account for 53 percent of the variation in customer composition, as the proportion of Asians residing in an area and the ethnicity of a shopkeeper are found to have strong and independent effects on customer mix.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.4.996

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Aiming to increase our understanding of how the power of financiers is constrained by social controls, this paper examines the capacity of “market failures” and “group interest” theories to explain the origins of federal securities regulation. The problem is to explain (1) what motivated government officials to seek regulation, (2) what determined the content of regulatory proposals, and (3) why the proposals were successfully enacted. While both theories are found to be necessary, neither supplies a comprehensive explanation of all three aspects of the problem. Both are critically flawed for failing to recognize the role played by political contingency in determining whether regulatory proposals would be enacted. A central conclusion is that social controls over the securities market were established in response to an appearance of market failure, to the structural pressures of electoral politics,andto a series of politically contingent events beyond anyone's power to forsee or control.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.4.1010

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A growing body of research suggests the appropriateness of social analogues to such psychological constructions as the “law of effect” The focus of this paper is to expand the model to include information about the quality of directive acts and external environmental levels of reinforcement. The expanded multivariable model proposed here provides increased precision and a significant increase in explained variation. The introduction of information concerning environmental considerations shows great promise in expanding applications of the “law of effect” to more natural interaction situations.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.4.1030

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

To explain women's higher rates of psychological distress, researchers often argue that sex roles differentially expose the sexes to variables associated with distress or render women and men unequally vulnerable to role-related stress. To test these claims, we use National Center for Health Statistics data on physical symptoms of distress, collected during physical examinations for 6,672 adults. Using multiple regression, we assess the independent effects of marital status, employment, occupation, income, and age. The sex-specific analyses reveal several significant race interactions but very few significant sex differences. We cannot reject the null hypothesis that men and women are equally affected by paid employment. Rather, our results suggest that the sexes are differently exposed to sex-role related stress through different risks of disrupted marriages, unemployment and low income.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.4.1038

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The origins of occupational sex-types are investigated by studying the feminization of clerical work. Two British firms are contrasted, the General Post Office, which used female clerks, and the Great Western Railway, which used male clerks. The main finding is that offices and firms whose labor force was predominantly nonclerical tended to use male rather than female clerks. This is because the high proportion of nonclerical labor costs in these offices made it economical to budget relatively higher clerical labor costs, thus permitting more expensive male labor.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.4.1060

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP