摘要:

To test a fundamental hypothesis of ecological-evolutionary theory, that technical and economic heritage affects current rates and patterns of development, Third World societies were classified as “industrializing agrarian” or “industrializing horticultural” on the basis of their dominant subsistence technologies prior to sustained contact with industrial societies and industrial technology, and then compared on five basic dimensions: (1) current levels of technological and economic development, (2) informational resources, (3) rates of economic growth, (4) vital rates, and (5) trade dependency. Predicted differences were found on all dimensions. Alternative explanations were explored and rejected, and it was also demonstrated that these differences were not explained by network position in the world economy or by recency of national independence. These findings suggest that the impact of techno-economic heritage on development merits further investigation.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.1.1

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1984

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Although individual ethnic identity change in the Andes is common, it usually requires geographic mobility and deception or occurs in contexts of “intermediate” ethnic groups and ill-defined ethnic boundaries. This is a detailed case study of the bi-ethnic southern Ecuadorian parish of Saraguro where transculturation from the sharply defined ethnic status ofindígena(“Indian”) to that ofblanco(white) does not require moving away or deceit, is favored by members of the dominant group (blancos), and is undertaken primarily by individuals located at the lowest socioeconomic levels ofindígenasociety. In spite of the openness of ethnic boundaries, the rate ofindígenatoblancotransculturation has been low and is now decreasing further.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.1.24

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1984

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Focusing on occupational change and mobility, current research on stratification has largely ignored some processes of structural change and mobility that are central to classical and contemporary class theories. In this paper, class mobility is assumed to depend in part on four structural changes in the organization of production: (1) a shift from agricultural to industrial forms of production; (2) a decline in self-employment and personal or family ownership of farms and businesses; (3) an expansion of the industrial working class; and (4) an expansion of the industrial manager class location. Analysis of class mobility in six capitalist societies (the United States, Great Britain, Northern Ireland, Argentina, Chile, and Bolivia) reveals that the sizeable differences among them in total class mobility can be explained largely by differences in the structure of classes. Apart from these structural differences, the societies shared essentially the same class mobility regime—one characterized by considerable rigidity of class boundaries.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.1.51

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1984

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper clarifies the relationship between opportunity and mobility: first, by analyzing the ways opportunity differentials are created into three generic possibilities—through positional historical, and resource variation; and, second, by uncovering certain logical relations that exist between opportunity differentials and differences in the amount of career mobility individuals experience. The first point offers a useful classification for ordering and comparing diverse theoretical approaches to career mobility. The basic conclusion of the second point is that all differences in career mobility between groups of individuals are logically explained by differences in the opportunities to move to which they are exposed and, further, all differences in the career mobility of individuals are due to chance variation within the constraints of the logically true aggregate relationships.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.1.72

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1984

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper is an empirical study of class consciousness among a random sample of textile workers in a small North Carolina city. Following the theoretical-methodological assumption that one can profitably study working class consciousness during relatively quiescent periods of capitalist development by examining its components, working class consciousness is operationalized as the ordinal variable, “class conflict consciousness.” The social bases of class consciousness are investigated for the sample as a whole and for subsamples divided according to race. Regression analysis identifies personal income, union membership, race, and job dissatisfaction as significant predictors of class conflict consciousness. Comparative treatment of whites and blacks reveals important differences, both in their degree of class conflict consciousness and their respective predictor variables.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.1.98

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1984

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Though economists have demonstrated that, in theory, black capitalism should have little direct impact on the well-being of black noncapitalists, indirect and non-economic effects have not been investigated. Empirical tests of this relationship have been inadequate. Though not denying that black economic well-being may affect black business, we argue that the effect is at least reciprocal, and probably stronger in the other direction. We find that, for cities, the extent of black entrepreneurial activity has a strong statistical effect on the well-being of the black population, even when controls are introduced for the many other factors that affect aggregate black welfare. We argue that the apparent effect is a sociological one, operant through variables such as group status and group power. The introduction of intervening measures of black “clout” into the model produces results that support this hypothesis.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.1.117

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1984

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

From the assumption that social structures evolve under the constraint of minimizing the total time expended on their operation, I derive equations describing the number, distribution, area, and population of territorial subdivisions. I show haw this derivation is connected with earlier ones, how an error stemming from several earlier derivations need no longer arise, and review research done to date. Many of the derived equations are new and have not yet been tested empirically. I suggest that, though the derivation is here developed for human territorial subdivisions, it should apply to territorial subdivision in other species as well.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.1.145

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1984

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft often have been and still are equated with the rural-urban continuum and are employed to describe the “way of life” or the “moral basis” for rural/urban living. By employing common American values that seem to represent Gemeinschaftliche or Gesellschaftliche attributes, this article (1) explicates the value basis for the two concepts and (2) tests for the spatial (rural-urban) hypothesis and the communal (collectivistic-individualistic) hypothesis.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.1.160

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1984

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The returns to years of school completed in family income were estimated for white males and females respectively with data from the 1970 U.S. Census and from eight U.S. national surveys conducted from 1972 to 1980. On the average, the estimated return to a year of school was about 25 percent greater for females than for males. The male-female difference in the increment of family income from the next lower educational level was especially great for persons with one to three years of college, and that increment for females is attributable very largely to marriage rather than to personal achievement. Several implications of the findings are discussed.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.1.169

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1984

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This study uses data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience of Youth to examine the extent of congruence between the attitudes of young men and women. The study hypothesizes that women, whites, older youth, and youth expecting to complete higher education should show greater independent associations between their women's role attitudes and their fertility expectations. The results generally support these hypotheses, and the verified hypotheses are consistent with the notions that: (1) youth for whom attitudes toward women's roles and fertility expectations have more direct relevance, particularly in the short run, exhibit greater congruence between their values and expectations, and (2) youth who are less assimilated into the socioeconomic mainstream exhibit less congruence between their values and expectations, primarily because the variability in women's role attitudes exceeds the variability in fertility expectations and because youth who are less assimilated express more traditional values.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.1.184

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1984

数据来源: OUP