摘要:

The need for theory and for a historical perspective in attempting to arrive at a valid theory are widely recognized among sociologists, but preconceived notions of a systemic nature would seem to be standing in the way of an unbiased evaluation of the data of history. The paper analyzes the work of two leading urban sociologists who assume that preindustrial and industrial cities represent closed and mutually exclusive systems. Consequently, they assemble sustaining data, but brush aside contrary evidence which would tend to establish the city as a phenomenon in its own right, and the modern city as antedating industrialization. In historical view, the city appears as an emergent rather than as a variable, both in ancient Babylonia and in medieval Europe. The present-day city, ecologically enlarged into “urban regions,” sociologically provides the principle for the organization of the total society, but the twofold model of the ancient and the medieval city, if understood ideal-typically, remains serviceable as an analytical tool.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574385

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The elites of public life in the American city have been structurally bifurcated into political and civic spheres. This is because of the rapid rise of the American business elite during the latter half of the nineteenth century, the extensive “professionalization” of politics in the United States and the movement of ethnic groups into politics in the latter half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Compared with the relatively low status of urban politics and politicians, urban civic spheres are high status in origin and leadership.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574386

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The conventional measure of the degree of urbanization is based on an arbitrary minimum urban size limit and does not reflect the urban size hierarchy. Two measures are proposed as alternatives—the scale of urbanization and the scale of population concentration. The former, like the degree of urbanization, is based on an arbitrary minimum size limit; but it does reflect the urban size hierarchy. A measure of scale of population concentration also reflects the size hierarchy, but it considers all points of population concentration (i.e., no minimum size limit is employed).Comparisons among 18 countries and over time in the United States reveal that all three measures are closely related. However, there is evidence that in highly industrialized nations the scale of urbanization is now changing at a greater rate than the degree of urbanization.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574387

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

As part of a study of politics in two Indian cities, members of the municipal councils were asked to respond to sociometric items dealing with deference and friendship among members of these local bodies. An index of group cohesion was used to measure responses to these items in terms of two major variables in Indian political life: caste and party. While these variables appear to be important in the identification of friends, with party being slightlymoreimportant than caste, they seem less meaningful in matters of deference. An explanation for this disparity is proposed based on the characteristics of those who scored highest on the deference item.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574388

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Who are the key communicators in urban Thailand? This study identifies them on the basis of 363 interviews in four major cities by education, age and occupation. In decreasing order, key communicators were monks, professionals, military men, government officials, teachers and merchants. Out of a list of characteristics of key communicators the most critical ones were education, heavy exposure to the mass media (especially the printed media), and responsible roles in word-of-mouth communication. The Thai findings were compared with studies of other societies, and major communalities that characterized activists in the communication network were identified.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574389

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Social contact networks are offered as a “language” for making social participation an aspect of social structure. An effort is made to set forth an orderly set of network characteristics—how they are formed and utilized and how they may be used for cross-cultural studies. To avoid the charge of merely offering a translation scheme into a new jargon a number of specific hypotheses are offered—hypotheses that are outgrowths of this particular “language.”The guiding thesis is that ego's social networks indicate the scope of his participation in his society. And, conversely, that existing social networks provide a clue to the strands which actually hold a society together.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574390

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Twenty pairs of students role-played a situation in which one friend discovered the other making harmful comments about him to a third party. When completed, the same scene was role-played again but with role assignments reversed. Interaction was analysed by means of ratings of altercasting patterns. Significant correlations between assigned role and dimensions of altercasting were found. It was also possible to identify significant components of interpersonal style across roles. Correlations between members of the dyad showed high complementarity in altercasting patterns. Interpersonal tension was resolved chiefly by the re-establishment of exchange of assistance from offender to offended.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574391

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The developmental conceptual framework has as its chief focus the analysis of change in family roles over time. A model for analysis based on the developmental framework is presented which views the developing occupational role in terms of a “flow” during which various inputs are injected at various periods through the family life cycle. Three basic sets of inputs are hypothesized: (1) limiting factors, (2) family inputs, and (3) societal inputs. These inputs are viewed as significant to the degree that they influence the family roles played in the socialization process in reciprocity to the roles which compose the role cluster of the occupant of the child position in the family of orientation.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574392

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Based on interviews with a national sample of Cuban workers, hypotheses on the relationship between work discontent, “estrangement” in the specifically Marxian sense, and revolutionary political attitudes are tested.We find that attitudes toward plant administration, and perception of opportunity for promotion or higher wages in the plant are directly related to support for the revolution.The change the workers reported in their attitudes toward work since the nationalization of industry directly relates to their attitudes toward the revolution: Those whose work attitudes became positive after nationalization are most likely to support the revolution. Viewed differently, the relationship is also direct: Revolutionary workers are most likely to have changed their attitudes toward work from negative to positive. Empirical evidence and theory suggest that changes in work and work attitudes led to support of the revolution, rather than the reverse. Even with prerevolutionary employment status controlled, those whose work attitudes became positive after nationalization are most likely to be revolutionary workers.Types of work discontent are specified, and we find that prerevolutionary “estrangement” from work is even more strongly predictive of revolutionary political attitudes than other types of work discontent.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574393

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The contiguity ratio has limited utility as a statistic for ascertaining the similarity of a characteristic of connected units when the connected units have two characteristics of interest which are not independent of each other. This paper describes the properties and usage of a “standardized contiguity ratio” which overcomes this problem and extends the applicability of the ratio to new kinds of data.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.2307/2574394

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1966

数据来源: OUP