摘要:

In a complex society, differentiated social organizations are bound together in reciprocally necessary exchange relationships of two sorts, market and commissary. Norms controlling the market form prevent levels of conflict that might preclude necessary interorganizational exchange. The commissary form makes for asymmetrical exchange, guided by norms that promote cooperation. These forms of exchange are paralleled by two modes of coordination, the invisible- and the visible-hand systems, respectively. Real societies display a mixture of the two systems of control, but tend to move toward the visible-hand system, the managed society. This is owing to large scale organization, a heightened awareness of potential disasters, and new views of man derived from the social sciences.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/53.1.1

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This is an exploratory paper using unobtrusive measures to study regularities in the American practice of using Jr. and numerical suffixes to indicate patrilateral name inheritance. The practice is shown to be more common on the eastern seaboard than elsewhere in the country. Over the present century it is shown to have increased rapidly and then to have declined. This changing incidence over time is paralleled by a changing distribution in the social structure: originally practiced by the white property-owning and professional class, it has spread to the white working class and to the black population. This practice is usefully considered as a property of the status system and its changing distribution can be understood as status usurpation through the operation of the “trickle effect.”

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/53.1.11

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper reviews evidence concerning intracity trends in occupational status change among adult males from four studies of three cities—Boston, Philadelphia, and Poughkeepsie, New York—for the mid-nineteenth century. The quality of the data and problems of cross-study comparability are discussed. Secondary analyses of the data indicate that rates of grossly defined vertical mobility and the transmission of status through adults' careers were stable among the nonmigrant male populations of the three cities for the periods of time in question. Data available for Boston indicate that the level of son's career beginnings had a substantial impact on his subsequent attainments and that the effect of father's occupation was largely interpreted by son's career-entry level.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/53.1.21

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A conceptual framework for the analysis and interpretation of the structure of occupational mobility is introduced and compared with traditional approaches to mobility analysis. The presentation contrasts the view of occupational mobility as a multidimensional process with the “status attainment”/functional theory assumption that mobility is unidimensional (i.e., that prestige is the only factor affecting movement between occupations). The analysis of the multidimensional structure of occupational mobility, using smallest space and multiple regression procedures is illustrated on an urban Indian data set.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/53.1.33

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The relationship between occupational prestige, the level of ability perceived as necessary to perform a job, and the amount of effort perceived as necessary to perform a job is investigated. Both of the latter are found to be strongly related to the prestige continuum, but which is paramount varies with self-perception as to individual capabilities in terms of the effort-ability continua. Three conclusions emerge from the study: (1) the argument that consensus on prestige does not indicate consensus as to distributive justice is not supported; (2) in areas characterized by high degrees of the division of labor, the effort-ability distinction seems to become cloudy; (3) because of egocentrism in occupational grading, the use of prestige or prestige-related categories does not seem justified in studies where the interest is individual attributes or attitudes.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/53.1.45

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The present research introduces and provisionally tests an improved methodological procedure (the Social Time Perspective Scale) for determining class-linked differences in the way persons anticipate the future and orient their behavior to it. Data for this analysis are drawn from a sample of freshmen in college who come largely, but not entirely, from middle-class backgrounds and from a sample of Job Corpsmen who come primarily from lower-class backgrounds. The findings reveal that: (1) lower-class youth in the Job Corps have a more circumscribed notion of future time than youth from the middle class and their outlook on the future is less systematically ordered; (2) upwardly mobile lower-class youth in college have succeeded in incorporating some features of the middle-class pattern of future orientation in their temporal outlook, but residues of their lower-class backgrounds are still present; and (3) in both the lower- and middle-class samples, the length of temporal perspectives is a factor mediating effective role performance.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/53.1.53

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper explores changes in the quality of life as reflected in household density, and the possible association of household density with rates of pathological behavior. Data were drawn from the 1940–70 Housing Censuses to analyze changes at the national level, and by region, race, and setting (central city, standard metropolitan area, and farm) in median number of persons per room and percent of households with more than one person per room. Results indicated that crowding is, for the nation as a whole, on the decline; that households in central cities and SMSAs are no more crowded than the national average; that serious overcrowding is greater on farms than in other locations; that regional differences in household densities are diminishing; and that a majority of black households, though they have higher densities than whites, are gaining ground relative to whites, although a minority of black households are falling behind the density declines of both groups. The fact that household densities in central cities are not especially high compared to other locations combined with the marked improvements in household densities since 1940, suggests that this form of density does not account for increases in pathological behavior.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/53.1.62

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

To assess the substantive importance of methodological issues identified in a series of critiques of delinquency area studies, a carefully focused reanalysis was undertaken using data analyzed in an earlier study. The modification of factor analytic procedures to avoid mistakes identified in these critiques produced a clearer picture of the factors reflected in the variables used to describe100Indianapolis census tracts but also necessitated alternative treatments of census tract delinquency rates. An examination of results produced by these treatments, which included (1) a modified social area analysis, (2) a modified predictive attribute analysis, and (3) an analysis of covariance, clearly indicates that correction of the methodological shortcomings requires little or no modification of the substantive conclusions about the relative importance of economic, family, and racial factors presented by studies published prior to 1967.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/53.1.73

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

In this study, hypotheses regarding selective bias on the part of official decision-makers, and the independent effect of social control upon delinquency recidivism are tested. Contrary to the findings of earlier studies, statistical analysis failed to demonstrate selective bias in offender dispositions. While a statistically significant, direct relationship is observed between official labeling (formal hearing) and recidivism the result is discussed as an example of the type of finding which too often leads to a theoretically unwarranted inferential leap beyond the interpretational limits of the study data. Finally, suggestions for, and examples of, promising lines of methodological inquiry into central but neglected dimensions of labeling theory are presented.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/53.1.83

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A path model of the presidential vote involving social variables, party identification, issue orientations, and candidate evaluations is estimated using samples from the 1964 and 1968 elections. Social effects on voting behavior are channeled almost completely through party identification, which has the largest direct effect on the vote. Indirect effects of party identification through candidate evaluations are considerably larger than through issue orientations. The models for both years reveal similar effects, although issues and candidates were more important determinants of the vote in 1964.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/53.1.92

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP