摘要:

Proceedinas - - -~ -of the Analytical Division ofThe Chemical SocietyCONTENTS115 Annual General Meeting of TheAnalytical Division115 Reports of Meetings116 Society for Analytical ChemistrySilver Medal117 Summaries of Papers11 7 'Topics in Environmental and MarineChemistry'11 9 'Water Pollution Control'120 Equipment News129 Fixed Installations for MonitoringFlammable Gas136 Electrobalance Survey140 AD Questionnaire on DivisionalInformation140 Publications Received141 Conferences and Meetings144 Analytical Division DiaryVolume 15 No 4 Pages 11 5-144 Aprit 197PADSDZ 15(4)115-144(1978)ISSN 0306-1 396April 1978PROCEEDINGSANALYTICAL DIVISION OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETYOF THEOfficers of the Analytical Divisionof The Chemical SocietyFresidentR .BelcherHon. SecretaryP. G . W. CobbSecretaryMiss P. E. HutchinsonHon. TreasurerJ. K. ForemanHo n. Assistant SecretariesD. I. Coomber, O.B.E.; D. C. M. Squirrel1Editor, ProceedingsP. C. WestonProceedings is published by The Chemical Society.Editorial: The Director of Publications, The Chemical Society, Burlington House, London, W1 V OBN.Telephone 01 -734 9864. Telex 268001.Subscriptions (non-members): The Chemical Society, Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Road,Letchworth, Herts., SG6 1 HN.Non-members can only be supplied with Proceedings as part of a combined subscription with The Analysfand Analytical Abstracts.0 The Chemical Society 1978SCOTTISH REGION MEETINGIntensive Courses onHIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHYat theDepartment of Chemistry, University of Edinburghon3rd-5th July, 1978 Introductory Course on HPLC6th-7th July, 1978 Advanced Seminar Course on HPLCA basic Introductory Course on the practice of modern liquid chromatography will be run inassociation with Professor J.H. Knox and leading equipment manufacturers. The intensivecourse will cover the principles, equipment and applications in clinical, pharmaceutical and in-dustrial analysis. Practical sessions on column packing and testing and a wide range ofmanufacturers' experiments using the latest equipment in the field will be based on small groups,limiting the maximum number of participants to 60.The Advanced Seminar Course on HPLC that follows will feature small group discussionseminars on method selection and optimisation and current developments in LC techniques.An Exhibition of HPLC Equipment will be held on Thursday, 6th July, 1978, in associationwith both these courses.For application forms and further information send SAE to: Dr. D. E. Wells, DAFFS FreshwaterFisheries Laboratory, Faskally, Pitlochry, Perthshire

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD97815FX013

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

April, 1978 ANALYTICAL DIVISION DIARY 143Analytical Division Diary, continuedMay, continued“Radioimmunoassay Techniques in CancerMedicine,” by D. J . R. Laurence.“New Horizons in Radiation Therapy-Hypoxic Cell Sensitisers,” by ProfessorG. E. Adams.Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton.Wednesday, 17th, 9.30 a.m. : LutonParticle Size Analysis Group on “RecentDevelopments in Counter Technology.”Welcoming Address by R. N. Martin.“Introduction to the Use of the CoulterCounter in Haematology and Cell Biology,”by J . M. Gibson.“Advances in Haematology,” by J. England.“The Coulter Cell Sorter,” by W. M. Wood.“The Coulter Milk Cell Counter,” by J. Davies.“The Coulter On-line Monitor,” by M. I.Barnett.“Drug Dissolution Studies with the CoulterCounter,” by M.H. Rubinstein.“The Role of the Coulter Counter in Off-shoreOil Technology,” by K. Hart.“A Programmable Calculator for Data Analy-sis (Coulter Model M,),” by W. M. Wood.“Improvements in Coulter Counter SizeResolution,” by R. W. Lines.“Developments in Large Particle Size Analy-Eurocrest Motor Hotel, Bedfordshire Suite,sis,” by R. W. Lines.Lu ton.Wednesday, 17th, 10.30 a.m. : SalfordNorth West Region and Atomic SpectroscopyGroup, jointly with the SpectroscopyGroup of the Institute of Physics on“Plasma Emission Spectroscopy.”“History and Development of Plasma Emis-sion,” by S. Greenfield.“Theoretical Aspects of Plasma Emission-ICP/DE/Microwave,” by G. F. Kirkbright.“Line Selection and Spectral Background,”by B. T.N. Newland.“Applications and Problems in the WaterIndustry,” by L. Ranson.“Applications and Problems in the ChemicalIndustry,” by E. J. Newman and R.Farrow.“Geochemical Applications and Problems, ”by M. Thompson.“Problems and Potential Applications in theMetallurgical Industry,” by A. Butter-worth.Discussion on “Future Developments andApplications,” introduced by J . Warren.School of Chemistry, The University, Salford.CS ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY GROUPinvite applications for the1978 RANK HILGER SPECTROSCOPY PRIZEThe successful candidate will receive a prize to the value of f75, part of which is tobe used for the purchase of a book(s) for presentation at the Group’s AGM. Theaward will be judged on the basis of the candidate‘s contribution to analyticalatomic spectroscopy.The work need not be theoretical but could cover applica-tions, instrumental modification, accessories, improvements in technique or datahandling. The contribution need not have been published and candidate’s wisheswith respect to publication will be respected.Intending candidates should (1) be under 30 years of age on December 31st,1978; (2) be resident in the United Kingdom; (3) submit, before May 31st, 1978,a summary of about 500 words, describing their contribution to the theory orpractice of atomic spectroscopy. The summary should be endorsed by a seniormember of the establishment in which the candidate is employed.Applications should be addressed to the Honorary Assistant Secretary, AtomicSpectroscopy Group, Analytical Division, The Chemical Society, Burlington House,London, WIV OBNAnalytical Division DiaryAPRILTuesday, 25th, 4 p.m.: BelfastNorthern Ireland Sub-Committee.“Microprocessors in Analytical Chemistry, ”Chemistry Department, The Queen’s Univer-by T. B. Pierce.sity, Belfast.Wednesday, 26th, 2 p.m. : TauntonWestern Region on “EEC Influence on FoodSpeakers: R. Sawyer, F. C. Shenton and G.Castle Hotel, Taunton.Contaminants Analysis. ”Telling.Wednesday, 26th, 10.30 a.m. : Southend-on-Sea.East Anglia Region, jointly with the EasternEngland Region of the Industrial Divisionand the Essex Section of the CS/RIC on“Analytical Methods-Ultimate Sensiti-vity.”“Sensitivity in Trace Organic Analysis-AMoving Target,” by D.R. Hoar and G. M.Telling.“Sensitivity of Radiochemical Techniques,”by M. A. Crook.“The Use of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopyfor the Determination of Impurities in HighPurity Inorganic Chemicals,” by G. L.Everett.“The X-ray Spectrophotometer as a TraceAnalysis Instrument,” by D. A. Pantony.Paper from the Water Research Centre,Marlow.College of Arts and Technology, CaernarvonRoad, Southend-on-Sea.MAYTuesday, 9th, 2 p.m. : SharnbrookMidlands and East Anglia Regions and theChromatography and Electrophoresis Groupon “Quantitative Thin Layer Chromato-graphy. ”“Iatroscan-the Instrument and its Applica-tions,” by J. M. Newman.“Iatroscan-Applications to the Analysis ofLipids,” by E. W. Hammond.“KM3 Chromatogram Spectrometer-Theore-tical Principles on which the Instrument isBased,” by V.Hezel.“KM3 Chromatogram Spectrometer-Appli-cations in a Food Research Laboratory,”by D. Hoar.Unilever Research Laboratory, ColworthHouse, Sharnbrook, Bedford.Thursday, llth, 11.15 a.m.: LondonJoint Pharmaceutical Analysis Group.Meeting at which original papers onpharmaceutical analysis will be presented.Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, 1Lambeth High Street, London, SE1 7JN.Thursday, llth, 10.30 a.m.: BathWestern Region and Chromatography andElectrophoresis Group on “HPLC-Approaches by Younger Workers.”“An Extra Thermodynamic Approach to theRational Prediction of Solute RetentionBehaviour in Reversed Phase HPLC,” byE. Tomlinson.“Experiences in the Application of HPLC toAnalysis of Pharmaceutical Compounds,”by R.K. Harle.“Application of HPLC in the Analysis ofFoods,” by K. Hammond.“Pesticide Analysis-What has HPLC toOffer?” by Miss J . A. Hackwell.“Applications of HPLC in Pesticide ResidueAnalysis,” by M. Crofts.The Francis Hotel, Queen Square, Bath.Tuesday, 16th, 9.30 a.m.: LondonBiological Methods Group : Summer Meeting.Visit to the Imperial Cancer Research FundLaboratories, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London.Wednesday, 17th, 6.45 p.m. : MiddlesbroughNorth East Region on “Steel Production andControl.”Works visit to the Lackenby Works, BritishSteel Corporation, Middlesbrough (numberslimited to 30).Wednesday, 17th, 10.30 a.m. : SuttonRadiochemical Methods Group on “Radio-chemistry in Medicine.”“The Value of In Vivo Radionuclide Methodsin Clinical Diagnosis,” by D. 0. Cosgrove.“Technetium-99m Radiopharmaceuticals,”by D. M. Taylor.“Radioactive Gases of Very Short Half-lifefor the Study of Lung and Brain Function,”by J. Clark.“Radiopharmaceuticals Containing Fluorine-18,” by A. J. Palmer.“Some Problems in the Manufacture of Radio-pharmaceuticals Containing Radionuclidesof Very Short Half-life,” by A. E. Theobald.[continued inside back coverPrinted by Heffers Printers Ltd Cambridge Englan

