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Proceedings of the Chemical Society. December 1957 |
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Proceedings of the Chemical Society ,
Volume 1,
Issue December,
1957,
Page 329-368
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY DECEMBER 1957 THE SOCIETY’S ANNIVERSARY MEETINGS AT BRISTOL 1958* THEAnniversary Meetings of the Society will be held in Bristol from Monday March 31st to Wednesday April 2nd 1958. In view of the possible need to limit numbers Fellows are urged to make application on the accompanying forms as early as possible and in any case before Saturday March lst 1958. The Symposium Handbook containing details of all functions will be sent to all Fellows who have registered. Registration. Fellows may attend any of the scientific meetings including the symposia free of charge and without application. Those requiring abstracts of papers to be read at the symposia or wishing to take part in the visits or social events or to stay in the University Halls of Residence are required to pay a non-returnable registration fee of 10s.Od. Non-Fellows may also register on payment of a registration fee of €2. 2s. Od. A separate registration is not required for wives accompanying those who have registered. A Conference Centre will be located in the Engineering School which is near the various lecture theatres. Lounge facilities maps information etc. will be available and Fellows may collect mail. Accommodation. Accommodation for Fellows and their wives has been arranged at three of the University Halls of Residence. Manor Hall is within easy walking distance of the University buildings where the symposia will be held; Wills Hall and Churchill Hall are on adjoining sites about two miles from the University but transport will be provided for the principal functions.Rooms are available from before supper on Sunday March 30th until after breakfast on Thursday April 3rd. A booking fee of El is required from all Fellows who wish to stay in a Hall of Residence and are not prepared to pay the total cost in advance. The cost which includes dinner in the evening room for one night breakfast and gratuities is as follows Single room per person per night . . .. .. .. .. . . El. 10. 0. Double room per person per night .. .. .. .. .. . . El. 5. 0. It is regretted that no allowance can be made for meals not taken. Fellows are asked to note that lunch will not be provided in the Halls of Residence but may be obtained on cash payment at the University Refectory near the Conference Centre.Fellows intending to make use of the Refectory (which provides lunch for about 3s. 6d. cafeteria service only) are asked to indicate this on the application form. * Reprints may be obtained from the General Secretary The Chemical Society BurIington House Piccadilly London w.1. 329 330 PROCEEDINGS Morning coffee (10.30-11.30 a.m.) and afternoon tea (3.30-4.30 p.m.) will be provided at the Conference Centre and those who intend to partake of these are asked to pay 3s. 6d. to cover the cost for the threedays; no tickets will be issued. There are several restaurants and hotels near the University available to Fellows who do not wish to make use of the Conference arrangements for lunch; a list of these will be given in the Conference Handbook together with a list of hotels to which Fellows who do not wish to stay in Halls of Residence can apply for accommodation.Symposia. Three Symposia will be held during the Meetings. Sessions will in most cases nm concurrently. Provisional details are given below. Abstracts of the papers to be presented will if available in time be sent to all who register for the Meetings. Full reports of the symposia including the papers in full and details of the discussion will be issued as Nos. 12 13 and 14 in the Society’s series of Special Publications. An order form will be circulated and Fellows may place advance orders ct favourable prices. It is hoped that the volumes will be issued before the end of 1958. Library Exhibition. The University Library possesses some interesting early writings on Chemistry ; the University Librarian Mr.J. Shum Cox has kindly agreed to arrange a special exhibition of these works in the Library of the Engineering School. PROGRAMME Monday March 3ist the coach will take visitors to Glastonbury for lunch and then via Wells to Cheddar for 9.30 a.m.-12.45 p.m. Organic and Physical a visit to a cave and for tea. Price 17s. 6d. Symposia. Due back 6.30 p.m. 2.15 p.m.-5.15 p.m. Organic Physical and (4) 10.30 a.m. A special excursion to Glastonbury Inorganic Symposia. Wells and Cheddar only will be arranged in 5.30 p.m.4.30 p.m. Lecture on Bristol by Mr. addition to (3) if there is sufficient demand. Basil Cottle Main Lecture Theatre Engineering Price 17s. 6d. Due back 6.30 p.m.School. 8.30 p.m.-l1.00 p.m. Reception for Fellows and Tuesday April 1st their ladies given jointly by the Lord Mayor 9.00 a.m. Annual Meeting of Local Representatives and Corporation of the City of Bristol and in the Council Chamber of the main University the University of Bristol at the Council House building. College Green. (Dinner jacket or dark lounge 9.30 a.m.-1 2.45 p.m. Organic Symposium. suit.) 2.1 5 p.m.-5.15 p.m. Inorganic Symposium. 9.30 p.m.-10.15 p.m. As part of the Council 7.30 p.m. for 8.00 p.m. Anniversary Dinner at House Reception Fellows are invited to the Queen’s Hall Berkeley Square. (Admission attend a short programme of vocal and by ticket price El. 8. 0. each including instrumental music given by the University gratuities and sherry but excluding wines Music Society under the direction of Professor served with the meal.) (Dinner jacket or dark W.K. Stanton. This will take place in a separate lounge suit.) room of the Council House. Visits 2.00 p.m. Imperial Smelting Corporation 1.45 p.m. J. S. Fry and Sons Ltd. chocolate Ltd. Avonmouth. Tea as guests of the manufacturers Somerdale. Tea as guests of Company. Price 3s. Od. Due back 5.30 p.m. the Company. Price 3s. Od. Due back 5.20 p.m. 2.15 p.m. W. D. and H. 0. Wills (Imperial 2.30 p.m. South Western Gas Board Staple- Tobacco Company Ltd.) Bedminster. Tea ton Bristol. Tea as guests of the Board. No as guests of the Company. Price 3s. Od. charge. Due back 5.20 p.m. Due back 5.30 p.m. 9.10 a.m. C. and J. Clark Ltd.shoe manu- 2.05 p.m. The Kleen-e-ze Brush Company facturers Street. Morning refreshments as Ltd. Hanham. Tea as guests of the Company. guests of the Company. After leaving Street Price 3s. Od. Due back 5.30 p.m. DECEMBER (8) 2.00 p.m. Long Ashton Agricultural Research Station. Tea as guests of the Station. Price 3s. Od. Due back 5.30 p.m. (9) 12.15 p.m. National Coal Board Coal Research Establishment Stoke Orchard near Cheltenham. A packed lunch will be provided for the journey. Price 13s. Od. Due back 7.00 p.m. (10) 2.00 p.m. Albright and Wilson (Mfg.) Ltd. Portishead. Tea as guests of the Company. Price 3s. Od. Due back 5.30 p.m. (I 1) 11.00 a.m. Excursion to Longleat House with lunch at the Bath Arms Horningsham. Inclusive price 18s.6d. Due back 6.00 p.m. Wednesday April 2nd 10.00 a.m. Annual General Meeting (FOR FELLOWS ONLY). Main Lecture Theatre Engineering School. 1 1.15 a.m. Presidential Address “Polysaccharides of the Marine Algae,” by Professor E. L. Hirst C.B.E. D.Sc. LL.D. F.R.S. Large Lecture Theatre Department of Physics Royal Fort. 12.45 p.m. for 1 .OO p.m. Luncheon for Members of the Chemical Society Council their wives and guests by invitation of the Imperial Smelting Corporation Ltd. in the Coronation Room of the Berkeley Restaurant Berkeley Square. 2.15 p.m.-5.15 p.m. Physical and Inorganic Symposia. 8.30 p.m.-10.30 p.m. Reception for Fellows and their ladies by invitation of Messrs. Albright 33 1 and Wilson Ltd. in the Reception Room of the University.(Dinner jacket or dark lounge suit.) Visits (12) 10.00 a.m. Tour of the City of Bristol. Price 3s. 6d. Due back 1.00 p.m. (1 3) 1.45 p.m. J. S. Fry and Sons Ltd. chocolate manufacturers Somerdale. Tea as guests of the Company. Price 3s. Od. Due back 5.30 p.m. (14a) 2.30 pm. John Harvey and Sons Ltd. wine importers. No charge. Due back 4.30 p.m. (14b) 3.00 p.m. John Harvey and Sons Ltd. wine importers. No charge. Due back 5.00 p.m. (15) 2.10 p.m. Mardon Son and Hall Ltd. colour printers. Tea as guests of the Company. Price 3s. Od. Due back 5.30 p.m. (16) 2.10 p.m. St. Anne’s Board Mill Company Ltd. Tea as guests of the Company. Price 3s. Od. Due back 5.30 p.m. (17) 2.10 p.m.The Bristol Aeroplane Company Ltd. Tea as guests of the Company. Price 3s. Od. Due back 5.30 p.m. (18) 2.30 p.m. The Distillers Company Ltd. Bristol Yeast Factory. No charge. Due back 5.30 p.m. (19) 2.00 p.m. Excursion to Bath with a visit to the Roman Baths and tea at the Pump Room. Price 8s. Od. Due back 5.30 p.m. (20) 2.00 p.m. Excursion to Berkeley Castle. Tea can be obtained (on cash payment) at the Castle. Price 7s. 6d. Due back 6.00 p.m. SYMPOSIA “Developments in Aromatic Chemistry” Monday March 31st 9.30 a.m.-12.45 pm. Chairman Professor E. L. Hirst C.B.E. F.R.S. 1.Biogenesis and Metabolism of Aromatic Compounds “Biosynthesis of Aromatic Compounds from C and C,Fragments” by A. J. Birch (Manchester). “Intermediates in Aromatic Biosynthesis” by G.Ehrensvard (Lund). “Metabolism of Aromatic Compounds” by C. E. Dalgliesh (London). Monday March 31st 2.15 p.m.-5.15 p.m. Chairman :Professor W. Baker D.Sc. F.R.S. II. Non-benzenoid Conjugated Systems “Diphenylene and the cycloButadiene Problem” by J. F. W. McOmie (Bristol). “Azulenes and Related Substances” by W. H. Stafford (Edinburgh). Tuesday April 1st 9.30 a.m.-12.45 p.m. Chairman Professor M. J. S. Dewar M.A. D. Phil. III. Benzyne and Fundamentals of Conjugation “The Fundamentals of Conjugation in Ring Systems” by C. A. Coulson (Oxford). “Benzyne as an Intermediate in Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution” by J. D. Roberts (California). PROCEEDINGS “Applications of Electron and Nuclear Resonance “Recent Work on the Inorganic Chemistry of in Chemistry” Sulphur” Monday March 31st 9.30 a.m.-12.45 p.m.Monday March 31st 2.15 p.m.-5.15 p.m. Chairman Professor W. E. Garner C.B.E. Chairman Professor G. Gee F.R.S. F.R.S. “Molecular Forms of Sulphur” by G. Gee General Introduction “Electronic and Nuclear (Manchester). Magnetic Resonance in Physical Chemistry” “Polymorphic Transformations between cc- 8- by H. C. Longuet-Higgins (Cambridge). and y-Sulphur” by N. H. Hartshorne (Leeds). “Electron Resonance Spectra of Sodium Complexes A film illustrating these transformations will be of some Aromatic Hydrocarbons and their shown. Keto- Nitro- and Cyano-derivatives” by “Recent Results of Researches on Metal Sulphide D. H. Whiffen (Birmingham).Structures” by H. Hahn (Kiel). “The Investigation of Free Radicals by Electron “Inhibition of the Polymerisation of the Low-Resonance ” by D. J. E. Ingram (Southampton). melting Form of Sulphur Trioxide” by C. F. P. “Gaseous Equilibria involving Free Electrons” by Bevington (Imperial Smelting Corporation T. M. Sugden (Cambridge). Avonmouth). Tuesday April 1st 2.15 p.m.-5.15 p.m. Monday March 31st 2.15 p.m.-5.15 p.m. Chairman Professor Dr. Margot Becke-Goehring Chairman Professor D. H. Everett M.B.E. “Addition Compounds of Sulphur Trioxide” by M.A. D.Sc. Margot Becke-Goehring (Heidelberg) “Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Liquids” by “Chain Compounds of Sulphur” by F. Feher R. E. Richards (Oxford). (Cologne). “Structural Investigations in Solids by Nuclear “Compounds containing Sulphur and Fluorine” Magnetic Resonance” by E.R. Andrews by R. N. Haszeldine (College of Science and (Bangor). Technology Manchester). “Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in High Polymers” “Chemical Reactions in the Production of Sulphur by J. A. S. Smith (Leeds). Dioxide from Calcium Sulphate” by D. J. bbHigh Resolution Proton Magnetic Resonance of Dijksman (Imperial Chemical Industries Bil- Organic Compounds” by J. A. Pople (Cam- lingham). bridge). Wednesday April 2nd 2.15 p.m.-5.15 p.m. Chairman Professor H. J. EmelCus F.R.S. Wednesday April 2nd 2.15 p.m.-5.15 p.m. “Bond Type and Orbital Size in Sulphur Com- Chairman Professor H. C. Longuet-Higgins pounds” by D. P. Craig (University College M.A. D.Phi1. London).“Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance in Chlorine Com- “Inter-relations of the Oxy-acids of Sulphur” by pounds” by M. J. S. Dewar (London). F. H. Pollard (Bristol). “Some Recent Applications of Nuclear Quadrupole “Microbial Transformations of Inorganic Sulphur Resonance in Structural and Radiation Compounds” by J. Postgate (Chemical Research Chemistry” by J. Duchesne (Likge). Laboratory Teddington). VISITS Members are not expected to apply for visits to competitive organisations without having Jirst ascertained from the management concerned that their presence is acceptable. In general members are asked not to take cameras into industrial premises. 1. J. S. Fry and Sons Ltd. Fry’s chocolate factory the oldest in the high-quality cocoa and chocolate for home country was established in the City of Bristol and overseas markets.in 1782. After occupying a series of different buildings Fry began to build the present 2. South Western Gas Board. garden city factory at Somerdale in 1921. The modern plant at Stapleton has a daily Visitors can see large-scale production of capacity of seventeen million cubic feet of DECEMBER 1957 333 which ten million are produced in continuous imports and the production of cigarettes one vertical retorts with external breeze heating. of its principal industries. It sends nearly one Waste steam is used to generate electricity million pounds per day to the Chancellor of which provides all the power necessary to the Exchequer! operate the works. Low-pressure steam is 7.The Kleen-e-ze Brush Company Ltd. used for various processes in the plant and This firm was founded in 1923 and employs new developments in gas purification can be about four hundred persons on the production seen. of household and industrial brushes of nearly 3. C. and J. Clark Ltd. ten thousand different types. About fourteen hundred sales representatives are also em-’The first shoe-making factory that opened ployed. in Street was an enterprise of the Clark family in 1829. It provided an outlet for one of the 8. Long Ashton Agricultural Research Station. principal products of the many dairy farms Although originally founded as an Institute round about and helped to provide work for to study cider-making it has now developed those displaced from the declining glove- in association with the University into a making and cloth-weaving industries of north Station studying all aspects of fruit and willow Somerset.The country between Bristol and culture mineral nutrition of plants manufacture Street is very attractive and of especial interest of cider Perry and fruit juices and the domestic (see under 4). preservation of food. 4. Glastonbury Wells and Cheddar. 9. National Coal Board Coal Research Establish- ment. The market town of Glastonbury is generally These laboratories are a post-war develop- regarded as the cradle of British Christianity ment of fuel research and provide a central and is associated with many legends of King station at which the manifold problems Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table associated with coal and its utilisation are with Joseph of Arimathea and the Holy Grail.studied. These are directed towards coal It contains several medieval buildings including preparation briquetting and carbonisation, the remains of one of the wealthiest pre also the study of coal pyrolysis and the con- Reformation Abbeys. The tiny City of Wells version of low-rank coal into smokeless fuels. is purely ecclesiastical in atmosphere and The journey from Bristol via the Cotswold Hills contains in its cathedral bishop’s palace chain and the Severn Valley is unusually pleasant. gate vicars’ close moat lawns houses and the foothills of Mendip one of the rarest of 10. Albright and Wilson (Mfg.) Ltd. surviving pictures of a medieval cathedral A new factory for the production of elemen- city.The well-known limestone gorge at tary phosphorus has been erected at Portishead Cheddar cutting into Mendip is one of the since the war. Visitors may see plant for few really spectacular bits of scenery in the receiving drying and blending the materials South of England. used and the electrothermal process by which the phosphorus is produced. Special plant 5. Imperial Smelting Corporation Ltd. has also been developed for treatment of liquid The branch of the Corporation at Avonmouth effluent. is the National Smelting Company producing 11. Longleat House. zinc and cadmium and all associated by-Longleat House is the seat of the Marquis products. Fluorine compounds form a relatively of Bath set in a valley a few miles south-east recent addition to the long list of products.of Frome. The house dates mainly from the Visitors will see production of zinc by the old sixteenth century although the interior contains Belgian horizontal retort and by the new much Italian workmanship of later date. continuous vertical process with its associated Among portraits of many famous personages sintering plant. The Research Laboratories are some by Holbein Lely Raphael Reynolds will also be on view. Rubens and Van Dyck. The enormous Park 6. W. D. and H. 0. Wills. owes something of its present appearance to The Bedminster factory of the Imperial the work of Capability Brown. Tobacco Company specialises in the production 12. Tour of the City of Bristol. of cigarettes by highly mechanised modern In this visit which will be of swcial interest methods.Tobacco is one of Bristol’s oldest to ladies it is hoped to include*the Georgian PROCEEDINGS House (complete with all its period furniture) 17. The Bristol Aeroplane Company Ltd. St. Mary Redcliffe (Bristol’s finest ecclesiastical The gigantic works and hangars of B.A.C. building) and several of the buildings and are at Filton north of the city. Visitors will see streets of the ancient city. If time allows the the fuselage and wing sub-assembly line and coach will return via the docks the Avon the final production line of the Britannia. Gorge and the Suspension Bridge. 18. The Distillers Company Ltd. 13. J. S. Fry and Sons Ltd. Visitors will see the preparation of yeast See visit (1).for bread-making and the plant where yeast 14. John Harvey and Sons Ltd. is propagated and concentrated into cream form. Filtration via dehydrators packing, Visitors can see the home of the famous storage and despatch of goods are also shown. Bristol sherries. In the bonded warehouses 19. City of Bath and Roman Baths. wines are stored in cases and casks and some Bath is famous for two things-the Roman sherries are blended bottled labelled wrapped remains of Aquae Sulis and Georgian archi- and packed. In the duty-paid cellars wines are tecture. There is a fine museum of Roman stored and matured. Vintage ports of 1904 remains housed near the impressive Roman 1927 1934 1935 and 1947 can be seen. Baths. The nearby Abbey is mainly of the 15.Mardon Son and Hall Ltd. sixteenth century. The rest of central Bath is This firm of colour printers carton and box almost entirely of the eighteenth century with manufacturers which employs four thousand splendid squares crescents and terraces climb- five hundred persons supplies most of the ing up the green hills by which the city is advertising and packaging material for the surrounded. Imperial Tobacco Company. The colour 20. Berkeley Castle. printing processes are of special interest to This fortified medieval building which now visitors. has an atomic power station as a near neighbour and has only recently been opened to the public 16. St. Anne’s Board Mill Company Ltd. is one of the very few castles still in occupation. The mill uses about 90,OOO tons of pinewood It was spared demolition by Cromwell’s forces pulp per annum in the production of paper and and was frequently visited by Francis Drake paper board.For this purpose about half a who was able to sail his ships into the castle million gallons of water are taken from the moat. Edward Jenner of vaccination fame Avon every hour-a process requiring con- lived and died at the Chantry near Berkeley siderable mechanical equipment. church. CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS YESTERDAYy TODAY AND TOMORROW By E. J. CRANE (EDITOROF Chemical Abstracts THEOHIOSTATEUNIVERSITY 10 OHIO,U.S.A.) COLUMBUS Chemical Abstracts now in its fifty-first year published abstracts and indexes will disappear looks ahead with confidence as to its opportunity from the picture.for growing usefulness during a second half- Here and there throughout the scientific world century. There was never a time of greater need earnest groups are seeking to apply mechanical for comprehensive abstracts and effective in-or electronic principles more widely in informa- dexes. Because of the growing need for help in tion recording and retrieval. When mechanised dealing with the great quantity of rapidly ac-recording and searching become practicably cumulating chemical literature many are seeking effective for broad fields of scientific literature (I better methods of recording scientific informa- prefer the optimistic “when” to a sceptical “if,” tion and of making it readily available for use. but do not forget certain realistic considerations) Chemical Abstracts has a separate Research there will still be a justifying need for abstract Department and expects to remain active among journals with their index keys.Many individuals the searchers for better methods and in any ac-and small groups will not have the facilities for ceptable successful developments and applica- mechanised searching or the money to pay for tions thereof. However we do not expect that such searching service done elsewhere. Moreover DECEMBER 1957 ~~ they will want to examine current abstracts in order to keep themselves informed and indexes to which they can turn for quick access to certain kinds of information. Also they will want indexes to use for searching when they recognise a need for personal growth and change as to ideas and resources during a search.We now believe that the desirable mechanked systems will supple- ment published abstracts and indexes not re-place them at least not for a long long time. The Chemical Abstracts Service has a future not only as the producer of an abstract journal with its indexes but also in the development of other methods of dealing with chemical literature and in services based thereon. ABSTRACTS of PAPERS PUBLISYED ClEMlClL ABSTRACTS 1907 -1956 L ltlO 1ttO 1930 During the first fifty years of the life of Chemical Abstracts much happened in the chem- ical world and much happened to Chemical Abstracts. Perhaps the provision of some statis- tics reflecting the growth of the abstracting and indexing task during this period and the enumera- tion of some of the steps taken effectively to meet this growing task will be of interest.The journal has done a certain amount of pioneering in its field. From Annual Volume 1 published in 1907 to Volume 50 published in 1956 the number of journals systematically covered by the abstract- ing of all of their papers containing new informa- tion of chemical interest grew from 475 journals to a little over 7,000 such publications. The articles abstracted now come from 85 countries and appear in over 40 languages. The number of abstracts of papers published has grown from 7,975 in Volume 1 to 78,009 in Volume 50. In addition 12,350 abstracts of patents were published in Volume 50.Patents were not abstracted by Chemical Abstracts until the beginning of its third volume. The accom- panying curve based on abstracts of papers pub- lished shows some significant trends. The effects of World War I and of World War I1 are clear. It will be noted that the slopes of the curve show-1940 1950 1960 ing growth in chemical literature before World War I and between the end of World War I and the beginning of World War TI exhibit parallel rises. The much more precipitous climb of the curve since the end of World War I1 illustrates the stimulated chemical research activity which followed the war and occurred during it. Indexing has been developed strongly by Chemical Abstracts during its first fifty years. From author indexes plus meagre subject indexes to begin with the journal has added organic ring indexes (in 1916) formula indexes (in 1920) and numerical patent indexes (in 1935) and subject indexing has been developed in various ways.Much effort has been expended by Chemical Abstracts in an attempt to raise subject indexing as a science and art to a high level of effective- ness. Only well-trained chemists thoroughly schooled in indexing undertake the work. From an average of a little less than two subject entries per abstract in the earlier volumes indexing density has been increased to approximately six entries per abstract during 1956. (When all kinds of indexes published are taken into consideration the average abstract is given 12.5 index entries.This does not include repetition in collective indexes.) The use of systematic inverted names for organic compounds in subject indexing begun in 1916 and continued to the present provides a useful degree of classification of entered com- pounds with the Formula Indexes serving as a parallel service often more effective for the loca- tion of individual compounds and useful as a key to the grouped subject index entries because the names given in the Formula Index correspond to those used in the Subject Index. Something over 50,000 new compounds are now prepared and announced each year. These must be systematic- ally named and indexed and there are of course many additional entries in the Chemical Abstracts indexes for known compounds which have been studied.The 1955 Formula Index contains entries for approximately 100,000 compounds. That first half century of Chemical Abstracts has seen the central office staff grow from two chemists and three clerical workers during the first half dozen years to 143 workers in 1957 about half of whom are chemically trained. These include workers on the collective indexes on nomenclature on research and on library functions. The abstracting staff has increased from 155 abstractors in 1907 to 1,400 workers in this category (all part-time contributors) in 1957. The first editor of Chemical Abstracts was William A. Noyes (for 1907 and 1908). He con- ducted his work initially from his office at the Bureau of Standards in Washington D.C.and then at the University of Illinois. In 1909 when Austin M. Patterson became editor The Ohio State University invited him to bring the Chem-ical Abstracts office to the University’s Chemistry Building inasmuch as Doctor Patterson’s home PROCEEDINGS was near Columbus the home of the University. Chemical Abstracts has been generously provided with office space by The Ohio State University ever since. From an original room of approximately 20 square feet floor space our facilities have grown step by step until now Chemical Abstracts has a building of its own on the campus with 27,700 square feet of floor space available. This build- ing constructed jointly by the University and the American Chemical Society in 1955 is shown in accompanying pictures (facing p.352 et seq.) with a few inside views shown also. This practi- cal form of recognition of the useful role of Chemical Abstracts in scientific research is a fine example of broad-minded and farseeing co-operation. John J. Miller followed Austin M. Patterson as Editor of Chemical Abstracts during a portion of 1914 and since then after having served as an Associate Editor for three years the present editor has had the privilege of being continuously at this post. The author of thisarticle does not write of hearsay. Chemical Abstracts has long placed special emphasis on striving for (1) completeness (2) quality in abstracts (3) promptness and (4) thorough and thoroughly good indexing. Completeness is not alone a matter (a) of re-porting every published paper or patent contain- ing new information of chemical or chemical engineering interest but also (b) of keeping in- dividual abstracts adequate at least complete from the indexing point of view and (c) of thorough indexing.Some advocate selective abstracting easily understandable these days when there is more chemical literature than can be dealt with readily but Chemical Abstracts takes the view that most chemists do not want a fallible editor to decide what is of interest and value to them or what may be useful to them in the years to come. We do pass by obviously un- suitable material (general writeups news stories unsupported statements of opinion and the like) and judgment as to quantities of information to be given in individual abstracts amounts to a kind of selectivity.What is a good abstract ? Some consider that descriptive or indicative abstracts are adequate. Chemical Abstracts publishes a considerable DECEMBER 1957 number of descriptive abstracts (for some papers in the more readily available publications and for borderline material as to chemical interest) but believes it to be desirable for abstracts to be informative whenever this is possible within reasonable limits. We try to insist on abstracts which are complete from the indexing point of view or else go to originals for indexing for the sake of a complete record. This means that it is considered that abstracts should contain or make specific reference to every measurement observa- tion method apparatus suggestion and theory presented as new and of value in itself.Also all new compounds and all elements compounds and other substances for which new data are given should be entered in abstracts. When this is not entirely apparent from the title we believe that abstracts should begin with a statement of the author’s purpose in the work reported and that author’s conclusions from their work should be given. We believe in adequate precision and of course in accuracy in reporting. We advocate brevity insofar as it is consistent with the above considerations with more space allowed for abstracts of papers in publications which are not readily available to many.The length of abstracts cannot properly be standardised. The correlation of related abstracts by the use of references thereto in an abstract is regarded as very helpful. We know that quality in our abstracts varies and that it cannot always be safeguarded or guaranteed. We try to safeguard it by the assign- ing of work to specialists as to the subject matter or fields insofar as possible and by utilising the generous help of fifty Section Editors in the edit- ing of abstracts. The Section Editors are special- ists in the fields represented by their sections of the journal. These gentlemen do much work for Chemical Abstracts and we are proud of the fact that this group averages twenty-five years of service a few having been helping during more than forty years.Promptness of accomplishment-we are not as proud of our record in this respect as we should like to be. I know that British publica- tion of abstracts has often been prompter. This situation gives me added appreciation of the value of your very prompt Current Chemical Papers. A recent arrangement to receive im- portant European chemical journals by airmail in advance proof form is materially helping on promptness. This is one of the accomplishments of the Abstracting Board organised by The Inter- national Council of Scientific Unions on which Chemical Abstracts is represented by its editor. Abstracts are published as (1) a current in- formation service and (2) as a retrospective searching service.We believe in the importance of each but have considered it better to place the emphasis on providing a good available record for long use. Even so our record for promptness seems to be much better than that of many smaller abstracting undertakings and this is true whether one has in mind the appearance of abstracts or the appearance of indexes. A study made by a group of physicists of the time it takes for abstracts to appear in several abstract journals led to the conclusion that our abstracts were appearing about three and one-half months after the appearance of original papers on the average which gave us a good relative position in this respect. Another like study by a group of pharmaceutical and medicinal chemists reported this period for their field to be about five months.The average is probably somewhere between these two figures. Our use of part-time abstrac- tors active in chemical work (busy men) is a factor in delay. It is a case of putting more emphasis on quality than on speed. Also the effort for completeness is a factor. A selective abstract journal can show a better record of promptness than can a journal which undertakes to include the hard-to-get abstracts and to go back to include abstracts of occasional missed papers. Our Subject and Formula Indexes have been lagging somewhat during the past few years but only a matter of a few months and not a matter of a few years as with some abstracting services. In 1956 Chemical Abstracts published approxi- mately 4,700 large fine-print pages of index material.Just the printing thereof was a task of six months. Chemists are scarce in America and shorthandedness is difficult to avoid. It is par- ticularly difficult during these days of rapidly growing literature to build staff rapidly enough for a science and art as difficult to learn to do well as the indexing of chemistry with its great variety of subject matter and its numerous in- creasingly complex compounds to be systematic- ally named. Collective indexes complicate this problem. The Author Indexes to Chemical Abstracts have never appeared later than sometime in February with the exception of last year when the date was early March. In reporting the dates of appearance of the 1954 and 1955 Author Indexes to Chemical Abstracts as having been May 1955 and April 1956 respectively R.E. Fairbairnl must have had arrival in England (possibly delayed) in mind. Our 1954 Author Index appeared during the first half of February and the 1956 Author Index during the first week of March. Fully half of the effort in the Chemical Abstracts office is devoted to the production of indexes and this does not take into account the collective indexes. Without good indexes infor- mation is often buried even in a collection of classified abstracts certainly in an extensive col- lection. Only chemists with strong training in chemistry and then in indexing are used in the produktion of our Subject Formula and Ring Indexes.An indexer is put on his own responsi- bility without the checking of his entries only* after 3-5 years of experience in indexing Chem-ical Abstracts and even after that much checking is done. Also a great deal of editorial work follows for the sake of consistency a very im- portant characteristic of an index. Consistency is safeguarded by a master file of 65,000 cross references which are matched by our unique in- verted cross-reference file useful in index editing. Information is not lost in a large index if the index is kept consistent and is otherwise well prepared. The chemists who index ChemicaE Abstracts are spared clerical operations by being equipped to dictate entries. This works even when entering compounds under such index names as Azep-[3,2,1-hi]indole-d7(4H),a-ethanol 1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-6-(hydroxymethyl)-.Each indexer has a separate small room with a magnetic recorder conveniently available for use.Electric type- writers are used in transcribing the recorded entries on 3”x 5” paper slips. To help in the relatively inexpensive operation of arranging the cards alphabetically use is made of a device known as the SorterGraf. The cards after editing go to the printer without being Fairbairn Chem. and Ind. 1957 654 PROCEEDINGS copied (put in manuscript form) and the cards are put in suitable small packages by use of a packaging machine after having been micro- photographed to safeguard against loss. Beyond the above mechanisation of index production carefully studied has not proved to be feasible.Much is being said these days about punched-card indexes and records. No compre-hensive punched-card system has been found yet to be effective for a field as broad as the whole of chemistry and the related sciences in which chem- istry is often used. Dealing with chemical com- pounds by means of punched cards is more promising than is the mechanical handling of the less definite information (chemical phenomena for example) recorded in scientific literature. Successful punched-card files relate for the most part to limited subject matter with the operation of each system in the hands of the builder thereof. The effort for scientific literature mechanisa- tion is worthy and it should be fostered.The objective should be kept high and the limitations should be recognized. Machines cannot think but they can tirelessly do many things with great rapidity and accuracy. Machines cannot provide information that human beings have not with forethought put into them but machines have real possibilities for the manipulation and helpful correlation of information. Machines cannot grow at least not nearly so much as can a human literature searcher in the course of a search but there may be ways to introduce opportunities for the latter kind of growth. A possibility is machine searching by steps with the human searcher entering the picture between strides. At least the manipulation correlation and organisation of information by machines may under some circumstances put information in a form more amenable to growth by indi- viduals in the course of searches.Machines will increasingly help scientists in many ways in deal- ing with information but really successful mech- anisation of scientific literature recording and searching will not be obtained until machines can do at least as much as standard indexes can do and do this as well. Reasonable overall expense will be a factor in wide use of machines. The fundamental problem in all indexes or other keys to recorded information is to bring DECEMBER 1957 into coincidence the vocabulary used in making the keys and that of the users. Chemical Abstracts is endeavouring to keep well informed and alert with reference to mech- anisation possibilities and to help in solution of the problem.Next year we expect 10 produce Numerical Patent Indexes to the individual numbers of Chemical Abstracts with mechanical aid. The publication of interim Subject and Formula Indexes (monthly perhaps) has been studied and appears to be worth while. Such indexes cannot be producedunder present circum- stances (we are building staff for the Fifth Decen- nial Index) but interim indexes are a possibility for the future. The Fifth Decennial Index will be huge. This index now in preparation will contain 5,500,000 entries calling for the use of 28,000,000 words. These will fill 21,500 pages divided into 19 volumes. Twelve miles of galley proof measured from top entry to bottom entry per galley will have to be checked and read.These figures give some indication of the busy research activity of chemists the world over during the past decade. The Fifth Decennial Numerical Patent Index and the first volume of the Fifth Decennial Author Index are now being printed. Chemical Abstracts has long had a number of auxiliary operations or projects (1) A good deal of chemical nomenclature work both directly and indirectly connected with the production of Chemical Abstracts and its indexes is done by staff members. One chemist works full time now on nomenclature and ap- proximately the equivalent of another chemist does this also. Our widely used 121-page booklet entitled “The Naming and Indexing of Chemical Compounds by Chemical Abstracts” is an example of a product of nomenclature work done both for Chemical Abstracts directly and for other use.This booklet is used as a guide by a number of American chemical firms with record- ing problems. (2) The 314-page 1956 List of Periodicals Abstracted by Chemical Abstracts provides a good deal of information concerning the period- icals entered including a key to the files of 296 libraries in the United States Alaska Canada Hawaii Mexico and Puerto Rico. This list issued in complete revised form at five-year intervals will hereafter have an annual supple- ment published as a part of the journal. Our journal-name abbreviations are used by many. (3) Our effort to learn of books of chemical interest both for announcement and for help in our work each year turns up approximately 2,000 new or revised books of this kind now.(4) As a matter of esprit de corp Chemical Abstracts has a house organ entitled The Little CA which goes from time to time to the many widely scattered Chemical Abstracts workers. This little publication fun to prepare carries useful information to the abstractors and adds interest in the work through better acquaintance. (5) Directions for Abstractors and Section Editors of Chemical Abstracts an indexed 46- page booklet contains much concentrated infor- mation on nomenclature symbols forms and abbreviations and has attracted a good deal of use by other than the Abstractors and Section Editors of the journal.For example since the last revision of the Directions in 1952 5,200 copies have been purchased by chemists with no Chemical Abstracts connect ion. As will perhaps be clear from some of the paragraphs above our objective goes somewhat beyond the publication of Chemical Abstracts with its indexes. This was recognised a little under two years ago by designating our activities as constituting “The Chemical Abstracts Ser- vice.” As time goes on there will be further ex- pansion of activities. Right now aside from the Fifth Decennial Index which may in a way be regarded as an extra and besides the so-called auxiliary operations mentioned above we are actively at work on the following (1) Revision of the Patterson-Cape11 Ring Index which with the addition of approximately 4,000 new rings will result in a two-volume book each volume of which will be of approximately the size of the original 660-page Ring Index.(2) Publication as a memorial of a book which will consist of Austin M. Patterson’s Nomencla- ture Columns which appeared in Chemical and Engineering News plus a biography of Doctor Patterson and a photograph. (3) Issue of a small book descriptive of the publication and use of Chemical Abstracts. (4) Preparation for a readership survey of Chemical Abstracts. (5) Research projects too numerous to outline here. Chemical Abstracts now self-supporting at a basic subscription price less than half the average subscription price for scientific journals when measured in terms of words furnished (approxi- mately 19,500,000words per year now) starts its second half century determined to be as useful as PROCEEDINGS can be.Many help to make this possible out of belief in the journal’s usefulness. With such help surely continuing to be available the future looks bright in spite of many tough problems posed principally by the magnitude and complexity of the growing mountain of chemical information. In wordage the indexes being counted Chemical Abstracts is twenty average scientific journals in one. From heavy use this journal wears out in libraries. Chemical Abstracts is not wearing out in any other way. CHEMICAL SOCIETY MEETING AT a Scientific Meeting of the Chemical Society held at Burlington House on Thursday November 21st’ 1957 with the President (Professor E.L. Hirst) in the Chair the following papers were read and discussed. The Chemistry of Bacteria. Part VII. The Structure of oxindolylider e grouping. This resulted in the forma- C. B. BARRETT tion of oxindole from pyrolysis and anthranilic acid Violacein. By J. A. BALLANTINE R. J. S. BEER STEPHEN ALEXANDER from the chromic acid oxidation of both pigments. EARDLEY ROBERTSON, B. L. SHAW,and T. H. SIMPSON. New evidence derived from a study of a soluble and easily crystallised methylation product of violacein suggests that the pigment may have either of the two molecular formulae C,,Hl,03N3 or C,,H1303N3. The behaviour of violacein with aqueous alkali has been re-examined and the un- stable yellow product first described by Wrede and Swanel is now formulated as (I) closely related to the CZ0acid2 (11) which is prepared from violacein by reductive hydrolysis.If the C, formula is accepted for violacein structure (111) accounts satisfactorily for the formation of acids (I) and (IJ). Less probable structures based on the C, formula were also dis- cussed briefly. CO-H CO-H Professor A. W. JOHNSON pointed out that the structure now proposed for violacein resembled that of isatin blue which had been studied recently in the Nottingham laboratories in that both contained the The colour of violacein was attributed to the existence of charged structures as in the case of isatin blue. The structure proposed3 for the product formed from violacein by the action of hydrogen iodide did not appear to be compatible with the structure now advanced for violacein.The Structure of Laminarin. Part I. The Main Poly-meric Linkage. Part II. The Minor Structural Features. By STANLEY and PEAT,W. J. WHELAN H. G. LAWLEY. Laminarin is a polysaccharide found in the Laminaria species of seaweed. It occurs in a soluble and in an insoluble form. Previous investigations had suggested that these were both polymers of P-glucose in which the inter-sugar linkage was of the 1 :3-type. Partial acid hydrolysis and fractionation of the laminarins has confirmed that this is the main type of linkage since the major products are glucose and the series of laminaridextrins the di- tri- tetra- and penta-saccharide members of which have been iso- lated and characterized.Two previously unsuspected features of the polysaccharide molecules have also been revealed by an examination of the hydrolysates. D-Mannitol has been found in both types of laminarin and constitutes about 2 % of insoluble laminarin and about 3% of the soluble form. Mannitol-containing di- and tri-saccharides have also been isolated and their structures show that the hexitol occupies a terminal position in the laminarin molecule being linked through Cu) to the reducing end of a chain of 1:3 linked p-glucose units. The second newly discovered structural feature is the /?-1 6-glucosidic linkage proved to be present in Wrede and Swane Arch.exp. Pathol. Pharmakol. 1937 186 532. Ballantine Barrett Beer Boggiano Clarke Eardley Jennings and Robertson J. 1957 2222. Beer Jennings and Robertson J. 1954 2679. DECEMBER 1957 small proportion by the isolation from insoluble laminarin of gentiobiose and two trisaccharides each containing a /3-1:6-and a /3-1:3-linkage. Soluble laminarin yields a higher proportion of gen tiobiose. The picture of laminarin revealed by these investi- gations is of a linear molecule of /$glucose residues in which repeating sequences of 1:3-links are occa- sionally interrupted by a 1 :&linkage. Some but not all of the reducing chain ends are coupled to mannitol. Methods have been developed for estimat- ing the mannitol content of laminarin the molecular size and the proportion of 1:6-links.Professor E. J. BOURNE asked for more details of the reasons which had led to the conclusion that the rnannitol residues were terminal. Dr. WHELAN said that the non-reducing tri- saccharide fraction of the laminarin hydrolysate consisted almost entirely of 1-0-P-laminaribiosyl-mannitol this structure being consistent with the idea of mannitol-terminated chains. If mannitol were within the laminarin molecule more than one non- reducing trisaccharide should have been found. A very small amount of 1 :6-di-O-~-gIucosylmannitol was in fact obtained. This could mean that some mannitol was within the chains but the amount of trisaccharide was so small that no definite significance was attached to this finding.Dr. D. J. MANNERS referred to his own work on the rate of formaldehyde production during the periodate oxidation of laminarin. The results were consistent with the view that mannitol was situated at the end of (and not in the middle of) approximately one-half of the polysaccharide molecules. In the subsequent discussion Dr. MANNERS described recent experiments on methylated in- 341 soluble laminarin which indicated the presence of a small degree of branching. Part I. Indicator Measurements in the Solvent Systenis ZnCI,-AcOH and ZnC1,HCl-AcOH. By D. BETHELL,V. GOLD and D. P. N. SATCHELL. Part II. Diarylmethylation in these Systems. By D. BETHELL and V. GOLD. I. Ionisation ratios of Brarnsted bases and of di-(p-methoxypheny1)methyl alcohol and chloride in solutions of zinc chloride in acetic acid increase with rising concentration of the zinc chloride.In the presence of hydrogen chloride the ionisation ratios pass through a maximum decrease to a minimum and then rise again as the concentration of zinc chloride is raised. The measurements are interpreted as reflecting corresponding changes in the acidity (in the Bramsted-Lowry sense) of the media. The charac- teristic dependence of the ionisation ratios on zinc chloride concentration is attributed to two forms of chemical interaction between zinc chloride and acetic acid. Secondary differences in behaviour between the two types of indicator are discussed. 11. Diarylmethylation of anisole in acetic acid is catalysed by zinc chloride and by mixtures of zinc chloride and hydrogen chloride in a manner which parallels the effect of these substances on the ionisa- tion ratios of an indicator of similar structure as the aralkylating reagent.The reagent is introduced as diarylmethyl chloride or acetate but under the ex- perimental conditions it is present predominantly in the form of the acetate. The results show that the sole function of zinc chloride in the reaction is the generation of Brarnsted acidity in the solution by virtue of its interaction with the co-catalysts hydrogen chloride and acetic acid and the concomitant pro- duction of carbonium ions from the reagent. The substitution step proper is the bimolecular reaction between diarylcarbonium ions and anisole.COMMUNICATIONS Polyphenols and Tannins of Schinopsis (Quebracho) spp. H. G. C. KINGand T. WHITE (FORESTAL LABORATORIES, CENTRAL HARPENDEN) WE have supplemented a study of the composition of quebracho tannin extract the major extract of commercial importance with a detailed investigation of the polyphenol content of the fresh leaves and twigs bark sapwood and heartwood of the three species used Schinopsis balansae S. lorentzii and S. heterophylla. Extracts of the tissues prepared in the laboratory and containing a full range of constituent phenols have been examined by two-way paper chromatography with a wide range of diagnostic reagents and many of the polyphenols in the tissue extracts have been identified.The results clarify the phenolic metabolism of the Schinopsis spp. the origin of condensed tannins in the Anacardiaceae generally and show a connection between hydrolys- able tannins and condensed tannins in this family. PROCEEDINGS The polyphenols of the leaves and twigs of the Schinupsis spp. consist only of quinic acid deriva- tives and hydrolysable tannins (0-galloyl-carbo-hydrates). Two isomeric p-coumaroylquinic acids two isomeric chlorogenic acids and two isomeric neochlorogenic a~ids~~~~~~~ are present and the isomeric theogallinl and neotheogallin are provi-sionally identified (this identity was suggested by Dr. E. A. Roberts). The hydrolysable tannin com- ponents identified include corilagin chebulagic acid chebulic acid ellagic acid and a gallotannin.With gallic acid they parallel the substances found by Schmidt5in myrabolams extract. No flavonol leuco- anthocyanin catechin or similar substance was observed. The barks contain the quinic acid derivatives noted in the leaves the gallotannin referred to above two of the (as yet unidentified) galloyl derivatives and small amounts of (+)-catechin. -OH H The sapwoods contain considerable amounts of gallic acid the gallotannin and two unidentified galloyl components derived from the leaves. These hydrolysable derivatives increase in amount up to the sapwood-heartwood boundary and then disap- pear suddenly. The sapwood also contains (+)-catechin and a feucofisetinidin (I; G1 = glycosyl residue) which has been isolated and appears to be a monoglucoside.Both increase in amount in the inner sapwood but gradually disappear in the outer one-third of the heartwood. The innermost sapwood also contains a leucocyanidin which behaves similarly. The disappearance of the hydrolysable tannins (+)-catechin and the two leucoanthocyanins is accompanied by formation of the typical heartwood “tannins” whose structure is still undetermined. General blurring of the chromatographic pattern occurs at the same time. Heartwood formation also involves the develop- ment of a number of strongly fluorescent flavonols known to include 3 :7 :4’-trihydroxyflavone fisetin GI) 4’-methoxyfisetin robinetin and their deriva- tives.6 Only four of these flavonols are present in the sapwood; the others presumably arise in the heart- wood.Their origin is suggested by the presence in the sapwood of fustin (dihydrofisetin) and two other dihydroflavonols one of which is believed to be di- hydrorobinetin. The heartwood also contains two other C15 compounds of a type not previously recorded as natural products namely 2-benzyl- 2 :6:3’:4’-tetrahydroxycoumaran-3-one(111) and its 4’-methyl ether. The structural analogy of these two substances to fisetin and 4’-methoxyfisetin suggests a biogenetic metabolic relation between the fisetin fustin feucofisetinidin and benzyl-hydroxy-coum- aranones found in these materials. This is supported by our observation7 of the hydroxyaurone sul-phuretin (IV) in the heartwood of Rhus cotinus (Anacardiaceae) which is also known as a source of fustin since sulphuretin is readily derived from the benzyltetrahydroxycoumaran-3-oneby dehydration.Since also the leaves of many Anacardiaceae are sources of hydrolysable tannins while their heart- woods provide condensed tannins it seems that the primary synthesis of polyphenols in the leaves of the Anacardiaceae leads to hydrolysable tannins. These are passed to the sapwood and at the sapwood- heartwood boundary participate in condensed-tannin formation. At some stage in the cambial layer or outer sapwood C, derivatives of the catechin feucoanthocyanin flavonol flavanol and benzyl-coumaranone types arise presumably from the same hydrolysable tannin source of phenolic nuclei and the (+)-catechin and feucoanthocyanins appear also to participate in the final formation of condensed tannin molecules.Some of these tannins may con- tain recognisable anthocyanidin residues in the leuco-form but the rest of the molecular structure is still largely unknown. Key ingredients have been isolated and identified by classical methods as will be described elsewhere. (Received November 4th. 1957.) Cartwright and Roberts J. Sci.Food. Agric.,1954 5 593. Idem Chem. and Ind. 1955 230. Williams ibid. 1955 120. Cartwright Roberts Flood and Williams ibid. 1955 1062. Schmidt Das Leder 1954 5 129. Kirby and White Biochem. J. 1955 60,582. King and White unpublished work. DECEMBER 1957 343 A Volatile Chlorohydride of Platinum By J.CHATT,L. A. DUNCANSON and B. L. SHAW LABORATORIES CHEMICAL LIMITED, (AKERSRESEARCH IWERIAL INDUSTRIES THEFRYTHE WELWYNHERTS.) A REMARKABLE chlorohydride of the formula (PEt,),PtHCI has been obtained in very good yield by the reduction of cis-or trans-(PEt,),PtCl,. It has m.p. 82" and is very soluble in all organic solvents even light petroleum. It distils unchanged at 130"/0.01 mm. and is colourless and diamagnetic. This chlorohydride is unique amongst transition- metal hydrides in a number of ways. The crystalline solid has a strong sharp band at 2,230 cm.-l (2,195 cm.-l in CCI,) in its infrared absorption spectrum. This can certainly be attributed to the Pt-H stretching mode of vibration.It occurs shifted by a factor of about 342 at 1,601 an.-' in the spectrum of the corresponding deuteride. This is the first definite example of a transition-metal hydride existing in discrete molecules and without carbon as a ligand atom. It is also the only example of a com- pound having both a hydrogen and a halogen atom attached to a noble-metal atom. Its stability is remarkable. Pt(0) is isoelectronic with Au(I) and so one might expect (PEt,),Pt to exist as a thermally stable entity isoelectronic with the well-known PEt,AuI which can be distilled at 0-03 mm. without decomposition.l Nevertheless (PEt,),PtHCl has shown no sign of decomposition into (PEt,),Pt and HCl. Even in the presence of moist air it is stable in organic solvents except some chlorinated solvents such as carbon tetrachloride where it slowly reverts to cis-(PEt,),PtCI,.We have some incomplete evidence that it reduces alkyl halides especially the iodides to the hydrocarbon but otherwise it is only a mild reducing agent. Thus it precipitates silver from ethanolic silver nitrate but is not oxidised in air. It dissolves in dilute aqueous ammonia probably by reversible formation of the amine [(PEt,),,NH,PtH]Cl and is recovered unchanged by evaporating the solution on a water- bath or on acidification of the solution with hydrochloric acid. The formation of this type of hydride is rather sensitive to the nature of the groups attached to the phosphorus atom. Bis(tri-n-propy1phosphine)chloro-hydroplatinum is as easily prepared as its ethyl analogue but we were unable to prepare such a pro- Mann Wells and Purdie J.1937 1828. Cotton and Wilkinson Chem. and Id. 1956 1305. duct from triphenylphosphine and that from tri- methylphosphine is much less stable than the tri- ethyl derivative. Triethylarsine forms a stable analogue (AsEtd ,PtHCl. We are indebted to L. H. Sutcliffe and J. Lee in Professor C. E. H. Bawn's laboratory for the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the chlorohydride (PEt,),PtHCl. The Pt-hydrogen atom causes a weak triplet band with a chemical shift of + 22 p.p.m. (H,O standard). Two of the triplet bands are prob- ably due to the platinum isotope of nuclear spin = Q and the other to the isotopes of zero spin. The shift is much greater than the large shifts already observed for a few transition metal hydrides e.g.FeH,(C0)42 (+ 15.6) and ReH(C,H5),3 (+ 17.2) and indicates that the proton is in a region of exceptionally high electron density. The infrared spectrum with its strong sharp band at 2,230 cm.-l has its nearest analogue in ReH(C,H,),. This has a weak band at -2,000 cm. -l which may be the Re-H stretching fre- quency. In carbonyl hydrides e.g. CoH(CO), the only band which might be attributed to a hydrogen vibration is at 703 ~m.-l.,?~ It is of interest here that we find a band at 824 cm. in the spectrum of (PEt,),PtHCl (solid) which is not present in the deuteride and must be due to a Pt-H bending mode. The chloride ion is readily replaced by other acid radicals to give substances of the composition (PEt,),PtHX (X = Br I SCN).These and other similar substances are at present under investigation. The stereochemistry of the chlorohydride is un- certain. It seems rather improbable that it has a square planar arrangement of groups such as is found in (PEt,),PtCl, but with one chlorine replaced by hydrogen. We should then expect the hydrogen atom to be more anionic in character than it appears to be. Perhaps the phosphine molecules and chlorine atom are arranged trigonally about the platinum atom and the hydrogen atom buried in the d, orbitaL5 Its structure is at present under X-ray investigation by Dr. P. G. Owston to whom we are also indebted for the determination of the magnetic susceptibility.(Received October 28th 1957.) Wilkinson and Birmingham J. Amer. Chem. SOC.,1955 77 3421. Edgell Magee and Gallup ibid. 1956 78 4185. Cf. Liehr Naturwiss. 1957 44 61; 2.Naturforsch. 1957 12b 95. PROCEEDINGS ~ The Electrodeposition of Hydrogen By W. GUTTand D. J. G. IVES DEPARTMENT COLLEGE, (CHEMISTRY BIRKBECK LONDON) EXPERIMENTS have been reported1 suggesting that gold electrodes de-activated by being heated in hydrogen are capable of retaining a disequilibrium concentration of cathodically generated atomic hydrogen for long periods. In accordance with ex- pectations similar effects have now been found with platinum micro-electrodes poisoned by electro-deposited mercury with or without traces of mercuric chloride in the 0*001N-hydrochloric acid as electro- lyte.These electrodes showed high positive rest potentials. In absence of stirring the cathodic over- potentials at current densities up to 0.125 amp. cm.-2 were very high and irreproducible and did not follow a Tafel law. Conditions were violently turbulent around the electrodes which blackened during con- tinued current flow and ultimately shed a tenuous and unstable black deposit the nature of which remains to be investigated. After cathodisation the negative electrode potentials decayed in a slow and inflected manner on open circuit. Provided that a limiting current density was exceeded in the im- mediately preceding cathodisation the potential- time curves which were remarkably reproducible showed well marked arrests at a constant potential of about -600 mv of length proportional to the current density and duration of the cathodisation.In addition the reducing power of these electrodes has been studied by touching them on to a porous “target” of tungsten oxide through which a stream of electrolyte was continuously drawn. In all cases contact made during current flow produced an im- mediate blue imprint. For the unpoisoned electrodes this property vanished at once when the circuit was broken but it was retained on open circuit by the poisoned electrodes for as long as 15 minutes decay- ing with time but remaining even when the electrode had become positive with respect to the reversible hydrogen electrode potential in the same solution in its progress to the final rest potential of some + 600mv.Even if amalgamation of the electrodes promoted formation of an unstable solid hydride this cannot be identified with the black electrode deposit which equally formed at unpoisoned electrodes appeared to be devoid of reducing power. The violent condi- tions which prevailed at the electrodes during current flow wouId also in such a case strongly disfavour reproducible potential decay curves with charac- teristics quantitatively defined by the whole of the previous cathodic treatment. No such difficulty arises if the close resemblance of these curves to desorption isotherms is in fact due to the release of hydrogen atoms which have penetrated into the metal phase during cathodisation.Evidence was adduced in favour of this occurrence at the thermally deactivated gold e1ectrodes.l Attention is drawn to the fact that all the characteristic features of behaviour of the gold electrodes are reproduced by the poisoned platinum electrodes together with the additional and con- sistent evidence of persistence of reducing power. The distinction between hydride on the one hand and adsorbed or interstitial hydrogen atoms on the other is not clear-cut and with no evidence for an identifi- able hydride phase the physical rather than the chemical approach is preferred. These results reinforce the view that modern theories of the hydrogen-evolution reaction2 do not give adequate attention to the r61e of hydrogen atoms3 Moreover the conclusion to which these theories lead that at platinum electrodes the atom- recombination reaction is very fast but is rate-limiting whilst at mercury it is very slow but is not rate-limiting is paradoxical enough to require more substantial support than is available.In fact Knorr4 has shown the weakness of the evidence relating to low-overpotential metals and has strongly re-inforced5 the inverse relation established by Bon- hoffer6 between overpotential and catalytic power which has been disposed of as “anomal~us”~ on the strength of evidence* open to quite different inter- pretation. Further although it is well known that strong support exists for rate-limitation by slow dis- charge at mercury electrodes the subsequent stages of the reaction at this metal have never been unequi- vocally identified.s This unsatisfactory position could be due to the general assumption that only the three reaction steps usually associated with the names of Volmer Tafel and Horiuti need be con- Ives and Swaroopa J.1955 3489. * Bockris “Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry,” Butterworth London 1954. Hickling and Salt Trans. Faraduy SOC. 1942 38 474. Knorr 2.Elektrochern. 1955 59 647. 5 Knorr and Schwartz Z. phys. Chem. 1936 176 A 161. Bonhofier-,ibid. 1924 113 199; Naturwiss. 1927 6 219. Bockris J. Electrochem. SOC. 1952 99 366C. 8 Schechter Acta Physicochim. U.R.S.S. 1939 10 379. @ Frumkin ibid. 1943 18 23; Gerischer and Mehl 2.Elektrochem. 1955 59 1049. DECEMBER 1957 sidered.Kobosew and NekrassowlO suggested the alternative of evaporation of hydrogen atoms from the electrode surface into the solution; although their work which established a relation between the overpotential at a metal and its reducing power for tungsten oxide suspensions was criticised by Frum- kin and his schoo1,ll it has been substantiated by Poltorak,12 who has convincingly demonstrated “re- duction at a distance” from a high overpotential cathode as well as retention of reducing power after cathodisation. Kobosew maintained his views in his “adsorption theory of hydrogen overpotential”13 which in spite of certain weaknesses very adequately explained the opposite effects of poisons on the catalytic and “electrocatalytic” activities of metals.The most satisfactory treatment of the relation be- tween adsorption and overpotential has been given by Gerischer,14 but is again confined to the same three reaction steps. It is suggested that this “Volmer-Tafel-Horiuti” limitation has done as much as anything else to obfuscate full understanding of the hydrogen-deposition reaction and that it should be reviewed again on the basis that there is no lack of evidence that hydrogen atoms can exist in solution for a finite time15 and no reason to suppose that generated at an electrode they need be in equilibrium with the gas phase need be potential-determining in the Nernst sense or are unable to leave the electrode by evaporating into the solution. Developments in radiation chemistry have estab- lished the hydrogen molecule-ion H,+ as a frequent intermediate and Coulson16 has given a mandate for thinking that its considerable bond energy oupple- mented by a hydration energy little less than that of 345 the proton may give it appreciable stability in solu- tion.In this case one cannot exclude the reactions H + H,O+ = H2+ + H,O and H + H20 = H2+ + OH-and they provide a possible means for the evaporation or desorption of hydrogen atoms from an electrode surface to at least a distance into the solution where their subsequent fate can mo longer be considered part of the electrode process. On this basis with reasonable quantitative assump- tions about energy terms Gerischer’s calculati~ns~~ may be extended and lead to the conclusion that the evaporation process (for which the name “Kobosew step” is suggested) should follow a slow discharge step at cathodes for which the adsorption energy of hydrogen atoms is less than about 30 kcal.g.-atom-l. It is undeniable that the molecule-ion must be a participant however transitory in the Horiuti electrochemical desorption step. It is therefore per- missible to envisage a transition state which could break down in alternative ways according to whether desorption or electron transfer were the easier cTmns:tlon stat-4 H Kobosew To summarise it is clear that the distinction between various mechanisms depends upon the sequence of operations of discharge combination and desorption.Desorption has always been assumed of necessity to be preceded by or coupled with com- pletion of discharge of all the ions involved and it is now suggested that this need not be so. It is hoped to elaborate this view later. (Received November Is?,1957.) lo Kobosew and Nekrassow ibid. 1930,36 529. l1 Bagotsky and Jofa Compt. Rend. U.R.S.S. 1946 53,439; Frumkin Jofa and Bagotsky Zhur. fiz. Khim. 1951 25 1117. l2 Poltorak ibid. 1953 27,599. l3 Kobosew ibid. 1952 26 112. l4 Gerischer Z. phys. Chem. (Frankfurt) 1956 8 137. l5 Harteck and Roeder Z. phys. Chem. 1937 178 A 389. l6 Coulson J. 1956 778. The Constitution of Photosantonic Acid By D. H. R. BARTON SHAFIQ P. DE MAYO and MOHAMMED (IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON s.w.7) PHOTOSANTONIC ACID and its related ethyl ester photosantonin are two of the santonin irradiation products1 whose structures remain unelucidated.It is a y-lactonic carboxylic acid2 containing one double bond since with monoperphthalic acid its ester gives a saturated epoxide m.p. 87-90” [a],+ 10”.This double bond is present in an isopropylidene group since ozonolysis of photosantonin or of the related hydroxy-acid (m.p. 138” [a] -24”) gave acetone. The relationship of the carboxyl and the iso-propylidene group was shown by treatment with bromine which led to the bromo-lactone (11; X = The earlier work of the Italian School is summarised by Simonsen and Barton “The Terpenes,” Vol. 111,Cambridge Univ. Press 1952. Barton de Mayo and Shafiq J. 1957 929; and earlier work there cited.Br) m.p. 173-177" (decomp.) [aID+ 30" having bands in the infrared spectrum at 1,777 and l,730cm.-l (y-and hctones). This was stable to ozone but was reduced by zinc dust and acetic acid back to the starting acid. This relationship was confirmed by treatment of photosantonin epoxide with the boron trifluoride-ether complex to give the orthoester3 (111) m.p. 167-169" [a],+ 98",converted into the hydroxy-dilactone (11; X = OH) m.p. 172-175" [aID+ 41" by aqueous mineral acid. The latter substance also obtained by the action of mono-perphthalic acid on photosantonic acid was de-hydrated (thionyl chloride-pyridine) to an anhydro- compound m.p. 137-139" [a],+ 88" which did PROCEEDINGS not give formaldehyde on ozonolysis.On the basis of all this evidence photosantonic acid must contain only one ethylenic linkage and therefore have two carbocyclic rings. The Italian workers showed that with ethanolic hydrogen chloride photosantonic acid gave a mixture of active and racemic "dehydrophotosantonic acids" formulated by them as (IV). This formulation was supported by stepwise decarboxylation to the hydro- carbon (V) the structure of which was well estab- lished. However stepwise decarboxylation implies some difference in the environments of the two carboxyl groups a fact better explained by the alter- native structure (VI). The correctness of the latter has been shown by acid-catalysed cyclisation of the dehydro-acids to the indan-1 -one (VII) m.p. 11 1-1 12" [a],f0" Amax.254 mp (E 8,700) infra- red Max. indicative of an indanone. The relationship of the remaining carboxyl group to the indanone- carbonyl group is indicated by reduction with sodium borohydride to the alcohol m.p. 119-124" con-verted by heat into the oily &lactone (VIII) b.p. 154"/10-3 mm. (band at 1,736 cm.-l in the infrared spectrum). The above results require that the carboxyl group of photosantonic acid be both 18 and y to the cyclo-hexane ring; this requirement and that of incor- porating the remaining carbocyclic ring is met by the expression (I; R = H) for photosantonic acid. This is supported by Kuhn-Roth C-methyl estimations which indicated two and three methyl groups for photosantonic acid and photosantonin respectively.All [a],are in CHCI, ultraviolet spectra are for EtOH solutions and infrared spectra for Nujol mulls. Satisfactory analytical data have been obtained for all compounds mentioned in this Communication. The mechanism of the conversion of santonin (IX) into (I) will be discussed in our complete paper. (Received November 15th 1957.) Professor G. Biichi (M.I.T.) has kindly informed us that he has also obtained this compound. The Structure of Cinnabarin (Polystictin) By G. W. K. CAVILL, P. S. CLEZY and J. R. TETAZ (SCHOOL N.S.W. UNIVERSITY OF CHEMISTRY OF TECHNOLOGY SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA) GRIP EN BERG^ recently reported novel degradations of cinnabarin which clearly establish that the com- pound is composed of two C moieties. Such new evidence coupled with previous data on cinnabarin (p~lystictin),~~~ and on actino- on the ommochr~mes,~ my~in,~ indicates that cinnabarin has the carbon skeleton (I) its formulation1 as (11) is in conformity with this postulate.The partial structure (111) pre-viously proposed3 for polystictin (cinnabarin) now requires modification. However we are of the Gripenberg,Proc. Chem. Soc. 1957 233. Cavil1 and Tetaz Chem. and Ind. 1956 986; Gripenberg Honkanen and Patoharju ibid. p. 1505. Cad Clezy and Tetaz J. 1957 2646. Butenandt Schiedt Biekert and Cromartie Annalen 1954 588 106; 1955 590 75. Brockmann and Muxfeldt Angew. Chem. 1956,68,69; Angyal Bullock Hanger Howell and Johnson J. 1957,1592. DECEMBER 1957 347 opinion that structure (IV) in which the acidic hydroxyl group is replaced by a carboxyl group and the amino-group is retained on the quinonoid nucleus [contrast structure (11)3 accounts for the known properties and reactions of cinnabarin.Light-absorption data (cf. ref. 3) including the characteristic absorption in the vicinity of 435 mp suggested a close similarity in the structure of the chromophores of cinnabarin the ommochromes,4 and actin~mycin.~ This and other observations sug- (a> M) gested an aminophenoxazone ~ystem.~ Further we have been unable to prove the presence of an amide oxycinnabarin is almost identical with that of group by dehydration to the nit~-ile.~ 2-aminophenoxazin-3-one (cf. ref. 3). In addition An earlier observation that cinnabarin on rapid structure (IV) would accommodate the fact7 that treatment with methanolic potassium hydroxide solu-O-methylcinnabarin in contrast to cinnabarin is tion yields decarboxycinnabarin (soluble in dilute readily soluble in N-hydrochloric acid.hydrochloric acid but insoluble in sodium carbonate We are indebted to Dr. R. Lemberg for a specimen solution) is now explained on the basis of structure of decarboxycinnabarin. (IV). The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of decarb- (Received October 29th 1957.) Lemberg Austral. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 1952 30 271. 'Cavill Ralph Tetaz and Werner J. 1953 525. Radiation-induced Isomerisation of Alkyl Chlorides By &CHARD H. WILEY,~ JARBOE,jun. J. R. HARRELL, C. HARRY and D. J. PARISH (DEPARTMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY OF CHEMISTRY OF ARTSAND SCIENCES OF LOUISVILLE LOUISVILLE 8 KENTUCKY) IN a study of addition of hydrogen chloride to these results are insufficient to provide entirely satis- propene and to allyl chloride induced by y-radiation factory stoicheiometry they establish the migration (to be published elsewhere) we have noted two new of a chlorine atom and a hydrogen abstraction which isomerisations best accounted for as homolytic re- can be accounted for on the following basis arrangements.Cl.CH2.CH2CH2Cl-+ ClCH2CH2*CH2-+ C1. Irradiation of propyl chloride with 18-66 x lo6r C1CH2CH2.CH2. +Cl*CH2.CH*CH3 from a 6oCo source2 afforded 9-8-30 % of isopropyl Cl*CH2-CH*CH3 +*CH,*CHCl.CH, chloride. The ratios of reactant and product were CH3.CHCl.CH2.+ Cl*CH2*CH2*CH2Cl+ determined by gas chromatography and checked with mixtures of known composition. The amount CH,.CHCl*CH2Cl+ ClCH2*CH2CH2* of isomerisation is a linear function of dosage and CH,*CHCl*CH2*+ Cl*CH2*CH2CH2Cl+ the G value for the reaction is 54-62. The following CH,CHClCH + C1CH2*CH*CH2Cl reactions account for this arrangement + C1* Cl-CH2.dH*CH2C1+ClCH2*CH:CH2+ C1* CH3*CH2*CH,Cl+CH3*CH2*CH2* ClCH2~CHCH2Cl+ ClCH2.CH2*CH2C1 + CH3*CH2CH2*+CH,*CH-CH Cl*CH2.CHCI.CH2CI+ Cl*CH2*CH2*CH,* CH,*CH*CH,+ CH3*CH2CH2C13 Homolytic rearrangements involving migrabions of CH3.CHCl.CH3 + CH,*CH,.CH2* chlorine in radicals derived from 2-bromo-l 1:1-and 1:1:1-trichloropropene4 have Irradiation of 1:3-dichloropropane with 17 x lo6r trichl~ropiopene~ gave 1:2-dichloropropane isopropyl chloride and been recognized previously.allyl chloride identified by gas chromatography The research was supported in part under Con- in ratios 4 5:1 (with 90 parts of unchanged 1 :3-di-tract AT-(40-1)-2055 between the Atomic Energy chloropropane). The observed amount of allyl Commission and the University of Louisville. chloride is low because of polymerisation. Although (Received October 21st 1957.) Enquiries should be addressed to Professor R. H. Wiley at Imperial College of Science and Technology South Kensington London S.W.7. Burton Ghormley and Hochanadel Nucleonics 1955 13 No. 10 74. Nesmeyanov Freidlina and Kost Doklady Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 1957 113 828. Nesmeyanov Freidlina and Zakharkin ibid. 1951 81 199.PROCEEDINGS The Hydrolysis of Organic Phosphates by Prostatic Acid Phosphatase By C. A. BUNTON and C. A. VERNON, B. L. SILVER (UNIVERSITY GOWER LONDON, COLLEGE STREET W.C. 1) DURINGan investigation of the mechanisms of hydrolysis of organic phosphates1v2 we examined the mode of action of the acid phosphatases obtained from the human prostate. The purification of this enzyme was carefully studied by Hudson and London3 and using slight modifications of their techniques we obtained overall purification factors* similar to those reported by them. We found as did Hudson and London that samples with purification factors of about 300 are readily deactivated by glass surfaces. This difficulty was overcome by protection of the enzyme with 2 % egg albumin solution or by working in “Polythene” apparatus.Kinetic and isotopic studies were made with the most highly purified samples (purification factor ca. 300) and with relatively crude samples (ca. 18). No significant difference in the patterns of behaviour was noticed. The position of bond fission in the hydrolysis catalysed by prostatic acid phosphatase has been previously studied using le0tracer technique by Cohn4 with a-D-glucose 1 -phosphate as substrate. Her results however do not establish the occurrence of a single mechanism since the appropriate amount of l80 tracer was not recovered from the products. We found that inorganic phosphate isolated from the products of hydrolysis at pH 5.0 (0-lM-acetate buffer) of phenyl p-tolyl and p-nitrophenyl and a-D-glucose 1-phosphate contained within experi- mental error one quarter of the excess abundance of l80 present in the solvent as is required for com- plete phosphorus-oxygen bond fission R-O-PO(OH& + H2180+ R-0-H + E3-1sO-PO(OH)2 For the first three substrates it was also shown that the organic product of hydrolysis contained no excess abundance of tracer.The reactions therefore all proceed by phosphorus-oxygen bond fission and there is no evidence for the reversible formation of an intermediate with five groups bonded to the phosphorus atom. Surprisingly no exchange between water and inorganic phosphate could be detected even in the presence of large amounts of enzyme. With p-nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate the kinetics of hydrolysis were studied in some detail.The value of the Michaelis constant (1O4Km = 2.0 mole 1.-l) was found to be approximately independ- ent of pH in the range pH 4-6 (25”). On either side of this range the values rise thus at pH 3-21 6.48 and 6.94 the respective values of Km are 3.0 2-65 and 6.45 x lo4 mole l.?. The kinetic parameters Km and Vmax. were not significantly altered by change of solvent to D20. The analysis of the dependence of Km on pH given by Dixon5 and ex- tended by Laidler,6 makes plausible the view that a change of Km with pH indicates the ionisation of some group involved in binding the enzyme and the substrate. If this is so the present results indicate that p-nitrophenyl phosphate is linked to the phos- phatase by two groups which have pK’s of about 3-3 and 6.7 respectively.The first and the second dis- sociation constant of the organic phosphate corres- pond to pK’s of about 1-9and 5.4 and it is there- fore tempting to suppose that at the pH of optimum catalytic activity (i.e. ca. pH 5) the monoanion of the phosphate ester is linked to the enzyme surface by two groups one of which is negatively charged and the other uncharged. A reasonable approach to enzyme-catalysis is to assume that the enzyme catalyses some already recog- nised reaction path. In the non-enzymic hydrolysis of phosphate monoesters the only mechanism pro- ceeding by phosphorus-oxygen bond fission and common to all the cases so far studied is that in- volving the monoanion species.1*2 This mechanism has been discussed by Westheimer and his col- laborator’ and although its precise nature is not known a plausible view is that it involves an inter- mediate in which a water molecule and the mono- anion of the phosphate ester are linked by hydrogen bonding as in (I).A formally similar intermediate for the enzyme reaction may be written which is con- sistent with the observed facts. This is shown in (11) where the groups BH and AH are present in the active site of the enzyme and have pK’s of approxi- mately 3.3 and 6.7 respectively. Reaction proceeds in both cases by breaking of the phosphorus-oxygen * The value of the ratio of activity (in arbitrary units) to the optical density at 2800 A for a given solution divided by the corresponding value for the original homogenate is defined as the purification factor.Barnard Bunton Llewellyn Oldham Silver and Vernon Chem. and Id. 1955 760. Vernon Chem. SOC.Spec. Publ. No. 8 in the press. Hudson and London Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1953 46 141. Cohn J. Biol. Chem. 1949 180 771. Dixon Bioctiem. J. 1953 55 161. Laidler Trans. Faraday SOC. 1955 51 528. Westheimer and Butcher J. Arner. Chem. SOC.,1955 77 2420. DECEMBER 1957 ester bond followed by rapid hydration of the inter- mediate metaphosphate. The enzymic reaction would thus be completed by dissociation of the phosphate ion-enzyme complex. It may be that this last step is rate-determining; our results taken with those of Tsuboi and Hudson8 indicate for example that for p-nitrophenyl phenyl and glycerol 1- and 2-phosphate the limiting rate (Vmax.),under par- ticular conditions is independent of the nature of the substrate.-__A_.) o\P/* 'O-R ky (I) The catalytic activity of prostatic acid phosphatase has been found to be strongly inhibited by small con- 0' centrations of molybdate tungstate and vanadate ions but not by chromate or periodate ions. The usual test based on the Lineweaver and Burke plots shows that in each case the inhibition is competitive. Values of the inhibitor constant (K,)at 25" and pH 5.0 were found to be 1.0 x lo4 0.25 x lo-' and 0.25 x lo4 mole 1.-l for molybdate tungstate and vanadate ions respectively.This powerful inhibiting effect which has also been briefly reported by Com- missiong and Nicholas9 and may have a number of interesting applications could clearly be due either to preferential binding between the enzyme and com- plexes formed from the inhibitors and the substrate or to binding between the inhibitors and the active site of the enzyme. On the latter view it would be difficult to escape the conclusion that the active site contains or is adjacent to a phosphate group. Experiments designed to distinguish between these possibilities are in progress. (Received October 25tk 1957.) Tsuboi and Hudson Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1955 55 191. Commissiong and Nicholas Nature 1957 180 555. The Experimental Resonance Energy of Acridine By L.M. JACKMAN and D. I. PACKHAM (DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY IMPERIAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SOUTHKENSINGTON S.W.7) LONDON RELIABLE experimental resonance energies (E,) for nitrogen heterocycles have not hitherto been avail- able. Their calculation from heats of combustion is a most dubious procedure as there are at present large uncertainties about the bond energies which are used. Thus even for pyridine for which there are now reliable experimental data values ranging from 18 to 35 kcal. mole-l may be obtained according to the particular bond-energy terms emp1oyed.l The need for accurate bond energies may be avoided by using heats of hydrogenation and this method has been successfully applied to hydrocarbons.2 We have developed an indirect method for the determination of the heats of hydrogenation of unsaturated nitrogen compounds which utilises reduction by lithium aluminium hydride the method is also being used for studying carbonyl double bonds.Aldimines have been shown to be rapidly and quantitatively reduced by lithium aluminium hydride in bis-2-ethoxyethyl ether (diethyl carbitol). The imines were carefully purified by gas-liquid chrorna- tography at room temperature and their heats of reduction determined in a simple calorimeter. It was similarly possible to determine the heat of dilution of the corresponding secondary amines in the lithium Cox. Challoner. and Meetham. J.. 1954. 265. aluminium hydride reagent. If the logical assumption is made that the product is the same for both types of reaction (except for the hydrogen evolved in the latter type) then the difference in the heat evolved in the two reactions is equivalent to the heat of hydrogenation of the imine.The annexed Table gives results for five imine-amine pairs and it is seen that a reasonably constant value (21.0 & 0.7 kcal. mole-l) is obtained for the heat of hydrogena- tion of -CH=N-. The heats of vaporisation neces- sary for referring the values to the gaseous state have not yet been determined. Acridine can be reduced to 9 10-dihydr~acridine~ and we have shown the reaction to be rapid and quantitative. Measurement of the heats of reaction of acridine and dihydroacridine together with their heats of solution in the solvent gives a value of 18.0 kcal.mole-l for the heat of hydrogenation of acridine referred to dilute solution in the solvent at 40". The evaluation of ER (acridine) from heats of hydrogenation (AH)is based on the equation E,(acridine) = dH(acridine) -AH(-CH =N-) + E,(dihydroacridine) a Williams J. Amer. Chem. Soc.; 1942 6Lj 1395 where references are given. Bohlmann Chem. Ber. 1952 85 390. PROCEEDINGS Heats of reaction of amines and imines with lithium aluminium hydride in bis-2-ethoxyethyl ether at 30” Heat of reaction (kcal.mole-I) Heat of hydrogenation R R’ R*CH,-NHR’ RCH =NR’ of imine (kcal.mole-l) Me Prn 6-03 0.1 1 Et Et 6.03 & 0.11 Et Prn 5.66 5 0.13 Et Pr’ 0.40 & 0.30 Pri Et 4.00 5 0.35 To render &(acridhe) consistent with the Kistiakow- sky value for benzene4 AH(-CH=N-) should refer to 2 3 :4 5-tetrahydropyridine.Since the heat of hydrogenation of trans-but-2-ene is 1*Okcal. mole-l less than that of cycluhexene the value of 22-0 kcal. mole-l for AH(-CH=N-) has been used in applying the above equation. The extent to which E,(dihydroa:ridine) exceeds 2ER(benzene) has been estimated to be 8.0 kcal.mole-l from the basicity of 9:1O-dihydroacridine (pKb 13.1) by separation of inductive and mesomeric effects5p6 and from a con- 27.2 -j= 0.40 21.2 28.4 & 0.04 22.4 25.0 & 0.20 19.3 21.1 &0*04 20.7 25.1 5 0.12 21.1 sideration of the degree of hyperconjugation in di- hydroanthracene.’ This gives the value of 84.0 kcal.mole-l for EJacridine). The uncertainty in this value is unlikely to exceed & 3.0 kcal. mole-l. This value of ER is incidently much lower than the only recorded value of 106 which is based on heats of combustion.8 One of us (D.I.P.) thanks the D.S.I.R. for a Maintenance Grant. (Received November 6th 1957.) Kistiakowsky Ruhoff Smith and Vaughan J. Amer. Chem. SOC.,1936 58 146. Wepster Rec. Trav. chim. 1952 79 1159 1171. Brown McDaniel and Hafliger in Braude and Nachod’s “Determination of Organic Structures by Physica Methods,” Academic Press N.Y.,1955 p. 567. Magnus and Becker Erdul u. Kohle 1951,4 115. Albert and Willis Nature 1946 157 341. A Novel Conjugated Macrocycle By G. EGLINTON and A. R. GALBRAITH (THEUNIVERSITY W.2) GLASGOW RECENTLY ,l we described the successful employment of an oxidative-coupling procedure in the synthesis of the first example of a cyclic 1 :3- diyne.In the hands of Sondheimer et a1.2 this later led to a series of unusual macrocyclic poly-ynes. By oxidative coupling of o-diethynylben~ene~ we have now obtained in over 30% yield a yellow highly crystalline substance which we believe to have structure (I) on account of its method of preparation and of the evidence which follows. It crystallises readily from benzene in long flat needles which de- compose explosively when ground or when heated above 80”and after a few days at room temperature become black insoluble and amorphous. However at -5” storage for several months without appreci- able decomposition is feasible.These crystals have been shown to contain not less than 0.4 mol. of benzene by co-distillation with dioxan and measure- ment of the intensity of the characteristic benzene peaks at 249,255 and 261 mp. Satisfactory analytical figures have been obtained (Found C 96.4; H 3.85. C,&12,&C6H6 requires C 96.35; €3 3.65 %). This structure is supported by preliminary X-ray measure- ment~~ which are satisfactorily explained if it is assumed that the unit cell of the solvent-free crystal contains two molecules of compound (I) (Found :M 372 & 4. C30H12 requires M 372.4). The cyclic nature of the substance is supported by its infrared absorption spectrum (-C_C-) stretching frequencies at 2215 and 2134 cm.-l but no absorption at 33 15 cm.-l (ethynyl) ;principal bands assignable to the o-disubstituted benzene rings at 3056 1961 1927 1894 1850 1816 and 746 cm.-l.1 Eglinton and Galbraith Chem. and Ind. 1956 737. 2 Sondheimer Amiel and Wolovsky J. Amer. Chem. SOC.,1957 79 4247. Deluchat Compt. rend. 1931 192 1387. We are indebted to Dr. J. C. Speakman and Professor J. M. Robertson for this information. DECEMBER Catalytic hydrogenation (Pt) unexpectedly yielded a mixture of hydroaromatic substances and may well involve a transannular reaction however a small quantity of a colourless crystalline substance m.p. 136-1 38" giving analyses satisfactory for C30H36 has been isolated and has the expected light absorp- tion.The strainless symmetrical planar conjugated system may be resonance-stabilized to some extent. Such a system is amenable to theoretical treatment and a molecular-orbital study of bond orders and lengths is in progress in this Department.5 The light- absorption properties are unusual :principal maxima in hexane are at 220-5 (498) 242.5 (4-87) 251 (4-86) 267 (4.65) 283-5 (5-14) 301.5 (5.37) and 359 (4.01) mp (log Emax. in parentheses) with twelve less prominent maxima (log Emax. 3.8-3.0) between 330 and 430 The most intense maxima have separa- tions corresponding to the (-CrC-) stretching frequency (ca. 2200 cm.-l) and there seem to be at least three electronic transitions. Further investiga- tions are in Progress. We thank Professor Newman Dr.J-c-D. Brand and Dr. M. c.Whiting for helpful discussion and the Aliphatic Research Company for financial support (to A.R.G.). (Received October 29th 1957.) Dr. T. H. Goodwin personal communication. These measurements were kindly made by Dr. Brian Turner on a Cary model 14 spectrophotometer. Synthesis of 2-Thiouridine By G. SHAW and R. N. WARRENER (ORGANIC DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY, CHEMISTRY N.S.W. UNIVERSITY SYDNEY, N.S.W. AUSTRALIA) STROMINGER and FRIED KIN^ reported that the solu- tion obtained by incubating 2-thiouracil and ribose 1 -phosphate in the presence of thymidine Fhosphor- ylase contained a 2-thiouracil riboside. The stability of the riboside to acid and its ultraviolet absorption spectra at varying pH values suggested that the pentose was attached to position 1 in the pyrimidine ring (this position is normally called position 3 in papers on nucleotides).By analogy with other Kalckar syntheses of the same type it seemed likely that the riboside was 2-thiouridine (I). The presence of 2-thiouridine in the hydrolysates of thiouracil- treated tobacco mosaic virus has also been reported.2 We have now synthesised 2-thiouridine by an unambiguous method an extension of our earlier pyrimidine nucleoside ~ynthesis.~ P-Ethoxyacryloyl is0thiocyanate4 (11) (prepared from P-ethoxyacryloyl chloride and potassium thio- cyanate in methyl cyanide) 2 3 :5-tri-O-benzoyl-~-ribosylamine5 (111) and triethylamine were heated together in ethyl acetate. Debenzoylation of the pro- duct with sodium hydroxide in aqueous dioxan and removal of sodium benzoate gave after evaporation of the resulting solution crystalline 2-thiouridine (I) m.p.214-215" [a],+ 39" (in H,O). The structure was confirmed by elementary analysis and ultra- violet absorption spectra. In addition when the riboside had been heated with aqueous chloroacetic acid paper chromatography of the solution in butanol saturated with 3 % aqueous boric acid gave a discrete absorbing spot with the same Rp as uridine (0.15). Our material appears to be very similar to that obtained by Strominger and Friedkin. The ultra- violet spectra are identical with those reported by the latter authors in acid neutral and alkaline solu- tion except at wavelengths around 220 mp where for our pure material we did not observe the enhanced absorption reported by these authors although such absorption was observed for our impure material.The R of our material in butanol saturated with 3% aqueous boric acid was 0.3 compared with 0.25 reported for the enzymically prepared material. Et O.CH=CH*CO*NCS We thank Professor J. Baddiley for details of the preparation of the ribosylamine (111) given before their publication and the N.S.W. State Cancer Council for a research grant. (Received October 9rh 1957.) Strominger and Friedkin J. Biol. Chern. 1954 208 663. Mandel Markham and Matthews Biochim. Biophysica Acta 1957,24 205. Ralph and Shaw J. 1956 1877. Shaw and Warrener J. in the press. Baddiley Buchanan Hodges and Prescott Proc.Chern. Soc. 1957 148. PROCEEDINGS Heterocyclic Analogues of Azulene By MARINUSLos JAGDEESHPRASAD and W. H. STAFFORD SAXENA (THEUNIVERSITY 9) EDINBURGH, :w6 m NR CH l THEconcept of azulene structure1 in which dipolar forms contribute with the classical covalent forms to the resonance hybrid suggests that the replacement of the cationic carbocycle by a heterocycle such as 1 -methylpyridinium might yield substances of analogous properties. Although we have been unable to synthesise either of the compounds (I) and (11) derivatives of the latter have been prepared by the methods shown in the reaction scheme. They are violet or blue basic substances and form complexes with trinitrobenzene e.g.the complex form (V) black prisms m.p. 144-145” (Found C 63-7; H 3.6; N 12.6. C2,Hl,0,N requires C 63.8; H 3.8; N 11.9 %). Their absorption spectra are recorded in Table 1 and apart from that of ester (IV) in which the 1-phenyl group makes apparently no contribu- tion the relative displacements of the visible absorp- tion band conform with expectations based on spectra of azulene derivatives. The anomaly for the 1-R’ WR‘ Me Me (VI 11:R =H,R’= ~h (1) (n) :R = R’P H (VIIl):R= R‘= Ph (V) :R=H R’=Ph R Me (VI):R=R’=Ph (SJqf) N Me R (.IN:R =H (Xr) :R=Me &II> :R =CH,Ph (XI :R = Ph (XI II) :R =p-N0.&H4 €H2 @F@ @F@NMe (‘Iv’ Me (X V) ester (IV) probably arises from molecular over-crowding which prevents co-planarity of the 1-phenyl group with the main nucleus.Like Boyd,2 we have prepared the analogous pyrylium compound (VII) and in addition the 1I:2I-diphenyl compound (VIII). The 1 ’-phenyl group causes the expected bathochromic shift of the visible absorption band and the absorption spectra of these two compounds together with that of 5 :6-benzazulene,3 are included in Table 1. The cationic carbocycle may also be replaced by a five-membered heterocycle as we have succeeded in obtaining the compounds (IX) (yellow) and (X) (red) in solution though it proved impossible to isolate them. l-Aza-azulene4 is related to the derivatives of TABLE I. The absorption maxima (mp) and E in parentheses of 5 :6-benzazulene and some heterocyclic analogues.5:6-Benzazulene 553 (2.51) 352 (3-53) 286 (4-72) I11 IV V 574 (3-17) 574 (3.06) 532 (3.01) 379 (4.32) 396 (4.41) 390 (4-20) 370 (4.30) 252 (4.46) 297 (4.51) 232 (4.45) 285 (4.59) 279 (4.47) VI VII VIII 554 (3.23) 470 (2.71) 512 (2.92) 372 (4.33) 387 (4.37) 366 (4.47) 368 (4-56) 285 (4-58) 256 (4.52) 265 (4.54) Reid Stafford and Ward J. 1955 1193. Boyd Chem. and Ind, 1957 1244. Kloster-Jensen Kovats Eschenmoser and Heilbronner Helv. Chim.Acta 1956 39 1058. Nozoe Matsumura and Terasawa Chem. and Znd. 1954 1357. DECEMBER 1957 353 ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ TABLE 2. The absorption maxima (mp) and E in parentheses of 1-aza-azulene and some heterocyclic analogues. 1-Aza-azulene 460 (3.05) 316 (3.53) 263 (4.60) 224 (4.15) 330 (3.40) XI 353 (3.04) 306 (3-91) 258 (2.47) 236 (4.16) XI1 362 (3.14) 307 (3-95) 266 (2-83) 224 (4.08) 240 (4.21) XI11 350 (3-21) 305 (4-03) 285 (3.94) 225 (4.18) 240 (4.28) XIV 400 (3.41) 318 (4.09) 278 (4-40) 220 (4.41) xv 455 (3.49) 308 (4-15) 283 (4.43) I ..262 (4-42) 1:7-diazaindene (XI)-(XIII) and a-and ,8-carboline The structure of compounds such as (XV) has been (X1V)-(XV) in the same manner as azulene is appreciated for some years5 and the correlation related to compounds (I) @I),(V) (VI). In Table 2 through the quinindinium series supports the the absorption spectra of these aza-compounds are modern concept of azulene structure. contrasted and the consonance of the four-banded absorptions is apparent. (Received November 13th 1957.) Schwarz and Schlittler Helv.Chim.Acta 1951 34 629. The Structure of Hydroxyhopanone By K. SCHAFFNER D. ARIGONI, L. CAGLIOTI and 0.JEGER (ORGANISCH-CHEMISCHFS DER EIDG. TECHNISCHEN ZURICH) LABORATORIUM HOCHSCHULE and H. FAZAKERLEY and E. R. H. JONES T. G. HALSALL (DYSONFERRINS OXFORD LABORATORY UNIVERSITY) STRUCTURE (I) has recently been proposedl tenta- sulphuric Treatment of hydroxyhopanone now % tively for acid in acetic acid for 24 has gave6an confirmed. hydroxyhopanone.2 This hours withbeen unsaturated ketone hopenone-I C,,H,,O m.p. @;& 197-1 97.5 * [a] + 93O different from the product of phosphoryl chloride-pyridine dehydration. The (1) (a> infrared and ultraviolet spectra of hopenone-I and &O&OAC bond was tetrasubstituted product,that the ring its Wolff-Kishner 49-5") and had one end at double 179-180" [a],+reductionindicated hopene-Ia (m.p.junction. On the basis of structure (I) for hydroxy- hopanone structure (11) appeared most likely for hopenone-I the initially formed isupropylidene HO ' AcO . (I v) of the oxidation of hopenone-I and the ring. Awhich double bond having migrated into hopene-I study &o&-H will be described elsewhere3 provides supporting H '.. evidence. H.. H Structure (11) for hcpenone-J and hence structure (I) for hydroxyhopanone have now been established by the preparation of hopenone-I and hopene-I from y-onocerin4 (111) by the following route The known4 H (v) OH (v I> saturated pentacyclic keto-diacetate (IV) was con- "all-trans"-pentacyclic diol (V) (m.p.324-326" verted on drastic Wolff-Kishner reduction into the [aID + 23") partial oxidation of which with Dunstan Fazakerley Halsall and Jones Croat. Chim.Acta in the press. Mills and Werner J. 1955 3132. Fazakerley Halsall and Jones unpublished work. Barton and Overton J. 1955 2639. *.-. H 354 manganese dioxide in chloroform5 gave the hydroxy- ketone (VI)(m.p. 293-294" [a],+ 59"). Dehydra-tion of the latter with fuller's earth in boiling xYhe6 led to h0Penone-I (II) Which on further Kishner reduction gave the hydrocarbon h0Pene-I. The identities of the products from hydroxy-hopanone and y-onocerin were established by mixed PROCEEDINGS m.p. determinations and infrared spectra. Since the relative4s5 and absolute5 configuration of y-onocerin (111) is known the reported conversion of (111) into hopenone-I (11) establishes the absolute configuration of seven of the nine asymmetric centres in hydroxyhopanone.(Received November 1 lth 1957.) 5 Cf. Schaffner Viterbo Arigoni and Jeger Helv. Chim. Acta 1956 39 174. Cf. Ruzicka Volli and Jeger ibid. 1945 28 1628. The Reaction of Benzyl Ethers with Free tert.-Butoxy-radicals By R. L. HUANGand (Miss) SING Sow SFHOE (DEPARTMENT SINGAPORE) OF CHEMISTRY UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA FORthe cleavage of dibenzyl ether by Grignard reagents in the presence of cobalt chloride we recently postulatedl the initial formation of the radical CHPh.O-CH,Ph which then disproportion- ates to benzaldehyde and free benzyl.In seeking evidence for the latter process we have prepared the above radical by the action of free tert.-butoxy- radicals (from tert.-butyl peroxide) on the ether and found that it indeed gave the postulated products. This finding together with Norman and Waters's generation of the radical CHMe-OEt from diethyl ether by the Grignard reagent-cobalt chloride mixture,2 constitutes strong evidence for the mechanism we proposed. Huang and Si-Hoe J. 1957 3988. Norman and Waters J. 1957 950. This hydrogen abstraction by tert.-butoxy-radicals has proved to be a general reaction with benzyl ethers Ph-CH,.OR (R = Me Et Pr' But Ph etc.). However the resulting radical viz. CHPh-OR does not necessarily disproportionate.Its behaviour de- pends on the nature of R and may be dispropor- tionation dimerisation or both. In general if the radical R.formed by disproportionation is relatively stable as is benzyl this process predominates; but if R- is highly energised as is free phenyl or methyl then dimerisation becomes the main reaction. When R- is intermediate in stability e.g. free ethyl or isopropyl both processes take place. (Received October 28th 1957.) The Synthesis of Some New Tricyclic Non-benzenoid Heterocycles By P. M. MAITLIS (QUEENMARY COLLEGE E.l) MILE END ROAD LONDON THIS note describes preliminary work directed towards the synthesis of heterocyclic analogues of non-benzenoid aromatic hydrocarbons. We have prepared a derivative 1 :4-diazepino(3,1-h,i)indole (I; R = H) and made progress towards the synthesis of a I :4-diazepino(2,3-f)benziminazole (11; R = H).Coildensation of 2 3-dimethyl-7-aminoindolel with acetylacetone in concentrated hydrochloric acid gave the hydrochloride of the base (I; R = Me) in 88% yield. This salt crystallised from pyridine in yellow needles with a bright green fluorescence m.p. 353-355" (decomp.) (Found C 68.7; H 6.6; N 10.8; C1 13-5. C,,H,,N2Cl requires C 69.1; H,6.5; N 10.8; C1 13.6%). The free base was obtained by treatment with alcoholic potassium hydroxide and crystallised from aqueous alcohol as colourless needles (orange-red fluorescence) m.p. 21 3-21 3.5" (Found C 80.2; H 7-1; N 12.4%; M 225. C1,H1,N2 requires C 80.3; H 7.1 ;N 12.5%; M 224).2 :4 :6 :7-Tetramethyl-l :4-diazepino(3,1 -h,i)indole (I) is very stable it is not appreciably decomposed by aqueous or alcoholic alkali even on prolonged heating and does not react with bromine in carbon tetrachloride. The pK is approximately 5.1 in 50 % ethanol-water and the base readily forms salts with acids; it even displaces ammonia from aqueous solu- tions of ammonium salts. The ultraviolet spectra have been determined of (a)the free base in ethanol (log E in parentheses) Amax. 221-5 (4-40) 265.5 (4.69) 352 mp (3.50) (6) the hydrochloride in ethanol Amax. 221.5 (4.40) 276 (4-48) 360 (3.51) Schofield and Theobald J. 1949 796; Blackall and Thompson J. 1954 3916. DECEMBER 1957 355 402 mp (3-36) and (c) the base in concentrated sulphuric acid A,,,.238 (4-32) 317 mp (3.96) (the solution in concentrated sulphuric acid is colourless and non-fluorescent). Unsuccessful attempts have been made to prepare the hydrocarbon analogue2 of (11; R = H).5:6-Diamino-2-dimethylbenzimina~ole~ was cyclised with acetylacetone in glacial acetic acid giving a purple acetate. On treatment with aqueous ammonia this gave the free base as a white solid m.p. > 300" (sublimed at 270"/0.01 mm.) in theoretical yield which gave analyses correct for the dihydro-deriva- tive of (11) either 1 7-or 1 9-dihydro-2:4 8-tri-methyl-1:4-diazepino(2,3-f)benziminazole (Found C 68.1; H,6.2; N,24.6. C,,H,,N requires C 69.0; H 6-2; N,24.8 %). Treating the silver salt of the free base with bromine gave a scarlet fluorescent colour (green in alkali) it is thought that this is a solution of compound (11) but attempts to isolate thecom- pound have failed owing to the instability of the material.The author thanks Professor M. J. S. Dewar for his advice. (Received October 17th 1957.) Campbell and Slater J. 1952 4343; Dev J. Indian Chem. SOC.,1953 30 789. Kym and Ratner Ber. 1912 45 3249. NEWS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS Vacancies on the Council.-The Council has nominated Professor H. J. Emelkus as President of the Society for the period 1958-60 in succession to Pro fessov E. L. Hirst who becomes a Vice-president on his retirement from office at the Annual General Meeting on April 2nd. The following also retire from Council at the same time No.of Names of Members Ofice Vacancies who are to retire Vice-presidents who have filled the Office of President Om Dr. W. H. Mills Vice-presidents who have not filled the Two Professor M. Stacey Office of President Sir Alexander Todd Elected Ordinary Mem- bers of Council ConstituencyI (South-FOURDr. D. W. Adamson A notice giving the procedure for the submission of nominations to fill these vacancies is being circulated to all Fellows. Election of Honorary Fellows.-The Council has nominated the following for election as Honorary Fellows of the Society Odd Hassel (Oslo); George Bogdan Kistiakowsky (Harvard) ; Wolfgang Pauli (Zurich); Edgar William Richard Steacie (Ottawa). Representation on National Committees.-The following have been nominated to British National Committees to serve as the Society's reprzsentatives in succession to those whose period of office expires at the end of 1957 British National Committee for Biochemistry Professor E.L. Hirst in place of Professor M. Stacey British National Committee for Chemistry Dr. J. Chatt and Dr. L. E. Sutton in place of Sir Eric Rideal and Pro- fessor E. D. Hughes British National Committee for Crystallography Dr.Dorothy M. Hodgkin in place of ProfessorJ.M.Robertson Local Representative Northern Ireland.-Dr. M. F. Grundon has been appointed Local Representative for Northern Ireland in succession to Dr. R. G. R. Bacon who has resigned. New Library Facilities.-During the past month the Library has received some valuable acquisitions.The first was an automatic microfilm camera which was presented by Dr. A. Seidell of Washington. This instrument will be a very useful addition to the East England) Constituency I1 (Central and South- West England and South Wales) ONE Constituency 111 (North-West England North Wales and Two Isle of Man) Constituency V (Scotland) ONE Constituency VI (Ireland) ONE With the exception of Dr. Dr. W. Wild Dr. G. T. Young Dr. V. M. Clark Dr. F. H. Pollard Di . G. R. Barker Dr. A. Hick1 ing Professor F. Bell Dr. R. G. R. Bacon V. M. Clark and Dr. R. G. R. Bacon who were appointed under Bye-Law 42 the members who are to retire are not eligible for re-election to the same Office ur,til after a lapse of one year.equipment already in use for the Society’s photocopy service. The Library has now purchased a set of “Sadtler Standard Spectra” together with the necessary in- dexes. They will be available for reference in the Library and the publishers have given the Library permission to make copies of individual specti a for a particular piece of research on request. Those Fel- lows who are likely to make very considerable use of these spectra sheets may find it convenient to have their own copies of the indexes. These indexes are available from the London agents K. G. Heydon Esq. 52 Cranbourne Gardens London N. W. 11. Periodicals from which Current Chemical Papers is compiled are normally contained in the Library of The Chemical Society and can be obtained on loan by those entitled to use the Library.Photocopies can be supplied for purposes of research or private study at a standard cost of 2s. 6d. for each separate order with in addition a charge of Is. 6d. per page or part of a page for positive photoprints or 3d. per page for negative microfilm. Payment should be made at the time of ordering and a declaration on a form avail- able from the Librarian must be signed in compliance with the Copyright (Libraries) Regulations 1957. The Library is now open from 9.30 a.m. instead of 10 a.m. Council of The Royal Society.-Sir Cyril Hinshel- wood has been re-elected President of The Royal Society.The following Fellows of The Chemical Society have been elected to the Council of The Royal Society Professor G. Gee Professor R. D. Haworth Professor W. T. J. Morgan and Professor D. M. Newitt. The Institution of Chemical Engineers.-The Institution of Chemical Engineers has now joined the European Federation of Chemical Engineering. The object of the Federation is “the furthering of European co-operation in the field of chemical en- gineering which includes chemical apparatus and equipment chemical process technology materials as applied in the industry and basic chemical opera- tions.” Memorial to Sir William Henry Perkin at Green- ford.-Sir Robert Robinson unveiled a plaque on October 30th at the Greenford works of Durasteel Ltd.on the site of the original factory established by Perkin in 1857 to produce the dyestuff mauveine which he had discovered. Election to the Fellowship.-2 1 candidates for Fellowship whose names have been published in the Proceedings were elected on November 21st. Deaths.-We regret to announce the deaths of the following Fellows :Mr. H. T. Farrar (September lst) Works Chemist at Transparent Paper Ltd. Bury; PROCEEDINGS Dr. M. C. Ford (suddenly on December 2nd) lecturer in the University of Aberdeen; Mr. J. Hamer (October 22nd) brewer; Mr. L. J. B. Husband (November 1st) of Imperial College; Mr. S. G. Kendrick (November 18th) Director of Barnett and Foster Ltd. London N.l; Professor M. S. Kharasch (October loth) of the University of Chicago; Mr.A. Merrick (July 31st) a Fellow since 1908; and of Dr. P. C. L. Thorne (October llth) Education Officer Institute of Fuel. Personal.-Professor G. M. Badger Dr. A. L. G. Rees and Dr. R. R. Garran are Members of Council of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute for 1957-58. The Council of the University of Exeter has con- ferred upon Dr. H. T. s.Britton the title of Emeritus Professor of Chemistry. The Council of the University of Southampton have conferred the title of Emeritus Professor upon Professor N. K. Adam. The Senate of the University of Durham have con- ferred the title of Professor Emeritus upon Professor P. L. Robinson Personal Professor of Inorganic Chemistry in the Newcastle division from 1956 to 1957.The President and Council of The Royal Society have awarded the Davy Medal to Dame Kathleen Lonsdale for her distinguished studies in the structure and growth of crystals. A Professorial Symposium was held at Cambridge on November 15th to mark the 50th Birthday of Sir Alexander Todd. The following took part Professor J. Baddiley Professor A. J. Birch Professor C. H. Hassall Professor A. W. Johnson Professor G. W. Kenner and Professor B. Lythgoe. Professor Hugh Scott Taylor Honorary Fellow Dean of Graduate School at Princeton University and the David B. Jones Professor of Chemistry at Princeton has been awarded the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Tnstitute “in recognition of his many notable contributions to the science of physical chem- istry particularly his development of the widely significant theory of heterogeneous catalysis and his eminent achievements as author editor and teacher.” Dr.M. H. Benn has been appointed S. C. Johnson Research Fellow in Chemistry at the University of Birmingham. Dr. G. W. K. Cavil2 of the New South Wales University of Technology is to spend a sabbatical year with Professor R. B. Woodward at Harvard. Dr. D.T.Elmore has been appointed to a Lecture- ship in Biochemistry at the Queen’s University of Belfast. Professor S.H. Harper of the University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland is making a short visit DECEMBER 1957 to Britain and expects to be in this country from December 20th until February 1 1 th. Dr.W. Hurne-Rothery of Magdalen College Oxford has been appointed as the first Isaac Wolfson Professor of Metallurgy from January 1st next. Dr. A. R. Katritzky has been appointed a Univer- sity Demonstrator at the University of Cambridge for three years. Dv. J. H. SchuZman has been appointed to the Chair of Chemical Metallurgy established by the International Nickel Company Inc. at Columbia University New York. Dr. T. C. Waddington has been appointed a University Demonstrator in the Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Cambridge for three years. Dr. W.J. Worboys has been elected to an Honorary Fellowship at Lincoln College Oxford. Dr. R. T. Colgate is to resign at the end of this year from the posts of Chief Chemist and Chief Technical Works Manager at Messrs.Huntley and Palmers Ltd. The 1958 Castner Gold Medal of the Society of Chemical Industry one of the Society’s senior awards has been awarded to Dr. R. Holroyd Deputy Chairman of Imperial Chemical Industries. Dr. R. Lasing has been re-elected President of the National Smoke Abatement Society to be known after December 31st as the National Society for Clean Air. Dr. H. C. S. de WhaZZey has retired as Director of Research Tate and Lyle Research Laboratories Keston. Dr. R. Spence has been appointed a member of the Technical Evaluation Committee and Dr. J. S. Carter a member of the Health and Safety Committee; these Committees have been set up under the Chair- manship of Sir Alexander Fleck to evaluate the remedies for defects in organisation revealed by the investigation into the Windscale accident.Sir Alexander FZeck has agreed to act as chairman of the committee of enquiry into the fishing industry set up by the Minister of Agriculture Fisheries and Food. Sir Owen Wansbrough-Jones has been appointed by the President of the Board of Trade as a part-time member of the National Research Development Cor- poration for three years. The prizes for scientific essays awarded by the Journal Research and by The Sunday Times were presented by Lord Weeks on November 4th at the Royal Society of Arts. Dr. W. I. Stephen was awarded the Research prize for an author under thirty and Mr. T. L. Cottrell was awarded the first prize in The Sunday Times competition.FORTHCOMING SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS London Thursday January 16th 1958 at 7.30 p.m. The Inaugural Simonsen Lecture “Some Aspects of Sesquiterpenoid Chemistry,” by Professor D. H. R. Barton D.Sc. F.R.S. To be given in the Large Chem- istry Lecture Theatre Imperial College of Science and Technology South Kensington S.W.7. Thursday February 13th at 7.30 p.m. Tilden Lecture “Some Recent Advances in the Chemistry of the Vitamins D,” by Professor B. Lythgoe M.A. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. To be given in the Large Chemistry Lecture Theatre Imperial College of Science and Technology South Kensington s.w.7. Thursday February 27th at 7.30 p.m. Liversidge Lecture “Some Isothermal Reactions of Free Radicals Studied by Kinetic Spectroscopy,” by Professor R.G. W. Norrish Sc.D. F.R.S. To be given in the Anatomy Lecture Theatre King’s College Strand W.C.2. Thursday March 13th at 7.30 p.m. Centenary Lecture “Metalloids and their Com- pounds with the Alkali Metals,” by Professor W. Klemm. To be given in the Rooms of the Society Burlington House W. 1. Thursday May Sth at 7.30 p.m. Meeting to be held in the Rooms of the Society Burlington House W.I. Details to be announced. Thursday June 5th at 7.30 p.m. Centenary Lecture “The History of the Isoprene Rule,” by Professor L. Ruzicka. To be given in the Rooms of the Society Burlington House W.l. Aberdeen (Meetings will be held at Marischal College.) Thursday January 23rd 1958 at 7.30 p.m. Lecture “Some New Chemical Instruments Devel- oped at Harwell,” by Dr.R. Spence C.B. Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with the Royal Insti- tute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Thursday February 13th at 7.30 p.m. Lecture “Recent Developments in the Biochemistry of Nucleoside Coenzymes,” by Professor J. Baddiley M.Sc. Ph.D. D.Sc. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Friday March 7th at 7.30 p.m. Lecture “A Plastics Jubilee 1907-1957,” by Mr. G. Dring M.A. F.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Birmingham (Meetings will be held in the Chemistry Department The University.) Friday January 17th 1958 at 4.30 p.m.Lecture “Modem Inorganic Stereochemistry,” by Professor R. S. Nyholm D.Sc. F.R.I.C. Joint Meet- ing with Birmingham University Chemical Society. Friday January 3 lst at 4.30 p.m. Lecture “The Chemistry of the Tannins,” by Professor R. D. Haworth Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. Joint Meeting with Birmingham University Chemical Society. Friday March 14th at 4.30 p.m. Lecture “Ion-pairing in Strong Electrolytes,” by Professor C. W. Davies D.Sc. F.R.I.C. Joint Meet- ing with Birmingham University Chemical Society. Bristol (Meetings will be held in the Chemistry Department The University unless otherwise stated.) Thursday January 16th 1958 at 5.15 p.m. Lecture “The Electron Microscope-Its Application to Chemistry,” by Dr. R. H. Ottewill.Joint Meeting with the Student Chemical Society. Thursday January 23rd at 6.30 p.m. Lecture “Chemistry and Plant Nutrition,” by Dr. C. Bould. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Thursday January 30th at 6.30 p.m. Lecture “The Problems Associated with the Trans- port of Bananas,” by Dr. R. Gane. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Thursday February 6th at 5.15 p.m. Lecture “The Chemistry of the Vegetable Tannins,” by Professor R. D. Haworth Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. Joint Meeting with the Student Chemical Society. Thursday February 13th at 6.30 p.m. Lecture “Some Studies in the Lipid Field,” by Dr. B. C. L. Weedon A.R.C.S.F.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. PROCEEDINGS Thursday February 20th at 5.15 p.m. Lecture “Reactions of Atoms and Free Radicals,” by Professor J. C. Robb Ph.D. A.R.I.C. Joint Meet- ing with the Student Chemical Society. Thursday February 20th at 7.30 p.m. Lecture “The Use of Plastics in Protective Packing,” by Mr. F. A. Paine. Joint Meeting with the Plastics Institute the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry to be held at the Technical College Brunswick Road Gloucester. Thursday February 27th at 6.30 p.m. Lecture “Some Studies of very Rapid Reactions,” by Professor G. Porter M.A. Ph.D. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry.Thursday March 6th at 6.30 p.m. Lecture “Recent Developments in the Zinc Industry in the United Kingdom,” by Mr. S. W. K. Morgan. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Thursday March 27th at 6.30 p.m. Lecture “Stereochemistry and the Transition Metals,” by Professor R. S. Nyholm D.Sc. F.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Thursday April 24th at 5.15 p.m. Lecture “Water-repellency,” by Professor N. K. Adam Sc.D. F.R.I.C. F.R.S. Joint Meeting with the Student Chemical Society. Cambridge (Meetings will be held in the University Chemical Laboratory Lensfield Road.) Monday January 20th 1958 at 5 p.m.Lecture “A Topic in Conformational Analysis,” by Professor R. C. Cookson. Friday January 31st at 8.30 p.m. Lecture “General Education of the Scientist,” by Sir Eric James M.A. D.Phi1. Joint Meeting with the University Chemical Society. Monday February loth at 5 p.m. Lecture “The Physical Chemistry of Detonation,” by Dr. T. L. Cottrell. Friday February 14th at 8.30 p.m. Lecture “The Origin of the Elements,” by Dr. F. Hoyle F.R.S. Joint Meeting with the University Chemical Society. Friday February 21st at 8.30 p.m. Lecture “Oxidation in Biosynthesis,” by Dr. W. D. Ollis. Joint Meeting with the University Chemical Society. DECEMBER 1957 Friday February 28th at 8.30 p.m. Lecture “LOW Polymers of Styrene,” by Professor J.C. Robb Ph.D. A.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with the University Chemical Society. Friday March 7th at 8.30 p.m. Centenary Lecture “Metalloids and their Com- pounds with the Alkali Metals,” by Professor W. Klemm. Joint Meeting with the University Chemical Society. Monday March 17th at 5 p.m. Lecture “The Formation and Reactions of the Organoperoxyboron Compounds,” by Dr. A. G. Davies. Monday April 21st at 5 p.m. Lecture “Recent Applications of Raman Spectro- scopy,” by Dr. L. A. Woodward M.A. Edinburgh Thursday January 9th 1958 at 7.30 p.m. Jubilee Memorial Lecture of the Society of Chemical Industry “The Pattern of Research in the Electrical Industry,” by Dr. H. K. Cameron. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry to be held in the Lecture Room of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 24 George Street.Tuesday January 28th at 7.30 p.m. Lecture “Recent Developments in Polymer Science,” by Professor G. Gee Ph.D. F.R.S. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and Edinburgh University Chem- ical Society to be held in the Biochemistry Lecture Theatre Teviot Place. Thursday February 20th Lecture “Recent Developments in Inorganic Stereo- chemistry,’’ by Professor R. s. Nyholm D.Sc. F.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry to be held in the Department of Chemistry West Mains Road. Tuesday March 1 lth at 4.30 p.m.Official Meeting and Centenary Lecture “Metalloids and their Compounds with the Alkali Metals,” by Professor W. Klemm. Joint Meeting with Edinburgh University Chemical Society the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry to be held in the Department of Chemistry West Mains Road. Thursday March 20th at 7.30 p.m. Three Short Papers “Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Pharmacologically Active Substances,” by Dr. E. S. Stern A.R.C.S. F.R.I.C. Dr. R. G. Johnston M.A. and Dr. R. B. Barlow. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry to be held in the Lecture Room of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 24 George Street. Exeter (Meetings will be held in the Washington Singer Laboratories Prince of Wales Road.) Friday February 7th 1958 at 5 p.m.Lecture “Why Polymerisation Occurs,” by Professor F. S. Dainton F.R.S. Friday May 9th at 5 p.m. Lecture “The Stability of Metal Complexes.” by Dr. H. M. N. H. Irving F.R.I.C. Glasgow (Meetings will be held in the Chemistry Department The University.) Friday February 21st 1958 at 4 p.m. Lecture “Magnetism and the Structure of Transition- metal Complexes,” by Professor R. s. Nyholm DSc. F.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with the Alchemist’s Club followed by the Annual General Meeting of Local Fellows. Thursday March 6th at 4 p.m. Lecture “Recollections and Serendipities,” by Dame Professor Kathleen Lonsdale D.B.E. B.Sc. F.R.S. Joint Meeting with the Alchemists’ Club.Hull (Meetings will be held in the Chemistry Department The University.) Thursday January 30th 1958 at 6 p.m. Lecture “Reactions in Liquid Dinitrogen Tetroxide,” by Dr. C. C. Addison D.Sc. F.R.I.C. Thursday February 27th at 6 p.m. Lecture “The Physics and Chemistry of Lubrica- tion,” by Dr. C. B. Davies. Monday July 14th to Thursday July 17th. Symposium “Steric Effects in Conjugated Systems.” To be held at the University Hull. (Full details will be circulated.) Irish Republic Wednesday February 19th 1958 at 7.45 p.m. Lecture “Recent Progress in the Experimental Study of Cancer,” by Professor A. Haddow M.D. D.Sc. Ph.D. M.B. To be given in the University Chemical Laboratory Trinity College Dublin. Friday March 14th at 7.45 p.m.Lecture “Stereochemistry and the Periodic Table,” by Professor R. S. Nyholm D.Sc. F.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with the Werner Society to be held in the University Chemical Laboratory Trinity College Dublin. Wednesday April 16th at 7.45 p.m. Tilden Lecture “Some Recent Advances in the Chemistry of the Vitamins D,” by Professor B. Lythgoe M.A. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. To be given in the University Chemical Laboratory Trinity College Dublin. April 30th May lst and May 5th. Lectures “Recent Developments in the Study of Plant-growth Substances,” by Professor R. L. Wain Ph.D. F.R.I.C. Joint Meetings with the Institute of Chemistry of Ireland the Royal Institute of Chem- istry and the Society of Chemical Industry. To be held as follows April 30th at 7.45 p.m.in the Chemistry Depart- ment University College Dublin. May lst at 7.45 p.m. at University College Cork. May 5th in the Chemistry Department University College Galway. LeedS .(Meetings will be held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University.) Monday January 20th 1958 at 6.30 p.m. Lecture “Needles in Geochemical Haystacks-Atomics to the Rescue,” by Mr. A. A. Smales B.Sc. F.R.I.C. Royal Institute of Chemistry Meeting. All Fellows are invited. Monday February loth at 6.30 or 7 p.m. Lecture “High-pressure Chemistry,” by Professor D. M. Newitt M.C. F.R.S. Royal Institute of Chemistry Meeting. All FelIows are invited. Thursday March 6th at 6.30 p.m. Lecture “The Biogenesis of Porphorins,” by Pro- fessor A.w. Johnson M.A. Ph.D. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Joint Meeting with the Leeds University Union Chemical Society. Monday March 17th at 6.30 p.m. Lecture “New Developments in the Chemistry of Paints,” by Mr. R. B.Richards B.A. Royal Institute of Chemistry Meeting. All Fellows are invited. Liverpool (Meetings will be held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University.) Thursday January 30th 1958 at 5 p.m. Lecture “The Synthesis of Natural Products em-ploying Acetylenic Compounds,” by Professor R. A. Raphael Ph.D. A.R.C.S. A.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with the University Chemical Society. Thursday February 20th at 5 p.m. Lecture “Polymerisation at High Conversion,” by Professor G. M. Burnett Ph.D. D.Sc. Joint Meeting with the University Chemical Society.Manchester (Meetings will be held in the Large Chemistry Theatre The University.) PROCEEDINGS Friday February 7th 1958 at 7 p.m. Lecture “Non-benzeneoid Aromatic Compounds,” by Professor A. W. Johnson M.A. Ph.D. A.R.C.S. D.I.C. Friday April 1 lth. Symposium “Recent Developments in the Chem- istry of Fluorine.” Joint Meeting with the Institute of Petroleum the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Newcastle and Durham Monday January 27th 1958 at 5.15 p.m. Lecture “Reduction by Metal-Ammonia Solutions,” by Professor A. J. Birch D.Phi1. Joint Meeting with the Durham Colleges Chemical Society to be held in the West Building Science Laboratories The University Durham. Friday January 31st at 5.30 p.m.Bedson Club Lecture “The Structure of Flames,” by Dr. J. W. Linnett F.R.S. To be given in the Chemistry Department King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne. (All Fellows are invited.) Monday February 3rd at 8.15 p.m. Tilden Lecture “Crystalline Ion-exchangers,” by Professor R. M. Barrer Sc.D. F.R.S. To be given in the Applebey Theatre Durham. Friday March 7th at 5.30 p.m. Bedson Club Lecture “Uses of Radioactive Materials in Industry,” by Dr. H. Seligman. To be given in the Chemistry Department King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne. (All Fellows are invited.) Friday March 14th at 4 p.m. Meeting for the Reading of Original Papers. To be held in the Chemistry Department King’s College Newcastle upon Tyne. North Wales Thursday March 6th 1958 at 5.45 p.m.Lecture “Some Recent Developments in the Chem- istry of the Less Common Elements,” by Professor R. S. Nyholm D.Sc. F.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with the University College of North Wales Chemical Society to be held in the Department of Chemistry University College of North Wales Bangor. Northern Ireland (Meetings will be held at the Queen’s University Belfast.) Friday February 7th 1958 at 7.15 p.m. Lecture “The Pattern of Research in the Electrical Industry,” by Dr. H. K. Cameron F.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Tuesday February 18th at 7.45 p.m. Lecture “The Role of the Analyst in the Nuclear DECEMBER 1957 Power Programme,” by Mr.F. J. Woodman B.Sc. A.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Thursday February 27th at 7.15 p.m. Lecture “Gas Chromatography,” by Dr. B. W. Bradford A.R.C.S. F.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Tuesday March 11th at 7.45 p.m. Lecture “Some Aspects of Chemisorption of Gases on Metallic Films,” by Dr. F. C. Tomykins F.R.S. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Chemical Industry. Nottingham and Leicester Tuesday February 4th 1958 at 4.45p.m. Lecture “Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Niobium and Tantalum,” by Dr. F. Fairbrother. Joint Meeting with the University of Nottingham Chemical Society to be held in the Chemistry Theatre The University Nottingham.Monday February loth at 4.30 p.m. Lecture “The Chemical Aspects of the Origin of Life,” by Professor J. D. Bernal F.R.S. Joint Meet- ing with the University of Leicester Chemical Society to be held at the University Leicester. Tuesday February 18th at 4.45 p.m. Lecture “Mobility of Adsorbed Molecules,” by Professor R. M. Barrer Sc.D. F.R.S. Joint Meeting with the University of Nottingham Chemical Society to be held in the Chemistry Theatre The University Nottingham. Monday February 24th at 4.30 p.m. Lecture “The Shapes of Molecules and Radicals,” by Dr. J. W. Linnett F.R.S. Joint Meeting with the University of Leicester Chemical Society to be held at the University Leicester.Oxford (Meetings will be held in the Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory.) Monday January ZOth 1958 at 8.15 p.m. Lecture “The Chemistry of the Tanshinones,” by Dr. T. J. King. Joint Meeting with Oxford Univer- sity Alembic Club. Monday February 3rd at 8.15 p.m. Lecture “Steric Hindrance in Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry,” by Dr. H. M. N. H. Irving F.R.I.C. Joint Meeting with Oxford University Alembic Club and the Royal Institute of Chemistry. Monday March 3rd at 8.15 p.m. Liversidge Lecture “Some Isothermal Reactions of Free Radicals Studied by Kinetic Spectroscopy,” by Professor R. G. W. Norrish Ph.D. Sc.D. F.R.S. Joint Meeting with Oxford University Alembic Club. St. Andrew’s and Dundee (Meetings will be held in the Chemistry Department St.Salvator’s College St. Andrew’s unless otherwise stated.) Friday Januzry 17th 1953 at 5.15 p.m. Lecture “The Chemistry of Polyester Fibres,” by Dr. I. Goodman M.Sc. A.R.T.C. Joint Meeting with thc University Chemical Society. Friday January 24th at 5.15 p.m. Lecture “Nature and Reactivity of Adsorbed Radicals in Heterogeneous Catalysis,” by Professor C. Kemball M.A. Ph.D. F.R.T.C. Joint Meeting with the University Chemical Society. Tuesday January 2Sth at 5.15 p.m. Lecture “Hydrocarbon Complexes of the Transi- tional Metals,” by Professor G. Wilkinson Ph.D. A.R.C.S. To be given in the Chemistry Department Queen’s College Dundee. Friday February 14th at 5.15 p.m. Lecture “Recent Dzvelopments in the Biochemistry of Nucleotide Coenzymes,” by Professor J.Baddiley M.Sc. Ph.D. D.Sc. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the University Chemical Society. Friday February 21st at 5.15 p.m. Lecture “Some Problems in the Physics and Chem- istry of Graphite,” by Professor A. R. Ubbelohde D.Sc. F.R.S. Joint Meeting with the University Chemical Society. Friday April 18th at 5.15 p.m. Lecture “Some Organic Compounds of the Transi- tion Metals,” by Dr. P. L. Pauson. Joint Meeting with the University Chemical Society. Friday May 2nd at 5.15 p.m. Lecture “Recent Developments in the Chemistry of tert.-Butylbenzene,” by Professor F. Bell Ph.D. D.Sc. F.R.I.C. F.R.S.E. Joint Meeting with the University Chemical Society.Sheffield (Meetings will be held in the Chemistry Lecture Theatre The University.) Thursday January 23rd 1958 at 7 p.m. Lecture “Chemical Biography,” by Mr. G.Mackay. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry. Thursday January 30th at 7.30 p.m. Lecture by Professor G. W. Kenner M.Sc. Ph.D. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and Sheffield University Chemical Society. Southampton (Meetings will be held in the Chemistry Department The University unless otherwise stated.) Friday January 17th 1958 at 5 p.m. Tilden Lecture “Some Recent Advances in the Chemistry of the Vitamins D,” by Professor B. Lythgoe M.A. Ph.D. F.R.I.C. Friday January 31st at 5 p.m. Lecture “Chemical Significance of Band Intensities,” by Dr.H. W. Thompson F.R.S. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the University Chemical Society. Friday February 14th at 5 p.m. Lecture “Some Problems in Aromatic Chemistry,” by Professor H. C. Longuet-Higgins M.A. D.Phi1. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the University Chemical Society. Wednesday April 23rd at 7 p.m. Lecture “Naturally Occurring Acetylenes,” by Pro- fessor E. R. H. Jones D.Sc. F.R.L.C. F.R.S. Joint Meeting with the Royal Institute of Chemistry and the Portsmouth and District Chemical Society to be held at the College of Technology Portsmouth. PROCEEDINGS Friday May 9th’ at 5 p.m. Lecture “The Border-line between S,l and S,2 Reactions,” by Dr. V. Gold.Joint Meeting with the University Chemical Society. South Wales Monday February 24th 1958 at 5.30 p.m. Lecture “Stereochemical Correlations,” by Dr. W. Klyne M.A. F.R.J.C. To be given in the Chemistry Department University College Cardiff. Friday February 28th at 6 p.m. Lecture “Some Adventures in Infrared Spectro- scopy,” by Dr. N. Sheppard M.A. Joint Meeting with the University College of Swansea Chemical Society to be held in the Chemistry Department University College Swansea. Monday March 10th at 5.30 p.m. Lecture “Recent Studies of Transient Chemical Intermediates,” by Professor G. Porter M.A. Ph.D. To be given in the Chemistry Department University College Cardiff. OBITUARY NOTICES FREDERICK GEORGE DONNAN 1870-1956* FREDERICK DONNAN GEORGE was the youngest son of William Donnan Hollywood Co.Down. He was born at Columbo on September 5th 1870 but was taken from Ceylon to Ulster at the age of three. He was educated at the Belfast Royal Academy and at Queen’s College Belfast (1 889-1 893). In 1893 he was awarded the 1851 Exhibition Scholarship which took him to Leipzig to study organic chemistry with Wislicenus. He left after a year to join the physical chemistry school under Ostwald where he learnt many of the facets of the new continental physical chemistry. He took his Ph.D. degree on the relation- ship between the ionisation processes and the colour changes of violuric acid in aqueous solution. In the course of this work he invented a colorimeter.Sub- sequently (1896-97) he spent a year with van’t Hoff in Berlin who at that time was studying the applica- tion of the principles of the phase rule to the oceanic salt deposits. He assisted in a research on anhydrite which when published in 1901 bore not only his name but also those of E. F. Armstrong and Weigert. On the results of his M.A. examination in 1897 he was awarded a junior fellowship and assistant examinership of the Royal University of Ireland. These he held for four years. He spent the first year of his fellowship at home reading and writing papers * Photograph facing p. 353. on a variety of theoretical physicochemical prob- lems. In the next year he joined Ramsay as a senior research worker at University College London.He gave some lectures from 1899 onwards and replaced Wallace Walker when the latter went to Canada. In 1902 he was promoted to an “ assistant professor- ship.” In 1903 he lectured on organic chemistry at the Royal College of Science Dublin and in the following year was appointed to the newly created Chair of Physical Chemistry founded by Sir John Brunner at Liverpool University. At University College London Donnan extended his experience of research over a wide field of physical chemistry. After the departure of Walker to Canada he was the only man who could apply the Arrhenius-van’t Hoff-Ostwald physical chemistry to problems that arose in Ramsay’s laboratory. At Ramsay’s suggestion he studied the rates of effusion of some of the rare gases (1900) and later with Baly carried out a research on the surface energies and densities of a number of liquefied gases (1902).The latter was concerned in part with the practicability of a commercial process for the fractionation of air and the manufacture of oxygen but it also provided one of the key stones for his subsequent theories of colloid chemistry. Also at Ramsay’s suggestion he investigated with Miss Burke (1904 and 1909) the PLATE1 Main entrance to CA building The conference areas are shown on the ground floor to the north The research area IS just below in the basement The four-foot stone plaque to the right of the front entrance is the registered CA emblem which signifies the boiling down (evaporating dish) of the chemical literature (the books) of the world (globe) by CA (the mono- gram) PLATE 2.Editorial and indexing work is efficiently carried out in small rooms (7’ by 10’) formed by movable partitions. The fluorescent lighting (50 to 70 foot candles at desk height) is recessed in a metal-pan acoustic ceiling. The floors are asphalt tile. PLATE 3. Double-tiered journal stack area on the ground floor storing 6,500 journal files opens into the library’s central clearing desk. PLATE4 A roto-table eight feet in diameter serves marked copy to 12 index editors The three shelves have 70 spaces each permitting easy removal of a volume while the unit is slowly moving The two-ton unit is specially balanced on tripod legs so that no tilting occurs upon removal of volumes DECEMBER 1957 rates of reaction of the alkyl iodides with silver nitrate which he continued later at Liverpool and came up against the anomalies caused by the neutral salt effect about which subsequently he had some correspondence with Arrhenius.The quinquemole- cular reaction between potassium ferrocyanide and potassium iodide studied with le Rossignol (1903) was a source of amusement to the two authors when- ever they met in subsequent years. A paper with Bassett on the colour of the salts of cobalt iron and copper from the standpoint of electroaffinity (1902) shows the continuance of Donnan’s interest in the line of work he started with Ostwald and continued in various directions at Liverpool.Another with Burt (1903) on the solubili- ties and transition temperatures of lithium nitrate and its hydrates is an indication of the impression made by van’t Hoff. During this early period however he developed lines of research peculiarly his own which subse- quently gave him an international reputation as a colloid chemist. In van’t Hoff’s laboratory he had commenced a research on the nature of soap emul- sions which he completed whilst at University Col- 1ege.l He showed that the efficiency of hydroxyl ions in the emulsification of oils depended on the forma- tion of soaps in the interfacial layer. Thus neutral olive oil is only slightly emulsified with alkali but olive oil containing free acid is readily emulsified.He also presented a theory of the enhanced stability which an emulsifier confers on an emulsion. This was given in terms of an increased concentration of the surface agent at the point of contact of two drops. He also published papers2 on a thermodynamic theory of colloidal solutions. He approached this problem from the standpoint of capillarity alone and discussed the causes for the limiting sizes of col- loidal particles in terms of differences between the variations in the molecular forces (A-A; A-B) with distance. In the last of these papers he made use of an idea suggested to him by van’t Hoff of the pos- sibility of a negative interfacial tension. In the development of these lines of research at Liverpool he was associated with W.C. McC. Lewis who studied electrophoretic effects and tested the applic- ability of the Gibbs equations. Donnan supervised the building of the Muspratt laboratory at Liverpool and was its director from 1906 to 19 13. On the opening of the building in 1906 Ostwald was the chief foreign guest. With Potts3 he Na+ Na+ R-C1-I I1 Donnan Z. phys. Chem. 1899 31,42. Donnan Phil. Mag. 1901 1 647; Z. pliys. Chem. 1901 37,735; ibid. 1903 46 197. 3 Donnan and Potts KoffoidZ. 1910 7,208. Barker and Donnan Proc. Roy. Soc. 1911 A 85 557. 5 Donnan 2.Elektrochem. 1911 17 572. 0 Donnan and Harris Trans. Chem. Soc. 1911 99 1554. PROCEEDINGS for the system where NaR was Congo-red. Other tests of the theory were made where R- was the fer- rocyanide ion and the membrane was copper ferro- cyanide and similar agreement was obtained.’ This theory was applied by Procto? and by Proctor and Wilsong to explain the swelling of gela- tin in electrolytes.Donnan effects can be obtained even when a membrance as such is not present pro- vided there is a suitable constraint to the free move- ment of one of the ions of a colloidal electrolyte. Thus when a piece of protein is placed in hydro- chloric acid the chlorine ion of the protein chloride is free to exert an osmotic pressure but the protein anion is rigidly held in the molecular framework. According to Proctor and Wilson swelling of the protein arises as the result of excess of crystalloids inside the gel due to the setting up of a Donnan equilibrium.The above suggestion for the causes of the swelling of gelatin was not accepted immediately for it was foreign to the current lines of thought about proteins. Loeb’s work,1° however established that proteins were amphoteric electrolytes and that the ionic dis- sociation of the amino- and carboxyl groups obeyed the ordinary laws of mass action. Loeb made measurements of the changes in membrane potentials osmotic pressure and viscosities of protein and protein solutions caused by the addition of electro- lytes and found rather remarkable agreement with the Donnan theory. Loeb’s view was summarised in the preface to his book. “Any rival theory which is intended to replace the Donnan theory must be able to accomplish at least as much as the Donnan theory i.e.it must give a quantitative mathematical and rationalistic explanation of the curves expressing the influence of hydrogen ion concentration valency of ions and concentration of electrolytes on colloidal behaviour and it must explain these curves not for one property alone but for all the properties electric charges osmotic pressure swelling viscosity and stability of solution since all these properties are affected by electrolytes in a similar way.” This theory is now part of the framework of colloid chemistry and provides the basis for many of our ideas of the nature of the transport of ions and molecules across the membranes of the living cell. Donnan succeeded Sir William Ramsay in the Chair of General Chemistry at University College London in 1913.A new chemical laboratory was then being built and Donnan was only able to persuade the London County Council to grant the final sum of E20,OOO for the building a fortnight before the beginning of the first world war. It was only available for occupation in the second year of the war and Donnan’s first researches were perforce carried out in the old A and B laboratories at University College. During the war he was fully engaged in consulting work for the Ministry of Munitions under the direc- tion of Lord Moulton the Director-General of Ex-plosives Supply. He worked closely with K. B. Quinan a South African Chemical Engineer who had revolutionary ideas on the costing of industrial processes.The early stages of the researches on the manufacture of synthetic ammonia and nitric acid were carried out with Dr. Harper in the new chem- istry buildings at University College. A strong re- search team including Greenwood H. S. Taylor Rideal and Partington was built up to carry out this work. He needed a good workshop and obtained E1,OOO from Messel for this purpose. Donnan was always proud of the fact that he was one of the forces that had helped to create the great works at Billingham. He was adviser to Lord Moulton on the process developed by Brunner Mond and Co. on the manu- facture of ammonium nitrate from ammonium sulphate and sodium nitrate and his phase rule ex- perience with van’t Hoff served him in good stead.He was closely associated with Major F. A. Freeth in the various stages of this development. He also visited Chile to study the Chilean nitrate position. He was a member of the Chemical Warfare Com- mittee and concerned in the manufacture of mustard gas and in other projects. He provided hospitality for a number of government departments in his labora- tory. For his services he was awarded a C.B.E. He had felt the strain of the war years and only the devoted care of his two sisters Jane and Leonora enabled him to keep his head above the flood of the multifarious activities and administrative detail that engaged his time after the war. The laboratory had been almost depleted of apparatus at the end of the war and he made it his personal task to build up the equipment of the teach- ing and research laboratories.He was also engaged in the wider task of securing funds for research in physical and inorganic chemistry throughout the country as a whole. Lord Moulton and Roscoe Bruniier came to Donnan’s assistance and there emerged the scheme of annual financial grants from Brunner Mond & Co. and later Imperial Chemical Donnan and Allmand Trans. Chem. SOC.,1914,105 1941; Donnan and Garner Trans. Chem. Soc. 1919,115,1313. * Proctor J. 1914 105 313. Proctor and Wilson J. 1916 109 307. lo Loeb “Proteins and the Theory of Colloidal Behaviour,” McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc. New