摘要:

The main thesis of this essay is that a communal organization that lacks certain key components, such as the family, will compensate by emphasizing something else. The cloistered monastery is used as a test. Problems in understanding prayer in cloistered monasteries directed research into non-scientific truth. The ultimate purpose of monastic prayer is considered to be love. Factor-analytic scales are developed for two types of love, friendship and agape. Proximate scales are used for eros and affection. Data are analyzed for fifteen groups. The types of love are found to be intercorrelated. Cloistered monasteries do not refute the hypothesis, scoring generally highest in love, particularly agape, though measures are not entirely satisfactory. Monasteries show the need to use several forms of truth in studying human groups.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.2.307

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1984

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Data from a cross-societal sample (N= 312) were used to test for the existence of a systematic relationship between monotheistic religious beliefs and overall gender inequality. Two hypotheses were tested:(1) gender status patterns are a primary causal factor in determining a society's religious beliefs and (2) gender status patterns are a consequence of a society's religious beliefs. Results of the multiple classification analysis suggest that each of the hypotheses postulates too simplistic a view of the relationship. An alternative causal sequence suggesting mutual interaction between religious beliefs and gender inequality is suggested.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.2.335

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1984

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Control and coordination linkages are integral features of the system of cities, but few studies have directly measured them. This study examines the structure and degree of these linkages in the context of ecological theory. The results provide support for the hypotheses derived from the theory. Linkages are hierarchically organized, and the regional metropolis and higher-level metropolises at the national scale occupy pivotal positions as intermediaries for lower-level metropolises. Although national links are important, interurban links that include the regional metropolis and its hinterland cities remain a major factor in the system of cities even in a society that is often characterized as shifting from a local/regional to a national orientation.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.2.349

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1984

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper describes and analyzes the ongoing process of interaction between proposed budget increases and the margin of voter support involved in annual school budget referenda. The referendum procedures in New York State are described, and proposed budgets and referendum outcomes in 49 districts over 10 years (1971–80) are analyzed. The findings indicate that voters influence subsequently proposed budgets through the referendum process. The analysis shows a positive association between voter support and subsequently proposed budget increases, and a negative association between proposed budget increases and the voter support that they receive. A simple formal model of the ongoing democratic process of budget setting and ratification is developed based on the “cobweb” models of economics.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.2.363

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1984

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The conflict between elitism and populism in the development of American art museums is analyzed in the light of the gap between intention and accomplishment with regard to their public education mission. In the course of examining the origins and changing character of these institutions, it is suggested that although a public mission was adduced to justify their existence and gain access to public subsidy, in fact, art museums were never really designed to be “democratic” lmost in spite of this, however, they are reaching a far broader public than their founders could have imagined. In the process, the nature of the art viewing experience has changed, as have the definitions of what constitutes Art.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.2.377

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1984

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A paper by Jackson and Borgatta criticizes the indiscriminate use of factor analysis in the study of ecological differentiation because the derived factors are often assumed to be real and persistent over time. This is especially true for ecological studies of delinquency, where the underlying community dimensions associated with delinquency rates are typically interpreted without regard for the historical setting and the urban dynamics giving rise to such community-level patterns.In this research, the delinquency rates of Chicago local communities are examined for a 30-year period. Although a basic pattern emerges for 1940, 1960, and 1970, the structure of the 1950 data is very different. The implications of this divergence in light of Chicago's recent history are examined.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.2.393

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1984

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Conflict theorists have recently argued that a high level of income inequality is a structural condition which increases the threat to the privileged position of economic elites as well as their ability to influence government social control. We draw from this argument, along with theory and research on political conflict, to develop a simultaneous equation model of sanctioning by national governments. The model is tested using the most recent cross-national data now available. We find no evidence of an independent effect of income inequality on sanctions or vice versa. However, we do find that politically exclusive governments tend to impose sanctions more frequently, relative to the level of political opposition, than more “democratic” governments. The implications of the findings for the threat hypothesis are discussed, with emphasis placed on the possibility that economic inequality may indirectly influence acts of government repression through its exacerbating effect on political exclusion.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.2.414

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1984

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Findings from a longitudinal analysis are used to illustrate the importance of including processual variables in explanations of the type and severity of dispositions imposed within the juvenile justice system. Results show that dispositions imposed for prior offenses exert a significant impact on dispositions imposed for current offenses, even when appropriate variables are controlled. Moreover, the pattern of this relationship is one of stabilization rather than escalation: dispositions are likely to be repeated from offense to offense rather than becoming more severe as the criminal career develops.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.2.433

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1984

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Use of county data from Vital Statistics permits a more adequate test of the effect of rurality on the homicide rate than found in previous literature. With controls for other correlates of homicide, regression findings show a strong positive effect of rurality in counties of the northeastern United States. A suggested interpretation is that rurality reduces the probability of community integration in a modern society.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.2.445

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1984

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper tests the hypothesis that the psychological vulnerability of disadvantaged persons to undesirable life events can be explained by the joint occurrence of high event exposure and low social support resources in such persons' lives. Data from a panel study of 1,106 individuals in Chicago are utilized to examine this hypothesis. Social support is operationalized as the relative presence or absence of an intimate, confiding relationship. Analyses show that differential vulnerability cannot be accounted for by the joint occurrence of undesirable events and lack of support. A significant negative main effect of social support on psychological distress is revealed, suggesting that support counterbalances, rather than interacts with (buffers), the impacts of life stress. Explanations for these findings are offered.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/63.2.453

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1984

数据来源: OUP