摘要:

Sociology and demography, as distinct although related disciplines, should have different perspectives on matters concerning population. A review of sociological published material and organizational practices indicates that sociologists have not been true to their discipline where population topics are dealt with. Suggestions are given for altering this tendency and sociologists (especially those whose prior interests have not included population) are encouraged to contribute to a real sociology of population.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/61.2.359

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Using as data the events and persons commemorated in the United States Capitol this inquiry demonstrates how the significance of historical events changes from one generation to the next according to a changing infrastructure of societal problems and needs. Before the Civil War, two historical periods, colonization and revolution, produced the only events and heroes on whose commemoration a deeply divided Congress could agree. Once the unity of the nation was brought about by force of arms, the pattern of commemoration changed. Belated recognition was given to the events and heroes of the postrevolutionary period and to outstanding regional, as opposed to national, figures. The commemoration of office incumbency was superimposed on that of extraordinary military and political achievement, thus celebrating the stable institutional structures into which the charisma of the nation's founders finally became routinized. These and other changes in the Capitol's commemorative symbolism reflect the Civil War's solution to the antebellum problems of integration and pattern maintenance. The bearing of these findings on different theories of collective memory is discussed.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/61.2.374

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper shows that political change in the Soviet Union has, as elsewhere, clearcut consequences for social research—in this case, the study of values. The emergence of such work in the USSR reveals some gap between official doctrine and personal preference. Such findings, in combination with social and political forces, also influence resources invested in research and the way in which research is directed and organized. The comparative study of values is especially useful in helping us separate the particular from the general—i.e., distinguishing value profiles peculiar to one society in contrast to values which generally characterize industrial societies.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/61.2.403

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Existing accounts of the history of Soviet sociology are deficient in that they sometimes attribute the reemergence of sociology in the USSR to a single cause; or they place too much emphasis on separate groups or individuals. The development of sociology in the USSR must be seen as shaped by the interplay of various important state and party institutions—the Central Committee of the Communist party of the USSR, the Academy of Sciences, the Soviet Sociological Association, the Ministry of Education, and the major universities. The part played by the Communist party, as active promoter and supporter of sociology, is underlined; as is the important influence of the “universities of Marxism—Leninism” (organized by the Party) in preparing cadres of sociologists throughout the country. This was especially crucial since such professional education was lacking in the more traditional schools.The evolution of these various interlocking influences during two periods of the development of sociology (1956–60 and 1960–68) is traced. The analysis of the revival of Soviet sociology leads us to recognize two major differences between Soviet and American sociology: the mode of thinking (hence the nature of social research, itself); and the character of the organization and development of a community of sociologists. Soviet sociology is distinguished from any Western brand by its propensity for measuring everything from a collectivistic rather than individualistic point of view. An analyis of the employment of members of the Soviet Sociological Association shows a large proportion of party officials among the sociologists: Soviet sociology has close and multiple connections with the establishment. It is essential to recognize the practical functions of Soviet sociology, its intricate connection to the power system, and its particular pragmatic and ideological orientation.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/61.2.418

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Using aggregate data for occupations, this study examines changes between 1950 and 1970 in the relationship between (1) level of education and level of earnings and (2) inequality of education and inequality of earnings. As a heuristic device the findings are considered in the context of free-market (human capital/functionalist) and structural (job competition/market segmentation) explanations of inequality. The results of the analysis provide support for elements of both explanations. Consistent with the structural position, we find that in spite of the frequently observed overall stability in inequality of earnings over the three time points, there are sizeable increases in inequality of earnings among some lower SES occupations and at the same time decreases in inequality of earnings among some higher SES occupations. The fact that the effect of education on relative level of earnings shows no consistent pattern over time would also support the structural over the free-market perspective. On the one hand, in support of free-market theories there is a stronger effect over time of level of education on the absolute level of earnings, and inequality of education on inequality of earnings. In addition the significance of the proportion of nonwhite workers in an occupation for both level of earnings and inequality of earnings declines between 1950 and 1970.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/61.2.436

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

We examine the effect of medical care and living conditions on children's physical and psychological well-being. We develop a causal model in which living conditions (including the socioeconomic status of the family and the social-psychological aspects of family functioning) may affect well-being both directly, and indirectly through medical care. We find that families in the higher social classes and families that function well tend to go to large prepaid groups where they receive good medical care. High quality technical care of illness, in turn, improves physical health. The quality of psychotherapeutic care, on the other hand, has no effect on psychological well-being. For this aspect of health, the effect of living conditions is largely direct, rather than indirect by way of medical care. Families characterized by high levels of functioning have children who are psychologically healthy. In addition, physical health affects psychological well-being, but not vice versa.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/61.2.456

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/61.2.475

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

In this paper we advance a heretofore underdeveloped interpretation of the commonly observed association between marital status and depression: that married people have comparatively low depression rates because they are, for several reasons, emotionally less damaged by stressful experiences than are nonmarried people. Most previous research has argued that marriage is associated with low rates of depression because it shields the individual from exposure to stress. However, our analysis shows quite clearly that more is involved. Studying a sample of role strains, we show that the emotional impact of these are less damaging than they are for the nonmarried. Analysis reveals that several different social and intrapsychic resources are implicated in this comparatively low emotional responsiveness.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/61.2.484

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Differences in the prevalence of extended living arrangements are examined among black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white female-headed and husband/wife households to evaluate the relative merit of the cultural equivalent and cultural variant explanations of extended structure. Results based on logit analyses indicate that the greater prevalence of extended household structure among Hispanics and blacks is related both to cultural circumstances that lead to extended family structure, and the attempt of households to cope with economic hardship. For each of three measures of extended structure, female headship—frequently associated with economic disadvantage—is significantly related to a higher incidence of extended structure. This may also indicate a greater incentive to find surrogate replacements for absent spouses. Persisting differentials among minority households compared to non-Hispanic whites suggest that the cultural variant explanation of extended household structure deserves closer scrutiny to distinguish clearly processual components from structural components in the analysis of family organization among racial and ethnic groups.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/61.2.508

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The popular notion that social class positively affects political involvement is modified to accommodate two race—class interaction arguments based on Gordon's concept of the ethclass. The resulting null and steep slope theories are then tested by multivariate trend analysis of seven University of Michigan Presidential election year surveys for the period 1952–76, with particular reference to the recently developed political climate theory of black political involvement. Statistical interaction between race and education supports the null slope theory and between race and income the steep slope theory. Furthermore, changes in the sign and magnitude of class indicators in predicting political involvement among blacks correlate with changes in the political climate, giving insight into the varying political profile of black Americans during this period of great change.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/61.2.532

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP