摘要:

In previous research on political tolerance in West Germany I found that respondents'level of education had no statistically significant effect on a number of variables measuring tolerance. This result seemed to contradict standard findings for populations of democratic countries. Therefore, this article explicitly compares tolerance of free speech for nonconformists in America using replications of Samuel Stouffer's benchmark questions (National Opinion Research Center surveys in 1972 and 1977) with very similar—but not identical—questions asked in West German national surveys in 1970 and 1979. These questions concern tolerance for a communist, an atheist, and a neo-Nazi/militarist speaker. Using log-linear models to analyze scales of these questions and of the disaggregated tolerance items, the initial findings were confirmed: education has little effect on tolerance in West Germany, but considerable effect in the U.S. The influence of generational cohort, occupation, left—right ideological self-placement, party preference, country, and time are also tested. Semantic and historical explanations for the findings are briefly discussed.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.4.973

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The legal conceptualization of corporate entities as juristic persons has both obscured and enhanced their influence in the criminal justice process. We point to several consequences of this influence: greater success of corporate than individual actors in getting individual offenders convicted, greater formal equality in the treatment of individuals prosecuted for crimes against corporate than individual victims, and greater satisfaction of corporate than individual victims with their experiences in the criminal justice system. We discuss the apparent paradox that an increase in formal equality may accompany higher rates of conviction for individuals accused of crimes against “juristic persons,” and emphasize the important advantages a formal rational system of criminal law can provide these corporate entities. Making the role of corporate entities explicit is one way of adding a structural dimension that is lacking in contemporary criminal justice research.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.4.993

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper examines and documents differences between southerners and other Americans in the use of leisure time. Using data from a 1973 national sample survey giving particular attention to arts-related leisure pursuits, nine types of leisure activity are identified, and regional differences mark all nine; six of these differences remain statistically significant when controlled for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and for regional differences in access and early exposure. For most activities (country and western music and religious music are exceptions), southerners participate less than non-southerners. Possible explanations for this result are examined, and it is suggested that the differences may reflect a more home-, family-, and church-centered style of life in the South.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.4.1023

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This national study investigates whether self-employed manual workers form an economic class and status group that is recognizably distinct from manual employees and whether the distinctions have political consequences. The findings show that manual proprietors are a higher status group and earn demonstrably more than employees. Though political cleavages between proprietors and employees are small, along with other factors they may be large enough to destabilize working-class political loyalties.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.4.1050

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

In recent years much research has analyzed the impact of international investments on the development of countries. Yet, the question why investments are made in some countries and not in others has received little attention. This research evaluates the impact of political instability on the international expansion of motor vehicle production between 1948 and 1965. For the dependent variable, countries that became producers in this time period are scored 1 and nonproducers are scored 0. A model is developed and tested with Ordinary Least Squares, Weighted Least Squares, and Probit estimation techniques. With all techniques, once market size and a nation's development level are controlled, political instability has only a weak negative effect on the chances of a country becoming a producer. The regression equations produce estimated probabilities of producer status for individual countries. About 95 percent of the 84 countries studied are correctly classified.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.4.1070

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Previous impressionistic treatments of the sources of worker satisfaction have identified a stable, positive relationship between job satisfaction and age. But the current wisdom about this relationship remains largely at the level of zero-order associations and post-hoc explanations. Examining a national probability sample of 1,455 American workers drawn from the 1973 Quality of Employment Survey this research tests two explanations commonly found in this literature: (1) that the relationship between age and satisfaction is the result of generational differences in education and value systems (i.e., a cohort explanation) and (2) that this relationship is simply a function of older workers having moved into better jobs across their careers (i.e., a life cycle explanation). Analyses of covariance suggest that neither explanation is adequate, leaving the question of what accounts for higher levels of satisfaction of older workers unresolved. Explanations for these findings and suggestions for further research are offered.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.4.1089

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys, I analyze short-term changes in the retirement behavior of older white males. The 1969 to 1975 period straddles a major turning point in the Social Security system and allows examination of the hypothesis that older workers quickly respond to policy changes that alter their opportunity structures. Retirement is approached through labor supply, which allows maximum flexibility in analytic conception. Changes in the patterns of results during the 1969–75 period reflect the interaction of the “pull” dynamic of liberalized benefits with other determinants of retirement behavior. The strongest shifts were observed for workers with health limitations and workers facing compulsory retirement but covered by second pensions.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.4.1103

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The impact of population change on retailing is examined using longitudinal data for nonmetropolitan counties. Analysis confirms the ecological expectation that population change cannot prevail for long without concomitant adjustments in organization structure. Such adjustments became pronounced as the magnitude and duration of consistent population change increased. As income rose, retail sales grew whether a county gained or lost population: however, population change affected the size of the sales increment. The response to population change included shifts in both the number and operational scale of units. Adjustments in the number of establishments were in the same direction but less than proportionate to population shifts, reflecting organization resistance to unit adjustments. This resistance, coupled with spiraling retail demand, caused employment gains and expansion of organization scale in both growing and declining counties. Because the retail response to population increase was not symmetrical to that for decline, the expectation a single process of organization adjustment could accommodate both growth and decline was rejected.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.4.1123

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper examines conventional explanations as to why many lower status persons in the United States are less inclined than others to participate in politics. Such explanations typically treat lower status nonparticipation as the result of SES-related personality traits and therefore as an inevitable consequence of stratification. We present two lines of analysis. First, a review of comparative data suggests that such explanations ignore characteristics of U.S. political institutions—especially the programs and recruitment strategies employed by the major political parties—which are important sources of lower status political disinterest and nonparticipation. Second, in contrast to previous studies, we examine the effects of political party recruitment patterns on voting and campaign activity. Using the 1976 CPS election study, we find that: (1) voter contact by a political party or candidate increases the likelihood of voting and campaign activity, although it made no difference which party made the overture; (2) voter contact by the two major parties did not reduce the greater likelihood that high SES citizens would participate more in politics; and (3) the impact of contact was the same across social status and political party lines. The implications of these findings for theory and research on social class and political participation are discussed in the text.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.4.1140

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.4.1154

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP