摘要:

Proceedinas w -~of the Analytical Division OFThe Chemical SocietyCONTENTS145 Analytical Division AnniversaryDinner and Presentation ofAwards146 Reports of Meetings147 The President148 Summaries of Papers148 'The Determination of Polycyclic159 Equipment News163 Correspondence163 European Analytical Column 1164 SAC Silver Medal165 Rank Hilger Spectroscopy Prize165 Publications Received166 Conferences and Meetings167 Courses170 Analytical Division DiaryAromatic Hydrocarbons'Volume 15 No 5 Pages 145-1 70 May 197PADSDZ 15(5)145-170(1978)ISSN 0306-1 396PROCEEDINGSOF THEMay 1978ANALYTICAL DIVISION OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETYOfficers of the Analytical Divisionof The Chemical SocietyPresidentR. BelcherHon. SecretaryP. G. W.CobbHon. Treasurer Hon. Assistant SecretariesJ. K. Foreman D. I. Coomber, O.B.E.; D. C. M. Squirrel1Secretary Editor, ProceedingsMiss P. E. Hutchinson P. C. WestonProceedings is published by The Chemical Society.Editorial: The Director of Publications, The Chemical Society, Burlington House, London, W1 V OBN.Telephone 01 -734 9864. Telex 268001.Subscriptions (non-members): The Chemical Society, Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Road,Letchworth, Hens., SG6 1 H N.Non-members can only be supplied with Proceedings as part of a combined subscription with The Analysrand Analytical Abstracts.@ The Chemical Society 1978SCOTTISH REGION MEETINGonRECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CLINICAL ANDBIOLOGICAL ANALYSISin theDepartment of Chemistry, University ofSt. Andrewson22nd-23rd June, 1978This joint meeting, at Scotland's oldest University, will survey currentdevelopments in analytical techniques and their impact in the biologicalsciences.The first two Scientific Sessions will review analytical progressin HPLC, GLC, GC-MS, AAS, AFS, fluorimetry, enzyme immunoassay andautomated systems. The two final Scientific Sessions will present recentapplications in clinical and biological chemistry. Industrial toxic hazardswill be discussed, with papers on the analysis of essential and toxic traceelements, analgesics, anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants and paraquat.The Social Programme includes an informal reception, the ConferenceDinner, guided tours of St. Andrews and district, an optional visit t o theByre Theatre and encouragement t o play golf.Accommodation in single study-bedrooms has been arranged in Halls ofResidence overlooking the famous golf courses. Reduced registration feesapply for CS members (f7.00). For application forms and further detailssend SAE to: Mr A. F. Fell, Honorary Secretary (Scottish Region), Depart-ment of Pharmacy, Heriot-Watt University, 79 Grassmarket, EdinburghEHI 2HJ

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD97815FX017

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

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Vol. 15 No. 5 May 1978 of the Analytical Division of the Chemical Society Analytical Division Anniversary Dinner and Resentation of Awards Following the Annual General Meeting of the Analytical Division and the Address of the Retiring President, Mr. D. W. Wilson (which will appear in full in a future issue), on March 17th, the Biennial Formal Dinner was held in The Chemical Society's rooms in Burlington House.The guests included Sir Rex Richards, FRS, Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University, and Lady Richards, Professor A. W. Johnson, FRS, MY. and Mrs. C. N . Thompson with MY. D. W . Wilson. President of The Chemical Society, Dr. T. M. Sugden, CBE, FRS, President-elect of The Chemical Society, and Mrs. Sugden, Mr. C. N. Thompson, CBE, President of the Royal The A D President, My.D, W. Wilson (L), with S i r Institute Of and Mrs. Thompson* Rex and Lady Richards. (L-R) MY. D. W. Wilson, Dr. T. M. Sugden, Mr. C . N . Thompson and Siv R e x Riichairds. Professor A . W. Johnson (L) in conversation wzth Professor Ti. Belchcr. 145146 ANALYTICAL DIVISION ANNIVERSARY DINNER Proc. Analyt. Din. Chem. SOC. Mr. G. Hine of the City of London Polytechnic, Dr.A. J . Amos, OBE, and Mrs. Amos, Mr. J. R. Ruck Keene, CBE, General Secretary of The Chemical Society, Dr. R. E. Parker, Secretary and Registrar of the Royal Institute of Chem- istry, and Mrs. Parker. The dinner was preceded by the President’s reception, which was held in the Council Room. During the reception, Professor Johnson un- veiled a plaque recording the presentation of a long-case clock to The Chemical Society by the Society for Analytical Chemistry to com- memorate the amalgamation of the two Societies.The walnut veneer clock, made about 1690 by Lowndes of Pall Mall Court, was presented to the SAC in 1957 by Gerald Roche Lynch, OBE, President in 1936-37, and stands in the Council Room with the plaque adjacent to it on the wall. The dinner itself took place in the elegant Library, which provided no less a sense of occasion than the City Livery Halls that were the usual venues for previous formal dinners.The Loyal Toast was proposed by the President. Then followed the presentation of the thirteenth ‘SAC Gold Medal to Dr. J. K. Foreman for his services to analytical chemistry and the third AD Distinguished Service Award to Mr.H. E. Brookes as a tribute to the Presentation of the third Analytical Division Distin- guished Service Award by the President to M Y . H . E. Brookes. numerous contributions he has made over many years to the Society for Analytical Chemistry and, more recently, to the Analytical Division. Dr. Foreman is currently the Hon- orary Treasurer of the Analytical Division and Mr.Brookes, having just retired as a Vice- as an ordinary member of the Council. Bio- graphies of both recipients appeared in the February issue of Proceedings (pp. 39 and 40). The Toast of the Analytical Division was proposed by Sir Rex Richards; Mr. D. W. Wilson responded and also proposed the toast of the guests. Dr. T. M. Sugden replied on behalf of the guests. PrOfeSSOY A . w. Johnson Unveiling the Commemor- ative plaque adjacent to the long-case clock presented to the Chemical Society by the S A C . President of the Division, has been re-elected Dr. J . K. Foreman receiving the thirteenth SA C Gold Medal fvom the President.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9781500145

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

146 ANALYTICAL DIVISION ANNIVERSARY DINNER Proc. Analyt. Din. Chem. SOC. Reports of Meetings North West Region The fifty-third Annual General Meeting of the Region was held at 6.30 p.m. in the Chemistry Department, Tower Block of the Faculty of Technology, University of Manchester on Fri- day, 20th January, 1978. The Chair was taken by the Chairman of the Region, Mr. J. W. Ogleby. The following office bearers wereMay, 1978 THE PRESIDENT elected for the forthcoming year : Chairman- Mr.J. W. Ogleby. Crump. Honorary Secretary-Mr. G. Davison, Kodak Ltd., Chemical Division, Research Department, Acornfield Road, Kirkby, Lancs. Honorary Treasurer-Mr. T. Hodson. Members of Committee-Professor L. S. Bark, Mr. E. C. Conchie, Mr. J. Cottam, Mr. B. Faulder, Mr. W. Heyes, Mr. S.T. Holding, Mr. G. Hooke and Mr. M. McDonnell. Mr. A. Bushnell and Mr. M. Green were appointed as Honorary Auditors. Vice-Chairman-Mr. G. B. ’ South East Region The third Annual General Meeting of the Region was held a t 6.15 p.m. in the Linnean Society Meeting Rooms, Burlington House, London W.l. on Tuesday, 17th January, 1978. The Chair was taken by the Chairman of the Region, Mr. W. H. C. Shaw. The following office bearers were elected for the forthcoming year : Chairman-Mr. R. Goulden. Vice-Chair- man-Mr. R. Sawyer. Honorary Secretary- Dr. J. Warren, Laboratory of the Government Chemist, Cornwall House, Stamford Street, London SEl 9NQ. Honorary Treasurer-Mr. D. W. Houghton. Members of Committee-Dr. A. H. Andrews, Dr. P. B. Baker, Dr. H. J. M. Bowen, Dr. S. J . Lyle and Dr. E. Reid. Dr. J. E. Page and Mr. D. C. M. Squirrel1 were re- appointed as Honorary Auditors. 147

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9781500146

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

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May, 1978 THE PRESIDENT 147 of its Commissions and has been Chairmah of two. Professor Belcher has received many honours. He is an Honorary Member of the Austrian Chemical Society, an Honorary Member and Medallist of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry and an Honorary Councillor of the Spanish High Council for Scientific Research. He was the third SAC Gold Medallist in 1969 and the fifth Theophilus Redwood Lecturer in 1976.He has also received the Lomonosov Medal of Moscow University, the Mendeleef Medal of the Mendeleef Society of the USSR, the Talanta Gold Medal and the Medal of Honour of the Bulgarian Academy of Science. He has served on a number of Ministry Committees and in 1968 was in charge of the Home Office experimental study on “break-ins.” He is in some demand as a Plenary Lecturer and gave two Bicentennial lectures in the USA during 1976.The President Professor R. Belcher, PhD, DSc, CChem, FRIC, SFlnstF Emeritus Professor Ronald Belcher was formerly Professor of Analytical Chemistry a t the University of Birmingham and is now Honorary Senior Research Fellow in the Faculty of Medicine, working in the Department of Clinical Chemistry. He has been involved in a wide range of investigations in various branches of analytical chemistry and he is the author and co-author of some half-dozen books and over 600 research papers.He was president of the Division of Analytical Chemistry of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 1957-1 961, a position now held by one of his first research students, Professor T. S. West. He has served on three He has taken an active part in University life. He was Chairman of the Refectory Committee for several years, and the President and later Life Vice-president of the University Food and Wine Society, and since 1975 has been Vice- President of the Women’s Athletic Association. A keen sportsman in his younger days, the only sport that he now has time to indulge in is swimming and he swims a half-mile every Saturday morning.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9781500147

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

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148 THE DETERMINATION OF PAH Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. The Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons The following are summaries of four of the papers presented at a Meeting of the Analytical Division held on February lst, 1978, in London. Cancer from Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) F. J. C. Roe Consultant, 4 Kings Road, Wimbledon, London, S W19 8QN Certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) , such as dibenz(a,h)anthracene and benzo- (a)pyrene were, as a result of the pioneering work of Sir Ernest Kennaway and his colleagues, among the first pure chemicals to be found to be carcin0genic.l Although the carcinogenic natures of other classes of chemical compounds, e.g., aromatic amines, azo dyes and certain inorganic materials, were recognised not long afterwards, it was not really before the mid- 1950s that the full importance of biological alkylation in carcinogenesis began to be recognised, and not until well into the 1960s before the carcinogenic potency and great versatility of, for instance, certain nitrosamines was appreciated.The notion that carcinogens act by causing mutations in somatic cells antedated the work of Kennaway and his colleagues and, when given a useful new tool in the form of pure chemical carcinogens, one of the first aims of those who favoured this theory was to show that PAH were potent mutagens.However, this was found not to be the case; at best only weak muta- genic activity was demonstrable. The carcinogenesis theorists therefore had a troublesome two decades or so.During this period biochemists, using what would now be regarded as old- fashioned techniques, set about trying to show that the carcinogenic effect of a substance may depend on its being changed in the body from an inactive pro-carcinogen to an active, or proximate, carcinogen. By analogy with simple aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene and naphthalene, it seemed likely that hydroxylation would occur and, eventually, numerous hydroxy and quinone derivatives or carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic PAH were isolated from the faeces or tissues of exposed animals. However, none of these derivatives was seem- ingly more active as a carcinogen than the parent substancein the biological test systems available at the time.At an early stage in the research, big differences in carcinogenic activity were found between chemicals of seemingly very similar structure.The first clue to why this should be came from the work of the Pullmans2 in France. From molecular orbital calculations on 37 unsub- stituted PAH they concluded that, in those that were carcinogenic, the energy of activation at the phenanthrenoid bond, which they called the K region, must not exceed a certain limit, while the activation energy at the L, or meso-anthrenoid, region must exceed another value (Fig.1). This theory of the Pullmans enabled several correct predictions of activity or non- activity to be made, but biochemists and biologists have difficulty in accepting “armchair” chemistry and would not be s a t i s m until they cbuld understand activity in terms of inter- actions between chemicals and body constituents, preferably genetic material in the form of nucleic acids.Great advances were made possible by the discovery of the structure of DNA3,4 and the significance of the sequencing of the four nucleotides guanine, cytosine, adenine and thymine in determining the structure of genes. At the same time, new impetus to the concept of metabolic activation of pro-carcinogens to proximate carcinogens was given by the unexpected discovery of the Millers5 in Wisconsin that hydroxylation could occur on the nitrogen atom of 2-acetylaminofluorene (Fig.2), and by their suggestion that most chemical carcinogens are converted by metabolism to electrophilic intermediates that react with the nucleophilic centres present in cellular constituents.6 The story, as far as the PAH were concerned, was taken a stage further when it was shown by Brookes and Lawley’ that hydrocarbons react with DNA in mouse skin and by Grover and Sims* that the microsomal metabolism of several different polycyclic hydrocarbons in the test- tube results in the formation of metabolites that react with DNA.Attempts to identify theMay, I978 THE DETERMINATION OF PAH 149 1,243enzanthracene 1,2,5,6-Dibenzanthracene CH3 2-Methyl-3,4-benzphenanthrene 9,l O-Dimethyl-l,2-benzanthracene Microsomes + NADPH + 0 2 1 Rat liver soluble fraction + PAPS + Mg2+ 1 N/ ‘OCH \ o.so3 H Fig.2 . The metabolic activation of 2- PAPS = acetylaminofluorene in rat liver. 3’-phosphoadenosyl-5’-phosphosulphate. 3,4-Benzpyrene 20-Meth ylcholanthrene Fig.1. Structures of some carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (earlier nomenclature) showing K and L regions. reactive metabolites have been in progress ever since. At first, simple epoxides formed at the K region came under suspicion; these compounds were known to be metabolites and they possessed properties thought to be relevant to the induction of cancer.However, during the last few years it has become apparent that another type of epoxide, known as diolepoxide, is most probably responsible for the biological effects of PAH. A diolepoxide is formed when an atom of oxygen is added, chemically or metabolically, to the isolated double bond adjacent to the dihydrodiol grouping in a non-K region diol as shown, for benzo(a)pyrene, in Fig.3. The first diolepoxide was detected as a metabolite by Booth and S i r n ~ , ~ and this type of reactive product has now been implicated in the activation of benzo(a)pyrene1° and of 7-methylbenz(a)anthracene.11 A similar mechanism of activation is suspected for other carcinogenic PAH. With benzo(a)pyrene, in particular, progress has been rapid and many of the products, such as that shown in Fig.4, formed when the active diol- epoxide reacts with nucleic acids, have been isolated and characterised by using modern physicochemical techniques. The early studies of Kenna- way and his colleagues involved the production of skin tumours when active compounds were applied repeatedly to the skin of mice, or of connective tissue tumours (sarcomas) when active chemicals were injected subcutaneously into laboratory animals.Later, tumours were pro- duced by exposing animals to carcinogenic PAH by a wide variety of other routes. Facilities for exposing animals to suspect carcinogens by the inhalation route have not existed until quite recent times. Previously, the best that one could do was to instil PAH into the lungs via the trachea.Exposure to carcinogenic PAH in this way leads to the development of squamous metaplasia and benign and malignant squamous turn our^.^^-^^ The injection of certain potently carcinogenic PAH into newborn mice, e.g., 3-methylcholanthrene, benzo(a)- pyrene or 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), depending on the strain, results in their developing tumours of the lung and liver, lymphoid tissues and a wide variety of other What is meant by saying that certain PAH are carcinogenic?150 THE DETERMINATION OF PAH R o c .AnaZyt. Div. Cbzem. SOC. tissues .I59 involved increased l6 their being given massive doses of DMBA by gavage. incidence of leukaemia in rats so treated. Hugginsl' developed a technique for producing mammary tumours in rats, which Later he also reported an 12 1 Hydrocarbon Microsomal mono-oxygenase &) / / I i 4 E poxide h yd ratase & &o;it-tydrodiih / \ / OH OH OH Microsornal mono-oxygenase Diol enoxides I Epoxide hydratase I Tetra hydrotetro I Fig.3. The metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene by microsomal enzymes to dihydrodiols and to diolepoxides. In general, the experimentalist remains suspicious about the interpretation of carcinogenicity studies unless there is clear evidence of a dose-response relationship. With many carcinogenic PAH there is abundant evidence of this nature.The evidence that some PAH are potent carcinogens for virtually all of the species of laboratory animal in which they have been ade- quately tested is overwhelming, and although there is no direct proof of it, there can be no doubt that PAH are also carcinogens for man.No-one has had the temerity to expose them- selves or anyone else to pure PAH known to be carcinogenic in animals. However, there are151 many examples of increased cancer risk in humans exposed to mixtures of chemicals including carcinogenic PAH. May, 1978 THE DETERMINATION OF PAH OH Fig.4. Structure of one of the guanine products formed when benzo(a)pyrene-7,8- diol-9,lO-oxide reacts with DNA. The oldest example is the increased risk of scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps exposed to coal tar and soot. During the latter half of the nineteenth century and first half of the present century, there was a major epidemic of skin cancer among mule-spinners in the cotton and wool industries.Inadequately refined mineral oils, which contained various PAH with four to six or more condensed benzene rings, were used for lubricating the spindles and this oil contaminated the skin and clothing of the operatives. Skin cancers of the hands and arms, but more especially of the scrotum in men and vulva in women, occurred in high incidence among persons thus exposed.ls The identification of carcinogenic PAH in mineral oils was reported by the Medical Research Council’s Carcinogenic Action of Mineral Oils Committee in 1968.19 This committee concluded, “.. . there is a strong presumption that the active constituents are more or less closely related to the known polycyclic aromatic carcinogens.’’ In any case, long before this report appeared it became compulsory for millowners to use a solvent-refined mineral oil for spindle lubrication, and the cotton industry had gone into decline anyway.However, these developments did not prevent cancer hazards from mineral oils cropping up in other industries. Kinnear et aL20 reported an incidence of precancerous and cancerous skin lesions in jute workers in Dundee. Jute has to be softened by a batching process, which in- volves the exposure of workers to poorly refined mineral oils.In 1967 Roe et aZ.21 found a sample of jute-batching oil, currently in use at that time, to be highly carcinogenic when applied to the skin of mice. The most recent event in this saga has been the minor epidemic of scrotal cancer among tool-setters and automatic lathe operators exposed to inadequately refined cutting oils, used as coolants, which led to the famous court case known as Stokes v Guest, Keen and Nettlefold in 1968.22 Another occupation in which observed raised incidences of cancer are thought to be attribut- able to PAH is the coal-gas industry.Men who used to work in retort houses developed three kinds of cancer in excess, viz., cancers of the bladder, lung and skin.23 The excess of bladder cancer is thought to be a result of exposure to P-naphthylamine and possibly other carcino- genic aromatic amines, but the responsibility for the skin cancers and lung cancers has been laid at the door of the PAH.Because it has a characteristic ultraviolet absorption spectrum, and because many kinds of researchers like to measure whatever they can measure irrespective of whether what they are doing is meaningful, benzo(a)pyrene (BP) has received far more attention than any other PAH in relation to human cancer.BP has been blamed for the excess of respiratory tract cancer in urban compared with rural dwellers24 and in cigarette smokers, and for the high incidence of stomach cancer in consumers of home-smoked fish and other Almost certainly BP is nothing more than a minor contributor to the cancer risk from industrial air pollution or cigarette smoke and it may not be implicated at all as a carcinogen for the gastro-intestinal tract.Wynder and Hoffman26 listed many carcinogens, not all of them PAH, that have been found in tobacco smoke condensate. Similar lists could be drawn up for vehicular exhaust fumes and for polluted air.Traces of BP and, wherever they have been looked for, other PAH and related heterocyclic compounds have been found in all sorts of foodstuffs. They find their way on to food crops152 THE DETERMINATION OF PAH Proc. AnaZyt. Diu. Chem. SOC. as a result of atmospheric fall-out and into the crust of bread cooked in direct-fired ovens, in which the bread is cooked in the gases generated by the combustion of 0il.~7 When such ovens are working well the amounts of PAH produced are minute, but under conditions of inefficient firing combustion becomes incomplete with the result that PAH are formed by pyrolysis. During the era of intense activity in the detection of BP it was found in, among other things, charcoal-broiled steaks and smoked salm0n,~~9~9 roasted coffee,30 water32 and fresh olives.33 Dr.A. J. Lindsey of the Sir John Cass College showed that PAH, including BP, can be formed readily by pyrolysis from a variety of organic starting materials, such as methane, ethane, propane, ethylene, e t ~ . ~ ~ He also showed that several different components of tobacco (e.g., cellulose, lignin, pectins, glucose and malic acid) may give rise to BP and other PAH on thermal decomp~sition.~~ Experimentalists have long been aware that carcinogenesis may be a complex process, usually requiring multiple steps. The logarithmic increase in the age-standardised risk of many forms of cancer is consistant with there being from three to five steps in the process.It has also been apparent that the carcinogenic effects of PAH can be greatly enhanced by con- comitant or subsequent exposure to other substances which, in the broad sense of the term, are irritant.Concomitant enhancement is referred to as “co-carcinogenesis” and the most strik- ing example of this is the up to 1 000-fold enhancement of the tumour-producing effects of RP by the aliphatic hydrocarbon dodecane, reported by Bingham and Falk.36 Where enhance- ment of the effects of carcinogens such as BP is brought about by subsequent exposure to an irritant, the second stage is referred to as “tumour promotion.” Co-carcinogenesis, tumour promotion and interactions of other kinds are thought to be very much involved in carcino- genesis by mineral oils, air pollutions and tobacco smoke condensate.Thus, we found that the phenolic fraction of tobacco smoke condensate promoted skin tumour development following a sub-carcinogenic dose of DMBA.37 Also, we38 and others39 have shown conclusively that BY cannot, by itself, be responsible for more than a small part of the carcinogenicity of tobacco smoke condensate. These workers found higher levels of arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) inducibility in cultured lymplio- cytes from patients (most of whom had been smokers) with lung cancer than in those from smokers or non-smokers without lung cancer.They suggested that a capacity for AHH induction constitutes susceptibility to lung cancer. The hypothesis, is, in fact, a very loose one because there are several enzymes that fall within the definition “AHH” and no-one is quite sure whether such activity favours the production of carcinogens or their destruction.Most other groups who have tried to repeat the work have failed. An exception to this are recent report^^^,^^ of high AHH inducibility in the circulating lymphocytes of patients with cancer of the larynx or oral cavity. In this brief survey I have tried to put the consideration of PAH as carcinogens into perspec- tive biologically and medically.Personally, I have no doubt that PAH contribute to the burden of human cancer. What is not clear to me or to anyone is how concerned we need to be about the presence of traces of PAH in many aspects of our environment. I suspect that with PAH and other carcinogens triumphs in the field of analytical technique are tending to divert our energies towards removing traces that are of negligible importance biologically, whereas we would be better occupied trying to find entirely new kinds of causes of cancer.A few years ago a report by Kellerman et stirred up much interest. The author is greatly indebted to Dr. P. L. Grover of the Chester Beatty Research Institute for advice on certain aspects of this paper. 1.2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. References Cook, J. W., Hieger, I., Kennaway, E. L., andMayneord, W. V., Proc. R. SOC. B, 1932, 111, 455. Pullman, A., and Pullman, B., Adv. Cancer Res., 1955, 3, 117. Watson, J. C., and Crick, F. H. C., Nature, Lond, 1953, 171, 737. Watson, J. C., and Crick, F. H. C., Cold S p i n g Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol., 1953, 18, 123.Cramer, J. W., Miller, J. A., and Miller, E. C., J . Biol. Chem., 1960, 235, 885. Miller, J. A., Cancer Res., 1970, 30, 559. Brookes, P., and Lawley, P. D., Nature, Lond., 1964, 202, 781. Grover, P. L., and Sims, P., Biochem. J., 1968, 110, 159.May, 1978 THE DETERMINATION OF PAH 153 9. 10. ’ 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. Booth, J., and Sims, P., F E B S Lett., 1974, 47, 30. Sims, P., Grover, P. L., Swaisland, A., Pal, K., and Hewer, A., Nature, Lond., 1974, 252, 326. Tierney, B., Hewer, A., Walsh, C., Grover, P. L., and Sims, P., Chem.-Biol. Interactions, 1977, 18, 179. Nettesheim, P., and Hammons, A. S., J . Natn. Cancer Inst., 1971, 47, 697.Schreiber, H., Nettesheim, P., and Martin, D. H., J . Natn Cancer Inst., 1972, 49, 541. Davis, B. R., Whitehead, J. K., Gill, M. E., Lee, P. N., Butterworth, A. D., and Roe, F. J. c., Brit. J . Roe, F. J. C., Rowson, K. E. K., and Salaman, M. H., Brit. J . Cancer, 1961, 15, 515. Roe, F. J . C., and Walters, M. A., Nature, Lond, 1967, 214, 299. ; Huggins, C., J . Exp. Med., 19.59, 109, 25.Henry, S. A., “Cancer of the Scrotum in Relation to Occupation,” Oxford University Press, London, Medical Research Council, “The Carcinogenic Action of Mineral Oils : A Chemical and Biological Kinnear, J., Rogers, J., Finn, 0. A., and Maiv, A., Brit. J . I n d . Med., 1955, 12, 36. Roe, F. J. C., Carter, R. L., and Tavlor, W., Brit. J . Cancer, 1967, 21, 694. Stokes v Guest, Keen & Nettlefold (Bolts & Nuts) Ltd., Solicitors Journal, 1968, 112, 821.Doll, R., Vessey, M. P., Beasley, R. W. R., Buckley, A. R., Fear, E. C., Fisher, R. E. W., Gammon, E. J., Gunn, W., Hughes, G. O., Lee, K., andNorman-Smith, B., Brit. J . I n d . Med., 1972,29, 394. Shabad, L. M., I n t . J . A i r Pollut., 1960, 3, 221. Bailey, E., and Dungal, N., Brit.J . Cancer, 1958, 12, 348. Wynder, E. L., and Hoffmann, D., “Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke: Studies in Experimental Carcino- genesis,” Academic Press, New York, 1967, pp. 1-730. “La QualitC du Pain,” Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 1960. Lijinsky, W., and Shubik, P., I n d . Med. Surg., 1964, 33, 470. Lijinsky, W. and Shubik P., Science, N . Y . , 1964, 145, 53. Chassevent, F., and Hkros, M., Cafd-Cocoa-The’, 1963, 7, 349.Blumer, M., Science, N.Y., 1961, 134, 474. Borneff, J., Arch. Hyg. Bakt., 1964, 146, 334. Jung, L.. andMorand, P., C. R. Hebd. Se‘anc. Acad. Sci., Pavis, 1962, 254, 1489. Lindsey, A. J ., personal communication. Kennaway, E., and Lindsey, A. J., Brit. Med. Bull., 1958, 14, 124. Bingham, E., and Falk, H. L., Archs Environ.Hlth, 1969 19, 779. Roe, F. J. C., Salaman, M. H., Cohen, J., and Burgan, J. G., Brit. J . Cancer, 1959, 13, 623. Roe, F. J . C., Nature, Lond., 1962, 194, 1089. Wynder, E. L., and Hoffmann, D., Cancer, 1961, 14, 1306. Kellerman, G., Shaw, C. R., and Luyten-Kellerman, M., New Engl. J . Med., 1973, 289, 934. Trell, E., Korsgaard, R., Hood, B., Kitzing, P., Nordh, G., and Simonsson, B.G., Lancet, 1976, Trell, E., Korsgaard, R., Kitzing, P., Lundgren, K., and Mattiasson, I., Lancet, 1978, (i), 109. Cancer, 1975, 31, 469. 1946. Study,” HM Stationery Office, London, 1968, pp. 1-251. (ii), 140. Analytical Aspects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Food M. E. Knowles Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 65 Romney Street, London, SWlP 3RD Potential sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination of food are atmospheric pollution, soil and water, food processing, endogenous synthesis and the use of petroleum-based food additives (mineral hydrocarbons).General Analytical Methodology There are several problems that are unique to this class of compounds and, on the basis of permutations and combinations of ring structure and number, type and position of substituent groups, this class, even taking into account probability factors, can number thousands of compounds.The problems are further exacerbated by the complex structures of these compounds, the difficulty of isolating them from a food matrix, their low levels of occurrence and their occurrence as complex mixtures. These factors, together with legislative needs, have resulted in two broad approaches to PAH analysis in food: the development of collective or total methods, which do not involve separation or identification of individual components ; and the development of chromato- graphic systems for the separation and identification of selected or total components of the PAH extract.154 THE DETERMINATION OF PAH Proc.Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. The collective methods are usually confined to quality control of PAH in mineral hydro- carbons destined for medicinal or food use and the latter systems to food and environmental samples. Collective Methods Measurement of the ultraviolet absorbance of simple solutions of oils and waxes in an appropriate solvent are of little value, because interference from mono- and dibenzenoid compounds occurs and the theoretical pass levels for PAH are too high.More appropriate tests are the ASTM D2269 test for liquid paraffins and that in the “Mineral Hydrocarbons in Food Regulations, 1966” (Part I1 of the Schedule), for waxes. The former test utilises the partition of PAH into dimethyl sulphoxide from hexane and the absorbance is measured in the range 260-350 nm.The latter test essentially consists of the extraction of a solution of the melted wax in 2,2,4-trimethylpentane with a dimethyl sulphoxide - phosphoric acid mixture, followed by column chromatography on magnesia - Celite, the final measurement being made in 2,2,4-trimethylpentane in the range 280400 nm. Chromatographic Methods The methods reported in the literature differ in detail, but all consist broadly of the following steps : solvent extraction ; concentration and column chromatography (e.g., on silica gel) ; concentration of column effluent and either thin-layer (e.g., on cellulose or cellulose acetate) or gel-filtration chromatography (e.g., on Sephadex LH-20) for final clean-up ; and collection of appropriate fractions for separation by the chromatographic method of choice.With many foodstuffs the first step in the extraction procedure is often saponification with alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution followed by liquid - liquid partition into an aqueous - organic solvent ( e g . , methanol - water - cyclohexane). The organic phase is removed, concentrated and re-partitioned into a more polar organic solvent (e.g., dimethylformamide) diluted with water.The aqueous phase is diluted with water and re-extracted with an organic solvent, such as cyclohexane. Further clean-up is effected by chromatography on a Sephadex LH-20 column in propan-2-01. Having obtained a concentrated extract of PAHs relatively free from interfering com- pounds, the choice of the final chromatographic method depends on the expertise and equip- ment available and type of results required. Probably the commonest method used is thin-layer chromatography on cellulose or cellulose acetate.This is frequently a two-stage operation, initial separation into bands being carried out on cellulose, with final separation of the eluted bands on cellulose acetate. The developed spots are determined in situ by densitometry or fluorimetry, or eluted from the plate and the ultraviolet spectra recorded and identification confirmed by spectrofluorimetry.Because of its limited powers of separation, thin-layer chromatography is used when only one (e.g., benzo(a)pyrene) or a limited number of PAH need to be analysed. Gas chromatography, because of its greatly increased powers of separation, has superseded thin-layer chromatography in PAH analyses when information on the total composition of the PAH fraction is required.The best results are obtained with high efficiency capillary columns (50 m x 0.3-0.5 mm id.) using non-polar stationary phases such as OV-17 or OV-101. Confirmation of known PAH and the identification of unknowns is facilitated by coupling gas chromatography with mass spectrometry.The operating conditions for the gas chromato- graphy are usually isothermal between 250 and 260 “C, or programmed temperature rise from 120 to 240 at 1 “C min-l. Quantification is reliably achieved by gas chromatography because the flame ionisation detector is linear over a large range according to the carbon content, and no corrections are necessary when internal standards are used, these being added prior to the extraction stage.Coupled gas chromatography - mass spectrometry is, to date, the most powerful analytical tool for separating and determining the total PAH content of a particular sample. Falling between thin-layer and gas chromatography in separating power is high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), although it is superior to both in terms of speed of analysis.Early reports in the literature used alumina or silica gel columns, but more recently reverse phase chromatography using octadecylsilane or 3-phthalimidosilane has yielded improvedMay, 1978 THE DETERMINATION OF PAH 155 separations. Up to twenty PAH can be separated in 30 min and nanogram amounts can be determined by using a fluorescence detector.It is probable that as HPLC instrumentation and columns improve it will compete with capillary gas chromatography for total resolution of the PAHs in the sample. Analytical Problems in Meeting WHO Limits for PAHs in Water B. Crathorne and M. Fielding Water Research Centre, Medmenham Laboratory, P.O. Box 16, Henley Road, Medmenham, Marlow Buckinghamshire, SL7 2HD The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a standard for the amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in drinking water derived from surface water, which recom- mends a maximum level of 200 ng 1-1 for total PAH.l A suitable analytical technique by use of which this total can be measured is provided.The term total PAH refers to the sum of six specified PAHs, viz., fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(b)- fluoranthene, benzo(ghi)perylene and indeno( 1,2,3-cd)pyrene. A level of these six in excess of 200 ng 1-1 indicates pollution due to insufficient water treatment.A considerable amount of research funded by the Department of the Environment on PAHs in water has been carried out at the Water Research Centre (WRC) in which a modified version of the recommended analytical method was employed.However, a more accurate method was desirable for use in relation to the standard and a method based upon high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed. Various problems were encountered in the general application of the standard and in the development of an alternative analytical technique and these form the subject of this paper, together with an explanation of the standard.The WHO Standard Development of the Recommended Technique The development of the recommended analytical technique is covered by a series of papers by Borneff and K ~ n t e . ~ - ~ Early analytical work2 involved the extraction of 500 1 of water with 18 1 of benzene.The concentrate extracted was then separated by chromatography on an alumina column and then on acetylated paper. The PAHs separated were identified and quantified by absorption spectrophotometry. With this method twenty PAHs were identified in various parts of the water cycle and of these ten were regularly seen and quanti- fied. Five of the ten PAHs were known carcinogens and the levels of these compounds were summed and termed total carcinogens.In 1967, an improved method was publi~hed.~ This method involved the use of two- dimensional thin-layer chromatography for separation and replaced absorption measurements with fluorescence monitoring. These changes resulted in an over-all increase in sensitivity, such that 100-1 samples could be taken and extracted with 3 1 of benzene.Borneff and Kunte published a further method in 1969 which, they felt, was suitable for routine use because the sample size was reduced to 101.5 Samples were extracted with 600 ml of benzene, but the smaller sample volume resulted in a loss of sensitivity, which was critical for four of the ten PAHs regularly seen. The levels of the remaining six PAHs were summed and termed total PAH.This is the determinand referred to in the WHO standard. The PAHs separated by using two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography can be quantified in three ways: by visual estimation of the intensity of each spot by comparison with reference chromatograms; by use of a thin-layer plate scanner attached to a fluorimeter; and by scraping each spot off the plate individually and measuring the fluorescence in solution.Visual estimation is the simplest and cheapest method of quantification, but it can be shown that the errors involved are approximately *25% for most observers. However, this accuracy is generally acceptable for application of the WHO standard as it is only a recom- mendation. The other two methods are more accurate, but the thin-layer plate scanner -156 THE DETERMINATION OF PAH Proc.Analyt. Din. Chem. SOC. fluorimeter is very expensive while scraping each spot off the plate is very time consuming. These limitations have led to research into the use of alternative analytical techniques in order to obtain more accurate quantitative data. Modifications of the Recommended Analytical Technique The more important modifications carried out in the WRC studies were a reduction in sample size, the use of cyclohexane as the extraction solvent and a simplification of the thin- layer chromatographic procedure by reducing the number of developments of the thin-layer plate.Similar modifications to these have also been described in a recent publication by Borneff .6 Basis of the 200 ng 1-1 Limit The data on which the limit is based comes from the publication of Borneff and Kunte5 to which the WHO refer in the standard. The philosophy behind the standard is that tapwater derived from surface water should contain no more PAHs than tapwater derived from groundwater.As groundwater generally contains low levels of PAHs, which are difficult to remove, it is assumed to contain a base line level of contamination.Surface water, however, is known to contain substantially higher levels, hence the requirement to monitor tapwater derived from surface water. In order to determine this base line level, fourteen sites in the Rhine-Palatinate - Hesse region of West Germany were sampled and analysed. The average figure for total PAH was found to be 63.3 ng 1-l.The average figure for tapwater, derived solely from groundwater, in the same area was found to be 95.5 ng 1-l. This increase was assumed to be due to pick-up of PAHs from the distribution pipe linings. From the average figures obtained, the normal level for groundwater was taken to be 50 ng l-l, and for tapwater derived from groundwater 100 ng 1-1, although it is not clear how these figures were obtained.The level of 200 ng 1-1 was obtained by multiplying the normal level for tapwater, i.e., 100 ng l-l, by a factor (2) to account for the variation in groundwater levels and the pick-up of PAHs during distribution. As tapwater from surface water should contain no more PAHs than this level, the limit was set at 200 ng 1-l. Recent data from WRC suggests that the average levels for groundwater and distributed groundwater, given above, are by no means universally applicable and that an examination of the general validity of the 200 ng 1-1 limit is necessary.Practical Problems in the Measurement of the WHO Total PAHs The six particular PAHs were chosen as indicators because they were easily separated by use of the recommended technique.The main implication of this fact is that it is difficult to apply alternative techniques for their measurement. For example, capillary-column gas chromatography affords excellent separation of a large number of PAHs. However, even with the use of the most efficient columns the isomers benzo(k)fluoranthene and benzo(b)fluoranthene are very difficult to separate.Thus, quanti- fication of these particular PAHs would be very difficult, although in principle (and ignoring sensitivity problems) a different selection of PAHs could be monitored. When the required separation has been obtained with another technique a problem arises owing to possible interference from other PAHs. This interference might occur because it is not feasible to resolve all of the PAHs found in environmental samples.There- fore, the measured PAHs will suffer some analytical interference from unmeasured PAHs and the nature of the interference will vary according to the type of separation. Thus, the analytical interference from techniques such as HPLC and gas chromatography will be different from that for the thin-layer chromatographic method. There are considerable difficulties in determining experimentally the importance of such interferences in relation to the accuracy of data produced by different methods.Alternative Analytical Techniques ,4n alternative analytical technique is desirable in order to improve on the accuracy of the A faster method would also be attractive for routine applications. recommended method.May, 1978 T H E DETERMINATION OF PAH 157 Gas chromatography and HPLC have been widely used for PAH analysis in a variety of environmental samples.Therefore their use for this particular application is considered. Gas Chromatography Gas chromatography is not generally suitable for this particular analysis for the following reasons. It is difficult to separate these six PAHs, even with the use of wall-coated capillary columns.The most applicable detector, the flame-ionisation detector, is not sufficiently sensitive when one considers the limitation on sample loading unless large samples are taken. As the flame-ionisation detector also responds to non-PAH material it would be necessary to produce a PAH fraction before analysis. This would be both difficult and time consuming.High-performance Liquid Chromatography HPLC does not suffer from the disadvantages described above for gas chromatography. This is because the fluorimeter, a highly sensitive detector for many PAHs, can be used as an on-line detector. In addition, although the separation of these six PAHs is difficult, it can be achieved with the use of high efficiency columns.The main problem encountered in the WRC study of the application of HPLC to this particular analysis was developing a column system capable of separating the six specified PAHs. Reverse-phase systems did not achieve the required selectivity. However, adequate separation was obtained by using a liquid - solid absorption column. This separation is shown in Fig. 1. This type of column is more difficult to operate than a reverse-phase column as the activity of an absorption column is critical to selectivity and retention character- istics.Because small changes in the composition of the mobile phase alter the activity, it is important that care should be taken over the preparation of the mobile phase and the initial activation of the column. The technique found to be most effective was to exclude water from the system and to use a mobile phase of 0.01% acetone in hexane.2 10 5 Time/min Fig. 1. Separation by HPLC of the PAHs specified by the WHO. Column, 25 cm of Partisil-5; mobile phase, 0.01 % acetone in hexane; flow-rate, 1.5 nil min-l ; ultraviolet detection, 287ntn ; absorbance, 0.05; and chart speed, 1 cm min-l. 6-PAH mixture; 100 ng of each component.1 , Fluoranthene; 2 , benzo(a)pyrene : 3, benzo(k)fluoranthene ; 4, benzo(b)- fluoranthene ; 5, benzo(ghi)perylene ; and 6, indeno- (1,2,3-cd)pyrene. The use of a fluorimetric detector is essential for this particular analysis because of its high sensitivity for the WHO PAHs. However, it is possible for the fluorescent response of certain PAHs to be affected by other PAHs eluting at the same time.This is known as quenching and further study is necessary to determine whether it has any significant effect on the estimated levels of PAHs present. Table I shows some of the results obtained by using the HPLC method for the analysis of river water spiked with the six PAHs. Each water sample (5 1) was extracted with cyclo-158 THE DETERMINATION OF PAH Proc. AnaZyt.Div. Chern. SOC. hexane (200 ml), the extract concentrated (to 0.5 ml) and analysed by means of HYLC with fluorescence detection. The over-all recovery averages out at approximately 65y0 with the range of standard deviations between 0.5 and 6.7%. TABLE I ANALYSIS OF SPIKED WATER SAMPLES BY USING THE HPLC METHOD River water 10 ng 1-1 spike- Fluoranthene .. . . Benzo (a)pyrene . . Benzo ( k ) fluoranthene . . Benzo(b)fluoranthene . . Benzo(ghi)perylene . . Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene . . Blank/ ngl-1 10.0 3.5 2.0 3.0 1.5 5.0 Recovery, ”;o Mean Standard -- A --, recovery, % deviation, ?(, 64 57 60 60 60 1.7 67 68 68 67 67 0.5 50 78 64 60 63 6.7 55 70 73 61 65 4.8 53 64 53 49 55 3.7 55 45 59 56 54 3.6 River water 100 ng 1-l spike- Fluoranthene .. . . 19.0 65 63 69 70 67 2.0 Benzo(a)pyrene . . . . 8.0 60 67 69 67 66 2.3 Benzo(k)fluoranthene . . 7.0 60 61 63 69 63 2.3 Benzo(b)fluoranthene . . 7.0 59 62 64 65 62 1.6 Benzo(ghi)perylene . . 10.0 48 53 60 62 56 3.7 Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene . . 6.0 61 51 67 62 56 2.9 Conclusions Some aspects of the WHO approach to the assessment of PAH contamination in drinking water are uncertain.This is partly a result of the lack of clear information on the scope and application of the standard and interpretation of the data. The choice of the six PAHs makes it difficult to apply alternative analytical techniques in order to improve on the accuracy of the data produced. Such an improvement would be necessary if a mandatory standard were to be introduced.Therefore, although the standard has served a useful purpose, especially in promoting research into the general problem of PAHs in water, there is scope for a new approach with a more rational basis. A standard that applies to drinking water in general, using PAHs that are able to be analysed by a variety of techniques, would be desirable. As it is impractical to monitor all PAHs found in water then it may well be necessary to measure certain PAHs to serve as indicators of PAHs in general.However, the relationship of the indicators to the remaining PAHs present, particularly carcinogenic PAHs, will need to be clearly defined. However, the difficulties of setting up a new standard must be acknowledged. References 1. “World Health Organization. International Standards for Drinking Water,” World Health 2.3. 4. 5. 6. Organization, Geneva, 197 1. Rorneff, J., and Kunte, H., Arch. Hyg. Baht., 1964, 148, 56.5. Kunte, H., Arch. Hyg. Bakt., 1967, 151, 193. Borneff, J., and Kunte, H., Arch. Hyg. Baht., 1967, 151, 202. Borneff, J., and Kunte, H., Arch. Hyg. Baht., 1969, 153, 220. Borneff, J., Paper for the Standing Committee on Water Quality and Treatment, Subject la, Amster- dam Congress, International Water Supply Association, Amsterdam, 197G.The Measurement of PAHs in Industrial Effluents Peter W. Jones Battelle, Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, 43201, USA The measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions is important because several of these species are known to cause carcinogenesis. Moreover, photoproducts, which may be subsequently formed in ambient atmospheres, have been demonstrated to be highlyMay, 1978 EQUIPMENT NEWS 159 carcinogenic. The sources of PAHs are numerous, and include all fossil fuel combustion and conversion operations.Macro- reticular resins are utilised for sample collection from both media, recovery being affected by solvent extraction. Quantitative analysis is accomplished by capillary column gas chromato- graphic - mass spectrometric analysis, utilising selective ion monitoring; state-of-the-art PAH isomer resolution is achieved. The consideration of appropriate resins for PAH sampling has been limited to XAD-2 and Tenax, but key factors such as selectivity, capacity, particle size, flow-rate, solvent com- patibility and background contamination need to be investigated. Stack gas sampling systems depend upon particulate filtration (or cyclone collection), followed by cooling and adsorption of PAH vapours by macroreticular resins; the effect of temperature on each portion of the sampling train is considered. Flow-rates of up to 5 standard cubic feet per minute permit detection limits below 0.01 p.p.t. (10l2) to be readily achieved. Laboratory validation studies demonstrated a quantitative recovery of repre- sentative PAHs, under simulated stack-gas conditions. Field validation experiments with parallel sampling trains and replicate analyses demonstrated an over-all reproducibility of approximately & 10%. Aqueous effluent sampling for PAHs is accomplished through the use of XAD-2 resin. Factors influencing the sample contamination by the resin have been considered, the most effective technique being to slurry-pack the pre-extracted resin with methanol. The typical sampling volume is about 20 1, which readily facilitates detection limits below 0.1 p.p.t. Gas-chromatographic - mass spectrometric analysis is carried out by using either OV-101 or SE-54 in a 20-m glass capillary column, these columns readily facilitating the resolution of isomers such as anthracene - phenanthrene, chrysene - benz(a)anthracene, and benz(e)pyrene - benz(a)pyrene. Quantitation is accomplished by using sequential selective ion monitoring techniques, whereby the monitored ions are progressively changed as the chromatographic separation proceeds. On-column sensitivities of a few picograms are obtained under favour- able conditions. ' This work concerns the measurement of PAHs in stack gases and aqueous effluents.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9781500148