York 1922. DECEMBER 1957 Industries Limited to the physical and inorganic chemistry departments of the United Kingdom.Donnan became a member of the I.C.I. Research Council which expanded the scheme to cover organic chemistry as well. He also played a large part in persuading the Rockefeller Foundation and other sources to provide the money needed for the rebuild- ing of the Royal Institution. He helped Kamerlingh Onnes to secure a grant for his laboratory from the U.S.A. and also aided in the development of a number of physicochemical schools in this country including that at Oxford. He was very much concerned in broadening the basis of the literature on physical chemistry. He succeeded Sir William Ramsay as editor of the Longman series of textbooks on physical chemistry (1918-1938). As chairman of a committee of the British Association he was responsible for the issue of five reports on colloid science (1917-1923).He was editor of a series of scientific monographs pub- lished by Herman and Cie Paris and joint editor with A. Haas of Volume I on the Thermodynamics of the scientific writings of J. Willard Gibbs pub- lished for the Yale University Committee. The latter took much of his spare time from 1928 to 1936. Sir William Ramsay had made an unsuccessful attempt to establish Chemical Engineering at Uni- versity College in 1894. Donnan however with the advice of M. W. Travers and with funds collected for the purpose succeeded in initiating the Ramsay Post- graduate School of Chemical Engineering at Uni- versity College immediately after the first world war.He was also very helpful to the Photographic Re- search Association under Dr. Slade and to the British Rubber Producers’ Research Association under Dr. Porritt. To the former he provided hospitality in the department for a number of years. In spite of all these preoccupations Donnan built up a very good physicochemical research school between the two world wars. Although he gave de- tailed personal attention to his researches on colloid chemistry and on membrane equilibria which he continued until he retired he broadened the basis of research in the department by adopting the device of Ramsay’s of introducing senior research men to develop newer techniques. These research men came to him from all over the world. They were given a good deal of independence and it was rare for their work to be published under Donnan’s own name.In the appointment of academic staff he paid attention to the kind of techniques they would bring with them. In these various ways he introduced infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy studies of the quantum theory ionisation of gases active molecules Bakerian dryness electron-diffraction gaseous ex- plosions photochemistry and other subjects. He also supervised research on some semitechnical engineer- ing projects in which he had become interested during the war. In 1928 under the general direction of Major F. A. Freeth he organised a group of dis- tinguished research men to work in the more modern physicochemical fields which continued to function until 1935.It would perhaps be just to say that the period between the two world wars was more effective in producing outstanding men than outstanding new lines of research. Many of those who worked with Donnan in this period became eminent academic men or filled important posts in industry at home or abroad. These men owe him a debt not only for his inspiration on the scientific plane but also for a broad education in the art of living. Among the seniors who worked in his laboratory between the two world wars were S. S. Bhatnagar J. N. Mukherji K. Matsuno T. Iredale I. W. Wark G. Hedestrand R. N. Lunt N. Kameyama D. C. Jones I. R. McHaffie S. Lenher A. L. Marshall S. S. Joshi N. K. Adam E. A. Guggenheim H. Freundlich A.E. Mitchell H. E. Watson and E. Rabinowitch. Donnan was very much in demand for lectures on the significance of his theory of membrane equilibria and thermodynamics generally to colloids to biology and to the processes of life. He travelled extensively and being a good linguist and having very good personal relations with men in academic and in- dustrial fields both at home and abroad was able to promote international co-operation with good effect. With Ernst Cohen he organised the first Inter- national Meeting of Chemists in Utrecht after the 1914-1918 war. He made special tours in Holland (1922) U.S.A. (1923-24) Sweden (1924) Denmark (1935) and Germany (1932 and 1939). He frequently attended the meetings of the Deutsche Bunsen Gesellschaft and he was able to assist very materially in making arrangements for famous German scientists to come to Britain with the rise to power of Adolf Hitler.He was one of the founder members of the Faraday Society and became its president in 1924-1926. He was Foreign Secretary of the Chem- ical Society from 1925to 1933 Longstaff Medallist in 1928 and in the same year gave the first Liversedge Lecture. He gave the Ostwald Memorial Lecture in 1933 and the E. J. Cohen Memorial Lecture in 1947. He was President of the Chemical Society from 1937 to 1939. He was elected to the Royal Society in 1911 and received the Davy Medal for his work on membrane equilibria in 1928. He became chairman of the Royal Society Club and chairman of the Royal Society Scientific Relief Committee and was President of Section B for the British Association in 1923.He was very interested in the Society for Visiting Scientists and engaged in other similar activities. He was honoured by very many home and foreign uni- versities and scientific societies receiving eleven honorary degrees. The new inorganic and physical chemistry laboratories at Liverpool bear his name. He did not spare himself either in his researches his literary work his work for the advancement of science or in the social sphere. There are those who remember with affection his Irish wit and charm in entertainment at his rooms in Ossington Street before the first world war or at Woburn Square between the wars. He was impulsive and generous and took a great personal interest in young men and their scientific careers.He was a man of great physical vigour and although he had lost the sight of one eye as a boy he was a good swimmer and diver and could play a good game of tennis in his sixties. He took part with his staff in an annual tennis tournament at Perivale. In his lectures he was unpredictable. He might give a brilliant lecture along normal lines but was sometimes carried away to talk about what was PROCEEDINGS occupying his mind at the time on topics ranging from thermodynamical theories of life to antique furniture. Then realising his main task was not per- formed he would give his class a list of references to read. On one occasion a student in the front row of his 9 a.m.lecture fell asleep. Donnan addressed him “Sir I must request you not to fall asleep in my lecture.” The student replied “I am very sorry sir but as you are aware I was at a night club until six o’clock this morning but I felt I must attend your important lecture.” Donnan never at loss for a reply said “That was a very kind remark coming from a young man to an old man like myself.” He retired from his Chair at University College in 1937 but lived on in his house at Woburn Square until October 1940 when the bombing of London decided his move to Roseneath Hartlip Sitting- bourne Kent where he resided until his death in December 1956. His sister Jane who had been his secretary between the wars predeceased him by a few days.I am much indebted to Major F. A. Freeth and Professor M. W. Travers for supplying some of the information on which this notice is based. W. E. GARNER. LESLIE HERBERT LAMPITT 1887-1957 1 FIRST met Leslie Lampitt in 1939 shortly after I had been elected Treasurer of the Chemical Society when he asked me to lunch to discuss financial arrange- ments between the Chemical Society and the Chemical Council. Then began an enduring friend- ship which ripened with the years. He had many and varied interests but in all discussions it soon became apparent that there were four topics which were fore- most in his mind his home aizd family his many friends chemical affairs in their widest range and the work of the Church.He found nothing incon- gruous in seeking out scientific truths and deepening his faith in the Christian religion.When President of the Society of Chemical Industry at the annual meet- ing in Edinburgh what more natural to him than that at the Sunday morning service in St. Giles’ Cathedral the Dean of the Thistle should preach in relation to the annual meeting which started on the following day. I-Ie had a genius for friendship and many will be the poorer for his passing losing not only a staunch friend but also a wise counsellor. He had a robust forthrightness sometimes disconcerting to others ; once convinced of the rightness of his judgment he pursued any objective until a decision was arrived at. But he was always ready to hear opposing views and if persuaded that he was in error did not hesitate to admit it.He was indeed an outstanding personality. Dr. Lampitt was born on September 30th 1887 in Birmingham; he was a Priestley Scholar at Birmingham University where he achieved double first-class honours in chemistry and biochemistry obtaining further scholarships which led to the degrees of M.Sc. and D.Sc. His first appointment was chief chemist to a flour mill in Brussels but with the outbreak of war in 1914 he returned to England rejoining his O.T.C. and served throughout the war attaining the rank of major. After demobilisation he was appointed the first chief chemist and subse- quently a director of J. Lyons and Company Ltd. and founded the laboratories which are world famous and from which flowed an uninterrupted stream of original papers on pure and applied chemistry.He gave up much of his time to the work of scientific societies and institutions and encouraged others to do the same. It was the Society of Chemical Industry that was nearest his heart. He was President from 1946 to 1948 Honorary Foreign Secretary from 1945 to 1957 Honorary Treasurer from 1936 to 1946. He received the Society’s medal in 1943 and was the first recipient of its international medal. He founded the Food Group in 1932 and the Overseas Section in 1951 ; in 1952 he was instrumental in forming the Documentation Committee of the Society. His other chief interest was the International Union of Pure DECEMBER 1957 and Applied Chemistry in which for many years he was Honorary Treasurer and it was his concern that in international affairs this country should play its due part.He was Vice-president of La Socidtd de Chimie Industrielle of France and Lavoisier medallist in 1950. He was Chairman of the Bureau of Abstracts from 1940 to 1952 and Chairman of the Chemical Council from 1938 to 1945 during which time he was an ex oficio member of the Council of the Chemical Society. He served on the Council of the Royal Institute of Chemistry for several periods and was a Vice-president from 1942 to 1945. He was also Treasurer of the Royal Institution from 1952 to 1955. He died in London on June 3rd 1957 and at the funeral service at St. Mary’s Harrow on the Will where he had been Vicar’s Warden for many years a moving tribute to his personality was paid by Canon Edward Carpenter D.D.He is survived by his wife and son to whom our deepest sympathy is extended. F. P. DUNN. APPLICATIONS FOR FELLOWSHIP (Fellows wishing to lodge objections to the election of these candidates should communicate with the Honorary Secretaries within ten days of the publication of this issue of Proceedings. Such objections will be treated as confidential. The forms of application are available in the Rooms of the Society for inspection by Fellows.) Armitage Rodney. 61 5 Royds Terrace Manchester Road Linthwai te Huddersfield. Atkinson John Waite B.Sc. 6 Beulah View Hyde Park Leeds 6. Auret Barbara Joan B.Sc. 3 Corrennie Gardens, Edinburgh 10.Bagguley Jack Alan. Ferens Hall Cottingham E. Yorks. Brooks Alan Geoffrey. 86 Rylands Street Wigan Lancs. Bruce Michael Jan. 67 Cambridge Drive Potters Bar Middlesex. Capp Peter Donovan. 5 Roseberry Park Redfield Bristol 5. Cato Mrs. Olive. 241 Hale Lane Edgware Middlesex. Christmas Norman Hugh. Ferens Hall Cottingham Yorks. Coe Mervyn Gethin. 65 St. John’s Grove Preston Road Hull Yorks. Cousin James Roger. c/o 43 Cropton Road Bricknell Avenue Hull Yorks. Crossfield Brien B.Sc. 3 Morley Hall Terrace Luddenden Foot Halifax Yorks. Davidson Iain Munro Thomson B.Sc. Chemistry Department The University Leicester. Deavin Anthony. 42 Beechwood Avenue Ruislip, Middlesex. Dhar RajIndra Nath B.Sc. B.Pharm. School of Pharmacy Chelsea College of Science and Technology Manresa Road S.W.3.Dove Michael Frank Arthur. 33 South End Road N.W.3. Fairbrother John Esam. Ferens Hall Cottingham E. Yorks. Fogg Peter Greaves Taylor M.A. D.Phi1. 24 Cherryhiil Park Dondonald Co. Down N. Ireland. Fong Lai Ting M.Sc. Laboratory of Chemical Crystal- lography South Parks Road Oxford. Fry Walter Francis. Ferens Hall Cottingham E. Yorks. Gibbon Brian Arthur. 43 Clare Street Manselton, Swansea Glamorgan. Coggin Peter Laurence. 16 Cantley Lane Bessacarr Doncaster Yorks. Goldin Douglas Michael B.Sc. 105 Richmond Avenue Highams Park E.4. Golding Leslie John Farrell. Department of Chemistry, The University Hull. Graham Winifred Jean. 105 Clayton Street Nelson Lancs.Hall William. c/o Mrs. Wheeldon 143 Boothferry Road Hull Yorks. Harvey Neil Michael B.Sc. 94 Hoodcote Gardens, Winchmore Hill N.21. Haynes Michael John. Ferens Hall Cottingham E. Yorks. Henderson James Ian B.Sc. Irvine Hall University College of the West Indies Mona St. Andrew, Jamaica. Holah David George. c/o 65 St. John’s Grove Preston Road Hull Yorks. Holmes John Leonard B.Sc. Ph.D. Upper Flat, Marymede Bayshill Road Cheltenham Glos. Jamieson John William McKenzie B.Sc. Ph.D. A.R.J.C. Chemistry Department University College of the West Indies Mona St. Andrew Jamaica. Jones Derrick Fleet B.Sc. 6 Maryland Street Liverpool 1. Jones Richard Lumley B.Sc. Ph.D. The Chester Beatty Research Institute Royal Cancer Hospital Fulham Road London S.W.3.Kane Vinayats Vasudeo M.Sc. Chemistry Department The University Glasgow W.2. Kay Ian Trevor. 36 Farnol Road South Yardley, Birmingham 26. Lacey Michael James. Ferens Hall Cottingham E. Yorks. Lake Brian Derek. 86 Kings Hall Road Beckenham Kent. Land Edward John. Stephenson Hall Oakholme Road Sheffield 10. Le Cordier Guy. 4 Square Jean-Paul Laurens Paris 16e. Lloyd Walter Richard. Beecham-Maclean Ltd. Lucozade Annexe Great West Road Brentford Middlesex. McCrae William B.Sc. 10 Alder Road Glasgow S.3. Mackay Dennis B.Sc. 24 Anderson Crescent Forres Morayshire. Masui Masaichiro D.Pharm. c/o Chemistry Depart- ment University College Gower Street London W.C. 1. Mayse Richard D. B.S. 2028 North 6th Street Ponca City Oklahoma U.S.A.Mitch Eugene Leonard B.A. Room 209 Chemistry Building The Rice Institute Houston Texas U.S.A. Neill Alexander B. M.S. Ph.D. 15 Summit Street Norwich New York U.S.A. Packer John Edward M.Sc. Flat 4 3 Foxes Dale Blackhea th S.E.3. Percival Alan B.Sc. 60 Forbesfield Road Aberdeen. Postlethwaite John David. c/o 402 Bricknell Avenue Hull Yorks. Puttock John. Ferens Hall Cottingham E. Yorks. Rauscher Herbert E. B.S. M.A. Department of Chem- istry Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton Long Island New York U.S.A. Reynolds Lewis Todd A.B. M.A. 320 Elmwood Avenue Ithaca New York U.S.A. Robinson William Victor. Dunoon Harland Rise Farm Harland Way Cottingham E. Yorks. Rona Peter B.Sc. Department of Chemistry Israel Institute of Technology Haifa.Searles Arthur Langley A.B. Ph.D. 7 East 235th Street New York 70 U.S.A. Smith Geoffrey Francis William BSc. 18 Ambleside Gardens Wembley Middlesex. Standage Arthur Edward B.Sc. Ph.D. 96 Sutton Road Muswell Hill N.lO. ADDITIONS TO Centenaire de la SociCtt Chimique de France (1857-1957). Pp. 249. Masson et Cie. Paris. 1957. (Presented by the SociCtC Chimique de France.) Trattato di chimica industriale. Edited by Michele Giua. Volume 1. 5 contributors. Pp. 1025. Unione Tipo- grafico-Editrice Torinese. Turin. 1957. (Presented by the publishers.) Ion-exchange resins. J. A. Kitchener. (Methuen’s Monographs on Chemical Subjects.) Pp. 109. Methuen and Co. Ltd. London. 1957. (Presented by the author.) Prace Konferencji Elektrochemicznej held in Warsaw 1955.Pp. 890. Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Warsaw. 1957. (Presented by the Polish Academy of Sciences.) Polarographic theory. Part 1. The influence of non-uniform mercury flow and intermittent polarization on the diffusion current. G. C. Barker. (Atomic Energy Research Establishment C/R 1533.) Pp. 13. Atomic Energy Research Establishment. Harwell. 1957. Comprehensive inorganic chemistry. Edited by M. C. Sneed and R. C. Brasted. Vol. 6. The alkali metals. J. F. Suttle. Hydrogen and its isotopes. R. C. Brasted. Pp. 234. D. Van Nostrand Company Inc. Princeton New Jersey. 1957. (Presented by the publishers.) Organic reactions. Edited by R. Adams et a/. Vol. 9. 11 contributors. Pp.468. John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York. 1957. The chemistry of the steroids. W. Klyne. (Methuen’s Monographs on Biochemical Subjects.) Pp. 21 6. Methuen and Co. Ltd. London. 1957. (Presented by the author.) H. Vogel’s Chemie und Technik der Vitamine. 3rd edn. Edited by H. Knobloch. Vol. 2. Die wasserloslichen Vitamine. Teil 2. Lieferung 1. Pp. 160. Ferdinand Enke Verlag. Stuttgart. 1955. Physicochemical and immunological studies on the virus of foot-and-mouth disease and its host tissue micro- somes. A. Randrup. Pp. 68. Ejnar Munksgaard. Copen- hagen. 1957. (Presented by the publishers.) PROCEEDINGS Stoiieham David William John. 27 Vanguard Road. Midanbury Southampton. Sutton John Richard BSc. PhD. 48 Kirktonholme Road East Kilbride Glasgow.Swift John Alan. 1 Luxor Grove Denton nr. Man-Chester. Tulley Alan B.Sc. 19 Sherburn Street Cleethorpes Lincs. Webb Timothy James Burnley B.A. Lisheen Wood-lands Park Mount Merrion Co. Dublin. Whitney Colin Clare. 15 Harpenden Road West Norwood S.E.27. Wilkinson Stephen Garnett B.A. 100 Westbourne Avenue Hull Yorks. Wilson Peter David. 165 Parkdale Road Carlton Nottingham. THE LIBRARY Biologia et Industria. Edited by W. Roman. Vol. 1 Yeasts. K. Arima eta/. Pp. 246. Dr. W. Junk Publishers. The Hague. 1957. Annual review of microbiology. Edited by C. E. Clifton S. Raffel and R. Y. Stanier. Volume 11. 27 contributors. Pp. 536. Annual Reviews Inc. Palo Alto California. 1957. Bioenergetics. A. Szent-Gyorgyi. Pp. 143.Academic Press Inc. New York. 1957. Disposal of industrial waste materials papers read at the conference at Sheffield 1956 with the discussions that followed. Pp. 157. Society of Chemical Industry. London. 1957. (Presented by the publishers.) Symposium on trade wastes organized by the Midland Branch of the Institute of Sewage Purification held at Edgbaston 1957. Pp. 112. Institute of Sewage Purifica- tion. London. 1957. Microscopium. M. Rooseboom. Pp. 60. Rijksniuseum voor de Geschiedenis der Natuurwetenschappen. Leiden. 1956. (Presented by Pfizer Ltd.) Landolt-Bornstein Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Physik Chemie Astronomie Geophysik und Technik. Vol. 4. Technik. Teil 3. Elektrotechnik Lichttechnik Rontgentechnik. Edited by E. Schmidt et a/.Pp. 1076. Springer-Verlag. Berlin. 1957. Handbook of solvents. I. Mellan. Vol. I. Pure hydro- carbons. Pp. 249. Reinhold Publishing Corporation. New York. 1957. Tables of Chemical Kinetics. Homogeneous reactions. Sponsored by the United States Department of Com- merce National Bureau of Standards. (National Bureau of Standards Circular 510. Supplement 1.) Pp. 472. United States Government Printing Office. Washington. 1956. Colour index; edited by the Society of Dyers and Colourists and the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists. Vols. 1 and 2. 2nd Edn. Pp. 809 934. Society of Dyers and Colourists. Bradford. 1956. CHRISTMAS COMPETITION A PRIZE (book token &22s.) is offered for the best translation of a short piece (not more than 40 words) of well-known English verse or prose into the style too often used in scientific papers.For example “At this juncture it is pertinent that an enquiry should be initiated by us as to whether the object subtending a forward visible angle and positioned on a plane bisecting the minor corporate axis is-or is not-a dagger . . .” (Macbeth 11 i 33). Entries must be received by the Editor not later than first post on December 30th so that the winning entry may be published in Proceedings. The author’s name and if desired a pseudonym for publication should be given. The Editor’s decision will be final.
ISSN:0369-8718
DOI:10.1039/PS9570000329
出版商:RSC
年代:1957
数据来源: RSC
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