摘要:

Existing literature on the 1960s student movements identifies movement participants as examples of what Mannheim referred to as, “generation units.” It is argued here that this use of Mannheim's term is misleading and inadequately tests his understanding of intergenerational relationships and social change. Longitudinal and cross-generational data are presented which support a critique of the generation unit concept as applied to social movement participants. An analysis of these data calls for an examination of the way in which political socialization may act as a tie between generations while facilitating collective efforts at social change.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.1.1

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

In building social theory, Marx used not one (as generally regarded) but three heuristic models: base-superstructure, organic totality, and dialectical development. We document their existence, explain their functioning, and display the analytical division of labor they partake in. For each model is designed to operate in a given “analytical zone” which can be characterized by a level of abstraction (from the specific to the general), a focus on structure or on process, and a timeframe. We argue that failure to discern these models and their respective areas of application, overlap, and divergence is at the root of many distortions and misunderstandings that Marxian theory remains subject to.Marxism is a people of models (…). The genius of Marx, the secret of his enduring power lies in his having been the first to build true social models(Braudel, 80).

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.1.17

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Technical systems—large-scale, centrally coordinated technological enterprises—have emerged as a new mode of technological organization in advanced industrial societies. Recent scholarship points to the existence of two primary types of system based on whether the technology under development involves “collective” or “private” goods. It is hypothesized that these types differ in network structure and in the determinants of technical innovation. A pattern of administrative hegemony should characterize technical systems which are organized to provide collective goods. Data from a national survey of 297 individuals involved in nuclear waste and solar cell research provide support for the hypothesis. One implication is that an exchange of resources for targeted contributions may be a more realistic model of research behavior in some technical systems than the exchange of productivity for recognition.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.1.46

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

While the major theories of distributive justice underscore therelationalnature of justice evaluations, research on the justice of pay has treated justice sentiments asindividual attributesto be aggregated into distributions. This distributional approach obscures important relational properties of collective justice sentiments in wage structures: their social relational nature; reciprocity; multiple reference points; and multiple justice sentiments. To represent these relational properties, blockmodels are constructed using evaluations of the fairness of pay differentials by blue collar workers in the Cambridge, Massachusetts, Department of Public Works. By comparison, Jasso's distributional model yields a less valid representation of the Public Works data.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.1.64

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Past research consistently finds that marital dissolution is associated with psychological distress. In this paper, we propose that the explanation for this association varies by gender. Specifically, we hypothesize that it is material conditions (income and parental obligations) that are most important in accounting for the greater symptomatology of separated and divorced women while it is dimensions of social networks (both structural and experiential) that are more important in accounting for the symptomatology of separated and divorced men. Our analyses largely support the hypotheses. Our findings suggest that marriage protects men and women in very different ways.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.1.84

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

It is the general argument of dependency and world-system theory that various forms of external economic dependence will have negative effects on the economic growth of nations. This paper reformulates the logic behind this expectation in the context of the economic growth effects of one widely employed measure of international economic dependence—export dependence. It is argued that this measure of dependence should have a positive linear effect on economic growth, that this expectation is not contrary to dependency/world-economy theoretical formulations, and that a correct test of the effect of export dependence requires an analysis of covariance model specification. Evidence is found for the positive effect of export dependence on economic growth. An interaction model provides support for the contention that the positive effect of export dependence is either reduced or reversed under conditions of export price fluctuation, raw material specialization, commodity concentration, and foreign capital penetration.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.1.102

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Economists approach crime control as another economic activity, explaining it in terms of a production function model Conflict theorists examine crime control as an instrument of the powerful to control the actions and groups which threaten their interests. Our research examines the utility of production function and conflict models in explaining variation in certainty of arrests, an important dimension of crime control, for the seven index crimes across a sample of U.S. cities over 100,000 population. The analysis shows that both the conflict and production function variables directly affect the certainty of arrest and that the effect of the production function variables is significantly altered when the conflict variables are included in the estimating equation.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.1.119

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

In response to Wirth's claim that settlement type influences interpersonal relationships, Gans has argued that such influences can be completely explained by demographic differences between the populations of the various settlement types. However, Gans has ignored the possibility of interaction between settlement type and demographic characteristics. This study tests the influence of city versus suburban settlement type on interpersonal estrangement. In anticipating that interaction effects will be found, it is hypothesized that the influence on estrangement of demographic variables which represent vulnerability to strangers will differ between city and suburb. This “vulnerability hypothesis” is supported, particularly as it pertains to the child-rearing lifecycle stage. It is concluded that while the effect of settlement type on estrangement cannot be explained by demographic characteristics, it is largely confined to persons who possess certain characteristics.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.1.139

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Current strain theories argue that delinquency results from the blockage of goal-seeking behavior. Unable to achieve valued goals, individuals become frustrated and may turn to delinquency as a result. This paper points to another major source of frustration and delinquency, the blockage of pain-avoidance behavior. Adolescents are compelled to remain in certain environments, such as family and school. If these environments are painful or aversive, there is little that adolescents can do legally to escape. This blockage of pain-avoidance behavior is likely to be frustrating and may lead to illegal escape attempts or anger-based delinquency. This theory is tested using data from a national sample of adolescent boys. Data indicate that location in aversive school and family environments has a direct effect on delinquency and an indirect effect through anger. These effects hold even after social control and subcultural deviance variables are controlled. Given the weak support for traditional strain theories based on the blockage of goal-seeking behavior, these data suggest a new direction for the development of strain theory.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.1.151

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Suburban exploitation of the central city was once a hotly contested issue, but the exodus of people and jobs from the city and the involvement of the federal government in urban service provision have moved it from the forefront of scholarly attention. Those same developments, however, argue for more rather than less attention to exploitation, and the purpose of this paper is to offer some of that. Using data collected for 188 relatively comparable American SMSAs for 1960,1970, and 1980, the paper begins with a replication of an earlier study by Kasarda of suburban demands for city service spending. It then extends that research to 1980 and expands it to assess suburban participation in city retail sales generation as well. The results indicate a substantive narrowing over time of suburban demands for city services, but a sizeable and growing gap nonetheless between expenditures demanded and retail revenues provided. The paper then turns to an analysis that attempts to test empirically the relative merits of ecological and politicoeconomic explanations for these changes. The results of that test are more supportive of the former than the latter; hence, the paper concludes with an interpretation of them that links to underlying ecological processes the changing social psychological perspective on the city and its role in social life held by surrounding suburban dwellers.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.1.168

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1985

数据来源: OUP