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

May, 1978 EQUIPMENT NEWS 159 Equipment News Atomic Absorption Mercury - Hydride System The MHS-1, an accessory for the automatic analysis of mercury and hydride-forming ele- ments such as arsenic and selenium, is used in conjunction with Perkin-Elmer atomic-absorp- tion spectrophotometers to give better perform- ance in analysis by the hydride generation tech- nique than was previously available.After pipetting the prepared sample into a PTFE sampling vessel, which is then attached to the MHS- 1, the analysis proceeds automatically. An increase in sensitivity of up to five times for many of the elements determinable with hydride generation is claimed. Four built-in pro- grammes are featured to allow selection of analysis times, and remote outputs to automati- cally initiate instrument readings.The MHS-1 accepts both sodium borohydride pellets and solutions. Perkin-Elmer Ltd., Beaconsfield, Bucking- hamshire, H P 9 1QA. Scanning Spectrometer A rapid s) or slow (minutes) scanning spectrometer (RSS-C) has been developed that uses only a low inertia grating mounted on the shaft of a galvanometer and spherical mirror in the monochromator. This optical layout re- sults in increased throughput, resolution and scan range.Although normally operated in the ultraviolet - visible - near infrared range ((200 to >900 nm) the optics permit use of the instrument throughout the infrared region. Computer compatibility can be obtained via a microprocessor ; scan width, rate, wavelength range and centre can be readily controlled from the front panel or via a computer.The RSS-C can be operated in either single- or double-beam mode; the latter is processed to give a log ratio output. Derivative spectra can also be recorded. Harrick Scientific Corporation, Croton Dam Road, Box 867, Ossining, N.Y. 10562, U.S.A.160 EQUIPMENT NEWS Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. Widefield Photomicroscope System The Polyvar Widefield photomicroscope system has been designed using the optics originally designed for Univar, all objectives showing faultless imaging over a field of view diameter 30.A widefield photo system integrated into the stand permits photography for all formats equivalent to a field of view of 24. The Polyvar is equipped with specially designed 10 x widefield eyepieces and when used in conjunction with the built-in magni- changer (0.8 x , 1 .0 ~ and 1 . 2 5 ~ ) provides an over-all magnification range of 20 x to 1 250 x . For microphotography a luminous format indicator is projected into the binocular tube, thus eliminating the need for special eyepiece graticules. Reichert - Jung UK, 820 Yeovil Road, Slough, Berkshire, SLl 4 JB. Doppler Flow Meters The Euromatic DL range is a new series of Doppler flow meters for measuring the flow of liquid in pipes without creating any form of pressure drop or interference to the flow.The basic Doppler principle is employed and the piezo-electric frequency generator is mounted externally to the pipe. On standard models (for pipe sizes from + to 20 in) the crystal generator is mounted permanently with the electronic frequency discriminating circuit on top of the meter and each individual meter is calibrated to an accuracy of better than 0.1%.A second system is available for use with larger diameter pipes or where the customer wishes to install a Doppler Meter without breaking into the pipe. Here, the frequency discriminating unit can be located up to 12 f t away. Used in conjunction with Euromatic electronic readout units either digital or analogue displays can be provided with calibrations in units to suit customer’s requirements.Euromatic Flowmeters Ltd., Cross Lances Road, Hounslow, Middlesex. High Pressure Insertion Flow Meter The Model IM6OOR is a high pressure insertion flow meter that can be used with pressures up to 3 000 p.s.i. A retractable flow meter turbine is lowered into the pipe by means of a rack and pinion mechanism, which can be used on pipe- lines of 4 in and above.The IM6OOR can be linked directly to a computer or used with any standard Euromatic electronic readout unit to provide readings of flow total, rate of flow, etc. Linearity is flyo with liquid applications and &2% with gas for a 10-1 flow range.Repeatability is 0.1% of the reading with liquid and 0.2% with gas. Euromatic Flowmeters Ltd., Cross Lances Road, Hounslow, Middlesex. High Accuracy Density Measurement A new instrument employing the oscillator method, called the Digital Densimeter DMA 60, provides high precision measurements using various external measuring cells. The sample flows through the measuring oscillator cell, which is constructed from 2 mm i.d.borosilicate glass. The signal obtained is then carried to the electronic control unit at a distance of up to 300 ft. The DMA 60 electronic process unit can accept signals from two external density measuring cells simultaneously. Three modes of operation can be selected, the first two with either cell 1 or cell 2 carrying out a period measurement and the third with cell 2 acting as a reference oscill- ator for cell 1.The DMA 60 is available with external cell, automatic sample changer and digital printer. Stanton Redcroft, Copper Mill Lane, London, SW17 OBhT. Dry Test Meter A range of portable dry test meters for testing gas that is unsaturated with water vapour is available. These meters are diecast in one piece to eliminate the possibility of leaking joints and incorporate phenolic coated valve covers and a valve motion designed to eliminate the angular errors of working parts, thus reduc- ing wear.The 6-in dial features a large sweep hand and four totalising dials are frictionally mounted for easy re-setting. Three basic models are available, providing a range of calibrations down to 0.001 f t 3 (0.1 1) with work- ing pressures up to 10 p.s.i.and capacities up to 325 f t 3 (9 200 1). International Gas Apparatus, Glebeland Road, Yorktown Industrial Estate, Camberley, Surrey. Dosing Funnels for Powders A. new range of dosing funnels can introduce accurately measured amounts of dry powdery substances into apparatus systems without the need to dismantle the apparatus or stop the process.The units consist of a graduated reservoir from which the powder is drawn by a hand-operated screw conveyor.May, 19’18 EQUIPMENT NEWS 161 A pressure equalisation device is incorporated which allows the funnels to be used with ‘ systems working under positive or negative pressure and they are also fitted with a cooling jacket around the powder outlet for use when working with boiling solvents.The units are available in three basic forms for volumes from 50 to 100 ml, for volumes of 5, 10 or 25 ml, or for total volumes of only 1 ml. Orme Scientific Ltd., P.O. Box 3, Stakehill Industrial Estate, Middleton, Manchester, M24 2RH. Electronic Temperature Controls The 91 1/912 series of electronic temperature controls covers RTD ranges from -50 to 450” and provides on - off, limit, or proportioning controls by means of a 10-A relay.Proportion- ing controls facilitate adjustable time rate and band width. A choice of “skeleton” (without enclosure) indicating or non-indicating con- trollers is offered for panel mounted applications, the controller fitting within a 4 x 5 x 3 in volume. Accurate to +l% of the range, the 91 1/912 series provides 4 1 O F set point stability over a 32-130 “F ambient temperature change.United Electric Controls (Sales) Ltd., Victor House, Norris Road, Staines, TW18 4DS. Computing Integrator The 304/50 Computing Integrator is a develop- ment of the earlier 304 MK 1, with improved post-run computational power. Automatic calibration from multiple standards and auto- matic calculation of response and sensitivity factors are possible.The 304/50 has a full autosampler capability and has a standard peak capacity of 110, expandable to 512. Infotronics (UK) Ltd., 1 Newcastle Street, Stone, Staffordshire, ST15 8 JU. Trace Analyser for Toxic Organic Vapours in Air A new, low-cost gas chromatograph, the Carle Model 9702, is available for measuring trace amounts of organic vapours in air.A sample containing 1 p.p.m. of benzene will give half scale deflection on a standard 1 mV potentio- metric recorder. The total analysis time is less than 3 min. Other applications include the analysis of chlorinated cleaning-solvent vapours, refrigerants and vinyl chloride. Techmation Ltd., 58 Edgware Way, Edgware, Middlesex, HA8 8 JP.Dissolved Oxygen Meter A new, mains-run, dissolved oxygen meter has a range selector switch to enable the meter to be set to 0-100, 0-30, or O-lOy$ oxygen satur- ation. Multi-turn potentiometers provide sensi- tive setting up of zero and span. A. Gallenkamp & Co. Ltd., P.O. Box 290, Technico House, Christopher Street, London, EC2P 2ER. Ultraviolet Lamp A hand-held, ultraviolet lamp for chromato- graphy is supplied with a stand under which thin-layer chromatographic plates can be located during examination.The lamp emits ultraviolet radiation at 366 and 254nm. It con- tains two long-wavelength discharge tubes with integral filters and one short-wavelength tube with an external filter. A. Gallenkamp Co. Ltd., P.0 Box 290, Technico House, Christopher Street, London, ECBP 2ER.Clinical Analyser The Vitatron P4800 is a high throughput pro- grammable clinical analyser, capable of per- forming 180 end-point and 120 kinetic deter- minations per hour. It is also capable of performing several assays on small numbers of samples without any intervening downtime. Reagents as well as specimens are sampled and no priming of the tubing with reagent is re- quired.A magnetic card system allows the operator to perform common analyses or run his own programme for other tests. MSE Scientific Instruments, Manor Royal, Crawley, Sussex, RHlO ZQQ. Isotachophoresis The combination of the Tachoplior Analytical Isotachophoresis System with the new Tacho- frac micro-preparative accessory provides high speed, high resolution and micro-preparative capacity for the analysis of mixtures of ionic species.LKB Instruments Ltd., 232 Addington Road, South Croydon, Surrey. Ultrorac I1 Fraction Collector The LKB 2070 Ultrorac I1 Fraction Collector offers as new features solid-state electronics, synchronised event marking, LED display and a precise volume mode of collection. LKB Instruments Ltd., 232 Addington Road, South Croydon, Surrey.162 EQUIPMENT NEWS Proc.Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. New Products PTFE Membranes A new filter, manufactured from pure poly- tetrafluoroethylene thermally bonded to a poly- propylene substrate to provide strength and facilitate ease of handling, has a virtually universal chemical compatibility. PTFE is completely hydrophobic and will therefore remove free water from liquids and gases under filtration, along with all other contaminants larger than the filter pore size.PTFE mcm- branes enable the filtering of organic and inorganic solvents and gases to the 0.2-, 0.45, 1.0- and 5-pm levels. Gelman Hawksley Ltd., 10 Harrowden Road, Bracktnills, Northampton, “4 OEB. Electrofocusing PAG Plates The range of prepared plates for electrofocusing has been extended to include the following narrow ranges, pH 4.0-6.5, 5.5-8.5 and 4.0-5.0.LKB Instruments Ltd., 232 Addington Road, South Croydon, Surrey. Literature A new data sheet is available for the GKEP carbon monoxide analyser, Model 6572. Speci- ally designed for closed environments, such as garages or road tunnels, the analyser has a normal working range of 0-400p.p.m.of carbon monoxide in air, with a maximum of 600 p.p.m. George Kent Electronic Products Ltd., 4 Rosemary Lane, Coldhams Lane, Cambridge, CB1 3LQ. The Foxboro/Wilks range of infrared analysers is described in a recent brochure. Specialist applications, from on the spot air testing using portable monitors to on-line process control analysers, are detailed. Foxboro/Wilks Inc., P.O.Box 449, South Norwalk, Conn., 06856, USA. A carbon bed adsorption monitoring system, based on a MIRAN-I1 Infrared Analyzer, is described in a new data sheet. This system can be sensitised to measure either a specific organic solvent or to make a total hydrocarbon measure- ment and to monitor air at the inlet and outlet of adsorption beds. Foxboro/Wilks Inc., P.O. Box 449, South Norwalk, Conn., USA.An edition of the Spex Speaker is available, which describes the advantages of photon counting over other techniques for measuring low light levels. The new Spex DPC2 Digital Photometer, which incorporates a photon counter, d.c. electrometer and high-voltage supply for a photomultiplier tube, is described in detail. Glen Creston Instruments Ltd., 16 Carlisle Road, London, NW9 OHL.Software development, library search methods and automatic quantitation with selected ion monitoring software on the HP 5992A gas chromatograph - mass spectrometer are des- cribed in three technical payers (Nos. 23-5952 and 5865-5867) from Hewlett-Packard Ltd., King Street Lane, Winnersh, Wokingham, Berkshire, RG11 5AR. A new, short-form catalogue, summarising their entire laboratory equipment range, is available from Techne Cambridge Ltd., Duxford, Cam- bridge, CB2 4PZ.Issue 20 of Kent Technical Review includes details of the P3000 range of pneumatic control instrumentation and the Foster Cambridge Series 80 range of level controllers. George Kent Ltd., Luton, Bedfordshire, LU3 2BR. Automation of the new ASTM method “Benzene and Toluene in Finished Motor and Aviation Gasolines” is described in the Autumn 1977 issue of “Analytical Advances.” The system consists of a HP 767 1 liquid sampler, a 57 12 gas - liquid chromatograph and a HP 3385 integrator. Hewlett-Packard, P.O. Box 529, 1180 AM Amstelveen, The Netherlands. A Booklet on Percoll, a polyvinylpyrrolidone- coated colloidal silica medium for density gradient centrifugation, is available from Pharmacia (Great Britain) Ltd., London, w 5 5ss. SDS, polyacrylamide and agarose electrophore- sis techniques have been added to the existing range of applications of the LKB multiphor system. Application Notes 306 and 369 provide complete experimental details of use of these techniques. LKB Instruments Ltd., 232 Add- ington Road, South Croydon, Surrey.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9781500159

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

May, 1978 CORRESPONDENCE 163 European Analytical Column 1 Federation of European Chemical Societies (FECS)/Working Party on Analytical Chemistry (WPAC) According to a resolution a t the seventh meeting of the WPAC/FECS in Davos, May 22, 1977, the minutes of WPAC meetings will be published in short form by the national analytical mem- ber societies in order to provide better infor- mation on the activities of this working party.The WPAC consists of 28 members represent- ing 23 national societies of 17 European countries. The chairman is Professor Dr. H. Malissa, of the Technical University of Vienna. WPAC activities are directed towards the practical needs of analytical chemistry in the European context, such as the organisation of the Euroanalysis conferences, the discussion of standardisation in environmental analysis and the treatment of educational problems in analyti- cal chemistry.At the seventh meeting of the WPAC, special consideration was given to the organisation of the Euroanalysis I11 conference in Dublin, on August 20-25, 1978, and the preparations for the Euroanalysis IV conference in Helsinki in 1981. Like the previous Euroanalysis meet- ings in Heidelberg (1972) and Budapest (1975), Euroanalysis I11 will emphasise both pure and applied aspects of analytical chem- istry.The programme has been designed to appeal to the widest possible audience-from scientists engaged in the use of analytical tech- niques in problem solving to those involved in the research and development of analytical tech- niques.The Conference will, therefore, present an excellent opportunity for participants to learn about research work being carried out in the laboratories of the member states of the Federation and its practical application in many countries throughout the world. The Scientific programme will consist of invited plenary and keynote lectures, contribu- ted papers, poster sessions, round-table dis- cussions and panel discussions.The round- table discussions will be devoted to two further164 SAC SILVER MEDAL Proc. Analyt. Div. Chern. SOC. main activities of the WPAC: standardis- ation in environmental analysis [Standard Reference Materials (SRM), and Standard Reference Criteria (SRC)] and education in analytical chemistry. Invited plenary and keynote lecturers will describe their ideas and act as discussion starters.The creation of a special discussion group on SRM was proposed by Professor Malissa a t the Davos meeting. Practical work has already be2n done in the establishment of dust SRM, by laboratories in Austria, Hungary, Jugoslavia and Germany. The aim of the round-table discussion on education in analytical chemistry is to create a European model for teaching analytical chem- istry in such a way that the growing demands of technology, medicine and environmental re- search can be met by analytical chemists graduating from European universities.This does not necessarily mean that “classical analytical chemistry” should be abandoned but certainly that modern methods of analysis have to be included in the teaching plan of some universities.In order to find the b s t model every member country will present two posters on the actual and the “opti;nal” situation in its teaching of analytical chemistry. In two special lectures the needs of indiistry and of government will be discussed. At the Davos meeting it was further resolved to support the creation of a “European Museum of Analytical Chemistry” to collect, conserve and demonstrate valuable prototypes of pioneer analytical instruments and original publications. Colleagues who are interested in co-operating in the fields described above are kindly re- quested to contact the Secretary of the WPAC: Professor Dr. R. Kellner, Institut fur Analy- tische Chemie und Mikrochemie, Technical University, Getreideniarkt 9, /41060 Wien, Austria.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD978150163b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

164 SAC SILVER MEDAL Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. SAC Silver Medal Nominations are invited for the award of the SAC Silver Medal, which is for the encourage- ment of young scientists working in any field covering the practice and teaching of analytical chemistry. The award is accompanied by a cash prize and is normally made annually to the candidate who, in the opinion of the AD Council, has made the greatest contribution and whose work has made the most significant impact in any branch of analytical chemistry.In addi- tion, the future promise of the candidate is taken into consideration. It is hoped to provide an opportunity for the successful candidate to deliver a lecture to the Division on a suitable occasion subsequent to the presentation of the Medal. The award of the Silver Medal will normally be considered annually by the Honours Committee, acting on behalf of the Council of the Division, but an award may not be made if it is considered that the work of no candidate reaches the required standard. Candidates must be British subjects of 38 years of age or under in the year in which the award is considered.Evidence of age will be required.The merits of the candidate’s work may be brought to the notice of the Council by any person (being a member of the Analytical Division of the Chemical Society) who desires to recommend the candidate by letter addressed to The President, Analy- tical Division, The Chemical Society, Burlington House, London, W1V OBN. The letter should be accompanied by a short statement on the candidate’s career (date of birth, education and experience, degrees and other qualifications, special awards, etc., with dates, and any other relevant information) and a list of titles of, and references to, papers or other works published by the candidate, independently or jointly.One reprint of each paper (or other work) for which reprints are available should be submitted.4. Thc award will be made on an over-all assessment of the candidate’s contribution, the impact of his/her work and his/her future promise in any field covered by the principles, teaching and practice of the analytical sciences. No restriction is placed as to where the work is conducted. The Committee assessing the applications shall be a t liberty to call any candidate for interview. 6. The successful candidate will receive the sum of L l O O in addition to the Medal. 7. The decision of the Council shall be final. 8. Any alteration to these Rules shall be subject to the approval of the Council. Recommendations for the next award should be made to The President, Analytical Division, The Chemical Society, Burlington House, London, WlV OBN, by July 31st, 1978. The rules are as follows- 1. 2. 3. 5 .