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD97815BX015

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

168 ANALYTICAL DIVISION DIARY Proc. AnaZyt. Din. Chew. SOC.Analyt ica I Division Diary, continuedJurte, continued“Applications of DEP in Non-aqueous Titri-metry,” by Abdallah Abdennabi.“The Determination of Some FertiliserConstituents by Automated Enthalpi-metry,” by U. M. Abbasi and ProfessorL. S. Bark.“Environmental Analyses and Carbon Skele-ton GC,” by Miss A. M. Prescott and M.Cooke.“Some Aspects of Quantitative Thin-layerChromatography,” by S. J. Lyle and S.Tehrani.“Some Analytical Problems of Mercury De-termination in Biological Materials by theCold Vapour Techniques,” by A. K. Khera,P. J. Barlow, D. Crump and D. G. Wibber-ley.“The Application of Electroanalytical Sensorst o Environmental Pollution Problems inthe Steel Industry,” by D.C. Macintyre,B. G. Cooksey and J. M. Ottaway.Thursday, 29th, 9.15 a.m.-“Some Studies in Inductively CoupledPlasma Emission Spectroscopy,” by R. M.Bombelka, J. F. Alder and G. F. Kirk-bright.“A Microprocessor Controlled Laser RemoteSensing System, ’’ by A. Morrison.“Investigations on the Distribution of Non-metals in Irons and Steels,” by P. Frost,J. B. Headridge and Ms. P. A. Vergnano.“Problems in the Analysis of Chromite Ores,”by M. Abdell Aziz and Professor D.Thorburn Burns.“The Determination of Fluorescent Immuno-assay Methods of Drug Analysis, ’’ byJ. W. Bridges, G. Handley and J. N. Miller.“The Determination of Atmospheric Pollu-tants by Gas Phase Auger ElectronSpectrometry,” by G. N. Killoran and J. F.Tyson.“The Decomposition of Metal-EDTA andMetal-NTA Chelates in Simulated TradeEffluents,” by Saleh Abotteen.“Selectivity Rating of Calcium Ion-selectiveElectrodes,” by G.J . Moody, N. S. Nassoryand J. D. R. Thomas.University of Wales Institute of Science andTechnology, Cardiff.THE ANNUAL MEETINGonR AND D TOPICS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRYwill be held at theUniversity of Wales Institute of Science and Technology,CardiffonJune 28th and 29th, 1978Papers will be read describing work carried out by postgraduate research studentsin Universities and Colleges and by young research workers i n industrial and otherestablishments. Contributions are to be presented by the student or his industrialcounterpart during a 20-minute lecture. ~Those who wish t o attend or who have any queries about the meetingshould write to the Secretary, Analytical Division, Chemical Society, BurlingtonHouse, Piccadilly, London, W1 V OBNMay, 1978 ANALYTICAL DIVISION DIARY 169Analytical Division Diary, continuedJune, continuedThursday and Friday, 22nd and 23rd: St.AndrewsScottish and North East Regions with theAutomatic Methods, Microchemical Methodsand Joint Pharmaceutical Analysis Groupsand the Northern Ireland Sub-committee,jointly with the Scottish and NorthernIreland Region of the Association ofClinical Biochemists on “Recent Develop-ments in Clinical and Biological Analysis.”Thuvsday, 22nd, 9.25 a.m.-Introduction by Dr. A.M. Ure.Plenary Lecture : “Recent Developments inAnalytical Methods and their Applicationsin Clinical Analysis,” by Professor P.D.Griffiths.“High-performance Liquid Chromatographyin Clinical Chemistry,” by P. A. Bristow.“Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometryof Biological Materials,” by D. Batie.“Developments in Atomic-absorption andAtomic-fluorescence Spectrometry Tech-niques for Biological Materials,” by J. M.Ottaway.“Enzyme Immuno-assay in Clinical Prac-tice,” by Professor V. Marks.“Current Developments in Enzymatic AssayMethods,” by W. Hornby.“Fluorimetry and Phosphorimetry in ClinicalAnalysis,” by J. N. Miller.“Data Acquisition Procedures for ClinicalAnalysis,” by A. McLelland.“The Economics of Large Scale Auto-analysers in Clinical and Biological Analy-sis,” by D. Neil.Friday, 23rd, 9.15 a.m.-Plenary Lecture : “A Clinician’s View onPlasma Level Monitoring,” by ProfessorD. H.Lawson.“Clinical Studies on Analgesics,” by L. F.Prescott .“The Determination of Anticonvulsant Drugsin Biological Fluids by GLC and HPLC,”by M. J. Stewart.“The Monitoring of Tricyclic Antidepres-sants,” by R. Braithwaite.“Analysis of Paraquat by Radio-immuno-assay in Cases of Poisoning,” by T. Levitt.Plenary Lecture : “Review of Problems withEssential and Toxic Trace Elements inAnimals,” by C. F. Mills.“Essential and Toxic Metals in HumanMedicine,” by G. S. Fell.“Computer Models for Metals of BiologicalInterest,” by Professor D. R. Williams.“Industrial Toxic Hazards,” by A. Baird.Department of Chemistry, The University,St.Andrews, Fife.Tuesday and Wednesday, 27th and 28th:CambridgeAtomic Spectroscopy Group, jointly with theAssociation of British Spectroscopists andthe Spectroscopy Group of the Instituteof Physics on “Safety and Spectroscopy.”“Monitoring Air Pollution with Lasers,” byD. J. Brassington.“Atomic-absorption Spectroscopy in Moni-toring Environmental Health,” by H. T.Delves.“The Use of Spectroscopy in MonitoringWater Quality,” by L. Ranson.“Spectroscopic Monitoring for Environ-mental Safety,” by H. I. Shalgosky.“Electrothermal Atomisation Techniques forMonitoring Airborne Particles ContainingBeryllium,” by P. Whiteside.“Application of Infrared Techniques inSafety Monitoring,” by H. A. Willis.“The Safety Aspects of Laser Light,” byD.Bloor.“Safe Spectrophotometry-The Man andthe Machine,” by M. E. Bond.“Case Histories Involving SpectroscopicTechniques,” by L. Bretherick.“Involvement of the Person in Health andSafety,” by S. McKechnie.“A Review of Over Exposure to X-rays andthe Lessons to be Learnt,” by D. Mullarkey.“Implications of the Health and Safety a tWork Act,” by E. G. Weatherley.“Spectroscopy and Monitoring Work Safety,”by A. M. Smith.King’s College, Cambridge.Wednesday and Thursday, 28th and 29th:CardiffAnalytical Division on “Research and De-velopment Topics in Analytical Chemistry.”Wednesday, 28th, 2.15 p.w.-“Flow Injection Analysis,” by B. Fields.“Cyanoethylation Reactions in CatalyticThermometric Titrimetry,” by Mrs.L. D.de Torrijos and E. J . Greenhow.[continued on p. 16MAYTuesday, 16th, 9.30 a.m. : LondonBiological Methods Group : Summer Meeting.Visit to the Imperial Cancer Research FundLaboratories, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London.Wednesday, 17th, 6.45 p.m. : MiddlesbroughNorth East Region on “Steel Production andControl.”Works visit to the Lackenby Works, BritishSteel Corporation, Rliddlesbrough (numberslimited to 30).Wednesday, 17th, 10.30 a.m. : SuttonRadiochemical Methods Group on “Radio-chemistry in Medicine.”“The Value of I n Vivo Radionuclide Methodsin Clinical Diagnosis,” by D. 0. Cosgrove.“Technetium-99m Radiopharmaceuticals,”by D. M. Taylor.“Radioactive Gases of Very Short Half-lifefor the Study of Lung and Brain Function,”by J.Clark.“Radiopharmaceuticals Containing Fluorine-18,” by A. J. Palmer.“Some Problems in the Manufacture of Radio-pharmaceuticals Containing Radionuclidesof Very Short Half-life,” by A. E. Theobald.“Radioimmunoassay Techniques in CancerMedicine,” by D. J. R. Laurence.“New Horizons in Radiation Therapy-Hypoxic Cell Scnsitisers,” by ProfessorG. E. Adams.Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton.Wednesday, 17th, 9.30 a.m.: LutonParticle Size Analysis Group on “RecentDevelopments in Counter Technology.”Welcoming Address by R. N. Martin.“Introduction to the Use of the CoulterCounter in Haematology and Cell Biology,”by J. M. Gibson.“Advances in Haematology,” by J. England.“The Coulter Cell Sorter,” by W. M. Wood.“The Coulter Milk Cell Counter,” by J.Davies.“The Coulter On-line Monitor,” by M. I.Barnett.“Drug Dissolution Studies with the CoulterCounter,” by M. H. Rubinstein.“The Role of the Coulter Counter in Off-shoreOil Technology,” by K. Hart.“A Programmable Calculator for Data Analy-sis (Coulter Model MJ,” by W. M. Wood.“Improvements in Coulter Counter SizeResolution,” by R. W. Lines.“Developments in Large Particle Size Analy-sis,” by R. W. Lines.Eurocrest Motor Hotel, Luton.Analytical Division DiaryPrinted by Heffers Printers Ltd Cambridge EnglandWednesday, 17th, 10.30 a.m. : SalfordNorth West Region and A tovnic SpectroscopyGroup, jointly with the SpectroscopyGroup of the Institute of Physics on“Plasma Emission Spectroscopy.”“History and Development of Plasma Emis-sion,” by S.Greenfield.“Theoretical Aspects of Plasma Emission-ICP/DE/Microwave,” by G. F. Kirkbright.“Line Selection and Spectral Background,”by B. T. N. Newland.“Applications and Problems in the WaterIndustry,” by L. Ranson.“Applications and Problems in the ChemicalIndustry,” by E. J. Newman and R.Farrow.“Geochemical Applications and Problems, ”by M. Thompson.“Problems and Potential Applications in theMetallurgical Industry,” by A. Butter-worth.Discussion on “Future Developments andApplications,” introduced by J. Warren.School of Chemistry, The University, Salford.JUNESaturday and Sunday, 10th and 11th:AmblesideNorth West Region : Summer Meeting.Rydal Hall, Ambleside, Cumbria.Wednesday, 14th : WealdstoneElectroanalytical Group on “Electroanalysisin Industry.”“Various Aspects of Ion-selective Electrodesand Polarography in the PhotographicIndustry,” by E. C. Weller.“Industrial pH Measurement Under De-manding Conditions,” by A. E. Bottom.“Some Interesting Applications of the Alco-hol Fuel Cell in Analysis and Control,”by P. M. Williams.“Low Conductivity Measurement-the Prob-lems and Some Recent Advances,” byD. Warmoth.Kodak Research Laboratories, HeadstoneDrive, Wealdstone, Harrow, Middlesex.If you wish to attend this meeting pleasecontact: Dr. H. Thompson, ElectronicInstruments Ltd., Hanworth Lane, Chert-sey, Surrey.[continued inside back cove

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD97815BX019

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

190 COURSES Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. SOG.Analytical Division Diary, continuedJuly, continuedThursday and Friday, 6th and 7th: Edin-burghScottish Region, in association with the Univer-sity of Edinburgh Chemistry Departmentand the Wolfson Liquid ChromatographyUnit, an Intensive Advanced SeminarCourse on “High Performance LiquidChromatography. ”Thursday, July 6th, 2 p.m.-“Method Development and Optimisation inHPLC,” by Professor J. H. Knox.Lecture/Seminar Discussion Sessions : partici-pants will be divided into groups for dis-cussions of method selection, optimisationand current developments in LC techniques.Fyiday, July 7th, 9.15 a.m.-“Problem Solving in Biological and ClinicalAnalysis by HPLC,” by M. S. Stoll.Lecture/Seminar Discussion Sessions : partici-pants will be divided into specific interestgroups to discuss problems and applicationsin the following areas: trace analysis, bio-logical and clinical analysis, pharmaceuticalanalysis and industrial chemical analysis.Department of Chemistry, The University,West Mains Road, Edinburgh.N.B.Participants may attend either or bothcourses ; further information can be obtainedfrom Dr. D. E. Wells, DAFFS FreshwaterFisheries, Faskally, Pitlochry, Perthshire(Telephone : 0796 2062)June, 1978 ANALYTICAL DIVISION DIARY 191Analytical Division Diary, continuedJune, continued“Applications of DEP in Non-aqueous Titri-metry,” by Abdallah Abdennabi.“The Determination of Some FertiliserConstituents by Automated Enthalpi-metry,” by U.M. Abassi and ProfessorL. S. Bark.“Environmental Analyses and Carbon Skele-ton GC,” by Miss A. M. Prescott and M.Cooke.“Some Aspects of Quantitative Thin-layerChromatography,” by S. J. Lyle and S.Tehrani.“Some Analytical Problems of Mercury De-termination in Biological Materials by theCold Vapour Techniques,” by A. K. Khera,P. J. Barlow, D. Crump and D. G. Wibber-ley.“The Application of Electroanalytical Sensorsto Environmental Pollution Problems inthe Steel Industry,” by D. S. Macintyre,B. G. Cooksey and J . M. Ottaway.Thuvsday, 29th, 9.15 a.m.-“Some Studies in Inductively CoupledPlasma Emission Spectroscopy,” by R. M.Bombelka, J. F. Alder and G. F. Kirk-bright.“A Microprocessor Controlled Laser RemoteSensing System,” by A.Morrison and B.Sharp.“Investigations on the Distribution of Non-metals in Irons and Steels,” by P. Frost,J. B. Headridge and Ms. P. A. Vergnano.“Problems in the Analysis of Chromite Ores,”by M. Abdel Aziz and Professor D.Thorburn Burns.“The Determination of Fluorescent Immuno-assay Methods of Drug Analysis,” byJ. W. Bridges, G. Handley and J . N. Miller.“The Determination of Atmospheric Pollu-tants by Gas Phase Auger ElectronSpectrometry,” by G. N. Killoran and J. F.Tyson.“The Decomposition of Metal-EDTA andMetal-NTA Chelates in Simulated TradeEffluents,” by Saleh Abotteen.“Selectivity Rating of Calcium Ion-selectiveElectrodes,” by G. J . Moody, N. S. Nassoryand J. D. R. Thomas.University of Wales Institute of Science andTechnology, Cardiff.JULYMonday to Wednesday, 3rd to 5th: Edin-burghScottish Region, in association with the Univer-sity of Edinburgh Chemistry Departmentand the Wolfson Liquid ChromatographyUnit, an Intensive Introductory Course on“High Performance Liquid Chromato-graphy.”Monday, J u l y 3vd, 2 p.m.-Introduction by Professor J.I. G. Cadogan.“HPLC : What it is all about-basic equipment,retention and peak spreading,” by ProfessorJ. H. Knox.“Different Forms of HPLC-Principles andApplications : Adsorption and PartitionHPLC,” by J. N. Done.“Principles and Applications : Bonded PhaseHPLC,” by A. Pryde.Tuesday, J u l y 4th, 9.15 a.m.-“Chromatography of Ionisable Materials : Ion-pair and Ion-exchange Chromatography, ”by Professor J.H. Knox.“Practical Column Packing,” by R. A. Walland J . H. Done.“Equipment-Columns, Connectors, In-jectors,” by Professor J . H. Knox and A.Pryde.“Practical Applications,” developed anddemonstrated by the manufacturers.Alternate Sessions on :Instrument Exhibition.Wednesday, J u l y 5th, 9.15 a.m.-“Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Industrial Re-search Applications of HPLC,” by Mary T.Gilbert.“Practical Column Testing,” by ProfessorJ. H. Knox and A. Pryde.“Method Selection and Equipment-Pumps,Detectors and Gradient Systems,” byR. A. Wall and J. N. Done.“Practical Applications,” developed anddemonstrated by the manufacturers.Problem Session, where participants will beable to put questions to a panel of experts.Department of Chemistry, The University,West Mains Road, Edinburgh.Alternate Sessions on :[continued on page 19JUNEThursday and Friday, 22nd and 23rd: St.AndrewsScottish and North East Regions with theAutomatic Methods, Microchemical Methodsand Joint Pharmaceutical Analysis Groupsand the Northern Ireland Sub-Committee,jointly with the Scottish and NorthernIreland Region of the Association ofClinical Biochemists on “Recent Develop-ments in Clinical and Biological Analysis .”Thursday, 22nd, 9.25 a.m.-Introduction by Dr.A. M. Ure.Plenary Lecture : “Recent Developments inAnalytical Methods and their Applicationsin Clinical Analysis,” by Professor P. D.Griffiths.“High-performance Liquid Chromatographyin Clinical Chemistry,” by P.A. Bristow.“Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometryof Biological Materials,” by D. Batie.“Developments in Atomic-absorption andAtomic-fluorescence spectrometry Tech-niques for Biological Materials,” by J . M.0 t t away.“Enzyme Immuno-assay in Clinical Prac-tice,” by Professor V. Marks.“Current Developments in Enzymatic AssayMethods,” by W. Hornby.“Fluorimetry and Phosphorimetry in ClinicalAnalysis,” by J . N. Miller.“Data Acquisition Procedures for ClinicalAnalysis, ” by A. McLelland.“The Economics of Large Scale Auto-analysers in Clinical and Biological Analy-sis,” by D. Neil.Friday, 23rd, 9.15 a.m.-Plenary Lectuve : “A Clinician’s View onPlasma Level Monitoring,” by ProfessorD. H. Lawson.“Clinical Studies on Analgesics,” by L.F.Pr e s co t t .“The Determination of Anticonvulsant Drugsin Biological Fluids by GLC and HPLC,”by M. J. Stewart.“The Monitoring of Tricyclic Antidepres-sants,” by R. Braithwaite.“Analysis of Paraquat by Radio-immunoassay in Cases of Poisoning,” by T. Levitt.Plenary Lecture : “Review of Problems withEssential and Toxic Trace Elements inAnimals,” by C. F. Mills.Analytical Division DiaryPrinted by Heffers Printers Ltd Cambridge England“Essential and Toxic Metals in HumanMedicine,” by G. S. Fell.“Computer Models for Metals of BiologicalInterest,” by Professor D. R. Williams.“Industrial Toxic Hazards,” by A. Baird.Department of Chemistry, The University,St. Andrews, Fife.Tuesday and Wednesday, 27th and 28th:CambridgeAtomic Spectroscopy GYOUP, jointly with theAssociation of British Spectroscopists andthe Spectroscopy Group of the Instituteof Physics on “Safety and Spectroscopy.”“Monitoring Air Pollution with Lasers,” byD.J. Brassington.“Atomic-absorption Spectroscopy in Moni-toring Environmental Health,” by H. T.Delves.“The Use of Spectroscopy in MonitoringWater Quality,” by L. Ranson.“Spectroscopic Monitoring for Environ-mental Safety,” by H. I. Shalgosky.“Electrothermal Atomisation Techniques forMonitoring Airborne Particles ContainingBeryllium,” by P. Whiteside.“Application of Infrared Techniques inSafety Monitoring,” by H. A. Willis.“The Safety Aspects of Laser Light,” byD. Bloor.“Safe Spectrophotometry-The Man andthe Machine,” by M. E. Bond.“Case Histories Involving SpectroscopicTechniques,” by L. Bretherick.“Involvement of the Person in Health andSafety,” by S. McKechnie.“A Review of Over Exposure to X-rays andthe Lessons to be Learnt,” by D. Mullarkey.“Implications of the Health and Safety a tWork Act,” by E. G. Weatherley.“Spectroscopy and Monitoring Work Safety, ”by A. M. Smith.King’s College, Cambridge.Wednesday and Thursday, 28th and 29th:CardiffAnalytical Division on “Research and De-velopment Topics in Analytical Chemistry .’ ’Wednesday, 28th, 2.15 p.m.-“Flow Injection Analysis,” by B. Fields.“Cyanoethylation Reactions in CatalyticThermometric Titrimetry,” by Mrs. L. D.de Torrijos and E. J. Greenhow.[continued inside back cove

