摘要:

Crude and standardized measures of the occupational differentiation of Negroes and whites are reported for each of the United States. The standardized measure eliminates the influence of the occupational structure on the amount of differentiation. Although there is considerable variation in the crude measure from state to state, the differences are not consistent with what is generally believed about racial differentiation in the United States and its connection with prejudice. The standardized measures show that a substantial amount of the differences among states is due to variation in occupational structure.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/44.2.159

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1965

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

An intracohort analysis of occupational trends produced more consistent results than did conventional approaches to the study of labor force change. There was a trend of convergence between the occupational distributions of white and Negro males from 1930 to 1940 and, especially, from 1940 to 1950, which did not hold, however, during the fifties. Figures for the South showed a trend of convergence similar to that of the country as a whole during the 1940's, but, in contrast to popular opinion, the Negro lost notable occupational ground in the South during the fifties. The factor of education was found to be of special importance for the Negro's mobility during periods of substantial occupational change.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/44.2.166

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1965

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This is a report of recent research inNorthern Community, a New England city where Negroes constitute a relatively minor portion of the total population. Although not as spectacularly evident as in many Southern communities, or in other Northern communities of greater Negro concentrations in the total population, problems of discrimination in employment, housing, and school facilities do exist inNorthern Community. Concomitant problems of Negro leadership appear to be compounding the problems of racial discrimination, or at least to be making the search for solutions to the problems more difficult.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/44.2.173

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1965

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The recent rapid growth of professional and allied pursuits has heavily favored the salaried sector of this occupation category. Partly as a consequence of differential growth, salaried professionals are younger than the much less numerous self-employed. They also have a distinctive pattern of recruitment, involving higher proportions of manual origins and manual first jobs than are observed among the self-employed, for whom occupational inheritance is a conspicuous pattern. Self-employed professional workers, moreover, include disproportionate numbers of men whose fathers were self-employed proprietors. Lower white-collar first jobs are an important route to salaried professional positions.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/44.2.186

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1965

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The study investigates the relationship between status congruency and an additudinal measure of political liberalism for a sample of married women. The results provide evidence as to the ubiquity of congruency as a predictive characteristic. Measures of status and congruency were based on status scales of the respondent's education and ethnic background and her husband's income and occupation. Status scales were obtained from the respondent's evaluations of the prestige of various occupations, incomes, educational levels, and ethnic backgrounds. Evaluations were made by numerical estimation which provided ratio estimates of the differences between characteristics. Results indicated that incongruency and liberalism were directly related. In particular, women tended to be more liberal if their educational status was less than their occupational or economic standing. In light of earlier findings, liberalism was interpreted as a reaction of women to problems they may experience when they marry husbands of a higher status.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/44.2.190

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1965

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

In examining marital adjustment in young couples, it was found that when husbands and wives had their expectations violated the predominant process of handling the situation was to adopt a “wait and see” strategy, hoping that adjustment would occur as a function of time. This strategy was most prevalent for husbands when their expectations regarding frequency of sexual intimacy were violated, but different areas of marriage found different patterns of responses in the adjustment process.Wives, more often than husbands, indicated they talked over their violations openly in an attempt to effect adjustment. Both husbands and wives felt their responses to each other were predominantly adjustively oriented, but wives admitted more non-adjustive responses than husbands.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/44.2.195

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1965

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The general problem of differential vulnerability of groups to apparently similar stress is addressed in a theory of family vulnerability, based on the proposition that group cohesion may derive from eitheror bothpersonal influence (which is necessarily cohesive and implies regenerative capacity but lack of stability) and positional influence (which may be cohesive and/or coercive and implies efficiency and stability, but lack of regenerative capacity). Taking these as separate variables, ideal types of families and hypotheses of their stress vulnerability are developed, and briefly related to types of stress. Though discussion focuses specifically on family vulnerability, it appears relevant to diverse areas of social and psychological research and theory.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/44.2.202

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1965

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Rokeach recently introduced a theory about different styles of belief systems that people have. The theory is an outgrowth of work on the Authoritarian Personality. The theory has not been utilized much in field studies because the primary measuring instrument, the “dogmatism” scale, contains 40 items. In this article, the authors recommend shorter versions of the dogmatism scale, indicating which items should be used to maintain the reliability of the measuring instrument. The short forms were developed from data collected in two field studies.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/44.2.211

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1965

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper presents a procedure for identifying possible interaction effects of factors in distributions of intelligence test scores through the construction of analogs to the development of intelligence. The procedure is based on the Pascal triangle for generating coefficients in the binomial distribution, but incorporates a technique for modifying coefficients. The most adequate analog is one which produces coefficients identical to an empirical distribution while requiring the fewest modifications of elements in the Pascal triangle. The procedure was applied to IQ test data reported by Burt on London school children. In general, the analogs for these data suggest different effects of social class on intellectual development at the upper and lower IQ ranges.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/44.2.215

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1965

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

An analysis of decision-making in foreign policy and of the nature and function of moral norms leads to the conclusion that morality has little effect upon international politics. The nation-state system compels statesmen to place national interests above morality, so that in most cases moral norms serve rather than determine interests. In some imponderable ways moral norms influence foreign policy decisions because they form part of the environment in which the decision-makers function. But this influence is vastly outweighed by the compelling need to guarantee the nation's survival under all circumstances and by the possibility to justify almost any behavior designed to do this in moral terms. This possibility exists because the broad, general and abstract formulation of moral norms subjects them to the most varied interpretation in concrete cases and because the system of norms permits an expedient choice of any of its parts to suit a given situation. How a norm is interpreted and which norms are chosen under given circumstances is largely determined by the interests at stake. Thus, an improvement of international relations toward more cooperation and peacefulness is more likely to come from the development and awareness of common interests than from commonly held moral norms.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/44.2.226

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1965

数据来源: OUP