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9781500164

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

RANK HILGER SPECTROSCOPY PRIZE 165 Formulation and Preparation of Dosage Forms. Edited by J. Polderman. Proceedings of the 37th International Congress of Pharmaceutical Sciences of F . I . P . held in The Hague, The Netherlands, September 5-9, 1977. Pp. viii + 307. Amsterdam, New York and Oxford: Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press. 1977. Price $35.50; Dfl87. May, 1978 Publications Received Absorption Spectra in the Ultraviolet and Visible Region.Volume XXII. Edited by Dr. L. LBng. Pp. 420. Budapest: Akadkmiai Kiad6. 1978. Price i39.50. Absorption Spectra in the Infrared Region. Volume 4. Edited by L. L&ng. Pp. 317. Budapest: Akadkmiai Kiad6. 1978. Price f125. Standing Committee of Analysts to Review Standard Methods for Quality Control of the Water Cycle.First Report May 1973- January 1977. Standing Technical Committee Reports, Number 7. Pp. iv + 36. London: Department of the Environment/National Water Council. 1977. Price fll. Characterization of Solutes in Nonaqueous Solvents. Edited by Gleb Mamantov. Proceedings of a Symposium o n Spectroscopic and Electrochemical characterization of Solute Species in Nonaqueous Solvents held at S a n Francisco, California, 1976.Pp. viii + 325. New York and London: Plenum. 1978. Price $42. Biological and Biomedical Applications of Isoelectric Focusing. Edited by Nicholas Catsimpoolas and James Drysdale. Biological Separations. Pp. xvi + 351. New York and London: Plenum. 1977. Price $39. Standard Methods for the Analysis of Oils, Fats and Soaps. Fifth Edition. Fourth Supplement .International Union of Pure and Applied Chem- istry. Applied Chemistry Division Commission on Oils and Fats. Pp. xiv + 101. Oxford, New York, Toronto, Sydney, Paris and Frank- furt: Pergamon Press. 1978. Price $12.50; i 6 . 3 0 (loose leaf format). Aktuelle Probleme der Festkorperanalytik. Plenar und Hauptvortrage. Edited by W. Wagner, K. Danzer, D. Molch and E. Than.Vortragstagung 4, bis, 6 Juni 1975 in Karl-Marx-Stadt. Pp. viii + 213. Karl-Marx- Stadt : Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Tech- nischen Hochschule Karl-Marx-Stadt. 1977. Critical Stability Constants. Volume 3. Other Organic Ligands. Arthur E. Martell and Robert M. Smith. Pp. xvi + 495. New York and London: Plenum Press. 1977. Price $59.40.166 CONFERENCES AND MEETINGS Proc.AnaZyt. Div. Chem. Soc. Aqueous Solutions. Data for Inorganic and Organic Compounds. Volumes 1 and 2. Rolf K. Freier. Volume 1, pp. xLiv + 440. Volume 2 (Supplements), LXXX + 477. Ber- lin and New York : Walter de Gruyter. Volume 1, 1976. Volume 2, 1978. Price: Volume 1, Dm185; Volume 2, DM220. Developments in Chromatography-1. Edited by C. E. H. Knapman. Developments Series. Pp.x + 245. London: Applied Science. 1978. Price L15. Annual Reports on NMR Spectroscopy. Volume 6C. NMR Data on Organic-Metal Carbonyl Complexes (1965-1971). Edited by E. F. Mooney. Pp. xiv + 658. London, New York and San Francisco: Academic Press. 1977. Price L33.50; $65.50. Fundamental Research in Homogeneous Catalysis. Edited by Minoru Tsutsui and Renato Ugo. Proceedings of the First International Workshop o n Fundamental Research in Homogeneous Catalysis held at Santa Flavia, Italy, December, 1976. Pp.x + 242. New York and London: Plenum. 1977. Price $33. Validation of the Measurement Process. Edited by James R. DeVoe. A Symposium sponsored by the Division of Analytical Chemistry at the 171st Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New Yorh, N Y , April 5-6, 1976. ACS Symposium Series 63. Pp. viii + 207. Wash- ington D.C. : American Chemical Society. 1977. Price $20; available in the UK from The Chemical Society, price L13.75. AIC Color 77. Proceedings of the Third Congress of the International Colour Association held at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 10-15 July, 1977. Edited by Fred W. Billmeyer, Jr., and Gunter Wyszecki. Pp. xx + 563. Bristol: Adam Hilger. 1978. Price L25.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD978150165b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

166 CONFERENCES AND MEETINGS Proc. AnaZyt. Div. Chem. Soc. Inn in Bristol on May 16-18. The themes for each of the 3 days will be “Chromatography,” “Environment” and “Atomic Absorption. ” The lectures have been invited from acknow- ledged experts in their own fields of analysis and examples of the lectures to be given include “Automatic Analysis and Use of Hybrid Chromatographic Systems to Provide Unique Identification,” “Capabilities of Modern Data Handling Systems Used with Analytical Instrumentation, ” “Automatic Measurement of Pollution Parameters in Water,’’ and “Solid Sampling in Electrothermal Atomisation.” In addition, some of the company’s latest instru- ments will be on show and demonstrations can be arranged throughout the conference period. The conference fee will be i20 per day, inclusive of lunch and refreshments, and can be booked for 1 or more days.Bed and breakfast will be available at the Holiday Inn for J15 per head. Further information on the conference can be obtained from Mr. D. A. Gallagher, Pye Unicam Ltd., York Street, Cambridge, CB12PX. Conferences and Meetings Pye Unicam Fourth Analytical Conference May 16-18, 1978, Bristol Pye Unicam Ltd., of Cambridge, will hold their Fourth Analytical Conference a t the Holiday British Independent Steel Producers Assoc- iation: 31st Chemists’ Conference June 14-15, 1978, Scarborough This conference will be held at the Royal Hotel, Scarborough.In the first session (Wednesday morning) papers from J . Little, R. B. Aucott and G. G. Holland and F. J. Armson will be heard, while in the second session (Wednesday afternoon) the papers will be from H. Hughes and R.H. Jenkins, A. D. Ambrose and H. Yasuda. The third session will be held on thc Thursday morning, when B. T. Croll and D. Warburton will speak. The conference fee is J14.04 (inclusive of VAT) and accommodation will be available a t the Royal Hotel a t special rates of L15-19 per day.Application forms can be obtained from Mr. L. L. Green, The British Independent Steel Producers Association, 4 Melbourne Avenue, Sheffield, S10 2QL. Gordon Research Conference on Analytical Chemistry August 14-18,1978, New Hampton, N.H., USA The 1978 Analytical Conference of Gordon Research Conferences will be held a t New Hampton School, New Hampton. The pro- gramme will be as follows: “Synergic Approach to Research in Spectroscopy and Spectrochemical Ana- lysis,” by John P.Walters. August 14.May, 1978 COURSES 167 “Circularly Polarised Luminescence,” by Frederick S. Richardson. “Measurement of Spectrochemical Inform- ation,” by Gary Horlick. August 15. “Status of Mass Spectrometry in Biological Macromolecular Studies,” by Henry M. Fales.“Non-linear Infrared Radiation in Life,” by Philip S. Callahan. “Application of NMR to the Study of Proteins,” by Chris M. Dobson. “Laser Atomisation and Excitation for Fluore- escence and Absorption Spectroscopy, ” by Edward H . Piepmeier . August 16. “Laser - Raman Characterisa- tion of Proteins,” by Harold van Wart. “Electrophoresis in Characterisation of Macromolecules and Cells,” by Nicholas Catsimpoolas.“Low Temperature Physical Biochemistry,” by Irwin C. Gunsalus. “Selected Bonded Phases in Liquid Chromato- graphy for Peptides,” by Eli Grushka. August 17. “Characterisation of Active Sites of Metalloenzymes Using ESCA,” by Frank J . Grunthaner. “High Resolution Chromatographic Tech- niques in Biochemical Investigations, ’’ by Miles Novotny. “Laser Excitation of Probe Ions in Condensed Phases-Application to Analytical Measure- ments,’’ by John C.Wright. “Advanced Photochemical and Spectrochemi- cal Techniques, ” by M. Bonner Denton. August 18. “Perturbed Angular Correlation of y-rays in Protein Structural Studies, ” by Jack Johansen. “Synergic Interactions Between Analytical Chemistry and Experimentation Processes, ” by Jack W.Fraser. In addition, poster sessions will be initiated on the Monday evening, the materials being left on display until Friday. For further information contact Alexander M. Cruickshank, Gordon Research Conferences, Pastore Chemical Laboratory, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 , USA. Third International Environment Week December 5-9, 1978, Paris, France This exhibition is to be held at the Porte de Versailles and is the only international exhibi- tion taking place in France that covers tech- nical matters concerning the environment.Three exhibitions comprise the International Environment Week : Pollutec 78, the second international exhibition of air, noise, waste and water techniques and the control of industrial and urban pollution; Internet’ Expo 78, the fifth international cleaning exhibition for equipment, products and services for institu- tions, business and industry; and the second Trade Exhibition, for the development and maintenance of open spaces and sports facilities. These exhibitions are complemented by the International Congress of the Environment. For further information contact GERP- SEPIC, 40 Rue du Coliske, 75381 Paris Ckdex 08, France.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9781500166

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC