摘要:

This study combines quantitative and qualitative data in an examination of historical patterns in the sentencing of narcotics offenders in five Upper Canadian cities for the years 1908 to 1953. The analysis reveals that while an emerging emphasis on crime control, primarily reflected in distinctions between narcotics trafficking and possession offenses, changed patterns of judicial decision making over this period, a sensitivity to issues of social class nonetheless endured. While in the earlier part of the twentieth century sentencing decisions resulted in more severe treatment of working-class offenders, by the middle of the century this sensitivity was expressed in the disproportionately lenient treatment of upper-class narcotics offenders, combined with a more uniform but also more severe concentration on working-class offenders who became overwhelmingly the target of narcotics law enforcement.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.3.613

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This research examines individual and corporate income tax rates in order to identify the political and economic conditions that affect the rate of revenue extraction in the modern state. Specifically, it employs multivariate time-series analysis to study the average effective income tax rates paid by both individuals and corporations in the U.S. from 1916 to 1986. The results reveal that individual income tax rates and corporate income tax rates are affected by many of the same variables. Indeed, both state-centered and society-centered variables influence the rate of revenue extraction, but societal-level variables are generally more important than organizational-level variables. In particular, macroeconomic conditions, state imperatives, and class organization affect the rate of revenue extraction, but political organization generally does not. Although individual income tax rates and, to a lesser extent, corporate income tax rates are relatively stable over time, both federal income taxes were altered dramatically as a result of World War II, indicating a tendency toward “punctuated equilibrium.”

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.3.643

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The immigrant entrepreneur is often seen as a member of supportive peer and community subgroups. These networks assist in the creation and successful operation of firms by providing social resources in the form of customers, loyal employees, and financing. This study provides evidence that the success and survival patterns of Asian immigrant firms derive from their large investments of financial capital and the impressive educational credentials of the business owners. Heavy use of social support networks typifies the less profitable, more failure-prone small businesses of Asian immigrants.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.3.671

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This article surveys the labor market status of racial and ethnic groups in seventeen metropolitan areas. Five Asian groups (Japanese, Chinese, Koreans, Filipinos, and Asian Indians) and three Hispanic groups (Cubans, Mexicans, and Puerto Ricans) are compared to non-Hispanic whites and blacks. Minority business concentrations are found mostly in a few low-wage sectors with low capitalization, low levels of unionization, and high proportions of female employees. Patterns of economic incorporation meeting a minimal definition of an enclave economy are identified for several groups. Of these, the Cuban economy in Miami (along with Japanese in Honolulu and Koreans in Los Angeles) is unusual in terms of both size and sectoral diversity; the typical “enclave” appears to be based on a combination of apparel manufacturing and ethnic foods.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.3.691

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This study uses a multivariate analysis to evaluate the housing and neighborhood characteristics that predict the residential choices made by non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Puerto Rican, and other Hispanic mover households in New York City from 1978 to 1987. This study evaluates minority housing choices in a multigroup context, rather than in a two-group context that implicitly assumes that minority groups compete for housing with only whites. After the influence of household characteristics is controlled, the results show that indicators of low-quality housing and poor neighborhood conditions significantly increase the likelihood that the household that moves in is a minority one, most likely Puerto Rican. Moreover, location in an area dominated by a particular minority group significantly increases the chance that the housing unit is occupied by a household belonging to that same group. By constraining minority housing choices, housing market segmentation effectively predetermines the types of housing units and neighborhoods that are available to different groups, and thus maintains racially and ethnically separate neighborhoods.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.3.725

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Secularization is most productively understood not as declining religion, but as the declining scope of religious authority. A focus on religious authority (1) is more consistent with recent developments in social theory than is a preoccupation with religion; (2) draws on and develops what is best in the secularization literature; and (3) reclaims a neglected Weberian insight concerning the sociological analysis of religion. Several descriptive and theoretical “pay-offs” of this conceptual innervation are discussed: new hypotheses concerning the relationship between religion and social movements; the enhanced capacity to conceptually apprehend and empirically investigate secularization among societies, organizations, and individuals; and clearer theoretical connections between secularization and other sociological literatures. Ironically, these connections may indeed spell the end of secularization theory as a distinct body of theory, but in a different way than previously appreciated.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.3.749

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This article applies loglinear models of social mobility to six surveys in Australia and Japan covering the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, distinguishing vertical from nonvertical effects. We carry out point and trend analyses that further confirm the Featherman, Jones and Hauser (FJH) hypothesis about the fundamental invariance of mobility regimes in industrial societies. Apart from developing the underlying theory further, we test for invariance in patterns of observed mobility (the Lipset and Zetterberg [LZ] hypothesis), and for invariance in relative mobility chances (the FJH hypothesis). Somewhat surprisingly, our trend analyses lend some support to the LZ hypothesis, although they give greater support to the FJH hypothesis. There are much greater differences in observed mobility rates over time and between countries than there are in relative mobility chances. Using more detailed models, we find no evidence of change over time in the strength or pattern of association between social origins and social destinations in Japan between 1965 and 1985, and some evidence of increasing openness in Australia.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.3.775

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This article examines whether tracking students for instruction can have a differential effect on student achievement across schools. Two mechanisms are posited for possible school effects: (1) school differences in the determinants of track placement and (2) school variance in the opportunities for learning presented to students by track. I argue that track placement is influenced by characteristics of a school's track structure, by assignment criteria, by the flexibility of track membership, and by a school's scheduling priorities. Differential growth in achievement within track level across schools is explained by school differences in track size and homogeneity, in the quantity and quality of instruction within track, and in the determinants of academic achievement. Longitudinal data from two cohorts of more than 4,000 students provide empirical evidence of school differences in tracking practices and tracking effects on learning. Policy implications of the results for the school choice debate and for organizational and pedagogical practice are discussed.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.3.799

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This article traces the development of student activists among members of the high school class of 1965. We explore how political and religious socialization, social psychological orientations, and class origins affect the likelihood that an individual will become involved in the antiwar, student, and civil rights protests of the 1960s. We also systematically examine the interrelationships between social class, gender, social psychological orientations, and political and religious socialization to discern their effects on social movement participation. Using data from the Youth-Parent Socialization Panel Study, 1965–73, we find that socialization processes and social psychological dispositions are strongly linked to participation in the protests and that social class spurs protest both directly and through its effects on these factors. We also find that gender differences in social movement participation are largely a function of socialization, social psychological differences, and women's lower rates of college attendance.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.3.821

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This article reexamines the social ecology of intimacy and some meanings we assign to public and private. Historically, structural differentiation turns the home world into a segregated compartment of society, but it similarly structures the “public” realm. Intimate refuges may then arise throughout the differentiated social structure, as people intermingle in functionally specific settings to pursue their purposes, and as they find or create private spaces to elaborate this intimacy. I use the General Social Survey and the Northern California Community Study to generate findings on co-workers. Finally, I note some advantages of conceptualizing intimacy, private worlds, and institutional locales as analytically distinct, and I consider how co-worker intimacy is an active, constructive process, whether it has conservative or transformative consequences.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/72.3.843

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1994

数据来源: OUP