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD97815BX024

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Vol. 15 No. 4 April 1978 Proceedings of the Analytical Division of the Chemical Society Reports of Meetings Microchemical Methods Group The thirty-fourth Annual General Meeting of the Group was held a t 6 p.m. on Tuesday, January 17th, 1978, a t the Linnean Society, Burlington House, London, W.l. The Chair was taken by the Chairman of the Group, Mrs. D. Butterworth. The following office bearers were elected for the forthcoming year: Chair- man-Mrs.D. Butterworth. Vzce-Chahzan- Mr. A. C. Thomas. Honorary Secretary-Mr. 115116 REPORTS OF MEETINGS Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. P. R. W. Baker, Chemical Research Laboratory, The Wellcome Research Laboratories, Becken- ham, Kent, BR3 3BS. Honorary Treasurev- Mr. G. C. Dickson. Honorary Assistant Secret- ary-Mr. B.Saunderson. Members of Commit- tee-Mr. M. Cottrell, Mr. G. J. Dickes, Dr. D. A. Pantony, Mr. R. C. Rooney, Mr. R. Sawyer and Mr. W. J . Swindall. Mr. H. Childs and Mr H. I. Shalgosky were re-appointed as Honorary Audi€ors. North East Region The twelfth Annual General Meeting’ of the Region was held a t 7.15 p.m. on Wednesday, January 25th, 1978, a t the Europa Lodge Hotel, Darlington, County Durham.The Chair was taken by the Chairman of the Region, Dr. H. Hughes. The following office bearers were elected for the forthcoming year : Chairman- Dr. H. Hughes. Vice-ChairmanMr. D. F. Griffiths. Honorary Secretary-Mr. P. J . Burnill, Hickson & Welch Ltd., Castleford, Yorkshire, WFlO 2 JT. Honorary Treasurer-Dr. J. New- ham. Honorary Assistant Secretary-Mr.G. Himsworth. Members of Committee-Mr. C. Denton, Dr. G. B. Fish, Mr. F. E. Harper, Dr. K. Jackson, Dr. A. A. Smales and Mr. J. Vallance. Mr. C. N. Bell and Mr. J. Whitehead were appointed as Honorary Auditors. Joint Pharmaceutical Analysis Group The eighth Annual General Meeting of the Group was held a t noon on Thursday, January 19th, 1978, a t the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, 1 Lambeth High Street, London, SE1 7 JN.The Chair was taken by the Chairman of the Group, Mr. S. C. Jolly, who announced that, with effect from January lst, 1978, the Royal Institute of Chemistry had rejoined the Joint Pharmaceutical Analysis Group as a sponsoring body. The Annual Report for 1977 was presented by the Honorary Secretary, Miss I. Ladden. The Chairman reported that three ordinary members were retiring from the Committee of Management, Mr.E. Addison, Mr. J. E. Fairbrother and Mr. D. H. Mitchell. He thanked Mr. Fairbrother and Mr. Mitchell for their services to the Group and announced that Mr Addison had been appointed as Chair- man of the Group for 1978 and 1979. The following office bearers will serve for the forthcoming year : Chairman-Mr.E. Addison. Honorary Secretary-Miss I. Ladden. Immedi- ate Past Chairman-Mr. S. C. Jolly. Ordinary Members of the Committee of Management-Mr. J. F. Chissell, Miss M. C. Cone, Mr. D. R. Crudgington, Mr. J . C. Deavin, Mr. G. F. Phillips and Dr. L. R. Rowe. Members Nominated by Sponsoring Bodies-Dr. D. C. Garratt (Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain), Mr. W. H. C. Shaw (Chemical Society, Analytical Division) and Mr. H. E. Brookes (Royal Institute of Chemistry). In the afternoon a Discussion Meeting was held on “Data Processing in Pharmaceutical Analysis,’’ a t which the speakers were Dr. D. A. Newton (AERE, Harwell), Mr. R. E. Waller (Glaxo Research Ltd.) and Mr. J. W. Roberts (Digital Equipment Co.).

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD978150115b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

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116 REPORTS OF MEETINGS Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. Society for Analytical Chemistry Silver Medal As announced in the February issue of Proceedifigs (p. 42), the fifth Society for Analytical Chemistry Silver Medal has been awarded to Dr. C. W. Fuller. Colin Fuller was born in December, 1944, at Diss in Norfolk. He moved to Croydon, in Surrey, about 1 year later, where he received all his primary and secondary education.He pro- ceeded to Exeter University in 1963 to study Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics and gradu- ated from there in 1966 with a BSc in Chemistry. It was during this period at Exeter University that his interest in analytical chemistry began, as a result of the influence of Mr. (now Professor) E. Bishop. The opportunity arose to further this interest in analytical chemistry in Glasgow with Dr.J . M. Ottaway, who was moving to Strathclyde University from the Analytical Chemistry Department at Exeter University. Research work carried out at Strathclyde involved demonstrating the usefulness of kinetic studies in analytical chemistry. The reactions investigated were all connected with the chem- istry of vanadium. Dr. Fuller completed his PhD in 1969.Although tempted by the offer of a post- doctoral research position in the USA, Dr. Fuller started work with BTP Tioxide Ltd. in the Analytical Services Section at their Central Laboratories in Stockton-on-Tees. This sec- tion, headed by Mr. J . Whitehead, provides analytical back-up services to the Company’sApril, 1978 SAC SILVER MEDAL 117 various Research and Development Sections, Company was already well known.From the Technical Services Department and all the pro- middle of 1970, however, he began to take an increasing interest in the applications of atomic- absorption spectrometry to industrial analytical problems. In the period up to 1976 the development of this technique proved to be so successful that the number of instruments used in the Company’s laboratories rose from one to six.Perhaps the most interesting period of this work occurred from 1971 onwards, when the new techniques of electrothermal atomisation were demonstrated to have real applications in industry. Dr. Fuller is currently spending some time in the Company’s production factories at Billing- ham and Greatham. He has been a member of the SAC/AD since 1966 and was a committee member of the Atomic Spectroscopy Group from 1970 to 1972. He has given careers advis- ory lectures to final year chemistry students at Durham University.Dr. Fuller has presented many lectures and published 30 research papers. He has particip- ated in the production of “Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy” for 6 years, 2 years as Editor for the section on Fundamen- duction factories around the World. I t also tals and Instrumentation, and 2 years as the provides analytical services to a wide range of General Editor. He has also published the other industries, both in the UK and overseas. first book on electrothermal atomisation tech- He began working there on spark-source mass niques, entitled “Electrothermal Atomization spectrography, a technique for which the for Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.”

