摘要:

A random sample of Jewish survivors of the Holocaust in Montreal is compared with two Jewish control groups. Modest or insignificant differences were found on measures of perceived anti-Semitism, economic and political satisfaction, social segregation, economic achievement, and propensity to migrate from Quebec. The findings caution against overgeneralization of a clinical construct, the survivor syndrome, and point to the need for further research into the remarkable capacities of human beings to overcome the most severe forms of victimization.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.1.1

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The age at which a young woman marries appears to be related strongly to the probability that the marriage remains intact: older couples tend to make more stable pairings than those who wed while quite young. But youthful marriages are often accompanied by youthful childbearing. The effects of the age at which the woman first wed and the age at which she bore her first child on the likelihood that the marriage dissolved during this period were assessed, net of each other and of other characteristics and circumstances of the woman. We found that, among young wives, teenage parenthood did not appear to increase the risk of divorce or separation, whereas teenage marriage significantly raised the probability of disruption. When the analysis was performed separately by race, this pattern held among white wives; however, for black wives a first birth before the age of 20 was found to increase instability more than a first marriage before that age. The finding that age at first marriage but not age at first birth is significantly related to the probability of marital dissolution appears robust in the total sample: among subsamples of wives all married at about the same age, the age at which they had their first birth did not influence stability of marriages.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.1.20

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Analysis of the determinants of net migration rates, comparing persons under age 65 with those over age 65, for nonmetropolitan areas over three time periods (1950–60, 1960–70, 1970–75) supports the following conclusions: (1) economic factors are more important determinants of migration for the young than for the elderly; (2) the reverse is the case for noneconomic factors; (3) over time, the influence of economic determinants diminishes for the young and the elderly; (4) noneconomic determinants are gaining in importance for both populations; and (5) temporal change in the relative importance of both economic and noneconomic factors is most evident in the younger population. These conclusions support the ecological proposition that migration is an adaptive response to organization change. Findings also imply that we must look beyond the community context to broader societal change in order to explain changing migration patterns in nonmetropolitan areas.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.1.41

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

In the case of one large northern suburban region, the best predictors of change in racial composition of individual suburbs are the initial black proportion and the presence of white ethnics. The effect of initial racial composition reflects the process of increasing ghettoization of blacks which has commonly been found in the North. Ethnicity is interpreted as a basis for social solidarity in the context of a collective action model of community development. Its effect is found to be limited to working-class suburbs, suggesting that the emergence of ethnicity has some specific class and community bases. Finally, none of a series of community characteristics associated with the ecological life-cycle model has a significant effect on racial change.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.1.61

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This research investigates how the characteristics of residential areas in the city affect where crimes occur. Using data for city blocks in Cleveland and San Diego, the analysis tests three major hypotheses relating crime to (1) household composition, (2) features of the residential environment, and (3) the interaction of the social composition and the features of the residential environment. The results support the major hypotheses and show that a substantial portion of the variance in crime depends on the opportunities provided by the social and physical differentiation of the city.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.1.74

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper views delinquent behavior as a defense against low self-esteem brought about by poor performance in school. Defensiveness is operationalized as a discrepancy between scores on measures of conscious self-esteem (high) and unconscious esteem (low). A representative national sample of 720 boys was divided into two age groups: 11–14 years, 15–18 years. Among the older group, successive interaction hypotheses predicting increasing levels of delinquent behavior were supported. The result was a predicted high delinquency defensive group whose mean delinquency score was at the 86th percentile of the population distribution. The hypotheses were not supported in the younger age group. Differences in accumulated social experience in school are suggested as accounting for the difference between age groups.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.1.97

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Industrial sociology and studies in the social-psychology of organizations have long been concerned with the effects of work setting on mental health. Despite the familiarity of the expression “My job is driving me to drink,” very little research has focused on the effects of work-setting induced stress on increased alcohol consumption. In this paper we test two hypotheses linking the perception of various work-setting problems to (1) the frequency of drinking, and (2) reasons proffered for drinking. Data on a national sample of workers are used to test these hypotheses, controlling for job status, education, age and sex. To test the first hypothesis a five-way analysis of variance was performed for each of eight possible work-setting problems; for the second hypothesis a series of log-linear models were estimated to determine whether attitudes towards drinking differ by the presence or absence of work-setting problems. Results on the first hypothesis were mixed, but the log-linear analysis indicated that a worker is much more likely to state a particular reason for drinking is important if he/she experiences any one of eight different work-setting problems.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.1.114

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The historical productivity data from the Hawthorne experiments permit the statistical evaluation of the hypotheses of the original experimenters and others by conducting appropriate time-series analyses. In this paper a recent hypothesis by H. M. Parsons that the output trends in the first relay assembly test room experiment were due primarily to increased skill and competence is evaluated empirically by fitting a standard learning equation to the data for each operator. The learning equation describes the overall data trends very well. Then, to assess the effects of the experimental manipulations and variables hypothesized by other investigators, the productivity data are detrended of the learning effect and the detrended data are analyzed. This analysis shows that the introduction of rest pauses in the test room led to the more productive use of work time. Overall, it appears that the conditions motivating increased learning—i.e., improved reinforcement conditions (increased status and new economic incentives) and regular performance feedback —were the primary causes of increased output.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.1.133

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Using spouses' telephone interview responses (N = 1364, December 1978), we test the effect of wives' ten-year work attachment on their current employment status, and the effect of wives' work attachment, current employment status, and earnings on perceptions of household decisionmaking, the household division of labor, and on sex-role attitudes. Our most important findings are that work attachment, current employment status, and earnings affect husbands' but not wives' perceptions of decisionmaking, that both spouses' perceptions of the household division of labor are affected more by wives' current employment status than by their work attachment or earnings, and that attitudes most closely related to wives' employment are most responsive to it. These findings imply that attitude and behavior change tend to occur on pragmatic rather than ideological grounds.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.1.150

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This research reports the childhood antecedents of the sexual division of labor, analyzing the family chores and paid employment of 669 boys and girls aged 2–17. Data from a statewide random sample of parents show that sex typing begins very early in work roles and that, by the time children reach adolescence, sharp differences exist between “boys' work” and “girls' work.” multiple classification analysis indicates that family background characteristics and family structure have relatively little impact compared to sex and age of child as determinants of sex typing.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.1.170

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP