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Proceedings of the Chemical Society. September 1957 |
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Proceedings of the Chemical Society ,
Volume 1,
Issue September,
1957,
Page 241-272
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY SEPTEMBER 1957 ROBERT WARINGTON (1807-1867) By J. H. S. GREEN AFTER the achievements of Dalton and Davy in Merchant Taylor’s School. Originally intended the first decade of the nineteenth century British to be a surveyor he gave this up in favour of chemistry sometimes appears to have suffered a chemistry. Like a number of his contemporaries decline for some years. Liebig’s judgement after he learnt his subject by an apprenticeship be- his visit of 1837 was that “England ist nicht das coming a house pupil and from 1822 articled Land der Wissenschaft es existirt dorten nur ein apprentice to John Thomas Cooper. Cooper wei tget riebener Dilet tantismus die Chemiker (179&1854) was a well-known lecturer on chem- schamen sich Chemiker zu heissen weil die istry at the medical schools of Webb St.and Apotheker welche verachet sind diesen Namen Aldersgate St. and was also a manufacturing an sich gezogen haben ...”l Typical of the Dilet-~hemist.~ At one time he was the sole manufac-tante of the time was Robert Warington who turer in Britain of iodine and of sodium and was born 150 years ago on September 7th 1807. potassium (by the method of Gay-Lussac and He is deserving of notice on this occasion both Thenard) when the last two elements fetched some for his original contributions to chemistry and twelve guineas an ounce. He was a skilled analyst for the part he played in the organisation of the and microscopist being the first to use Canadian chemistry of his time particularly in the forma- balsam for mounting purposes; he received two tion (1 84 l) of the Chemical Society.medals from the Royal Society of Arts for Warington was born at Sheerness where his developments of apparatus and he published a father Thomas Warington was a victualler of number of original chemical papers. ships2 His childhood was spent at Portsmouth Cooper probably had a considerable influence and other seaports and in 1818 he entered on Warington’s chemical interests. After five Thorpe “Essays in Historical Chemistry,” Macmillan and Co. London 1911 p. 588. J. 1868 xxxi; Proc. Roy. SOC.,1867-68 16 xlix. J. 1855 109. 241 years his apprenticeship was completed and in 1828 Warington was chosen by Edward Turner (1798-1837) the first Professor of Chemistry at the newly opened London University (University College) as his assistant.For the next three years he was in charge of the practical classes which Turner had established. In 1831 he left Univer- sity College to become on Turner’s recom-mendation chemist to the brewery of Messrs. Truman Hanbury and Buxton where he re-mained for eight years. When in 1842 Henry Hennell (b. 1797) the “chemical operator” to the Society of Apothecaries was “destroyed by a lamentable accident which no intelligence could have foreseen in the discharge of his pro- fessional duties,”* Warington was appointed to succeed him. He remained at this post until 1866 when he was succeeded by his second son George. Warington does not appear to have been either a member or licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries.* He died on November 17th 1867 at Budleigh-Salterton Devon.Warington’s earliest published work carried out at University College was on analytical chemistry-“Examination of a Native Sulphuret of Bisrn~th”~-and was followed by an interest- ing contribution “On the Establishment of some perfect system of Chemical Symbols; with re- marks of Professor Whewell’s paper on that sub- ject.”6 Warington’s proposals were similar in principle to those of Whewell in using a system of symbols expressing the additivity of elements in a compound instead of the multiplicity ap- parent in Berzelius’s system. Warington’s scheme like that of Whewell had no influence on chem- ists and he did not use it in any of his later papers.His interest in inorganic chemistry resulted in numerous papers.’ Many of these were published simultaneously in two or more journals as was not uncommon at the time. A paper “On the Preparation of the Prussian Blue generally known * Information kindly supplied by the Librarian Guildhall Proc. Chem. SOC. 184143 52. Phil. Mag.. 1831 9. 29. PROCEEDINGS as Turnbull’s Blue,”* is of some interest. Based on work originally carried out in 1834 and after- wards repeated its object was to produce a colour analogous to what was then known as Turnbull’s blue made only by Turnbull and Ramsay of Glasgow. Like most British chemists of this time Warington did little work in organic chemistry.Guano deposits seem to have been the subject of a number of papersg and Warington wrote a paper “On a curious change in the Composition of Bones taken from Guano.”1° Of greater in- terest is a paper with W. Francis “On the Action of Alkalis on Wax.”ll This work shows the influence of Liebig and Francis had actually worked under him at Giessen. Warington was very interested in microscopy and made a number of developments of the instrument including the invention of a portable form and methods of mounting objects and crystals for observation. He also made many applications of the microscope and the use of polarised light to chemistry particularly in observations of crystals.12 During his work at the Society of Apothec- aries it was natural that Warington’s interests would extend outside “pure” chemistry.He pub- lished a few miscellaneous papers on pharma- ceutical matters,13 but his most important work here was on the London Pharmacopela. He was employed in the revision of the translation of this left unfinished by Richard Phillips; he col-laborated in the preparation of the Pharma- copeias of 1864 and 1867 and he was one of the editors of the abridged version of Pereira’s “Materia Medica.” One important aspect of Warington’s work in applied chemistry was an investigation begun about 1844 into the adulteration of tea. The con- sumption of tea in Britain doubled between 1800 when it averaged 2 Ib. per head of population and 187 I .14Its adulteration had been investigated iLibrary E.C.2.Ibid. 1832; 1 181 ;’ref. 1 p. 584. ’“Royal Society Catalogue of Scientific Papers,” London 1872 Vol. 6, * J. 1848 117. Teschemacher Mem. Proc. Chem. SOC. 184345; T. J. Herapath J. 1849 70. loMem. Proc. Chem. SOC. 1843-45 223. l1 Ibid. 184143 p. 248. l2 Trans. Microscop. SOC. 1849 2 131; 1859 7 58; Mem. Proc. Chem. SOC. 184345 71; J. 1852 136; 1855 30. l3 Mern. Proc. Chem. SOC. 184345 326; Pharm. J. 1866 7. l4 Drummond and Willbraham “The Englishman’s Food,” Jonathan Cape London 1939 pp. 242 345 390. SEPTEMBER 1957 by Accum15 in 1819 but when John Mitchell wrote his “Treatise on the Falsification of Food and the Chemical Means employed to detect them” in 1848 he claimed that the situation was unchanged.In his first paper on the subjectls Warington showed that of the two types of green tea glazed and unglazed the former was “coloured by the Chinese with a mixture of Prus- sian blue and gypsum to which a yellow veget- able colouring matter (tumeric) is sometimes added,” whilst the unglazed was “merely dusted with a small quantity of gypsum.” In 1851 he published his “Observations on the Teas of Com- merce”17 in which he described black and green teas their preparation and certain cases of adulteration. He detected copper in samples of “green” tea and found others to consist of tea dust “agglutinated into a mass with a gummy matter most probably manufactured from rice- flour then formed into granules of the desired size and lastly dried and coloured according to the kind required by the manufacturer either with black lead if for black tea; or with Prussian Blue gypsum or tumeric if intended for green.” In 1855 Warington gave evidence to the Parlia- mentary Commission which had been set up.Their recommendations led to the Food and Drugs Act of 1860. In 1849 Warington began his observations on the life of fish in a confined mass of water.l* A later account was given at a Friday evening meeting of the Royal Institution on March 27th 1857 and his last paper dealt with aspects of the same subject.l9 His observations resulted in much valuable information on aquaria his work has been referred to as the origin of modern aquaria. (The first glass-sided public aquarium was shown at Regent’s Park in 1853.) This work also led to a number of papers on natural history.20 In the wide range of his interests Warington was typical of many of the chemists of his time and much of his work was of contemporary im- portance though now usually overlooked.Of his work it was said “his completed investiga- tions bear but a small proportion to the number of subjects he had continually under examina- He undoubtedly achieved a wide reputa- tion he was employed as a chemical referee by four of the principal gas companies and was often used as a scientific adviser in law cases. He was a juror at the International Exhibition of 1864 and was to have acted in the same capacity at the Paris Exhibition of 1867. Between 1839 and 1842 Warington had no official appointment and the introduction of the penny postage in 1840 facilitated any work of organisation involving extensive correspond- ence.These circumstances have been given as two reasons for Warington’s attempts to form a chemical society. Earlier attempts had been made :we know of three earlier chemical societies in London. In 178 1 there existed a society which met once a week at the Chapter House by St. Paul’s and in 1809 there was a Society for the Improvement of Animal Chemistry which was however only an “Assistant Society’’ of the Royal Society.21 The London Chemical Society formed in 1824 was only short-lived in spite of the association with it of George Birkbeck. Warington began his canvassing for the society about 1839 in an informal way.2 He afterwards wrote of “.. . . a feeling which I found on con- versing with others was generally entertained- that such a Society was much needed not only to break down the party spirit and petty jealousies which existed but to bring Science and practice into closer communication and to bring the experience of many to bear in discussing the same subject. I therefore resolved to use my best endeavours that such a Society should be formed. For this purpose at the beginning of the year 184 1 I commenced an active canvass among the London chemists and lecturers and finding my endeavours cordially responded to in almost every case I applied to the Council of the Society of Arts through Mr.Aikin and Mr. Horsman Solly for permission to hold the preliminary meeting in their rooms. This was acceded to in the handsomest manner and I proceeded on the l6 Accum PhiZ. Mag. 1819 54 218; “A Treatise on the Adulteration of Food and Culinary Poisons etc.,” London, 1820. l6 Mem. Proc. Chem. SOC.,184345 73. l7 J. 1851 156; J. 1852 136. J. 1850 52; Ann. Nat. Hist. 1855 16 313. l9 P~oc.ROY.SOC.,1867-68 16 189. 2o Ann. Nat. Hist.,1852 10 273; 1853 12 319; 1854 14 419; 1855 15 247; 16 330. 21 Weld “A History of the Royal Society,” London 1848 Vol. 2 pp. 149 237. 19th February to call the meeting of 23rd February. ..”22 Twenty-five people attended this preliminary meeting. Professor Graham took the chair and on the motion of his old teacher J.T. Cooper Warington was requested to act as Hon. Secre- tarypro tern. A Provisional Committee was ap pointed and a circular issued inviting member- ship of the Society and attendance at the first meeting of the Society on March 30th 1841. This meeting was also held at the Royal Society of Arts and the officers and council for the first year were elected. Warington became joint secre- tary with E. F. Teschemacher (1792-1863). The duties of the Secretaries as laid down in the Bye-Laws adopted at the Annual General Meeting of 1842 were as follows “The Secre- taries shall attend all Meetings of the Society and Council take minutes of the proceedings and produce and read them at the ensuing Meeting; read the scientific papers presented to the Council if requested by the authors; and con- duct the correspondence of the So~iety.’’~~ In the Proceedings of the Chemical Society for these early years there were numerous references to Warington’s activities at the Society’s meet- ings including the delivery of a number of his own papers.24 He presented a number of speci- and men~~~communicated papers26 to the Society.In August 1842 “the Secretary was empowered to obtain a bookcase for the use of the So~iety”~’ and this was the beginning of the library. (After Warington’s death his widow presented 37 volumes to the library.28) Warington also served on committees formed to arrange the meeting places of the Society in 1841 with Graham and Everitt and again in 1847 with Lyon Playfair and W.Ce la Rue. The Secretaries were also responsible for editing the first publications of the Society :the Memoirs and Proceedings which were issued separately for 1841-43 though usually bound together. Warington retired from the secretaryship at the anniversary meeting of March 30th 185 1 and was succeeded by T. Redwood. Nine months PROCEEDINGS later on December 15th Graham presented to Warington a service of plate the coffee pot of which bore the inscription “This coffee pot with a service of plate was presented to Robert Warington Esq. by the Fellows of the Chemical Society in testimony of their appreciation of his indefatigable exertions in promoting the welfare of the Society which he was mainly instrumental in founding and of his unremitting zeal in the discharge of the duties of Honorary Secretary for a period of ten years.”2g During these ten years the membership of the Society had risen from the original 77 to 229.His work for the Society did not cease with this however. He served as Vice-President during 185 1-54 and again during 1862-65 and he was a member of council in 1855 and 1859-61. In fact there were only some seven years of its existence during his lifetime that Warington was not an official or council member of the Society. Many of the original papers relating to the formation of the Chemical Society were retained by Warington and these together with other valuable contemporary material and portraits of many of the original fellows were bound in the “Jubilee Album.” This was presented to the Society by Warington’s eldest son at the Jubilee Meeting held in 1891.Warington was also closely associated with the formation of the Cavendish Society. The function of this as stated in an official notice signed by Warington was as follows “The Cavendish Society is instituted for the promotion of chemistry and its allied sciences by the diffu- sion of the literature of these subjects. The Society effects its objects by the translation of recent works and papers of merit; by the publica- tion of valuable original works which would not otherwise be printed from the slender chance of their meeting with a remunerative sale; and by the occasional republication or translation of such ancient or earlier works as may be con- sidered interesting or useful to the Members of the Society.” It was established in 1846 but it “was not fully developed or actively put into 22 “Jubilee of the Chemical Society,” London 1896 p.117. 23 Ref. 22 p. 124. 24 Proc. Chem. Soc. 184143 16 17 18 21 23 30 40 47. 25 Ibid.,pp. 41 46 59; Mem. Proc. Chem. SOC.,184345 1 29. 26 J. A. Phillips J. 1849 1. 27 Council Minute quoted in ref. 22 p. 252. 28 J. 1869 272. 29 Ref. 22 p. 122. SEPTEMBER 1957 operation until last year 1848 when the laws for its government were passed and the publication of its works c~mmenced.”~~ Warington was Secretary during 1846-49 and a member of the Society’s Council from 1849 to 185 1.The Cavendish Society’s membership was given as 165 in July 1848 and particularly in respect of its officers overlapped that of the Chemical Society in 1849 Graham was its President ; the Vice-presidents included Aikin Brande Daubney Richard Phillips William Prout and Faraday; and the council members included six of the founder members of the Chemical Society. A feature of the Society in which it anticipated the Chemical Society was the creation of Local Secretaries at many places throughout Great Britain. There were some sixty of these including W. Herapath (Bristol) John Apjohn (Dublin) Thomas Anderson (Edin-burgh) Walter Crum (Glasgow) J. S. Muspratt (Liverpool) and John Graham (Manchester). For their annual subscription of El 1s.members received one copy of every work pub- lished by the Society. The first publication was edited by Graham and consisted of “Chemical Reports and Memoirs on Atomic Volume Iso- morphism Endosmosis Simultaneous Contrast of Colours (Chevreul) the Latent Heat of Steam at Different Pressures (Regnault) the Artificial Formation of Alkaloids and Volcanic Phenom- ena.” Perhaps the greatest achievement of the Society was the issuing of LeopoId Gmelin’s “‘Handbook of Chemistry,” translated by Henry Watts. This appeared finally in 15 volumes be- tween 1848 and 1861 at least one volume appearing every year except 1854. Other important translations included that by G. E. Day of Lehmann’s “Physiological Chem- istry” in 3 volumes (1 851-54) and as a supple- ment to this an “Atlas of Plates relating to Physiological Chemistry” by Funke (1 852).The translation by Odling of Laurent’s posthumous “Methode de Chimie” which appeared in 1854 as “Chemical Method” was important in familiarising British chemists with the develop- ments of chemical theory made by Laurent and Gerhardt. The Society also issued two important biographies “The Life and Works of Caven- dish,” by George Wilson (1849) and “The Life and Scientific Researches of Dalton” by W. C. Henry (1854). The issuing of certain other works was proposed notably a translation of Kopp’s “Geschichte der Chemie” and the preparation of “A Bibliography of Chemistry for the Present Century” but chese did not appear.Warington was also associated with the forma- tion of the Royal College of Chemistry in 1845 being one of the promoters. Under the direction of A. W. Hofmann this had m enormous effect on technical education and produced such chem- ists as F. A. Abzl W. Crooks W. A. Tilden and W H. Perkin. Warington also served for some years on the Council of the College. In 1835 Warington marriGd Elizabeth daughter of George Jackson M.R.C.S. a surgeon and skilled mechanic “to whom science is indebted for several improvements in microscopes . . . as well as for the invaluable ruled glass micro- scope.”31 Their eldest son Robert (1838-1907),31 was born whilst his parents were living at 30 Church St. Spitaliields; their second George (1840-1874)32 was born at South Lambert.(They moved to Apothecaries’ Hall in 1842.) Their father “regretting the time he had himself spent at school over Latin and Greek deter- mined to educate his children at home. The education was of a desultory character but the boys were early introduced into their father’s laboratory and attended chemical lectures . ..”32 Robert attended lectures by Faraday Brande and Hofmann; and he was for many years associated with Sir J. B. Lawes first at his Millwall factory and from 1876 to 1891 at Rothamsted where he carried out important work on nitrifying bacteria. He was elected F.R.S. in 1886 and was a member of the council of the Chemical Society in 1874-75 and 1878-8 1 and a Vice-president in 1889-90. George Warington became assistant to his father at Apothecaries’ Hall in 1862 having been foreman of the laboratories there since 1859.In 1866 he succeeded his father as “chemical operator” but held the post for only three years and made no contributions to chemistry The Royal Society’s Obituary Notice2 of Warington referred to his “exceedingly cheerful 30 “Report of the Second Anniversary Meeting of the Cavendish Society” (March 1849) p. 1. 31 Pickering J. 1908 2258. s2 J. 1874 1203. and genial disposition,” to which may be added the following remarks by his eldest son “Mr. Warington’s success in the preliminary organisa- tion and afterwards in helping the Society for- ward during theyearswhen its memberswere few and the results of British Chemistry were small was largely due to his genial temper and to an PROCEEDINGS enthusiasm which regarded every contribution to chemical fact as of real interest.With this happy disposition were associated methodical business habits. It was to qualities of this kind rather than to eminence as a chemist that my father owed his fitness for the work which he carried LINES OF DEVELOPMENT IN ECOLOGY* By VERONA M. CONWAY (THENATURECONSERVANCY RESEARCH MERLEWOOD STATION GRANGE OVER SANDS,LANCS.) PHILOSOPHERS and naturalists have studied plants and animals in their natural surroundings from the earliest times but it was not until late in the nineteenth century that such studies were labelled with the name of Ecology.At that time ecologists were mainly concerned with qualitative descriptions of the biology of the organism in relation to the characteristics of its environment. Since other organisms form a part of that en- vironment it was natural that emphasis was placed on the study of communities. It was also natural that to begin with descriptions of plant communities were more numerous than those of animal communities since they are obviously easier to study. As will be mentioned below the study of animal populations and communities has developed very greatly in recent decades but the subject still remains complex and difficult. Again in the early days attention and interest was focussed on what was held to be wild or entirely natural but as our knowledge has de- veloped we have come to recognise the extent to which human activities have influenced even what looks at first sight to be a truly natural landscape or vegetation type.More and more the biologist has come to look at man as a part of Nature. An illustration of this outlook can be found in the recent series of broadcast talks on “Our Living Heritage” in which the theme of human ecology and human impact on the rest of Nature was prominent. Most of these influences have been incidental to man’s exploitation of land for his own uses. Nowadays he is forced to find out how to control the balance of living organisms both directly and by modifying their physical environment thus making conscious use of ecological knowledge.For this reason ecology has taken on something of the character of an applied science. Like any other applied science it is of course in the long run dependent on fundamental research. The range of research fields which it covers from the most academic to the most urgently practical is therefore wide and in a short article one can only attempt to pick out a small number of examples scattered through the range. We can start with work at the more “aca-demic” end of the scale and take as an example our accumulated knowledge of the history of vegetation during and since the Ice Age. During the past 30 years there has grown up a con- sistent picture of the changes in major vegetation types over the whole of Europe since the retreat of the last ice sheet to the far north.This has been derived for the most part from the tech- nique of pollen analysis which depends on the fact that pollen grains can be preserved as fossils in lake muds peat and other deposits affording anaerobic conditions. We now have some con- ception of the herbs and low shrubs which spread over vast stretches of morainic deposits and rocky ground left uncovered by the ice and the stages by which the land became forest-covered as the climate gradually improved. Our know- ledge of such events in Britain has recently been summarised by Dr. H. Godwin in his book on the History of the British Flora. Some general scheme for dating the main changes in vegetation had already been worked out by correlation between vegetation-history archeoIogy and geology but in the last 10 years a method of dating has been perfected which * This is the first of a series of articles which it is hoped to publish from time to time on focal points in the current development of sciences other than chemistry.-ED.SEPTEMBER 1957 depends on the fact that 14Cpresent in the atmos- phere is incorporated into plant tissues during photosynthesis. The technique has been difficult to establish on a reliable basis but its degree of accuracy and range of application are now reasonably established and it has largely con- firmed the dates previously assigned on other grounds. Some of these major changes in the plant cover in Europe for instance a general change from conifer forests to broad-leaved forests at about 6000 B.c.are plausibly ascribed to changes in type of climate. Corresponding studies to those in Europe have been pushed ahead in North America and are also going on in many other parts of the world for example New Zealand Japan and South Africa. A world-wide know- ledge of the vegetational history of each region during the past 10,OOO years should yield evid- ence of the type and intensity of climatic changes during this period and thus provide an essential basis of fact for the climatologist who will first succeed in establishing a unifying theory of climatic changes and their primary causes and so make possible predictions of future climatic trends. Many valuable results have come from focus- sing attention on a single species rather than on the whole complex of plants and animals in an area.Often of course the incentive to such re- search arises directly from the economic import- ance of the species; the locust and the tsetse fly illustrate this. In this country the bracken has received much attention as an agricultural pest but there is great interest and in the long run practical value in the fundamental studies of its ecology in the East Anglian Breck country which have been carried out by Dr. A. S. Watt over the past 25 years. The bracken is a fern with a long creeping under-ground stem or rhizome from which the fronds grow up vertically above ground at varying intervals. It is therefore very difficult to define what is meant by a bracken plant but by a series of very laborious measurements in the field Dr.Watt has been able to estimate the average size of a bracken plant the average number of plants per acre (something of the order of 10,000 or 20,000) the way in which the depth of the rhizome is influenced by the age of the plant how the height of the fronds is related to its position on the plant and so on. Under the conditions of the Breckland the bracken plant frequently advances on the adjacent vegetation like a tidal wave leaving in its wake a region of much poorer bracken growth or sometimes com-plete disappearance of fronds. Measurements over 16 years have shown in the area of observa- tion an advance rate of 17” a year with a slower retreat of about 3” a year at the back of the wave.A vitally important factor in the health of the bracken vegetation as a whole is the dead leaf litter which accumulates year by year as the fronds wither in the autumn. The litter has a very important r81e in protecting the growing points of the rhizome and the young fronds from frosts which can have a most adverse effect on the plants especially in the spring. Conclusions such as these concerning a plant species may sound simple and easy when stated qualitatively in words but the importance and quality of this work arises from the fact that all these statements are based on quantitative data treated by standard statistical methods. Not only does such work form an absolutely objective basis for comparison of bracken behaviour in other parts of Britain and elsewhere but it sets a standard for ecological field observation which will supersede much of the rather vague and sub- jective description which naturally characterised the early days of ecological research.Work such as this on the bracken might bc described as a study in population dynamics and for plant species in general it should be possible to test any sampling method of estimating a population by actually counting the total num- ber tedious though this might be. When we turn to the problem of finding out the total numbers of an animal species in any given area we are faced with deriving all our knowledge from sampling techniques with only in rare cases the possibility of checking the validity of the tech- nique by actual counts of total numbers.Hence sampling methods have occupied a large pro- portion of the research time of animal ecologists during this century. Their work now provides quantitative data about many of the more abundant animal species of the most varied classes of animal from the rhinoceros to the amoeba. The numbers in any one type of habitat may often seem surprisingly large to the lay- man. For example the number of non-parasitic nematodes (eel-worms) in the surface layers of a forest soil is of the order of 2Qmillions per square yard. It has become clear that animal populations are very much less stable in numbers than plant populations. The sporadic occurrence of plagues such as locusts and mice not to mention organ- isms causing epidemic disease in man have been known and recorded throughout history but evidence accumulated that in some cases at any rate these outbreaks might represent the peak phases of cyclic fluctuations in population densi- ties.We can describe only one of the studies based on this idea The first stages of the story are described in Charles Elton’s classic book on “Voles Mice and Lemmings” pub- lished in 1942 which collates the data relating to cycles of abundance of small rodents in the northern hemisphere and shows how the popula- tions of foxes and other predators may show cor- related fluctuations. The assembling of the facts which show the reality of this cyclic fluctuation is in itself a tremendous achievement but one which is bound to lead to much penetrating re- search to discover the causes of the cycle.So far no one cause has been finally established as the master factor in the rodent population cycle but the work which has continued in the 15 years since the publication of Elton’s book both at his Institute in Oxford (The Bureau of Animal Population) and elsewhere has given important physiological data concerning these animals and the present phase of research is concerned with showing how characters such as the sex ratio the rate of reproduction or the blood conditions of small mammals can vary according to the density of the population in which the test animals are living.Hence arises the idea of social stress and its symptoms and while the work is designed to throw light on the fluctuations of small mammals it will probably have bearings on a wider field of animal ecology including that of the human animal. The word “Ecosystem” is often used as a con- venient way of emphasising that the living organ- isms of any area of land or water are bound to influence one another to a greater or smaller extent and to influence and be influenced by the physical environment. From a knowledge of the total range of species living in that area the numbers of each species and the way in which these nmbers fluctuate in time one aspect of PROCEEDINGS the ecosystem can be described. There is also another approach which although directed to the same end gives rise to researches of rather a different type.This is the study of the flow of energy through the different parts of the eco- system and also the closely related question of the cycle of nutrient substances including water nitrogen carbon phosphorus metal cations and so on. Studies of this type of cycle have been carried out more fully in lakes and small bodies of fresh water probably because they appeared to be ecosystems which were more sharply de- limited and perhaps simpler than those which could be studied on land. These researches have been built up into a branch of ecology so large that it has now developed into the recognised subject of Limnology and we shall not enter that field in the present article.Attempts are how-ever being made to investigate the nutrient cycles in ecosystems on dry land and in this country some attention has lately been given to woodlands. Although our British woodlands have all been affected to some extent by human exploitation there are grounds for thinking that some of them may approach more nearly to the type of equilibrium that we might expect in virgin vegetation than might be the case with arable or pasture land. In the national nature reserve at Roudsea Wood in North Lancashire some very intensive studies are being made of the biological and chemical processes at work in the litter of fallen twigs and leaves and in the upper mil layers. In any complete study of the woodland ecosystem it would clearly be necessary to have quantitative figures for rates of utilisation of substances and of available energy supplies in all the layers of the woodland from the tops of the trees to the deepest growing points of the root but the litter layer has been picked out for first attention because it is from it that nutrients are mainly returned from vegetation to soil and because the methods and rate of litter break- down may help to determine the rate of weather- ing of the parent minerals in the deeper layers of the soil.The fact that different types of woodland produce different kinds of humus (broadly speak- ing the organic component of a soil) has been recognised since the important work of Miiller in Scandinavia in the 1870s.Since that time we have come to realise that humus formation may be influenced to varying degrees not only by bacteria and fungi but also by many small SEPTEMBER 1957 animals such as millipedes springtails mites and of course earthworms whose importance was stressed earlier by Darwin. Interest in the part played by the litter and soil fauna lies not only in its bearing on the woodland ecosystem as a whole but also in the biology of the animals themselves and one individual piece of research may be mentioned in illustration of this. Since all animals require organic nitrogen in their diet it is of interest to know the form of the nitrogen in the litter and to what extent it is available to the litter-feeding animals.Research in this field has shown progressive changes in the nitrogen content of litter during its decomposition changes which seem to be reflected in the amino-acid composition of the litter protein. Work of this sort should help in planning for higher production rates with soil fertility main- tained at a proper level. Here we enter the field of applied ecology or conservation. The interest of ecologists in the applications of their science has found expression in the work and title of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Conservation implies first the prevention of loss and misuse; thus we have organisations in various parts of the world for soil conservation water conserva- tion and nature conservation both in the broadest sense and in the restricted sense of pre- serving the variety of living organisms which we have inherited from the pre-human era.Second- ly it implies where possible an increased utilisa- tion of any area whether for food production or in other ways and whenever possible? in a variety of ways. Thirdly to attain these objects will involve detailed planning of land use. All these aspects are now thanks to ecological re- search not merely armchair hopes but pro-grammes of work based on actual knowledge. Our present knowledge regarding existing rates of productivity in different ecosystems may be taken as an example. A recently published text- book on ecology gives figures for annual yields of a number of different regimes; these range from fish yields from large lakes of the order of 20 lb.per acre up to sugar-cane yields of 200,000 lb. with cultivated fish ponds in India and China at 3,000 lb. and mussels in Europe at 4,000 lb. as intermediates. Recent work in this country has shown ranges of annual productivity for British forests (in terms of total dry matter not of timber yield) of 2,000 to 10,000 lb. per acre according to the type of tree while agricul- tural yields range around 5,000 lb. per acre. At present it appears that the harvest which man reaps from the sea is exceedingly small compared with that from the land and this is a matter for serious attention since it is estimated that the plant life of the sea in the form of plankton probably utilises in the formation of organic compounds as much of the sun’s incident energy as is used by the whole vegetation of the land.It seems that there is a field here for increased exploitation of this primary photosynthetic product-The use of the experimental approach is characteristic of modern ecological work and some of the larger-scale experiments have been carried out in the United States in relation to soil and water conservation. At the U.S. Forest Service Station at Coweeta in the Appalachians a number of catchment areas have been treated in various ways to see the effects on water supply and soil erosion of disforestation afforestation of former grazing lands arable culture and so on. The quantitative results of experiments such as these form a necessary basis for land-use planning in that region.As a final example of the kind of data needed we may take the recently published report con- cerning the Serengeti National Park in Tangan- yika. This is a report by Professor W. H. Pearsall on an ecological survey of the area recently prepared for the Fauna Preservation Society. The need for this survey arose out of discussions concerning possible boundary changes for the existing National Park. The problems-sociological and economic as well as biological-cannot all be described here but they concern the conflict between the needs of the Masai tribe and their herds of cattle and those of the large animals whose preservation was the object of establishing the National Park; they concern also the conservation of water sup- plies and soil fertility in the area as a whole.Till now there was almost complete ignorance of the routes taken by the large herds of wildebeest and zebra from their dry-season watering grounds to the distant parts of their normal range. Unless there is some notion of what these ranges are and of the main routes across them it is impos- sible to estimate what minimum area of land is necessary to ensure the survival of the herds. The report has also given evidence showing that the practice of burning large areas of ground is pro- ducing grasslands dominated by unpalatable herbage and causing a marked decrease of water supply. In planning the park boundaries and the regulations for the protection of the large animals thought has also to be given to the need for maintaining the tourist attraction of the park by siting camping grounds and park headquarters PROCEEDINGS in relation to the movements and concentrations of the animals.Although the report gives an outline of the vegetation and soils fuller knowledge is needed both of these and of the habits and population dynamics of the animals. Indeed not only for the Serengeti area but for most parts of the world it is clear that succzssful conservation will almost always involve continuing research and positive management policies. THE STRUCTURE OF ADDITION COMPOUNDS ESPECIALLY THOSE IN WHICH HALOGENS ACT AS ELECTRON-ACCEPTORS* By 0.HASSEL ADDITION compounds between molecules containing electron-donating atoms or groups and molecules acting as electron-acceptors have attracted the in- terest of chemists for many years.In some instances prediction of the probable structure of the resulting complex or compound appears to be possible at least in its rough outline; in others tentative models so far proposed have been met with scepticism by some chemists. In both cases the determination of structures based on direct physical evidence appeared to be of considerable interest. Examples of the first kind are provided by the addition complexes formed by ethers and trihalo- genomethanes in which a “hydrogen bond” has been thought to unite the oxygen atom of the ether and the carbon atom of the methane derivative.This appears to be correct for the dielectric constant of a mixture containing roughly equimolecular amounts of diethyl ether and chloroform is higher than the dielectric constant of either of the pure c0mponents.l Further the dielectric polarisation of an equirnole- cular mixture of the same substances in dilute ben- zene solution clearly demonstrates that a complex is formed having a large dipole moment.2 The crystal structure of the addition compound between diethyl ether and bromodichloromethane at -140°,determined by T. Thurmann-Moe clearly proves the existence of a compound containing an equal number of molecules of the two components and the formation of a hydrogen bridge between the oxygen atom of the ether and the carbon atom of the bromodichloromethane molecule; the 0-C distance is about 3.2 A.An electron-density map projected along one of the principal axes of this crystal (space group Pna 2,) is shown in Fig. 1. On the other hand examples of solid addition compounds containing one iodofom molecule and three molecules of electron-donating substances are also known in which each iodine atom of the iodoform molecule is probably linked to one of the three electron-donor molecules. The addition compounds of aromatic hydro- carbons or organic molecules such as ethers ketones and amines with halogen molecules have for some time attracted the attention of chemists. The experi- mental investigations have so far been limited mainly to spectroscopic methods and carried out in liquid systems.It was felt that a more direct method should be used in order to establish some facts regarding the detailed structures of such compounds in the solid state. Before describing the results of our X-ray work it is of interest to mention Mulliken’s suggestions3 regarding the structure of such addition complexes. Mulliken postulated that the formation of a link between the oxygen atom of an ether and one of the two halogen atoms causes a positive charge on the donor atom and a negative charge on the second halogen atom and thereby leads to an electrostatic bond between the oxygen and the second halogen atom. By resonance however the two halogen atoms become equivalent in the resulting structure and the ether-oxygen atom is presumed to form-besides its two bonds to the nearest carbon atoms-two addi-tional bonds to the halogen atoms.If these four bonds are tetrahedrally distributed in space the axis of the halogen molecule will be perpendicular to the plane containing the oxygen atom and its two nearest carbon neighbours. In the case of a ketone on *A Centenary Lecture delivered at Burlington House London on May 9th and at the University Glasgow on May 14th 1957. Philip 2.phys. Chem. 1897 24 29. a Hassel and Uhl ibid. 1930 8 187. Mulliken J. Amer. Chem. Sac. 1950 72 600; 1954 76 3869. SEPTEMBER 1957 25 1 FIG.1. Electron-density map of the 1 1 compound of diethyl ether and bromodichloroethane... ..._ I .._ ... FIGS.2a and 2b. Fourier maps of the 1 1 dioxan-Br addition compound. the other hand the double-bond character of the carbonyl C-0 bond would tend to make the C\ /Hal grouping planar. In the case of halogen C/“\Hal addition compounds of tertiary amines the situation would of course be different but here also an electro- static bond between the electron-donor atom (nitro- gen) and the second halogen atom is supposed to play a r81e. This would have the consequence that for example the two halogen atoms in the addition complex formed with pyridine could not be situated in the plane of the pyridine ring. Addition compound Bond Length obsd. (A) 1:4-Dioxan-Br Br-Br 2.3 1 PROCEEDINGS the same (C2/m).Both ether-oxygen atoms are linked to iodine atoms the bonds are of the “equatorial” type and the adjacent chlorine atom is situated on the line joining the oxygen and the iodine atoms re- sulting again in linear groups O-Hal-Hal. The distance between chlorine atoms belonging to two neighbouring dioxan,2ICl units does not indicate a stronger chlorine<hlorine interaction than that re- sulting from ordinary van der Waals forces. In Fig. 3 one electron-density map (projection along the c-axis) of this structure is reproduced. X-Ray work has also been carried out on halogen addition compounds of amines. The crystal structure Sum of Sum of covalent Bond Length covalent radii (A) obsd. (A) radii (A) 228 O-Br 2.7 1 1-80 1:4-Dioxan-IC1 1x1 2.3 3 Hexamethylenetetramine-2Brz Br-Br 2-43 Pyridine-IC1 I-CI 251 (CHzPh)ZS-12 1-1 2-8 1 The first solid addition compound with halogen the structure of which was determined by X-ray methods was the bromine compound of 1 :4-dioxan containing an equal number of dioxan and bromine molecules.The monoclinic crystals (space group C2/m) turned out to contain chains of alternating dioxan and bromine molecules in which each oxygen atom of every ether molecule is linked to one bromine atom the second bromine atom of the Br molecule being linked to an oxygen atom of the next dioxan molecule. The O-Br bonds are at least nearly “equa- torial” and the O-Br-Br-0 arrangement linear. The distance between the two bromine atoms of a Br molecule is only slightly larger than in a free bromine molecule; the O-Br distance is 2.7 A (cf.Table). The Fourier maps reproduced in Fig. 2 were worked out on the basis of Br parameters obtained by the trial- and-error method neglecting the presence of the lighter atoms. In the projection 2a not a single sign of the structure factors changed when the contribu- tion of the light atoms was included; in the second projection two or three signs changed and only a single refinement was necessary (Fig. 26). An attempt to obtain crystals of the equimolecular compound between 1:4-dioxan and iodine mono- chloride met with little success but monoclinic crystals of a new compound containing two mole- cules of iodine monochloride per molecule of dioxan was easily obtained and its crystal structure deter- mined.5 In this case a structure of a type resembling that of the 1:l-compound with bromine could of course not be expected although the space group is Hassel and Hvoslef Acta Chem.Scand, 1954 8 873. Idem ibid. 1956 10 138. Eia and Hassel ibid.,p. 139. 2-32 0-1 2.57 1-99 2-28 N-Br 2.16 1 *84 232 N-I 2-26 2-03 2.66 s-I 2.84 2.37 of a new compound containing two molecules of bromine for each molecule of hexamethylenetetra- mine was first determined.s The unit cell of the mono- clinic crystals (space group P2,/c) contains four molecules of the amine and eight molecules of bromine. It was possible however to determine the co-ordinates of both the bromine atoms and of the lighter atoms with sufficient accuracy to derive the main features of the structure.The two N-Br groups present in the structure are not crystallo- graphically equivalent but have the same shape the line of the N-Br bond completes the tetrahedron around the nitrogen atom and the second bromine atom is situated on the same line. Here again there- fore the halogen atom which is not directly linked to the electron-donor atom (in this case nitrogen) points away from this atom. Fig. 4 shows a Fourier map of one projection Fig. 5 a model of the complex hexamethylenetetramine + 2Br,. Another addition compound between an amine and halogen the crystal structure of which we wished to investigate was the iodine compound of pyridine. However the crystals obtained by adding water to a solution of iodine in pyridine which were first be- lieved to be a 1:1 compound between these two molecules have been shown to contain water.We have not been able to obtain crystals of a substance which we could claim as a true addition compound between pyridine and iodine and the bromine com- pound was also rather unstable. We therefore worked out the crystal structure of the compound containing equal numbers of pyridine and iodine SEPTEMBER 1957 253 -T-FIG.3. Electron-density map of the 1 :1 dioxan-2IC1 addition compound. FIG.4. Fourier map of the complex hexamethylenetetramine-2Br2 monochloride molecules which is stable. The mono- found that all the atoms of the complex are at least clinic unit cell (space group P2,/c) contains four very nearly coplanar.Moreover the iodine and molecules of each kind.' It was possible to determine chlorine atoms are situated on the line drawn between the co-ordinates of the halogen atoms with con- the nitrogen atom of the pyridine ring and the carbon siderable accuracy and although the co-ordinates of atom opposite to it. Here again the iodine atom is the lighter atoms are less precisely determined it was attached to the electron-donor atom (nitrogen) and 'Hassel and Ramming ibid. p. 696; 1957 11 195. PROCEEDINGS FIG 5 Model of the complex FIG 8 Model of the 1 1 dzbenzyl hexamethylenetetramzne-2Br sulphide-I2 addition compound FIG 6 Electron-denszty map of the 1 1pyrzdine-IBr addition compound FIG 7 Electron-density map of the 1 1 dibenzyl sulphide-12 addition compound SEPTEMBER 1957 thechlorineatom points awayfrom it.It would indeed be interesting to be able to determine the structure also of the I (or Br,) complex because it could be objected that the situation might be different when the halogen atoms are of the same kind. We have however prepared crystals of the iodine mono-bromidepyridine compound which turned out to be isomorphous with the crystals of the IC1 compound just mentioned. The crystal structure of the latter is now being re-investigated and low-temperature measurements and more accurate intensity values from diagrams taken with an integrating Weissenberg camera are being used. In Fig. 6 part of one electron- density projection (along the a-axis) is reproduced.It is planned to extend the structure determinations to some halogen addition compounds of amines with higher dissociation constants than those already mentioned. This is not an easy task because other chemical reactions tend to take place between such amines and halogens. We hope however that results of these investigations will soon be available. Addition compounds between amines and halogens are capable of forming salts with acids. For iodine monochloride complexes for example it has been suggested that this results in the formation of IC1,- ions. Romming recently determined the crystal struc- ture of one such compound derived from piperazine and containing one molecule of iodine monochloride and one of hydrogen chloride per NH group.It was found that linear C1-IC1 ions are indeed present in this structure but that the ions are asymmetrical the two I-C1 distances differing by about 0.2 A unit. The last group of halogen addition compounds to be mentioned is that formed by sulphides. The way in which these compounds are prepared and their reactions as described by Fromm seem to indicate that here the two halogen atoms are individually linked to the sulphur atom. However more recent investigations by Feigl and Bondis make a polyiodide structure more probable. The sulphide chosen for the first X-ray work in Oslo was dibenzyl sulphide. This forms a compound with one molecule of iodine which appeared to be comparatively stable.The orthorhombic crystals (space group Pnma) have been investigated by Ramming with the result that the ljolyiodide structure has been confirmed. The sulphur atom and the two iodine atoms form a linear S-1-1 group and although the C-S-C angle is certainly smaller than the “tetrahedral” angle (109.5”)the two S-C bonds and the S-I bond are arranged very much in the same way as the corresponding bonds in the ether complexes previously examined. It is hoped that the structure of addition compounds formed by * Feigl and Bondi Menatsh. 1929 53-54 508. sulphides and halogen molecules other than iodine may also soon be determined. In Fig. 7 one electron- density projection of the dibenzyl sulphide-iodine compound is reproduced and in Fig.8 a model representing the entire complex. In the addition compounds described above the electron-donor atom is oxygen nitrogen or sulphur and the electron-acceptor molecule bromine iodine or iodine monochlroide. The structures have im- portant features in common; the electron-donor is directly linked to one only of the halogen atoms the second halogen atom lying on the line joining the donor atom and the first halogen atom. If the donor atom before forming the complex forms two single bonds (oxygen sulphur) or three single bonds (nitro- gen) the additional bond to halogen tends to extend or complete a tetrahedral arrangement around the donor atom. In the only compound so far investi- gated in which the nitrogen atom belongs to an aromatic molecule (pyridine) the complex is planar.Although the accuracy in the determination of the co-ordinates of the lighter atoms is certainly not very high the following conclusions drawn from the values of the bond lengths seem justified (cf. Table) The interaction between oxygen and halogen is rela- tively weak but considerably stronger for iodine than for bromine. The nitrogen-halogen interaction is considerably stronger than the oxygen-halogen interaction. The most striking result of the structure deter- minations is perhaps the fact observed for the 1 :4-dioxan-bromine compound that both bromine atoms of a Br molecule are simultaneously linked to ether-oxygen atoms. As the crystals of the corre- sponding compound with iodine appears to be iso- morphous with those of the bromine compound it is very probable that the iodine molecule behaves similar1y.It would be of considerable interest to s‘:udy the electronic structure of the halogen atoms in addition complexesof the kind just described. The molecular structures of these complexes do not we think indicate that the state of the “second” halogen atom (which is not directly linked to the donor atom) is radicallychanged by the formation of a bond between the donor atom and the “first” halogen atom at least not with ethers. The electronic state of the “first” halogen atom however is of course radically different before and after the bond-formation. It appears probable therefore that in the compound this halogen atom has ten electrons in its outer shell which of course is possible only if d-orbitals are being used as well as s-and p-orbitals.PROCEEDINGS SOLVENT EFFECTS AND REACTION MECHANISM OF A CHEMICAL SYMPOSIUM LONDON, (REPORT SOCIETY HELDAT QUEENMARYCOLLEGE ON JULY8TH AND 9TH 1957) THESymposium on “Solvent Effects and Reaction Mechanism” was the third of its kind to be held at Queen Mary College and the first official meeting of the Chemical Society to be held there. Apart from the three scientific sessions ample opportunity was provided for informal discussions at the Symposium dinner and at a reception given by the College authorities. The organisers in particular Dr. M. Ansell are to be congratulated on the excellent social arrangements and the smooth running of the meetings.In his welcome to the President and Officers of the Chemical Society Professor Sykes expressed the gratitude of the members of the College to the Society for their readiness to support the Symposium. After Dr. Chatt had read the minutes the President formally admitted new Fellows into the Society and thanked Professor Sykes on behalf of the mem- bers of the Chemical Society for the hospitality offered by the College. Professor Hirst then vacated the chair in favour of Professor E. D. Hughes of University College London. After a brief statement of the fundamental principles of solvation and their application to chemical reactions Professor Hughes introduced the first speaker Professor Paul Bartlett of Harvard University.In his lecture Professor Bartlett showed that most applications of solvent effects as criteria of reaction mechanism depend on a comparison of solvent effects in two reactions one of which has a well- established mechanism. This procedure has been used widely in solvolytic processes and the mechanisms of many reactions e.g. the Wagner-Meerwein re-arrangement have been deduced in the first instance from solvent studies. The same principle applies to reactions carried out in media of low polarity and Professor Bartlett illustrated this by comparing the formation of a quaternary ammonium salt with the formation of triphenylphosphine sulphide by means of elementary sulphur. Various free-energy relations have been proposed for deriving quantitative measures of solvating power.Professor E. M. Kosower of the University of Wisconsin described the use of transition fre- quencies of charge-transfer complexes for estimating solvent polarity. This is an interesting new approach but the application of the derived Z values to kinetic data and the application of empirical two-parameter equations in general were criticised by several speakers. Professor Kosower drew attention to the wide range of solvents for which 2 values can be obtained but was of the opinion that different sets of values might have to be used for different kinds of reactions. The use of solvent effects in diagnosing reaction mechanism may lead to wrong conclusions when the reaction mechanism changes with the nature of the solvent.In this connection Dr. V. Gold of King’s College London dealt with the controversial subject of borderline mechanisms. His main thesis was that an increase in solvent polarity gradually increases the polarity of an SN2transition state relatively to that of the ground state. As pointed out by Professor Hughes an SN2process involves simultaneous bond- making and bond-breaking and hence the effect of substituents and of the medium will change with the relative importance of the energies of these two bonds. Owing to the gradual change in polarity of the transition state with polarity of the medium the assumption of a characteristic solvent effect cannot be made. Dr. Gold can find no evidence against simultaneous S,l and SN2processes in the border- line region and expressed the view that the assump- tion of intermediate molecularity is not only un- necessary but contrary to transition-state and kinetic theories.There is no doubt that more experimental data are required before further advances in this direction can be made. The use of deuterium isotope effects which had been mentioned earlier by Professor Bartlett as an example of a very simple solvent change was dis- cussed in detail by Professor V. Shiner of Indiana University. In drawing attention to the large second- ary isotope effects in the solvolysis of b-deuterated alkyl chlorides he suggested that specific solvation of the /%hydrogen or deuterium atoms affects the hyperconjugative release to the reaction centre.He described investigations with halides containing sub-stituted aromatic groups and showed how the con- tribution to the total solvent effect caused by changes in unsaturation at the central carbon atom could be assessed. In the ensuing discussion several contributors pointed to the ambiguity of isotope effects. The theoretical basis was criticised since differences in configuration could affect the ground state by as much as 20-30 cal. per mole. In the later part of his lecture Professor Bartlett discussed in detail the mechanism of acid and neutral SEPTEMBER 1957 hydrolysis of p-lactones and the application of the acidity-function concept to the diagnosis of mechan- ism.Largely on this evidence a unimolecular ionisa- tion of the acyl-carbon-oxygen bond has been sug- gested in acid solution in contrast to the SN2reac-tion at the saturated carbon atom in neutral solution. The surprising reactivity of /%xovalerolactone which rapidly produces carbon dioxide in water is ac- counted for by an S,l reaction with alkyl-oxygen fission. This changes to the acyl ionisation in acid solution when little carbon dioxide is evolved. Further examples of the use of the acidity-function concept coupled with lSO exchange and optical- activity measurements were given by Dr. Bunton of University College London. He was able to show that the acid-catalysed oxygen exchanges of sec.-butyl alcohol and pinacol involve intervention by water molecules.The chemical processes elimination in one case and re-arrangement in the other follow the acidity function and hence it may be assumed that a water molecule is not involved in the forma- tion of the carbonium-ion transition state. The inter- molecular rearrangement of 1-phenylallyl alcohol however involves participation by water molecules. In the discussion the possible use of other acidity functions was considered and Professor Wynne- Jones commented that care is still needed in the use of acidity functions in diagnosing reaction mechan- isms. He further criticised the general procedure of comparing kinetic and equilibrium data giving some colourful examples and commenting that equilibria in solution are known to be very complex and that there is no reason to suppose that kinetic processes are less so.As an extreme example of acid catalysis the exceptional solvating properties of sulphuric acid were described by Dr. R. J. Gillespie of University College London. The great ionising power is due to the complete protonation of most solutes and the very low activity of water which suppresses the bi- molecular process. Kinetic data were presented in support of rate-determining ionisation of the acyl- oxygen bond in the solvolysis of primary esters with a change in mechanism to a typical S,l process for secondary and tertiary esters. The benzoyl cation formed from primary benzoates is rapidly converted into the protonated acid as shown by the van’t Hoff factor.Amides are found to behave in essentially a similar manner. The chair for the second session was taken by Professor W. F. K. Wynne-Jones of Durham Uni- versity who called upon Professor M. Bender of the Illinois Institute Chicago to give his lecture entitled “Intramolecular Catalysis of Hydrolytic Reactions.” Professor Bender drew attention to recent demonstra- tions of the catalysis of ester hydrolysis by a variety of tertiary amines and the isolation of N-acetyl- glyoxaline during the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate in the presence of glyoxaline (imidazole). The carboxylate ion may behave in a similar manner as shown by the high rate of hydrolysis of phthalamic acid compared with that of benzamide. This suggests an intramolecular general acid-base catalysis which may be observed in many similar systems.The hydrolysis of dipeptides by this mechanism was men- tioned and the possible extension to the important field of enzyme action was discussed. The remaining contributions to the morning ses- sion were mainly concerned with the influence of specific solvation. Dr. P. A. H. Wyatt of Sheffield University presented a chemical theory of solutions according to which molecular interactions are represented by the formation of complexes the mixture of which obeys Raoult’s law. Although several apparently successful applications of this approach are known Dr. Wyatt pointed out that in most cases the validity of the assumptions has not been adequately tested.He derived various mathematical criteria for testing the assumption of ideality and applied these to the complex case of nitric acid-water mixtures. The inadequacy of the model used in this case was clearly demonstrated. The importance of dielectric constant data in investigating complex-formation in solution is well known and Dr. J. W. Smith of Bedford College London illustrated the potentialities of this method. Calculationsof equilibrium constants for the associa- tion of amines and alcohols in non-polar solvents using the observed dipole moments were in agree- ment with values obtained from vapour-pressure measurements. Examples of the displacement of charge on a dipole by the solvent were also given. The application of association equilibria measure- ments to reaction rates was discussed by Dr.R. F. Hudson. After demonstrating the importance of specific solvation in the reaction between acyl chlorides and alcohols in non-polar solvents he con- sidered the effect of alcohol association as followed by infrared analysis on the reaction velocity. By invoking the concept of an ideal associated solution the rate was related quantitatively to the thermo- dynamic properties of mixtures of alcohols with non- polar and hydrogen-bonding solvents. The validity of this model as applied to non-polar solvents was questioned by Professor Long of Cornell University and the range of the method was discussed by other speakers. Dr. Hudson expressed the view that the association of dipoles in non-polar solvents and the specific solvation of ions in media of high dielectric constant are similar from the point of view of smoothing out of long-range forces.Dr. Wyatt com- mented further that the type of bonding was not important in setting up the appropriate equilibria. Further examples of specific solvent interactions in ionisation processes were given by Professor A. G. Evans of University College Cardiff. He noted the shifts in the spectrum of the triphenylmethyl cation in acetic acid solution on addition of rn-cresol and the stoicheiometric participation of phenols in the ionisation process. Professor Evans considered the action of phenol to be a reagent action the activity increasing with its acidity. The lack of correlation between the degree of ionisation and the dielectric constant of the solution was pointed out.Metal halides play a similar role in promoting ionisation by forming an ionic complex with an alkyl halide and then solvating this complex. Among other interesting examples of specific catalysis the activa- tion of double bonds by SnC1,,2H20 is particularly worthy of note. In the discussion following the lecture by Professor Evans the inadequacy of elec- trostatic models for calculating solvation energies was referred to by several speakers. In the following lecture however Professor Amis of The University of Arkansas gave a spirited defence of this kind of treatment quoting many examples of its successful application to reactions involving ions.His was the first lecture in the final session with Professor M. S. Newman in the chair. Professor Amis discussed the absence of solvent effects in the Np(v)-Np(v~) exchange which points to strong selec- tive solvation of the ions by the more polar con- stituent of the mixed solvent. He postulated a bridge mechanism as an alternative to an electron tunnelling mechanism. The discussion after the lecture centred largely on criticisms of the use of dielectric constant as a measure of solvating power although correla- tions with rates are observed over small ranges of solvent composition. This lecture was followed by an erudite presenta- tion of his work on the effect of solvent on the rate of diazo-coupling by Dr. H. Zollinger of the Univer- sity of Basle.Again preferential solvation of the ions in particular the sulphonate group is detected kinetically. The specific nature of the poton changes in the second stage of the reaction is also apparent. At this stage of the meeting attention was focussed on free-radical reactions. It is now known largely through the recent work of Professor J. E. PROCEEDINGS Leffler of the Florida State University that in these reactions changes in solvent produce large changes in the energy and entropy of activation although the rate changes may be small. Even such reactions as the racemisation of optically active diphenyls con- taining ionic barrier-groups exhibit large solvent effects. Professor LefRer has made a detailed study of the linear relation between activation energy and entropy which he calls the “isokinetic” line and discussed in particular its use in studying the role of solvent in these processes.Dr. G. A. Russell of the General Electric Company Research Laboratory Schenectady gave a very interesting example of the specific solvation of radicals. He has found that the selectivity of chlorine atoms towards 2 3-dimethylbutane is affected con- siderably by aromatic solvents. This solvent effect is proportional to the basic strength of the hydro- carbon suggesting that n-complex-formation occurs. The greater the m-bonding energy the greater the selectivity compared with that of a free chlorine atom. This paper produced lively discussion involving Drs.Russell Szwarc and Waters. Similar behaviour of alkyl radicals was discussed in some detail. This is obviously a new field of considerable theoretical and practical importance and Dr. Waters (Oxford) called for much more quantitative work. The final paper was given by Professor Lewis Hatch of The University of Texas who claimed the distinction of being the sole contributor without a rate constant. By measuring product ratios the absence of significant solvent effects in the bromina- tion of butadiene was established in contrast to earlier claims. It was on this practical note that the Symposium was brought to a close. The Symposium as a whole reflected fairly accurately the present trends in thought on this sub- ject. Thus most applications of the sphere-in-con- tinuum model of solvation and the use of dielectric solvent as a measure of solvating power were severely criticised.The popularity of comparative measures of solvating power in particular the acidity function was readily noted. Finally there is a growing appreciation of the importance of specific solvent interaction but caution is being exercised in its interpretation. It may well be that we are entering (or re-entering) the “specific era” of solution kinetics. R. F. HUDSON. SEPTEMBER 1957 259 INTERNATIONAL CHEMICAL MEETINGS AT PARIS JULY 1957 THEFrench Chemical Society celebrated its Centen- ary in July at meetings in Paris held in the Sorbonne in the presence of a distinguished international gathering.The commemorative meeting on July 16th was attended by the President of the French Republic and by representatives of the French Government. After an address by Professor P. Karrer on behalf of all the overseas visitors the delegates in academic dress representing societies institutions and univer- sities from all parts of the world came forward in turn to present written addresses of congratulation to the President Professor R. Delaby. An address on behalf of the President and Council of the Chemical Society was presented by Professor F. Bergel senior Honorary Secretary. Professor Delaby acknowledged these addresses with characteristic warmth and then delivered his centenary lecture “La Cent Ans d’Histoire de La SociCtC Chimique de France.” The scientific lecture associated with the centenary was delivered on July 17th by Sir Cyril Hinshelwood President of the Royal Society on “Reflexions sur la Cinetique.” Simultaneous translations into English and German were projected on to a screen behind the lecturer an innovation which was greatly wel- comed by all those in the audience who lacked the linguistic ability of the speaker.The XVIth Congress of Pure and Applied Chem- istry which followed these celebrations was also held in the Sorbonne from July 18th to 24th. Apart from general lectures given at the opening session by Professor G. Natta and at the closing session by Professor A. Terenin all the work was grouped into three divisions for Organic Inorganic and Physical Chemistry.Within each division papers were grouped under four main themes with a small supplementary section entitled “Various Papers.” Over nine hundred papers were presented during the six working days of the congress requiring at times as many as four simultaneous meetings in each division. With so vast a field of choice it was inevitably difficult for an individual to decide which meetings to attend. How- ever the programme was skilfully arranged meeting rooms were conveniently situated and the incon- venience of changing from one lecture theatre to another was reduced to a minimum. Five main lectures given in English French or German were arranged for each division of the Congress and simultaneous translations into the other two official languages of the Congress were provided.In conjunction with the Congress a number of technical visits to factories and research institutions had been arranged and there was a special pro- gramme of visits for ladies to places of historic and artistic interest. An attractive programme of social events occupied every evening and visits took place at the week-end to Chartres Fontainebleau and Versailles. The banquet in the Orangerie at Versailles held in conjunction with the centenary celebrations of the French Chemical Society was a memorable function in a splendid setting. It was followed by a performance in the grounds of the chiiteau when “L’Impromptu de Versailles” by Molibre was given by leading players of the Comedie FranCaise.This was followed by a display of illuminated fountains and the pageant of son er 1urniPt-ein which the history of Versailles was movingly portrayed by floodlights and a stereophonic sound-recording-a new form of dramatic art which made an impressive climax to the evening. COMMUNICATIONS A New Aspect of the Periodate Oxidation of Polyols By G. R. BARKER and D. F. SHAW (THE UNIVERSITY MANCHESTER) IN studying the periodate oxidation of D-ribose we have found that the reaction follows an unexpected course in solutions buffered around pH 7. The im- plications regarding the structure of ribose will be discussed later but since the phenomenon appears to bz a general one applicable to studies of various types of polyol we give a brief summary of the results.Within a few minutes ribose consumes approxi- mately 1 mol. of periodate as determined by the arsenite method the consumption of periodate there- after proceeding slowly to approximately 4 mol. We attribute this behaviour to the reversible formation of a relatively stable intermediate complex which slowly decomposes into iodate and oxidation pro- ducts. Evidence for this is :After the consumption of 1 mol. of periodate ribose can be recovered from the solution. After titration of excess of arsenite with iodine the colour of iodine gradually increases. These results seem to be due to the re-formation of ribose and periodate by decomposition of the com- plex. The decomposition of the complex to give iodate and oxidation products follows first-order kinetics up to 75% destruction of the ribose.The complex is not stable in acid and the phenomenon is not observed if periodate is determined in acid solu- tion by the sodium thiosulphate method. Its forma- tion is independent of the nature of the buffer used. Investigation of a variety of polyols as well as aldopentoses and aldohexoses indicates that complexes of this type are formed only by a cis-cis-cis-1 :2 :3-trio1 system contained in a six-membered ring and the abnormal behaviour described above is regarded as diagnostic for this structure. Oxidation of triols not possessing this structure proceeds very rapidly to completion under the conditions men- tioned above. The iodine colour does not reappear in experiments with diols and this is thought to imply that the type of complex now described is more stable than the complexes formed between periodate and dio1s.l If the complexes with triols involve three- point attachment their greater stability is not unex- pected.It has been shown that the complex formationnowdescribed can be used to determine the PROCEEDINGS structures of certain inositols and their derivatives and to elucidate the reactions involved in the muta- rotation of certain carbohydrates. Steric considerations suggest that in forming the complex triols react in the conformation in which one hydroxyl group occupies an equatorial position and two occupy axial positions. This is confirmed by the fact that 1:6-anhydroallose in which this con- formation is obligatory forms a complex.It will be shown later that this abnormal behaviour can be used in predicting the preferred conformation of certain polyols. We are indebted to Dr. N. K. Richtmeyer for the gift of materials and to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research for a maintenance grant (to D.F.S.). (Received JuZy 1 lth 1957.) CJ Buist and Bunton J. 1954 1406. The Disproportionation of Uranyl Alkoxides AMARK. CHATTERJEE, By D. C. BRADLEY and AMIYA K. CHATTERJEE (BIRKBECK COLLEGE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON) ATTEMPTS to prepare uranyl alkoxides by reactions involving alcoholic solutions of uranyl chloride and either sodium alkoxides or ammonia were frustrated by the unexpected course of these reactions.For example addition of sodium isopropoxide to uranyl chloride in boiling isopropyl alcohol caused precipi- tation of sodium chloride and an uranium compound whilst the solution became red. The insoluble uranium compound appeared to be a product of hydrolysis of uranyl isopropoxide but evaporation of the red filtrate gave a substance intermediate in formula between U02(OPri),,PriOH and U(OPri) and in the final drying at 40"/0.05 mm. there were indications of a volatile uranium compound which could only be the hexaisopropoxide. However addition of lithium methoxide to methanolic uranyl chloride gave uranyl methoxide isolated as a yellow insoluble microcrystalline solid with empirical formula U0,(OMe)2,MeOH.Treatment of uranyl methoxide (7.1 g.) with boiling isopropyl alcohol (193.8 g.) and removal of methyl alcohol by frac- tional distillation gave an insoluble red-brown solid (4.79 g.; PriO/U 1-89) and a red solution which left a blood-red solid (2.01 g.; PriO/U 5-14) on evapora- tion. The insoluble substance was non-volatile but the soluble fraction at 100"/0~01 mm. in a molecular still gave some hexaisopropoxide (Found U 40.1 ; PriO 60.1 %; PriO/U,6.04) and a non-volatileresidue (PriO/U 1.84). This experiment has been repeated several times with similar results and it is clear that disproportionation must take place. The following equations illustrate a possible reaction sequence 3U02(OPr1),,PriOH -f U,05(OPri),,2PriOH (insol.) + UO(OPri),,PriOH (soluble) 5UO(OPri),,PriOH U,O5(0Pri),,2 PriOH -f ++ 3 PriOH 3U(OPri) (volatile) Reactions involving uranyl methoxide with tert.-butyl or tert.-amyl alcohol followed a similar course and the volatile uranium hexa-tert.