摘要:

Analyses were conducted of dominance and territoriality phenomena displayed by45inmates confined to a prison camp bullpen. Ethological techniques and perspectives were employed in assessing each inmate's relative dominance by recording matrix interactional contact (i.e., frequency of contact; duration of contact; and frequency of initiating contact) and frequency of agonistic episodes (i.e., aggressive acts; stares; avert gazes; vocal alarms; grimaces; etc.). Dominance hierarchies derived from the two methods were significantly correlated. Dominant inmates tended to possess more valued objects and spatial territory within the bullpen than inmates of lesser dominance. The feasibility of applying ethological perspectives to a social setting is tested.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/52.4.447

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Data concerning certainty of arrest and crime are analyzed for cities and counties in the state of Florida. The results support a deterrent argument but suggest that certainty of punishment must reach a critical level before an effect on crime rate can be observed. It is argued that contemporary theories of deviance would profit from inclusion of deterrence ideas.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/52.4.455

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A model for the prediction of societal rates of property theft is deduced by applying the socioeconomic principles governing conventional markets to the transactions involved in property theft. In deducing this model, a distinction is made between professional and amateur thieves. The model is tested with data from five countries and is supported. The implication of the model that the actions of victims as well as those of criminals determine rates of property crime is pointed out.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/52.4.462

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

We investigated how people cope with criticism of themselves and their contributions to a group effort, and how the presence of an audience affects the lines of action chosen by the criticized person. Three types of audiences (no audience, friend to the criticized person, stranger to both the criticized and the criticizer) were studied. We found that the presence of any type of audience makes for withdrawal of the criticized from the interaction. Sex differences in audience support of the criticized were found with girls more likely to object.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/52.4.473

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This article examines how the alternatives of scapegoating or social-emotional leadership are determined in small discussion groups. The hypothesis asserts that the alternative “selected” by the group depends on whether the task leader supports the low-status member. An experiment designed to test this hypothesis indicated that scapegoating of the low-status member occurs when the task leader is somewhat hostile toward him. However, social-emotional leadership was not more in evidence when the task leader supported the low-status member. Instead, such support had the unanticipated consequence of increasing the task leader's legitimacy in performing task activity, thus decreasing both scapegoating and social-emotional leadership.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/52.4.481

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This study examines the relationship between fertility, social class, and styles of life in Puerto Rico. Styles of life are viewed as behavioral constellations selected among available cultural alternatives and manifested in the manner in which goods are consumed. The survey instrument included43different behavoral items believed to reflect viable cultural alternatives. Using a principal components solution and varimax rotation procedures, the first four factors were initially selected to characterize life-style components. Cross-tabulations were made on completed fertility by employing both Hollingshead's Social Classes and the Style of Life typology. The style of life approach systematically differentiates fertility patterns within what the Hollingshead procedure would indicate to be a homogeneous group.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/52.4.488

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The arguments of Richard Centers and Philip Converse about the relationship of subjective class consciousness to political attitudes are reanalyzed with the use of longitudinal survey data from 1956 to 1968. Respondents may be split into four groups based on identification with the working class versus the middle class and on admitting awareness of social class membership as opposed to unawareness. Consistent with previous research, working-class identification is associated with collectivist views on the role of government and voting for the Democratic party. Awareness, however, contrary to previous research, increases the collectivist tendencies of both the working and middle classes. Furthermore, the effects of class identification and awareness on political attitudes show little change over time, although they do seem to have different effects on presidential voting in a Democratic as opposed to Republican victory.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/52.4.496

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A number of students of social change have assumed or asserted that change is inherently stressful for humans. Actual evidence, however, makes the relationship problematic, suggesting that rate and kind of change rather than change per se generates stress. This study was a test of the “future shock” thesis that relates stress to rate of change. It was hypothesized that stress is directly related to perceived rate of change. Further, it was assumed that perceived desirability of and control over change would be intervening variables, moderating the relationship between rate and stress. Results lend support to all hypothesized relationships. except that involving perceived control. That is, stress is positively related to rate, although this relationship is moderated when the change is perceived to be desirable.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/52.4.510

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Intra-organizational conflict is conceptualized as a function of school size, the degree of work specialization, and the centralization of decision-making authority. Conflict is divided into two types, intra-and inter-hierarchical, according to its location within the formal organizational structure. A simultaneous-equations model is postulated which relates the exogenous variables to the two forms of organizational conflict. The model is estimated separately for elementary and secondary schools. Data used in the analysis come from38elementary and15secondary schools in 5 large school districts. The model fits the secondary school data satisfactorily, although it does not seem to be wholly realistic when applied at the elementary level. Some suggestions for future research and model modification are offered.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/52.4.517

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This article presents the results of a replication of studies by John Walton and James Curtis and John Petras. The replication plus the results of a survey of authors of community power studies are used to challenge the validity of secondary analysis of community power studies.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/52.4.531

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1974

数据来源: OUP