ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.2.281

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Many of man's most significant activities, the processes of creativity, invention, discovery, are ultimately based on a certain detached, playful attitude toward experience. Many of his most vital achievements, the results of these processes, could not occur in the absence of civilized reflection and purposeful daydreaming. Yet the very behavior that is essential to these activities and achievements, the behavior of being leisured, is one of the least understood and seldom analyzed of human experiences. This essay is an attempt to define certain characteristics of leisure, to explore reasons why it is such a neglected topic, and to suggest that the avowed, conscious pursuit of leisure is, especially in the highly organized societies of the modern West, a genuine test of personal courage.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.2.282

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Leisure sociology, existing on the margins of the discipline, has contributed to theory only in occasional illustrative references. However, when the existential side of the social dialectic is incorporated in theory, then the relative freedom of leisure becomes a salient element in developing an understanding of how decision and self-definitions enter into social action. The role-identity model is proposed as a valuable approach to analyzing the structural and existential dimensions of interaction. Leisure research is employed to begin to advance theory development on roles, socialization, primary communities, the emergent character of face-to-face interaction, and identity formation through the life course. Leisure is proposed as a social space in which the dialectical balance of social interaction may be further investigated.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.2.304

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The concepts of choice, flexibility, spontaneity, and self-determination are important in understanding forms of leisure institutions and behavior. Choice is never completely free, and numerous options do not necessarily mean qualitatively different choices. Flexibility is concerned with the timing of selected courses of action. For the individual, spontaneity is the opposite of routine and pre-planning. Self-determination describes how far the individual is free to decide the quality and conditions of his leisure behavior. Dichotomized values at the societal level of rigid / flexible institutions and at the individual level of spontaneous / programmed behavior yield four types of leisure-like manifestations: stereotyped nonwork activities, free time, recreation, and “true” leisure.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.2.323

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The conceptual dichotomy between instrumental and expressive activities confines leisure to the expressive sphere and makes it dependent on more essential instrumental institutions.Ontogenetically, however, expressive experiences are prior to instrumental ones, and they serve as the criteria by which the latter are evaluated.Each generation must learn that expressive experiences are available in the instrumental roles of society, or the social system is unlikely to survive. Therefore it is essential to provide socialization into expressive experience through role models who are able to enjoy their instrumental roles.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.2.332

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper reviews and evaluates two critiques of sport. The radical critique argues that sport is authoritarian, excessively competitive and exclusionary. The feminist critique holds that sport is male-dominated and masculine in orientation. The critiques overlap in their emphases on social inequalities and instrumentality in sport and their advocacy of change. The analysis presented here argues that the radical critique is polemical and poorly formulated. The radicals' criticisms are reanalyzed in a discussion of the secularization and rationalization of sport. The feminist critique is insufficiently developed. Feminists who call for equality in sport and a diminution of the masculine orientation fail to explicate, respectively, the meaning of equality and the institutional features of a revised model of sport.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.2.341

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The thesis is presented that sport is an important societal phenomenon because of its ritualistic overtones. The significance of sport as a ritual is based on the status of the athlete as exemplary role incumbent with power to mediate between the individuals who comprise the audience and the moral order of the community. Theoretical support is derived by a synthesis of Durkheim's social theory of religion and Goffman's theory of interaction ritual.Sporting incidents singled out and applauded by the media as examples of heroic action are used to support the idea that athletes are significant social figures because they are capable of representing important societal values, i.e., courage, gameness, integrity, and poise.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.2.354

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Two theoretical orientations to cultural production are presented: the mass society and group action theories. It is argued that the two theories provide alternative, but not mutually exclusive, explanations for changes in cultural content and that the case of stylistic change in jazz between 1920 and 1940 presents an appropriate empirical test. Examining data on black jazz, its musicians and audiences in Detroit, it is found that a group action explanation has more power than a mass society explanation. Only one of the three stylistic changes isolated in a musicological analysis is causally related to the integration of jazz into the system of popular music production, whereas the other two changes are best accounted for by the purposive action of musicians as a group. Implications are drawn for the sociology of jazz as well as the study of cultural production.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.2.377

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper investigates the adequacy of socialization and social influence processes in accounting for the development of leisure interests. Data come from intensive interviews (N=40) and structured interviews (N=189) with antique automobile enthusiasts. Four major patterns of entry into this world are identified; the most important of these suggest that interpersonal influence alone cannot explain involvement in such activities. I suggest that Berger's conception of “underinstitutionalization” of the social environment and its subjective correlate, “subjectivization,” provides an explanation for the findings. It is argued that this process may have wider applicability in studying leisure activity and social participation, and constitutes a form of social-structural effect that is distinct from socialization and social influence.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.2.395

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Sociologists in the main define their field as the scientific or systematic study of human groups, human societies, or human social behavior, a formulation that does not imply any spatial limit upon its scope. In practice, most sociological studies are conducted within one society, and few theoretical propositions can find support in research results based on comparable data from many societies. To counter such undesirable parochialism, this paper calls urgently for recognition of the need for much more emphasis on cross-societal comparative research and proposes ways in which such an expansion can be facilitated.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.2.416

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1981

数据来源: OUP