摘要:

Fundamental problems in social psychology are being explored through a program of research among the totally blind. This article presents comparative findings on the occupational aspirations of children and adults, both Negro and white, all of whom have been blind from birth or early childhood, plus collateral findings on the parents and sighted siblings of the blind children. Neither ignorance and fantasy nor the sense that they have been labeled and consigned to a brutish existence—both plausible hypotheses—have, in fact, shaped their approach to a career. The burdens of class and race that weigh heavily upon ordinary aspirants are unexpectedly lightened for them, and special processes of socialization within the family and of communication lead to the setting of high but not unrealistic goals.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/51.4.403

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

In general, observational field studies dealing with reactions to deviance have lacked the kind of control that allows for experimental manipulation of variables and the systematic examination of posited relationships. In addition, there are few studies dealing with public reactions to deviance. The research reported here consisted of a field experiment in whichriggedshoplifting events were enacted in the presence of store customers who were in a position to observe and react to the shoplifting incidents. Three variables were varied as part of the field experiment: (1) appearance of shoplifter, (2) sex of shoplifter, and (3) sex of store customer. Major findings were that sex of shoplifter and sex of store customer had little effect on reporting levels whereas appearance of shoplifter exerted a major independent effect on reporting levels.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/51.4.417

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This study inquires whether positive and negative facial stereotypes of criminal deviants exist and, if so, whether they are related to judgments of guilt or innocence in evidence-ambiguous situations.Photographs of middle-aged white males were used as stimuli and college undergraduates as subjects. Findings indicate that: (1) both positive and negative facial stereotypes of four types of crime exist and are crime specific; (2) negative and positive facial stereotypes are correlated with judgments of guilt or innocence for every crime considered, with negative stereotypes being more important for assessing guilt than positive stereotypes for assessing innocence with every offense except homosexuality, where the situation is reversed; and (3) males apparently use facial stereotypes in assessing guilt or innocence more than do females for every type of crime considered.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/51.4.427

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This study examines the relationship between task experience and attitudes. Specifically tested is the effect of performing a task in which waiting for rewards produces the greatest payoff on attitudes toward delaying reward. High school students were hired to work on a door-to-door selling task; the task was designed so that delaying a sale produced a larger sales commission. Those subjects who recognized and selected a delayed strategy in the task shifted toward a preference for delaying reward. The use of a natural controlled experimental design and the social implications of the study are discussed.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/51.4.434

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Contract formation as a function of conflict of interest and available alternatives was investigated in a framework similar to that employed by Thibaut (1968). Some problems with the earlier design were noted, particularly as to task understanding and saliency for subjects, and an alternative explanation was presented for some of the results. A modified design was used to test the prediction that contract formation wouldnotdiffer across conditions with varying degrees of conflict or attractiveness of alternatives in a situation where both persons were made aware of the actually equal power distribution. The design made use of a stooge to ensure this awareness. Subjects were undergraduate males enrolled in psychology classes. As was predicted, no significant differences in the number of contracts formed or in the number of dyads forming contracts were found between conditions.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/51.4.440

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

In this study of318school teachers and395hospital employed nurses, commitment to profession or organization is operationalized as the willingness to leave each system when offered slight increases in pay, status, job freedom, and friendliness of co-workers. Contrary to previous research by Ritzer and Trice, study results lend support to the concept of “side-bets” as a structural phenomenon important in understanding individuals' commitments to organization or occupation.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/51.4.448

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Zipf's (1949) generalized harmonic series model of occupational differentiation is tested in91community general hospitals. It was not possible to reject this model in the majority of cases and problems of measurement error make it difficult to claim a firm rejection in the remainder. Relationships among the generalized harmonic series parameters are essentially the same as those reported by Mayhewet al.(1972) for military organizations. Accordingly, from this model of occupational differentiation, we can deduce one of Blau's (1970) major theoretical propositions on the division of labor. The findings of this study broaden the base of empirical support for Zipf's model and Blau's proposition.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/51.4.455

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This article examines the differences between industrial employment profiles among a set of65urban communities in the East North Central region. A review of literature on between-community differentiation led to the following hypotheses: (1) over time there is increasing differentiation between communities; and (2) proximity promotes increasing differentiation between communities. Findings suggest rejection of the hypotheses. Communities tended to become more alike over time, and those closer together tended to be more alike than communities farther apart. These results lead to a discussion of convergence. It is urged that functional convergence be included as a dimension in the conceptualization of systems of cities.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/51.4.462

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Very little research has been done in Canada on mate selection preferences. This survey of such preferences allows comparisons with some earlier studies conducted in the United States. Our findings indicate that there may not be much difference in these preferences between U.S. and Canadian university students. They also indicate that sex status explains more about such preferences than rural-urban background.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/51.4.471

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Social identities, conceptualized as self-designations and measured by the TST, were examined for samples of high school adolescents in three societies: the United States, Puerto Rico, and Mexico. Four identities were explored in terms of salience, frequency, and valence: gender, religion, family, and peer. For both males and females in Latin and Anglo cultures gender emerged as the most prominent identity. Religious IDs were more frequent for Catholic adolescents. The strongest cultural difference was found with respect to negative religious IDs: these were significantly more frequent for Anglo adolescents. Positive gender and family IDs were more frequent for Latin adolescents, while peer IDs were slightly more common self-designations for Anglos. These tendencies were generally in the expected direction. Social and cultural differences between these Anglo and Latin societies were considered as explanations for variations in adolescent identity structures.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/51.4.477

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1973

数据来源: OUP