摘要:

Development of the field of social change has seriously lagged during the past generation. Retardation has been due to numerous forces, among them a structural and functional bias which in emphasizing the study of organizational adjustment to innovation has restricted the scope of change theory and research. Additionally, an emphasis upon cultural, as distinct from social, processes has obscured the interactional roots of change. Also the repudiation of 19th century evolutionary thought has tended to make suspect any directional, long range theorizing. A revitalization of social change analysis in the fullest develomental sense is required for the comprehension of change sequences and processes in the new nations. It is probable that our most feasible methodology for a “sociology of development” lies in the construction of a series ofrealmodels as refinements of the Gemeinschaft-Gesellschaft, Sacred-Secular theoretical tradition.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574816

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1965

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Cross-cultural variation in type of marriage appears to be largely explicable in terms of specified patterns of socioeconomic organization. A study of preferred type of marriage for some 500 societies shows that whether a society is characterized by a cultural value of monogamy or one of polygyny is related to such structural traits as subsistence economy, social stratification, political integration, settlement pattern, and community size; but only indirectly related to such normative traits as religion and sex taboos. In general, monogamy is found to be favored by societies with more complex attributes of socioeconomic structure, while polygynous societies are more prevalent at the intermediate or simple range of a societal complexity scale.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574817

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1965

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Attitudes toward marriage of 3,847 American, Singapore Chinese, Burmese, and Indian students are analyzed to determine whether there is evidence of acceptance of the American type romantic orientation to marriage among the most highly educated and Westernized classes in Chinese Singapore, Burma, and India. It is found that the three groups of Asian respondents while all showing a persistence of a contractual orientation to marriage may be ranked by degree of contractualism. This ranking is related to the interaction of two analytical variables—contractualism of the traditional culture and degree of cultural change. Motivation to marry in the four cultures is then analyzed, and found to follow the same rank order as degree of romanticism.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574818

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1965

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A method is described for revealing patterns of social interaction. The procedure involves ordering groups by some principle, such as the total initiation rate of members within groups, and then examining the clusters of covariation. Two types of patterns are expected: those of like or common responses, and those of complementary responses. The analysis used to illustrate the method indicates both patterns. Limitations of the procedure are discussed and the method is judged to be crude but possibly the necessary first step before more detailed analyses will yield interpretable results.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574819

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1965

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Sociologists usually assume that maximum socialization is optimal for a system without considering the effects of differential socialization. At a gross level, socialization can be conceived in terms ofvaluecommitment andbehavioralconformity which may vary independently. Their combined variation produces four types with different systemic effects. Two are functional under normal conditions and two others in crisis. Thus, the integrative importance of values and behavior shifts with the state of the system, with social stability and change pressures. The functionality of maximum socialization is questioned on several grounds, including its social and economic costs, the effects of requiring the deepest social commitments to be pervasive or highly selective and the demands of social change.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574820

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1965

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Studies of racial prejudice have sometimes neglected the social situation. Racial prejudice is here examined against a background of religious fundamentalism and social change. Intense fundamentalist commitment is found to be positively correlated with racial prejudice, although subscription to “religious racism” is surprisingly rare. Moreover, a majority of these fundamentalist respondents are realists with regard to eventual integration. Gradual desegregation of businesses and schools has altered the Dallas social situation. Once strongly committed to segregation norms, these Dallasites are gradually beginning to rationalize their peaceful compliance with desegregation and are receptive to paternalistic explanations of the process. The strength of attitude responses gives some support to an explanation of attitude change in terms of dissonance theory.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574821

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1965

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

In evaluating formal education as a factor explaining differences in rates of participation in the voluntary associations of a rural southern mountain community, sex and age differences in absolute levels of educational attainment were adjusted for by transforming them to standard scores within homogeneous cohorts. While this procedure produced only moderate changes in the conclusions drawn from a factorial analysis, examination of cases whose classifications were adjusted indicates that it was an appropriate solution to this particular problem. Substantively, both the standardized and unstandardized data indicate that education is always significantly and positively associated with variations in participation rates, whereas the other factors controlled and evaluated (sex, age, work situation) were only moderately associated in limited situations.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574822

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1965

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Utilizing the North-Hatt method, scores for 52 jobs and occupations were calculated from responses of 129 university students in West Pakistan. Where comparisons were possible, these evaluations were examined alongside those reported by U.S. respondents. Ratings of a smaller number of occupations were also compared for Philippine, Pakistan and U.S. samples. The paper proposes that such inquiry can, under certain conditions, provide a useful measure of the relative capacity of an important segment of the population of a developing country to staff and operate a technically advanced, complex, industrial-commercial economy.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574823

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1965

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Eskimo in Frobisher Bay, a new Baffin Island town, became legally entitled to drink alcoholic beverages in 1960. They embraced the opportunity with alacrity, one result being many arrests for drunkenness. To curb drinking, a law in 1962 limited alcohol sales. Public drunkenness has since declined and older Eskimo have begun to learn a drinking pattern resembling that of their Eurocanadian neighbors. Eskimo drinking shows few signs of being deficiency motivated. Men drink for the pleasure it gives them and consumption correlates with economic and social status, being one of the marks of a full-fledged townsman. Regular drinkers furnish only a small part of the trouble with which police must cope.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574824

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1965

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Using the delinquency subculture theories of Cohen and Cloward and Ohlin as a basis, a study was conducted of the attitudes and socialization patterns of adolescent boys and girls. Attitude scales measuring value orientation, awareness of limited opportunity, and delinquency proneness were administered to a sample of 1,030 sixth and ninth grade Negro and white public school children and 515 institutionalized delinquents. The findings show significant variation for age, sex, race, and social class subgroups. Secondly, the findings indicate that rejection of middle class values and feelings of limited opportunity are related to a higher level of delinquency proneness and delinquency involvement.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574825

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1965

数据来源: OUP