-alkoxides were isolated.Preliminary results suggest that dis-proportionation is less when straight-chain alcohols are employed. The chemistry of uranyl compounds is characterised by the high stability of the UO soup as the solvated cation as a complex anion and in covalent compounds and in this light the disproportionation of uranyl alkoxides is remark- able. Alternatively it may be that uranyl alkoxides are not true uranyl derivatives e.g. UO,(OMe),,MeOH might be UO(OH)(OMe),. (Received August 19th 1957.) SEPTEMBER 1957 26 1 Partial Synthesis of Calciferol and of epicalciferol By I.T. HARRISON and B. LYTHGOE (THEUNIVERSITY, LEEDS,2) THE vitamins D among the earliest to receive structural elucidation contain a characteristic un- saturated system for which the simplest model is the cis-triene (IV); the difficulty of constructing this system has so far prevented synthesis or even partial synthesis of the vitamins or of the model triene (IV) although the latter's trans-isomer (11) has been ob- tained by three different routes? We now report a synthesis of the triene (IV) and its extension to a partial synthesis from the aldehyde2 (V) of calciferol and of its hitherto unknown C(,)-epimer. A0 The conversion of trans-into cis-a/hnsaturated ketones by ultraviolet light has long been known.3 Irradiation of the trans-dienone4 (I) gave the cis- isomer (In) m.p.33-5" &=. 304-305 mp (E 15,200 in EtOH) a change reversed by mineral acids; the isomers were separated readily on alumina. Treat- ment of the ketone (HI) with methylenetriphenyl- ph~sphorane~gave the cis-triene (IV) Amax. 260.5 mp (E 17,000 in EtOH). Its cis-structure was confirmed by its slow reaction with acids (isomerisation) and also with maleic anhydride; calciferol too reacts slowly but the trans-triene (11) reacts rapidly. Inhoffen et aL6condensed 4-acetoxycyclohexanone and the aldehyde (V) to a mixture of the epimers (VI) of undefined optical rotation and composition. In a similar way we obtained a mixture (VIj m.p.145" [a] + 175" (in C,H,) which proved to contain an excess (ca. 3 :1) of the 3 K-epimer (steroid nomencla- ture). Quantitative ultraviolet isomerisation to the 5:6-cis-epimer mixture (VII) Amax. 3 10-3 1 1 mp (E 15,000 in EtOH) followed by reaction with methylenetriphenylphosphoraneand subsequent es- terification with 3 :5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride gave a product which was separated readily into a major component epicalciferol 3 :5-dinitrobenzoate m.p. 148-1483" [aID+ 37" (in C,&) and a minor component which proved identical with calciferol 3:5-dinitrobenzoate and from which calciferol (VIII) was readily obtained pure by saponification. Saponi- fication of the epicalciferol 3 :5-dinitrobenzoate followed by Oppenauer oxidation gave the same ketone (semicarbazone) as that obtained7** by similar oxidation of calciferol.Inhoffen et aL9 have shown that 5:6-trans-0 Ho (VI) calciferol m.p. 99-lOl" [aID+ 223" (in CeH,) obtained lo by isomerisation of the vitamin can be partially reconverted into the vitamin by irradiation. They have also describedll the partial synthesis from an epimer mixture (VI) of a "trans-vitamin D2" of quite different constants m.p. 125-126" [a] + 74-8"(in C,H6). They regard the latter as a mixture of epimers; if this view proves correct and they are able to isolate from it the true 5 :6-trans-calciferol then their claimg to a partial synthesis of calciferol at present premature will become valid. It now seems possible however that their synthetic material may be essentially homogeneous and corresponds not to 5:6-trans-calciferol but to 5 :6-trans-epicalciferol.We are grateful to Dr. B. A. Hems of Glaxo Laboratories Limited for generous gifts of Vitamin D2' (Received July 26th 1957. j Harrison Lythgoe and Trippett Cham. and Ind. 1955 507; J. 1955 4016; Lythgoe Trippett and Watkins J. 1956 4060. Heilbron Jones Samant and Spring J. 1936 905; Windaus and Riemann 2.physiol. Chem. 1942,274 206. Paal and Schulze Ber. 1902 35 168. Dimroth Ber. 1938 71 1346. Wittig and Schollkopf Chem. Ber. 1954 87 1318. Inhoffen Bruckner and Grundel ibid. p. 1. Windhaus and Buchholz 2.physiol. Chem. 1938 256 273. * Trippett J. 1955 370. Inhoffen Quinkert and Hess Naturwiss.1957 44 11. loInhoffen Quinkert Hess and Erdmann Chem. Ber. 1956 89 2273. l1 Inhoffen Kath Sticherling and Bruckner Annalen 1957 603 25. PROCEEDINGS Confirmation of the Presence of a Furan Ring in Columbin KUBOTA By TAKASHI and TERUO MATS-(INSTITUTE OSAKA OSAKA, OF POLYTECHNICS CITYUNIVERSITY JAPAN) BARTONand EL AD^ have suggested structure (I) oxylate. This adduct absorbed two mols. of hydrogen which contains a furan ring for columbin C20H2206 in presence of palladium-charcoal and pyrolysis of one of the bitter principles from Colombo root the hydrogenated product yielded diethyl furan-3 :4-whereas Cava and Soboczenski2 later put forward dicarboxylate (infrared spectrum identical with that structure (11). Barton and Elad's evidence for the of an authentic specimen) which was hydrolysed to furan ring was (a) ultraviolet and infrared spectra furan-3:4-dicarboxylic acid m.p.212" (identified by and (b)the results of ozonolysis. a mixed melting point). Diethyl succinate and a tP Et0,C C0,Et Et02C C0,Et =~,,H,9** beat Et 02C~C02€t RCH:CH + Columbin gives a purple colour in Ehrlich's reac- minute amount of diethyl maleate were produced as tion and shows infrared absorption bands at posi- by-products from the pyrolysis. The amorphous tions characteristic for furan rings3 (3.19 6.65 acetyl derivative of the lithium aluminium hydride 1 1 -42 p). The Alder-Rickert decomposition* has reduction product of columbin similarly afforded now been applied to columbin derivatives in order diethyl furan-3 :4-dicarboxylate diethyl succinate to confirm the presence of a furan ring; this reaction and diethyl maleate when subjected to the above has already been employed successfully in the case of react ion.ip~meamarone.~ The formation of diethyl furan-3 :4-dicarboxylate Though columbin itself did not undergo the diene shows the presence of a /%fury1 residue as indicated synthesis the amorphous product (corresponding to in the formulae. The by-products presumably also a pentaol) resulting from reduction by lithium arise from the diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate adduct ; aluminium hydride afforded an amorphous adduct the mechanism of their formation is being in- when heated at 100" with diethyl acetylenedicarb- vestigated. (Received June 26th 1957.) Barton and Elad J, 1956 2085 2090.Cava and Soboczenski J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1956 78 5317. Yamaguchi Wakayama University personal communication. Alder and Rickert Ber. 1937 70 1354. Kubota and Matsuura J. Chem. SOC.Japan 1953 74 248. Polar Character of Acetyl Chloride By RAM CHAND SINGH SANDHU PAUL and SARJIT (PANJAB HOSHIARPUR, UNIVERSITY INDIA) A STUDY of the polar nature of acetyl chloride solvates which in most of the cases have been strongly supports the view that there is a definite isolated as for example TiCl,,AcCl SbC15,AcC1 though feeble ionization C,H,N,AcCl C,H,N,AcCl. Acetyl chloride possesses a fair solvolysing power; AcCl + Ac+ + C1-oxides nitrates nitrites carbonates and acetates A convenient working range (m.p. -112" b.p.give chlorides and in some cases this constitutes a 51.8") and a moderately high dielectric constant (15.8 very convenient method for the preparation of an- at 20") make acetyl chloride suitable for study as a hydrous chlorides e.g.,selenium tetrachloride from non-aqueous solvent. Generally speaking strongly selenium dioxide cupric chloride from cupric oxide ionic compounds are insoluble and covalent com- or cupric carbonate and mercuric chloride from pounds mostly soluble in acetyl chloride. Lewis acids mercuric acetate or mercuric oxide. The solvolysis of and tertiary bases belong to the latter class and form these compounds can be explained SEPTEMBER 1957 263 I 0 0 i.0 2.0 3.0 4-0 uO 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 25 klume of SnC14 in AcCl added Volume of TiCl4 in AcCl added Titrations in acetyl chloride FIG.1.Pyridine against stannic chloride. 2AcCl + 2Ac+ + 2C1-CuCO + CU2++ CO,-,-2Acf + 2C1-+ Cu2++ C02-+ CuCl +Ac,CO Ac,CO 3 Ac,O + CO Thus with carbonates nitrates and nitrites carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen are evolved; acetic anhydride is directly formed from acetates. Isolation of an intermediate 3CuC12,Cu0,2AcC1 at room temperature on solvolysis of cupric oxide and the formation of pure cupric chloride at higher temperatures support the view1 that with oxides an addition compound is first formed which rearranges to the chloride and acetic anhydride SeO + 4AcCl -f Se02,4AcC1 -f SeCI4,2Ac,0 -+ SeCl + 2Ac20 It has been observed that during solvolysis of a number of oxides acetic anhydride formed remains attached to the chloride.Conductivity of quaternary ammonium chlorides tertiary bases and Lewis acids in acetyl chloride indicates that they themselves or their solvates are ionic compounds. Therefore they will act as ansolvo bases solvo bases and solvo acids respectively in acetyl chloride. The neutralisation complexes or salts formed by interaction of titanium tetrachloride stannic chloride zirconium tetrachloride and tel- lurium tetrachloride as acids and trimethylbenzyl- ammonium chloride benzyldimethylphenylammon-ium chloride pyridine quinoline and a-picoline as bases have been isolated. A typical reaction between quinoline and titanium tetrachloride can be repre- sented McGookin and Page J.1951 2769. FIG.2. Benzyldimethylanilinium chloride against titanium chloride. AC TiC&,AcCI + AcCl S 2Ac’ + TiClf-2 a+ 2Ac+ + 2Cl’+ TiClt-[m] Ac TiCL:-+ 2AcCl Ac 2 As a result of these neutralisation reactions the following complexes have been isolated (CgH7N)-AcTeCI, (CgH7N),Ac,(ZrCl6), (C&?,N),AC,TiCl, (C,H7N),Ac,SnC1, (C,H,N)Ac,TeC1, (C6H7N)-AC2ZrC16 (Me,N,C,H,),ZrCl, (Me,N,C,H7),TeCl, (M e,N C7 H ,1,Ti C I, ( esN> C7 7 12snC16 (Me2N.C6H5,C7H7)2ZrC16, (Me,N.C,H,,C7H7),SnC1, (Me,N. C6H5,C,H7),TiC16 (Me,N. C,H5,C7H7),TeC16. The formation of such complexes has been con- firmed by conductimetric titrations between acids and bases in acetyl chloride. FIGS.1 and 2 show two such titrations ; the neutralisation complex in each case being insoluble.The ascending portion of the curve represents neutralisation and thus progressive removal of ions from solution; the descending por- tion shows decrease of resistance due to increase of free acid. Therefore it can be concluded that our investigations support the suggested ionisation of acetyl chloride. (Received May 31st 1957.) PROCEEDINGS A New Type of Melanin and The Biogenesis of a Perylene Derivative By J. D. BU'LOCKand D. C. ALLPORT (THE UNIVERSITY 13) MANCHESTER ANDERSON reported the isolation of and MURRAY~ 4 :9-dihydroxyperylene-3:10-quinone from the Asco- mycete Daldinia concentrica ; their procedure in- volved vacuum-sublimation of a black insoluble material precipitated from acetone extracts of the fruit-bodies.We have found that the principal con- stituent of ether extracts of the fruit-bodies is an easily autoxidised polyphenol 4 :5 :4' :S-tetrahydr-oxy-1 :1'-dinaphthyl (I). Structure (I) was con-firmed by the following synthesis and by comparison between the natural and the synthetic phenol and the derived tetra-acetates. i I +.HNOs in AcOH-H,S04 ii Activated copper bronze. iii KOH fusion. Both 1:8-dihydroxynaphthalene and the poly-phenol (I) are readily oxidised. In each case the main product is a black insoluble polymer but in the oxida- tion of the polyphenol (I) small amounts of 4:9-di- hydroxyperylene-3:10-quinone (11) are also formed. Polyphenol (I) was converted into the quinone (II) by addition of concentrated nitric acid to or by warming its solution in concentrated sulphuric acid by refluxing it with chloranil in phenetole or most significantly by aeration of its aqueous suspension in the presence of a crude mushroom oxidase preparation.Murray and Anderson considered that the highly insoluble quinone (11) was not an artefact but had been rendered soluble in acetone by the sporophore lipids. Whilst some conversion of polyphenol (I) into quinone (11) could easily have occurred during the working-up procedure we have obtained some evidence supporting the solubilisation hypothesis; moreover extraction of the fruit-bodies with cold concentrated sulphuric acid in which polyphenol (I) is relatively stable gives solutions with the charac- teristic light absorption of the quinone (11).How-ever most of the black pigment of the fruit-bodies appears to be quite insoluble polymeric and firmly bound to the cell-wall material. It is highly probable that both the perylene derivative (11) and the firmly bound pigment are formed in situ from the dinaphthyl (I). The conversion of dinaphthyl (I) into perylene (11) and into a polymer can be formulated as intra- I I and inter-molecular variants of the oxidative coupling reaction analogous to the cyclisation of pro t oh ypericin . The fruits of Daidinia cuncentrica are hard and brittle and in alternate zones the hyphal cells are heavily invested with the black pigment. When they have been broken up mechanically and exhaustively extracted with light petroleum ether and acetone the residue is a black powder which retains the microscopic structure of the original material.This powder is very resistant to hydrolysis by strong acids; it is bleached to a pale tan colour by aqueous sodium hydrosulphite and the reduced pigment re- oxidises rapidly to the black form on exposure to air. The pigment can therefore be characteristed pro- visionally as a quinonoid polymer formed in vivo by oxidative condensation of a phenolic precursor the polymer being firmly bound mechanically or chem- ically to the (undefined) cell-wall constituents. Such a description would characterise it as a novel type of melanin derived from a naphthalene precursor. (Received July 24th 1957.) Anderson and Murray Chem.and Ind. 1956 376. Brockmann Angew. Chem. 1955 706. SEPTEMBER 1957 265 NEWS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS Corday-Morgan Commonwealth Fellowship-Ap- plications are invited from citizens of any country within the British Commonwealth for the Corday- Morgan Commonwealth Fellowship. This will be awarded for post-doctorate (or equivalent) study in any branch of chemistry. It will be tenable for one year in some part of the British Commonwealth other than that in which the candidate received his scientific education at any university research insti- tution or other place of study approved by the Corday-Morgan Memorial Fund Executive. The value of the Fellowship will be 2700 per annum but additional allowances may be granted in appropriate cases for travel university fees etc.The appointment will date from October lst 1958 or such other date as may be arranged. The appointment will be made by the Executive not later than June lst 1958. Application forms and copies of the General Regulations governing the Award may be obtained from The Secretary Corday-Morgan Memorial Fund Executive c/o The Chemical Society Burling- ton House London W.l. Applications must be received by the Secretary not later than March lst 1958. Local Representative.-Dr. R. E. Richards has resigned as Local Representative for Oxford and Dr. Muriel L. Tomlinson has been appointed. Symposia and Congresses.-A Symposium on Safety in the Chemical Industry will take place on October 14-1 5th at the Royal Institution Albemarle Street London W.l under the auspices of the Chemical Engineering Group and the London Sec- tion of the Society of Chemical Industry.Sir George Barnett H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories will give the opening address on the afternoon of October 14th. The entrance fee of 2 guineas for non-members of the Society will cover a set of abstracts. Registra- tion forms may be obtained from the Assistant Secretary Society of Chemical Industry 14 Belgrave Square London S.W. 1. A Symposium on Polarography in Industry organised by the Polarographic Society will be held in London on October 24-25th. Papers submitted cover a wide range of subjects including automation and trace analysis. Speakers include overseas per- sonalities of international standing.Details may be obtained from Mr. G. Russell 15 Weald Close Brentwood Essex. Applications must be completed by September 30th. A Colloquium on Low Temperature will be held in Leyden Holland on June 23-28th 1958 under the auspices of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics. Further details may be obtained from Professor C. J. Gorter Department of Experi- mental Physics Rapenburg 67-73 State University of Leyden Leyden Holland. A conference on high polymers will be held at the University of Nottingham from July 21st to 24th 1958. Proceedings will be divided between two sec- tions meeting simultaneously the main subjects to be discussed being Section A (Reaction mechanisms and kinetics)-Heterogeneous polymerisation (in- cluding trapped or inactive radicals) ;Production of graft and block co-polymers.Section B (Physical thermodynamic and mechanical properties). Further particulars may be obtained from the Conference Secretariat International High Polymer Conferencc Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Charles House 5-1 1 Regent Street London S.W.1. The 2nd International Scientific Conference on The Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy sponsored by the United Nations will be held in Geneva on September 1-13th 1958. Subjects to be discussed include technical aspects of the atomic energy field particularly those related to nuclear power and the ecological problems it creates. Enquiries should be addressed to the United Nations Advisory Com- mittee on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy The United Nations New York N.Y.U.S.A. The 17th General Assembly and 18th International Congress of Pharmaceutical Sciences held by the International Pharmaceutical Federation will take place on September 8-15th 1958 in Brussels Belgium. Further information may be obtained from the International Pharmaceutical Federation c/o Dr. J. W. Birza 196 Bilderdijkstraat Amsterdam W Holland. The 1st International Meeting on Coal Petrology will take place at Heerlen Holland on September 10-13th 1958 under the auspices of the Inter- national Committee on Coal Petrology. Further particulars may be obtained from the Secretary Fourth International Carboniferous Congress Geo- logisch Bureau Akerstraat 66-88 Heerlen Holland.The 7th International Gas Congress will take place on September 22-25th 1958 in Rome under arrangements made by the International Gas Union. Enquiries should be addressed to Mr. K. H. Touwaide General Secretary International Gas Union 4 Avenue Palmerston Brussels 4 Belgium. Elections to the Fellowship.-l9 Candidates for Fellowship whose names were given in the Proceed- ings for July were elected on August 9th. Deaths.-We regret to announce the death of two distinguished Honorary Fellows of the Society Professor Heinrich Otto Wieland who was elected in 1929 died at Munich on August 5th and Dr. Irving Langmuir (elected October 17th 1929) died at Falmouth Massachusetts on August 17th.We also regret to report the death on September 20th 1956 in Kenya of Major James Justinian Drought who was elected a Fellow in 1902 and on January 20th 1957 of Dr. G. Minkofl formerly with The Distillers Co. Ltd. Personal.-Mr. V. G. Anderson has been elected President of The Royal Society of Victoria Australia. Dr. R. Belcher Reader in Analytical Chemistry at Birmingham University has been elected President of the Analytical Section of the International Union of he and Applied Chemistry at the XVIth Inter- national Congress held recently in Paris. Dr. Belcher succeeds Professor I. M. Kolthoff. Dr. T. P. Hoar has been elected President of the Institute of Metal Finishing for the 1957-58 session. Mr. D. C. Mandeville a Principal Scientific Officer Ministry of Defence has taken up an appointment in the Commonwealth Relations Office as Scientific Technical Adviser under the Technical Co-operation Scheme of the Colombo Plan.His duties will entail considerable travel in South and South-East Asia. Dr. D. T. A. Townend C.B.E. Director-General of the British Coal Utilisation Research Association and Dr. A. C. Monkhouse Director of the Fuel Research Station of D.S.I.R. have been appointed additional members of the Fuel Efficiency Advisory Committee. Dr. D. McKie Reader in the History and Philo- sophy of Science at University College London has been appointed to the University Chair of History and Philosophy of Science tenable at that college. PROCEEDINGS Dr.I. D. Spenser has relinquished his post in St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical College to take up an Assistant Professorship in the Department of Chemistry Hamilton College McMaster Univer- sity Hamilton Ontario Canada. Dr. R. Truscoe has arrived at Victoria University College Wellington New Zealand to take charge of the teaching of Biochemistry in the College. The title of “Reader in Chemistry in the University of London” has been conferred on Miss D. M. Hall Ph.D. in respect of her post at Bedford College. Dr. D. Feakins has been appointed to a lectureship at Birkbeck College London and Dr. B. Capon Dr. E. J. Hedgley and Mr. R. J. Ferrier have been appointed to Assistant Lectureships. Dr. R. F. Curtis Rockefeller Research Fellow in the University College of The West Indies has been appointed Lecturer in Chemistry at University College of Swansea.It is announced by the University of Ghana that Professor James Graham Professor of Chemistry since 1948 is resigning to become Managing Director of Messrs. Q.E.D. Ltd. and that Dr. G. J. Bullen Lecturer in Chemistry from 1954 is resigning to take up a Turner and Newall research fellowship tenable at University College London. Dr. A. McGookin Senior Lecturer in Organic Chemistry University of Liverpool is to retire on September 30th. Professor T. Wallace C.B.E. Director of the Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station Long Ashton is retiring after 38 years’ service with the University of Bristol. The 1957 Dexter Award in the History of Chem- istry will be presented to Mr.Williams Haynes an authority on the development of the Chemical Industry in the United States. The award is ad- ministered by the Division of the History of Chem- istry of the American Chemical Society. THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY PROGRAMME OF MEETINGS* OCTOBER 1957 TO JANUARY 1958 London Thursday October 17th 1957 ’? at 7.30 p.m. Tilden Lecture “Crystalline Ion-exchangers,” by Professor R. M. Barrer Sc.D.,F.R.S. To be given in the Large Chemistry Lecture Theatre Imperial Col- lege of Science and Technology South Kensington s.w.7. Thursday November 7th at 2.15 p.m. and 5 p.m. Symposium “Newer Preparative Methods in Organic Chemistry.” Joint Meeting with the Fine Chemicals Group of the Society of Chemical In-dustry to be held in the Large Chemistry Lecture Theatre University College Chwer Street London w-c.1- (Full details Will be circulated.) Thursday November 21st at 7.30 p.m.Meeting for the Reading of Original Papers. To be * Reprints may be obtained from the General Secretary The Chemical Society Burlington House Piccadilly, London W.l. SEPTEMBER 1957 held in the Rooms of the Society Burlington House London W.l. Thursday December 12th at 7.30 p.m. Meeting for the Reading of Original Papers. To be held in the Rooms of the Society Burlington House London W. 1. Thursday January 16th 1958 at 7.30 p.m. Tilden Lecture “Some Recent Advances in the Chemistry of the D-Vitamins,” by Professor B.Lythgoe M.A. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. To be given in the Large Chemistry Lecture Theatre Irnperial College of Science and Technology South Kensington, s.w.7. Aberdeen (Meetings will be held at Marischal College.) Friday October 4th 1957 at 7.45 p.m. Lecture “Fatty Acids of Blood,” by Dr. G. A. Garton B.Sc. Ph.D. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Friday October 25th at 7.30 p.m. Lecture “The Anti-knock Action of Tetraethyl- lead,” by Professor A. D. Walsh M.A. Ph.D. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Friday November 22nd at 7.30 p.m. Lecture “EDTA and Related Complex-forming Re-agents,” by Dr. T. S. West B.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.I.C.Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Thursday December Sth at 7.45 p.m. Lecture “Pesticides-Problems and Prospects,” by Dr. R. A. E. Galley Ph.D. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Thursday January 23rd 1958 at 7.30 p.m. Lecture “Some New Chemical Instruments de-veloped at Harwell,” by Dr. R. Spence C.B. Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with the Royal Insti- tute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Birmingham (Meetings will be held in the Chemistry Department The University.) Friday November 15th 1957 at 4.30 p.m. Lecture “Carbon-14 Compounds,” by Dr. J. R. Catch. Joint Meeting with Birmingham University Chemical Society.Friday November 29th at 4.30 p.m. Lecture “Electron Interactions,” by Dr. J. W. Linnett M.A. F.R.S. Joint Meeting with Birming- ham University Chemical Society. Friday December 13th at 4.30 p.m. Lecture “The Chemistry of Vitamin B,,,” by Professor A. W. Johnson M.A. Ph.D. Joint Meeting with Birmingham University Chemical Society. Friday January 17th 1958 at 4.30 p.m. Lecture “Modern Inorganic Stereochemistry,” by Professor R. S. Nyholm D.Sc. F.R.I.C. Joint Meet- ing with Birmingham University Chemical Society. Friday January 31st at 4.30 p.m. Lecture “The Chemistry of the Tannins,” by Professor R. D. Haworth Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. Joint Meeting with Birmingham University Chemical Society. Bristol (Meetings will be held in the Chemistry Department The University unless otherwise stated.) Thursday October 3rd 1957 at 6.30 p.m.Lecture “Detergents and Detergency,” by Mr. R. C. Tarring. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Thursday October loth at 4.30 p.m. Lecture “Thermal Movements in Crystals,” by Professor Kathleen Lonsdale D.B.E. D.Sc. F.R.S. Joint Meeting with the Student Chemical Society. Thursday October loth at 6.30 p.m. Lecture “Research in the Brewing Industry,” by Dr. A. H. Cook D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. Joint Meet-ing with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Thursday October 24th at 7.30 p.m. Lecture “The Scientific Examination of Paintings,” by Dr.A. E. Werner. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry to be held at the Technical College Brunswick Road Gloucester. Thursday October 3 lst at 6.30 p.m. Lecture “The Organic Chemistry of Phosphorus,” by Professor H. N. Rydon D.Sc. D.Phil. A.R.C.S. F.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Thursday November 14th at 5.30 p.m. Social Evening. Joint Meeting with the Royal Insti- tute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry to be held in the University Senior Com- mon Room. Thursday November 21st at 5.15 pm. Lecture “Silicones-An Introduction to their Chem- istry and Applications,” by Dr.G. G. Freeman D.Phil. F.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with the Student Chemical Society. Thursday November 28th at 5.15 p.m. Lecture “The Uses of Models in Chemistry,” by Professor D. H. Everett M.B.E. D.Phi1. Joint Meet- ing with the Student Chemical Society. Thursday November 2Sth at 7 p.m. Social Evening. Joint Meeting with the Royal Insti- tute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry to be held at the Technical College Cheltenham. Thursday December 5th at 6.30 p.m. Lecture “Design and Operation of Waste-heat Boilers,” by Captain W. Gregson. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Thursday January 23rd 1958 at 6.30 p.m. Lecture “Chemistry and Plant Nutrition,” by Dr. C. Bould.Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Cambridge (Meetings will be held in the University Chemical Laboratory Lensfield Road.) Monday October 7th 1957 at 5 p.m. Lecture “Natural Lipid Amides,” by Dr. L. Crombie B.Sc. A.R.I.C. Friday November lst at 8.30 p.m. Lecture “Heterogeneous Polymerisations,” by Pro- fessor C. E. H. Bawn C.B.E. Ph.D. F.R.S. Joint Meeting with the University Chemical Society. Friday November Sth at 8.30 p.m. Lecture “Modern Developments in Organic Chem- ical Industry,” by Dr. R. Holroyd M.Sc. Joint Meet- ing with the University Chemical Society. Friday November 29th at 8.30 p.m. Lecture “Gibberellic Acid-a Remarkable Plant- growth Promoter,’’ by Dr. J.MacMillan. Joint Meeting with the University Chemical Society. Monday January 20th 1958 at 5 p.m. Lecture “A Topic in Conformational Analysis,” by Professor R. C. Cookson. PROCEEDINGS Friday January 31st at 8.30 p.m. Lecture “General Education of the Scientist,” by Sir Eric James B.Sc. M.A. D.Phi1. Joint Meeting with the University Chemical Society. Edinburgh (Meetings will be held in the Lecture Room of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 24 George Street unless otherwise stated.) Thursday October 24th 1957 at 7.30 p.m. Lecture “Recent Developments in Acetylene-Allene Chemistry,” by Professor E. R. H. Jones D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. Joint Meeting with the Royal Insti- tute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Thursday November 14th at 7.30 p.m.Lecture “Biradicals,” by Dr. A. F. Trotman-Dickenson. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Thursday December 5th at 7.30 p.m. Lecture “Physical Chemistry in the Dyestuffs In- dustry,” by Dr. D. s. Davies. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Thursday January 9th 1958 at 7.30 p.m. Jubilee Memorial Lecture of the Society of Chemical Industry “The Pattern of Research in the Electrical Industry,” by Dr. H. K. Cameron. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Tuesday January 28tl.1 at 7.30 p.m. Lccture “Recent Developments in Polymer Science,” by Professor G.Gee Ph.D. F.R.S. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and Edinburgh University Chem- ical Society to be held in the Biochemistry Lecture Theatre Tevio t Place. Exeter Friday October 25th 1957 at 5 p.m. Lecture “The Chemistry of Vitamin BI2,”. by Professor A. W. Johnson M.A. Ph.D. To be given in the Washington Singer Laboratories Prince of Wales Road Exeter. Glasgow (Meetings will be held at the Royal College of Science and Technology unless otherwise stated.) Friday October 25th 1957 at 3.45 p.m. Lecture “Ion-exchange Resins,” by Professor C. W. SEPTEMBER 1957 Davies D.Sc. F.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with the Alchemists’ Club and the Andersonian Chemical Society to be held in the Chemistry Department The University.Friday November 15th at 7.15 p.m. Meeting for the Reading of Original Papers. Friday December 6th at 7.15 p.m. Lecture “William Ramsay a Glasgow Man,” by Dr. A. Kent MA. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Hull (Meetings will be held in the Organic Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University.) Thursday October 31st 1957 at 6 p.m. Lecture “Recent Work on Clathrate Compounds,” by Mr. H. M. Powell M.A. F.R.S. Joint Meeting with the University Student Chemical Society. Thursday November 14th at 7.30 p.m. Lecture “The Chemistry of Vitamin BIZ,’’ by Professor A. W. Johnson M.A. Ph.D. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry.Thursday November 28th at 6 p.m. Lecture “Drugs used in the Treatment of Hyper- tension,” by Dr. H. R. Ing F.R.S. Meeting arranged by the University Student Chemical Society. Thursday December 5th at 5 p.m. Lecture “Water-repellency,” by Professor N. K. Adam Sc.D. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. Meeting arranged by the University Student Chemical Society. Irish RepubIic Wednesday October 9th 1957 at 7.45 p.m. Lecture “New Antituberculosis Compounds-Their Detection and Evaluation,” by Dr. M. L. Conalty M.D. D.P.H. To be given in the Chem- istry Department University College Dublin. Friday November lst at 7.45 p.m. Lecture by Professor F. S. Spring D.Sc. F.R.S. Joint Meeting with the Werner Society to be held in the University Chemical Laboratory Trinity College Dublin.Leds (Meetings will be held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University.) Tuesday October 22nd 1957 at 6.30 p.m. Roval Institute of Chemistry Lecture “The Signific- ance of Trace Elements in Agriculture with Particular Reference to Animals,” by Dr. D. P. Cuthbertson M.D. F.R.S.E. Joint Meeting with the Leeds University Union Chemical Society. Monday November 11 th at 7 p.m. Royal Institute * of Chemistry Symposium “The Training of the Chemist.” Friday hTovember 15th at 6.30 p.m. Oficial Meeting and Tilden Lecture “Crystalline Ion-exchangers,” by Professor R. M. Barrer Sc.D. F.R.S. Liverpool (Meetings will be held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University.) Thursday October 24th 1957 at 5 p.m.Lecture “The Magnetic Properties of Transition-metal Complexes,” by Professor R. s. Nyholm D.Sc. F.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with the University Chemical Society. Thursday November 21st at 5 p.m. Lecture “Recent Studies in Relation to Biosyn-thesis,” by Professor A. J. Birch M.Sc. D.Phi1. Joint Meeting with the University Chemical Society and the University Biochemical Society. Thursday January 30th 1958 at 5 p.m. Lecture “The Synthesis of Natural Products em- ploying Acetylenic Compounds,” by Professor R. A. Raphael Ph.D. A.R.C.S. A.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with the University Chemical Society. Manchester Wednesday October 2nd 1957 2.30-5 p.m. Symposium “Newer Metals.” Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry to be held in the Large Lecture Theatre Chemistry Department The University.Newcastle and Durham Monday October 21st 1957 at 5.15 p.m. Lecture “Chemical Engineering in the Atomic Energy Industry,” by Professor P. V. Danckwerts. Joint Meeting with the Durham Colleges Chemical Society to be held in the West Building Science Laboratories The University Durham. Friday November lst at 5.30 p.m. Bedson Club Lecture “The Structure of Vitamin BIZ,’’by Dr. D. Crowfoot Hodgkin F.R.S. To be given in the Chemistry Building King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne 1. (All Fellows are invited.) Monday November 4th at 5.15 p.m. Lecture “Molecular Engineering,” by Dr. H. L. Riley A.R.C.S. D.I.C. F.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with the Durham Colleges Chemical Society to be held in the West Building Science Laboratories The University,Durham.Friday November 15th at 4p.m. Meeting for the Reading of Original Papers. To be held in the Chemistry Building King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne 1. Monday November 18th at 5.15 p.m. Lecture “cycloPentadieny1-and Benzene-Metal Compounds,” by Professor G. Wilkinson Ph.D. A.R.C.S. Joint Meeting with the Durham Colleges Chemical Society to be held in the West Building Science Laboratories The University Durham. Friday November 22nd at 5.30 p.m. Bedson Club Lecture “Recent Studies in Relation to Biosynthesis,” by Professor A. J. Birch M.Sc. D.Phil. To be given in the Chemistry Building King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne 1.Monday January 27th 1958 at 5.15 p.m. Lecture “Reduction by Metal-Ammonia Solu-tions,” by Professor A. J. Birch M.Sc. D.Phi1. Joint Meeting with the Durham Colleges Chemical Society to be held in the West Building Science Laboratories Durham. Northern Ireland (Meetings will be held at the Queen’s University Belfast.) Wednesday October 9th 1957 at 7.15 p.m. Lecture “Lubricating-oil Additives and the Motor Industry,” by Dr. D. P. Dodgson M.Sc. A.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Tuesday October 15th at 7.45 p.m. Lecture “Chemotherapy and the Chemist,” by Dr. F. L. Rose O.B.E. F.R.S. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry.Thursday November 14th at 7.15 p.m. Lecture “Some Aspects of the Structural Chemistry of Proteins and Nucleic Acids,” by Professor H. D. Springall M.A. D.Phil. F.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. North Wales Thursday November 7th 1957 at 5.45 p.m. Lecture “Studies in the Chemistry of Flavonoids,” by PROCEEDINGS Professor T. S. Wheeler D.Sc. F.R.I.C. Joint Meet- ing with the University College of North Wales Chemical Society to be held in the Department of Chemistry University College of North Wales Bangor. Thursday November 21st at 5.15 p.m. Joint Meeting with the University College of Wales Chemical Society to be held in The Edward Davis Chemical Laboratories Aberystwyth.Nottingham and Leicester Tuesday October 15th 1957 at 4.45 p.m. Lecture “Organic Chemistry-the Changing Scene,” by Sir Ian Heilbron D.S.O. D.Sc. F.R.S. Joint Meeting with the University of Nottingham Chemical Society to be held in the Chemistry Department The University Nottingham. Tuesday October 29th at 4.45 p.m. Lecture “Nuclear Resonance,” by Dr. R. E. Richards M:A. Joint Meeting with the University of Nottingham Chemical Society to be held in the Chemistry Department The University Nottingham. Monday November 4th at 4.30 p.m. Lecture “The Chemistry of Actinomycin,” by Pro-fessor A. w. Johnson M.A. Ph.D. Joint Meeting with the University of Leicester Chemical Society to be held at the University Leicester. Monday November 18th at 4.30 p.m.Lecture “Gas Chromatography,” by Mr. C. S. G. Phillips M.A. Joint Meeting with the University of Leicester Chemical Society to be held at the University Leices ter. Oxford (Meetings will be held in the Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory.) Monday October 28th 1957 at 8.15 p.m. Lecture “Recent Developments in the Study of Spectra excited in Flames and Shock Tubes,” by Dr. A. G. Gaydon F.R.S. Joint Meeting with Oxford University Alembic Club. Monday November 1 lth at 8.15 p.m. Lecture “Synthesis of Cell Constituents from Two- carbon Compounds in Micro-organisms,” by Pro- fessor H. A. Krebs F.R.S. Joint Meeting with Oxford University Alembic Club. Monday November 25th at 8.15 p.m. Lecture by Professor R.S. Nyholm D.Sc. F.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with Oxford University Alembic Club. SEPTEMBER 1957 St. Andrew’s and Dundee (Meetings will be held in the Chemistry Department St. Salvator’s College St. Andrew’s.) Friday November Sth 1957 at 5.15 p.m. Lecture “Polymerisation at High Conversion,” by Professor G. M. Burnett Ph.D. D.Sc. Joint Meeting with the University Chemical Society. Friday November 15th at 5.15 p.m. Lecture “Seaweeds and their Utilisation,” by Dr. F. N. Woodward C.B.E. F.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with the University Chemical Society. Friday January 17th 1958 at 5.15 p.m. Lecture “The Chemistry of Polyester Fibres,” by Mr. I. Goodman B.Sc. A.R.T.C. A.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with the University Chemical Society. Friday January 24th at 5.15 p.m.Lecture “Nature and Reactivity of Adsorbed Radicals in Heterogeneous Catalysis,” by Professor C. Kemball M.A. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with the University Chemical Society. Sheffield (Meetings will be held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University.) Friday October 25th 1957 at 7.30 p.m. Lecture “Structural Relationships in the Cell-wall Group of Polysaccharides,” by Professor E. L. Hirst C.B.E. M.A. D.Sc. LL.D. F.R.S. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and Sheffield University Chemical Society. Thursday November 7th at 7.30 p.m. Lecture “The Chemical Pharmacology of the Blockade of Adrenaline,” by Professor N. B. Chapman M.A. Ph.D. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and Sheffield Univer- sity Chemical Society.Thursday November 21st at 7.30 p.m. Lecture “Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,” by Dr. R. E. Richards M.A. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and Sheffield University Chemical Society. Thursday January 23rd 1958 at 7 p.m. Lecture “Chemical Biography,” by Mr. G. Mackay. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry. Thursday January 30th at 7.30 p.m. Lecture by Dr. G. W. Kemer M.Sc. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and Sheffield University Chemical Society. 271 South Wales Friday October 18th 1957 at 6 pm. Lecture “Some Photochemical Reactions,” by Professor D. H. R. Barton D.Sc. F.R.S. Joint Meeting with the University College of Swansea Chemical Society to be held in the Chemistry Department University College Swansea.Monday October 21st at 7 p.m. Lecture “An Aspect of the Chemistry of Natural Products,” by Professor C. H. Hassall M.Sc. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry to be held in the Chemistry Department University College Cardiff. Monday November 1 lth at 5.30 pm. Tilden Lecture “Crystalline Ion-exchangers,” by Professor R. M. Barrer Sc.D. F.R.S. To be given in the Chemistry Department University College Cardiff. Friday December 6th at 6 p.m. Lecture “Some Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds,” by Pro- fessor G. E. Coates M.A. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with the University College of Swansea Chemical Society to be held in the Chemistry Department University College Swansea.Southampton (Meetings will be held in the Chemistry Department The University unless otherwise stated.) Friday October 18th 1957 at 5 p.m. Lecture by Dr. F. L. Tye. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the University Chemical Society. Tuesday October 22nd at 7 p.m. Lecture 4cPhotography in Scientific Investigation ” by Dr. R. H. Herz. Joint Meeting with the Ports- mouth and District Chemical Society to be held in the College of Technology Portsmouth. Friday October 25th at 5 p.m. Lecture “Reductions in Metal-Ammonia Systems,” by Professor A. J. Birch M.Sc. D.Phi1. Joint Meet- ing with the University Chemical Society.Friday November 29th at 5 p.m. Lecture “Hydrocarbon Compounds of Transition Metals,” by Professor G. Wilkinson Ph.D. A.R.C.S. Joint Meeting with the University Chemical Society. Friday January 17th 1958 at 5 p.m. Tilden Lecture “Some Recent Advances in the Chemistry of the D-Vitamins,” by Professor B. Lythgoe M.A. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. APPLICATIONS FOR FELLOWSHIP (Fellows wishing to lodge objections to the election of these candidates should communicate with the Honorary Secretaries within ten days of the publication of this issue of Proceedings. Such objections will be treated as confidential. The forms of application are available in the Rooms of the Society for iilspection by Fellows ) Algar William Herbert. Pine Ridge Doiir ale Victoria Australia.Banks Barbara Eleanore Cowan M.Sc. Department of Chemistry Uni; ersity College Gower Street London W.C. 1. Bartlett Neil B.Sc A R.1.C 1 Winchcombe Place H~gh Heaton Newcastle-upon-Tyne 7. Cadenas Raul Alberto I3Chein. Humboldt 2253 Buenos Aires Argentine. Chambers Robert Warner A B Ph.D. Department of Biochemistry New York University College of Medicine New York N Y. Davis Brian Reeve M.Sc. 8 Brett Avenue Takapuna Auckland New Zealand. Evanega George R. 930 Fourth Street Fullerton, Pennsylvania. Fels Robert Miller. 465 Stirling Highway Cottesloe Western Australia. Golding Raymund Marshall B.Sc. Department of Chem- istry Auckland University College Auckland New Zealand. Grasemann Paul Adolf B.A. 2294 University Avenue Bronx New York U.S.A.Harper Douglas Charles B.Sc. 47 Dale Hall Lane Ipswich Suffolk. Harrington Thomas John B.A. Ratcliffe College, Syston Leicester. Holdgate Robin Herbert R.Sc. 10 Crescent Road, Parnell Auckland C.4 New Zealand. Husain Ather M Sc 88 Randolph Avenue London W.9. Ingle Richard Brouncker B.Sc. 74 Bristol Road Chippenham Wilts. Keay Leonard M Sc ,Ph.D ,A.R I C 53 Bourne Road Bexley Kent Kingsford Michael KSc. Department of Chemistry, Auckland University College Auckland New Zealand. McDonald James Alan B.Sc. 34 Arney Crescent, Remvera S E.2 Auckland New Zealand. Mahmood Nasir B.Sc. c/o Chief Inspectorate of Arrna- ments P.O. Box No. 14 RaMaalpindi West Pakistan. Philip BrGther H. M.A. 5900 West Belmont Avenue Chicago 34 Illinois U S.A.Procita Leonard A B. M.S. Ph.D Department of Phai macology State University of New York, Broohlyn 3 New York USA. Prosser Alan Philip B.Sc A.R.C.S Ph.D Department of Inorgamc and Physical Chemistry The University Liverpool. Ralph Raymond Keith M.Sc. Depattinent of Chem- istry N.S.W. University of Technology Ultimo, Sydney N.S.W. Australia. Safranek Josef 10 Pobrezni Praha 3-Karlin Czecho-slovakia. Selbin Joel B S. Ph.D. Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana U.S.A. Storey Bayard Thayer A.B. M.S. Top Hill South Hamilton Massachusetts USA. ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY A guide to the literature of chemistry. E. J. Crane, A. M. Patterson and E. B. Marr. 2nd edn. Pp.397. John Wiley & Sons Inc. New York. 1957. J. C. Poggendorff’s Biographisch-literarischesHand-worterbuch der exakten Naturwissenschaften. Vol. VIIa Part 2 F-K No. 4. Pp. 385-512. Akademie-Verlag. Berlin. 1957. Chemistry of the covalent bond. L. B. Clapp. Pp. 684. W. H. Freeman and Company. San Francisco. 1957. (Presented by Bailey Bros. & Swinfen Ltd.) Vapor-liquid equilibrium data. Ju Chin Chu Shu Lung Wang S. L. Levy and R. Paul. Pp. 754. J. W. Edwards Publisher Inc. Ann Arbor Michigan. 1956. Proceedings of the seventh meeting of the International Committee of Electrochemical Thermodynamics and Kinetics Lindau 1955. Pp. 409. Butterworths Scientific Publ. London. 1957. Chromium. Volume 11. Metallurgy of chroniium and its alloys.M. J. Udy. (American Chemical Society Mono- graph Series No. 132.) Pp. 402. Reinhold Publ. Inc. New York. 1956. Chemical and physical propel ties of lithium com-pounds Foote Mineral Company. Philadelphia. 1957. (Presented by Dr. L. A. Wiles.) Internationaler Riechstoff-Kodex. International com-pendium of aromatic materials. 3rd edn. Edited by Arno Mullqr. Pp. 377. Dr. Alfred Huthig Verlag. Heidelberg. 1950. (Presented by Dr. H. de Laszlo.) Chemie der Zucker und Polysaccharide. F. Michee and A. Klemer. This book listed in Proc. Chem. SOC. 1957 240 has been presented by D. P. Sephton in memory of the late Eric W. Hood. Microdiffusion analysis and volumetnc error. E. J. Conway. 4th edn. Pp. 465. Crosby Lockwood & Son, Ltd. London.1957. (Presented by the Publishers.) Testing and analysis of plastics. Part 1 (pp. 119). The identification of plastics. Part 2 (pp. 108). The testing of plastics. J. H. Collins. (Plastics Monograph Nos. C.1 and C.2.) 2nd edn. Plastics Institute. London. 1954-1955. (Presented by the Plastics Institute.) Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials. Vol. 56 (1956). Committee reports. Technical papers Pp 1498. American Society for Testing Materials. Philadelphia. 1957. Symposium on biocolloids given at Research Con- ference for Biology and Medicine of the Atomic Energy Commission sponsored by the Biology Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Gatlinburg Tennessee. 1956. (J. Cellular Comp. Pltyszol. 1957 49 Supplement 1.) Pp. 322.Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology. Phila- delphia. 1957. (Presented by Alexander Hollaender.) The chemical substances influencing mental and physical development. Sir Charles Dodds. (Evening meet- ing of the Royal Institution held November 9th 1956.) (Proc. Roy. Znst. 1956,36 163.) Pp. 18. Royal Institution London. 1956. (Presented by the Royal Institution.)
ISSN:0369-8718
DOI:10.1039/PS9570000241
出版商:RSC
年代:1957
数据来源: RSC
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