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9781500116

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

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April, 1978 SAC SILVER MEDAL 117 Topics in Environmental and Marine Chemistry The following is a summary of one of the papers presented at a meeting of the Analytical Division held on October 13th, 1977, in London. Trace Mercury and Methylmercury Compounds in Fish Harold Egan Department of Industvy , Laboratory of the Government Chemist, Cornwall House, Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NQ Early in 1971, partly as a result of public concern at the levels of mercury occurring in retail canned tuna, the MAFF Committee for Analytical Methods for Residues of Pesticides and Veterinary Products in Foodstuffs set up a Panel to compare and establish methods for the determination of traces of mercury.The work of the Panel has been exclusively concerned with fish as this has proved to contain higher trace levels of mercury than most other foods.Later in the same year the Analytical Methods Committee of the Society for Analytical Chemistry (now the Analytical Division of the Chemical Society), jointly with the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, appointed a Sub-committee to work in this sector. The Panel and Sub-committee combined to form a Joint Panel in the middle of 1972, meeting under each Chairman alternately, the main objective being to establish what proportion of mercury in tuna was present in the organic form.118 ENVIRONMENTAL AND MARINE CHEMISTRY Proc.Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. The first study by the Panel was a co-operative one in which members determined total mercury by the methods currently used in their own laboratories. This was conducted on a fishmeal containing about 0.2 mg kg-l of mercury and gave generally satisfactory results for total mercury levels.Two hydrogen peroxide - sulphuric acid oxidation techniques were then selected for collaborative study on spiked fishmeal. At this stage methylmercury compounds were determined also, by a method involving dissolution of the fishmeal in alkali, extraction of the acidified digest with benzene, clean-up by extracting the methylmercury into aqueous cysteine hydrochloride, re-extraction with benzene and determination by gas - liquid chroma- t ograph y .When the Joint Panel was formed, the experience of all of the members was reviewed in the light of the results obtained and a single hydrogen peroxide wet oxidation method for total mercury was adopted, This included some features of the original AMC wet-oxidation method,l reduction of the oxidised digest, aeration and the determination of the mercury vapour by cold vapour atomic-absorption spectrophotometry .In the absence of a suitable certified reference material, arrangements were then made with the National Canners Corpora- tion of America for the supply of two specially prepared series of cans containing tuna fish with mercury levels of about 0.5 and 1.0 mg kg-l, respectively.These samples were used for the collaborative study of the selected methods for total mercury and for methylmercury compounds. The results obtained in the first joint collaborative study showed that for total mercury the over-all differences between laboratories and between cans were highly significant at both mercury levels, the variability being due to a combination of both laboratory and can dif- ference.The United States and Canadian participants obtained higher results than those obtained by United Kingdom participants and came closer to the expected values. Attempts were therefore made to determine the total mercury content in some of the remaining unopened cans of the series and on three other samples of canned tuna, three fresh fish and a sample of freeze-dried tuna, by other methods, including neutron-activation analysis.Some of the results obtained by use of neutron activation proved to be misleading and it was subsequently established that significant variations had occurred in the encapsulation process prior to irradiation. In addition, results on the original collaboratively tested National Canners Corporation sample by the method of Magos2 were found to be appreciably higher than those of the UK participants and close to the expected levels.Comparison of several different oxida- tion methods indicated that the rate of release of mercury vapour from the digest by aeration after reduction is influenced by the nature of the digest, although there might not be any substantial influence on the final analytical result.Whatever the condition of oxidation of the digest, delay in the measurement of its atomic absorption for 24 h increased the result slightly. The relatively low results for total mercury obtained by the UK laboratories in the first collaborative exercise could not be repeated and there was no evidence to suggest that the results were other than satisfactory. It was concluded that the method originally selected for collaborative study was suitable for the determination of total mercury.Determinations of mercury as methylmercury originally gave much lower results but one participant, using a modified method, obtained results similar to those for total mercury. Supplementary work also showed that methylmercury values were similarly raised to nearly the level found for total mercury if copper(I1) ions were added at the first solvent-extraction stage of the original procedure ; this modification was therefore studied by other participants, who obtained similar results. A further collaborative study on a homogenised sample of other retail tuna was undertaken, using both the original method and the modified copper(I1) ion method. When collaborative and co-operative results were treated separately, excellent agreement was obtained between the means.Later analyses for methylmercury by use of the original method without the addition of copper(I1) ions also gave elevated results; an alteration in the state of combination of the mercury seems to have occurred as a result of repeated freezing and thawing of the fish. It was finally concluded that both of the methods were satisfactory for the determination of methylmercury in fish.3 References 1. Analytical Methods Committee, Analyst, 1965, 90, 515. 2. Magos, L., Analyst, 1971, 96, 847. 3. Analytical Methods Committee, Analyst, 1977, 102, 769.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9781500117

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

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April, 1978 WATER POLLUTION CONTROL 119 Water Pollution Control The following is a summary of the paper presented at a Joint Meeting of the Scottish Region, the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section of the CS and the Andersonian Chemical Society held on November 24th, 1977, at the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow. Chemical Analysis and Water Pollution Contol in the Clyde Catchment G. A. Best Clyde River Puri$cation Board, Rivers House, Murvay Road, East Kilbride, Glasgow, G75 OLA The Clyde River Purification Board is one of seven River Boards in Scotland.Its area of jurisdiction is over 14 000 km2 and contains 2.5 million people, about half the population of Scotland. In this area, approximately Q of the total volume of sewage is discharged to non-tidal rivers after receiving full treatment, 4 to tidal rivers after partial treatment and the remainder goes directly to the sea without treatment.Much of the analytical work of the Freshwater Survey Section is to check regularly the quality of the effluents from the 130 sewage works and to monitor each month the condition of the receiving streams. Each effluent is “licensed” with the Board and conditions are applied to the discharge, usually relating to the chemical quality and rate of discharge.In 1976, of the 838 effluent samples taken, 488 satisfied the conditions, 24 were borderline cases, whilst 326 were unsatisfactory. The conditions imposed upon a discharge are designed to maintain or improve the quality of the stream. For this purpose, information is required about the reaction of fish and other river fauna to the various pollutants.Initially, this is obtained by determining the 48 h LC50, the concentration of the pollutant that is lethal to 50% of the fish in 2 d. From this concentration an application factor is then applied in order to arrive at a “safe” concentration. An application factor of 0.1 has been generally applied but it is now realised that a more relaxed factor should be used for non-persistent pollutants, such as cyanide and phenol, while a more stringent one should be used for persistent pollutants, such as organochlorine compounds.It is important to consider other environmental factors as well, such as the possibility of synergism from other substances or the effect of water hardness and pH on the toxicity of the pollutant. For example, the 48 h LC50 of ammonia in water with 100 mg 1-1 of hardness is 24 mg 1-1 of ammonia nitrogen at pH 8.3, but 200 mg 1-1 of nitrogen at pH 6.8. The toxicity of cyanide is also pH-dependent because the toxic form is the undissociated hydrogen cyanide.At pH 8 and below nearly all of the cyanide is present in this form. The Board has recently had to set consent conditions on a discharge from a steelworks, which produces its own coke for the blast furnace. The gas-scrubbing liquor from the coke ovens contains ammonia, phenols and cyanides, the latter at concentrations of 40-80 mg 1-I.The cyanide is present as simple salts or metal complexes, each of which has a different toxicity. The iron complexes have been shown to be the least toxic, but they break down in bright sunlight to give free cyanides.During periods of low river flow, in summer months, the effluent, once discharged into the river, will take 8-12 h to pass downstream before it receives further dilution from tributaries. In this time in sunny weather about 10% of the iron- complexed cyanides will break down to form free cyanides.Thus, the consent conditions on the effluent will have to include a limitation on the complexed cyanides as well as the free cyanides. In addition to knowing the toxic concentrations of pollutants to river fauna, it is also necessary to know the concentration of pollutants in fish, so that when a fish kill occurs and the fish are subsequently analysed, the significance of, say, the heavy metal concentrations can be assessed.Samples of fish are now regularly analysed in the Board’s laboratories to determine heavy metals and organochlorine concentrations in the flesh and livers. The results vary greatly, but a general indication o€ the background level of contamination is being obtained. One disturbing aspect of this survey is the widespread contamination of fish by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).At the present time, there is a voluntary ban in the UK on the use of these materials in processes where there is a danger that they might120 EQUIPMENT NEWS Proc. Analyt. Div. Chern. SOC. be discharged into the environment. The ban appears to be working, but these substances are still being spread throughout the ecosystem. The evidence that the ban is working is provided by the results of the analysis of samples of sewage sludge taken from two of the large Glasgow sewage works (see Table I).TABLE I PCBS I N SEWAGE SLUDGE Amount found/mg kg-l of dried solids 1977 Mean 1.5 0.7 1971 Mean 2.3 10.0 Dalmuiv Works Shieldhall Works Range 0.5-4.1 Nil-2.8 Range 0.9-3.6 3.0-28.8 Industry now has a difficult problem of disposing of undesirable process chemicals and sludges arising out of the pre-treatment of waste waters.The Deposit of Poisonous Waste Act, 1972, prohibits the dumping of wastes that are poisonous, noxious or polluting on sites where they may give rise to an environmental hazard. There is a decreasing number of suitable sites for dumping toxic wastes and prior approval from the appropriate local auth- ority and river authority must be obtained.Since the Act came into operation five years ago, the Board has received over 6 700 notifications of intention to dump poisonous wastes. Most of these wastes are taken to Greenoakhill Tip beside the A74 at Mount Vernon, Glasgow. The rate of disposal at this site is about 700 000 t year-l, of which 10% is notifiable.Although it is considered to be a safe tip in that there is little chance of the leachate reaching a water course, nevertheless the Board require that all wastes be in the pH range 6-9 and prohibit the dumping of any waste that contains solvent or cyanide. Unfortunately, it is not suffi- cient to rely on the written description of the waste as being accurate and spot checks have been made on the loads arriving.On one occasion, 4 000 gallons of unneutralised acid waste from Cardiff was dumped at the site on the same day as a lorry load of sludge from a domestic appliance manufacturer. The sludge was alleged to contain trace amounts of cyanide but chemical analysis revealed that it actually contained 3 400 p.p.m. of cyanide. If the two loads had been tipped at the same point on the site then a fatality could have resulted. By the time that this summary is published, Part 1 of the Control of Pollution Act, 1974, which deals with solid waste disposal, will be in force in Scotland. It is hoped that the new legislation will result in a much tighter control over the dumping of toxic wastes and a more careful consideration of the suitability of tipping sites.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9781500119

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

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120 EQUIPMENT NEWS Proc. Analyt. Div. Chern. SOC. Equipment News Liquid Chromatogram The recently announced SP8000 combines a microprocessor and software programmer to control and monitor the chromatographic operation. A self-contained helium de-gassing system eliminates all other dissolved gases in a very short time, while a single pump controls three solvents for isocratic and gradient operation.Constant flow of solvents is main- tained with pressure changes due to changes in solvent composition, with pulse-free operation up to 30 ml min-l. Optional temperature control within the range of 0 to 100°C is available to maintain column temperature to f 0.1 "C. The microprocessor enables automatic un- attended operation with its built-in data system, post-run calculations and printer - plotter.Spectra-Physics Ltd., 17 Brick Knoll Park, St Albans, Hertfordshire, AL1 5UF. Data Processor for Atomic Absorption A programmable calculator is available for use with the Atomspek Series H1550 atomic- absorption spectrophotometers. The system consists of a modified Hewlett- Packard 97 printing programmable calculator linked to an Atomspek interface unit.This interprets data received, performs the necessary calculations and prints out the results in per- centage concentration for either the absorption or the emission mode. Programmes on mag- netic cards are provided for requirements suchApril, 1978 EQUIPMENT NEWS 121 as curvature correction, automatic calibration and re-calibration, standard addition techniques and sample numbering.The user can easily prepare his own programmes since this does not require specialist knowledge. The calculator remains available for other laboratory work, even when programmed and connected on-line to the Atomspek. Rank Hilger, Westwood, Margate, Kent, CT9 4JL. X-ray Elemental Analysis System A new X-ray elemental analysis system, the TN2000, consists of a high resolution interactive display and backlighted control keypad, and the LS 1-1 1 microcomputer, X-ray processing elec- tronics and data storage memory.The control keypad and large-screen display modules can be located remotely from the main- frame. A microprocessor provides compre- hensive graphic information, including elemental identification lines and unique elemental symbol peak labels.The system is capable of expan- sion to accommodate extended X-ray elemental analysis capabilities. Tracor Northern Inc., 2551 West Beltline Highway, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, USA. Thermomechanical Analyser A thermomechanical analyser, the Model TMS-2, is now available. It determines dimensional changes (expansion and extension modes) or visso3lastic changes (penetration and compres- sion modes) of small samples in any form: powder, pellet, film, fibre or moulded part.The Model TMS-2 system consists of an analyser module, an analyser control module and a heater control module. It is compatible with other Perkin-Elmer thermal analysis modules. A linear variable differential transformer is thermally isolated from the furnace, which permits operation at high sensitivity with flat base lines over a broad temperature range.Heating and cooling rates from - 170 "C to +325 "C are possible with the standard furnace and an optional low temperature furnace is available. Perkin-Elmer Ltd., Beaconsfield, Bucking- hamshire. Microprocessor Controlled Spectrophoto- meters The X99 Series infrared spectrophotometers combine microprocessors with integrated scan contrds.The Series is composed of three models, the Model 599 with a spectral range of 4 000- 200cm-l, the Model 399, which covers the range 4 000-400 cm-l, and the Model 299, which scans from 4 000 to 600cm-l. All three models employ a microprocessor to control the recorder and optical systems. The mono- chromator frequency is displayed continuously to 0.1 cm-l on the digital readout.The series offers a maximum resolution of 0.5 cm-l. Any wavenumber can be selected in less than 45 s, the whole range covered in less than 90 s, and a survey scan obtained in 3 min. Perkin-Elmer Ltd., Beaconsfield, Bucking- hamshire. Infrared Spectrometer The Model 80 infrared spectrometer is capable of routinely analysing complex multi-componen t mixtures in less than 2 min.A 16-key system allows the entry of instrument parameters and factors for data manipulation, and up to five individual analyses can be pre-programmed and individually retrieved. A computation matrix for each analysis can be programmed into the microcomputer, which incorporates a digital printout. Wilks Scientific Corporation, 140 Water Street, Bos 449, South Norwalk, Conn.06856, USA. 50M Powerpak The Powerpak is a self-contained, through-beam photo control capable of operating at path lengths of up to 50 m. The separate projector and receiver units are mounted in waterproof (to IP 67) cast aluminium enclosures, the receiver unit incorporating the photocell, control circui- try, sensitivity and/or timer control and align- ment indicator. The 50 m path length is obtained by a high power, solid-state infrared light source, which is mounted in the projector housing.Both units operate from a 115/240 V a.c. 50/60 Hz supply. Hird Brown Ltd., 320 Hoe Street, Waltham- stow, London, El7 9PX. Transmitting Flow Meter The Series 3100 is a variable area flow meter. It provides a continuous A20 mA linear output signal covering flow-rates of 0.4-200 1 h-l for liquids and 4-2 500 1 h-l for gases.GEC Marconi Electronics, Marconi House, Chelmsford, Essex, CM1 1PL.122 EQUIPMENT NEWS Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. Anaerobe Identification System Anaerobes, the predominant organisms in over 70% of serious deep tissue and organ infections, can now be accurately identified by using a chromatographic 'technique and, together with information from the Gram stain, the bacterial genus can be determined before any biochemical tests have been run.Based on these identification procedures, a new anaerobic analyser is now available. Techmation Ltd., 58 Edgware Way, Edgware, Middlesex, HA8 8HP. Colorimeters A range of colorimeters, consisting of five models, allows a choice of two types of display and three combinations of disc-mounted filters.Results are displayed either by pointer meter or digital readout over the range 0-1.00 optical density units in 0.01 sub-divisions. Electronic linearisation ensures that scale compression is avoided, particularly for optical density values approaching 1.00. Discs incorporating three, six or eight filters facilitate wavelength selection.All filters are masked in order to minimise the extent of zero adjustment necessary when changing from one filter to another. A self-indexing, 3-position cell holder and a recorder output are built in to all models, and b c d output is included on the digital model. A. Gallenkamp & Co. Ltd., P. 0. Box 290, Christopher Street, London, EC2P 2ER. Digital Thermometer A new series of hand-held, battery-powered digital thermometers, known as the 8000 Series, has been introduced. Twelve versions of the 8000 Series are available.These cover an over- all operational temperature range from - 150 "C to + 1 750 "C, and are designed for use with NiCr/NiAl, Cu/Con, Fe/Con and Pt/PtRh thermocouples and platinum or nickel resistance probes. Thermocouple instruments, which are supplied complete with a naked bead probe, have fully automatic cold junction compensa- tion.Standard HP7 batteries give up to 12 h of continuous use. With MN1500 manganese alkaline cells up to 45 h continuous and 100 h intermittent use is possible. Cold junction accuracy is better than 0.1 "C deviation per "C and the range - 5 to +45 "C, with a measurement accuracy of 0.2% of reading f last digit.Rechargeable cells and a battery charger are also available. Jenway Ltd., 26 Broomhills Industrial Estate, Rayne Road, Braintree, Essex. Analogue Thermometers The Model 2021, now available, has been calibrated to BS 4937 specifically for use in conjunction with Fe/Con sensors and features a temperature range from - 120 "C to + 800 "C in nine steps of 100 "C.The instantaneous temperature is registered on a taut band meter of 4.7 in (120 mm). Accuracy of &2 "C, resolution of 1 "C over the entire operational range, automatic cold j unc- tion compensation over the range 0-40 "C and a battery check facility are standard. Jenway Ltd., 26 Broomhills Industrial Estate, Rayne Road, Braintree, Essex. Thermocouple Reference Junction The Model 4000 thermocouple reference junction offers high stability and a factory calibrated accuracy better than +0.2 "C over an operating range of 0-40 "C.Fine adjustment is possible, to give an accuracy better than j 0 . l "C throughout its operational temperature range. The Model 4000 has been designed primarily for use with NiCr/NiAl and Cu/Con thermo- couples.In operation it automatically senses the ambient temperature and either adds or subtracts an equivalent e.m.f. t o the thermo- couple circuit, depending upon whether a posi- tive or negative value is being measured. Both a.c. mains and battery powered versions of the Model 4000 can be supplied. Jenway Ltd., 26 Broomhills Industrial Estate, Rayne Road, Braintree, Essex. Analogue Thermometers A series of analogue thermometers, the 2000 Series, is announced. The thermometers in- corporate a 4.7 in (120 mm) taut band meter and feature temperature ranges of - 120 "C to +l 000 "C in 11 switched steps of 100 "C (Model 2001), or - 120 "C to +800 "C in nine steps of 100 "C (Model 2021).Model 2001 is designed to be used with NiCr/NiAl thermocouples, and Model 202 1 with Fe/Con thermocouples.Both models are Cali- brated to BS 4937. Standard features include automatic cold junction compensation over the range 0-40 "C, f 2 "C accuracy and resolution of 1 "C over the entire operating range. The Evan Steadman Group, 34/36 High Street, Saffron Walden, Essex, CBlO IEP. Oxygen Electrode The new ion-selective oxygen electrode, Model EE-DO, will measure both dissolved oxygenApril, 1978 EQUIPMENT NEWS 123 levels in solutions and the oxygen content of gases.It exhibits a linear output over the EDT Research, 65 Ivy Crescent, London, . range 0-20y0 of oxygen. W 4 5NG. PTFE Beakers The complete range of PTFE beakers includes the seven most popular sizes from 5 to 250 ml. Valtech Plastics, Rectory Lane, Guisborough, Cleveland, TS14 7BJ.Electronic Balances The new GC32 top-pan electronic balance is a force balance type of instrument, in which the load to be measured is counteracted by a continuously variable electromagnetic force. The balance is dual range, weighing 300- 0.01 g and 3 000-0.1 g, and features a bright red readout and a large sample pan. B c d output is available as an optional extra and can be used to operate peripheral equipment.The llTS represents a new range of balances, the “Grambusters.” The llTS has a capacity of 2 000 g with 1 g divisions and readability to Three new check weighers include the OlTC. This is designed for the repeated weighing and counting of products. It will display deviations from a standard weight or count, using either a standard sample or weights for comparison. It weighs samples of up to 2 kg over the range 25 g light to 25 g heavy in divisions of 0.5 g.Oertling Ltd., Cray Valley Works, St. Mary Cray, Orpington, Kent. 0.01 g. Fume Cabinet The Isoflow 1500 fume cabinet includes aero- dynamically formed interior construction for maximum airflow speeds with highly toxic and radioactive materials, aerofoil perimeter facings to ensure a uniform flow of air across the working surface and an extraction fan and duct assembly that is purpose-designed for each installation to combine optimum air-flow with minimum extraction noise; it can be fitted with an auxiliary air supply unit which allows 70% or Refrigerated Bench Top Centrifuge A simple, reliable, refrigated bench centrifuge, the Chilspin, has a refrigeration unit built in.Although designed as a bench top model it is easily converted to a floor-standing unit by using a purpose-built trolley that is available. The Chilspin has a maximum speed of 6 100 rev min-l (6 030 x g) and uses exactly the same rotors and accessories as the Super Minor model. Four rotors with trunnion carriers and adaptors provide all the versatility needed beyond the standard swing-out capacity of 4 x 100m1, 8 x 50ml or 16 x 15ml.MSE Scientific Instruments, Manor Royal, Crawley, Sussex, RHlO 2QQ. Rotary Evaporator A rotary evaporator, the 349, has been intro- duced. The new evaporator’s greaseless seal eliminates contamination of the solutions being collected. The evaporator system includes a quiet, variable-speed induction motor.The evaporating flask has a 1000-ml capacity and the system is designed to enable constant feeding of the liquid to be evaporated, operating either under a vacuum or at atmospheric pressure. Laboratory Division of Corning Limited, Stone, Staffordshire, ST15 OBG. Plastic Coated Stirrer Bars The stirrer magnets are encapsulated in PTFE or polypropylene and sizes available range from micro-scale up to 60 mm in length.Valtech Plastics, Rectory Lane, Guisborough, Cleveland, TS14 7B J. Thimbles for Ultrafiltration A complete system for the enrichment of bio- logical solutions in preparation for electro- phoretic, cytological, enzymatic and other macromolecular chemical or microbiological investigations based on ultrafiltration is now offered. The ultra-thimbles are permeable to salts and low relative molecular mass sub- stances.Ultra-thimbles UH l00/25 have a cut- off of approximately 25 000 MR and are mainly used for the reduction of urine or liquor samples.124 EQUIPMENT NEWS Proc. Analyyt. Div. Chem. SOC. chains, in order to ensure better separation in borderline cases and to retain smaller protein fragments. The necessary glass apparatus and other accessories are also available.Anderman & Co. Ltd., Central Avenue, East Molesey, Surrey, KT8 OQZ. Distillation Column The Spaltrohr column distillation system has been developed for carrying out micro- and semi-micro distillations under gentle conditions from atmospheric pressure to high vacuum. Column efficiencies of up to 90 theoretical plates are achievable.The pressure drop is in the range 10-I- 1W2 torr and it is possible to attain flask pressures below 0.1 torr. Hold-up varies with column size from 0.2 t o 0.1 ml. Basic electronic units which can be supplied for use with the Spaltrohr columns are: oil bath with magnetic stirrer; flask platform and temperature regulator ; distillation regulator ; automatic vacuum regulator ; and electronic temperature indicator.Orme Scientific Limited, Stakehill Industrial Estate, Middleton, Manchester, M24 2RH. Flow Meter A precision flow meter, known as the Type S3, has been produced to meet British, American, European and Far Eastern hygienic and opera- tional standards. Using a multi-module system of construction, the S3 Flowmeter is designed for the latest “cleaning in place” techniques and has special bearings, which remain unaffected by acids or saline ; bacterial growth points have virtually been eliminated.Five models are available, covering flow ranges from 3 to 500gall min-l. Accuracy is claimed to be 0.01% for a 5/1 turn down, linearity 0.15 yo, repeatability 0.02 yo, and bi- directional correlation 0.2%.The pressure drop is less than 4 p.s.i. a t the maximum rated flow. The hygienic construction of the S3 Flow- meter is particularly designed for use in the dairy, wines, spirits, brewery, processed foods and pharmaceutical industries. Euromatic Flowmeters Ltd., Cross Lances Road, Hounslow, Middlesex. Ultraviolet - Visible Scattered Transmis- sion Spectrophotometer The Model 576 scattered transmission spectro- photometer is designed specifically to handle turbid, light-scattering samples.Automatic digital background correction is useful for the correction of cell or sample mis- match and the accessory flattens the base line to within hO.001 A. Each sample spectrum is automatically superimposed on the corrected, flattened base line. Repetitive scanning is standard.Spectra can either be superimposed or presented sequentially on the instrument’s own Format recorder and also recorded con- tinuously. Perkin-Elmer Limited, Beaconsfield, Buck- inghamshire. The full scale expansion is 0.01 A. Measurement of Low Levels of Sodium A new instrument for continuous measurement of low levels of sodium, named SLeD, (acro- nym for sodium leak detector), is announced.There are two versions, an absolute SLeD (a-SLeD) for measuring the sodium concentra- tion of a single sample stream, and a differential SLeD (d-SLeD) for determining the ratio of the sodium concentrations in two sample streams. The a-SLeD gives a continuous analysis of sodium from 0.000 1 to 0.1 p.p.m. in steam, condensate, feed water, make-up water and demineraliser output, whilst the d-SLeI) measures the ratio of sodium in steam to that in boiling water, and also small differences between the levels of sodium in low pressure steam and condensate.The electrode head incorporates an automatic temperature compensation device that makes the SLeD virtually immune to changes in ambient temperature. MSE Scientific Instruments, Manor Royal, Crawley, Sussex, RHlO 2QQ.Laboratory Data System The Model Sigma 10 is designed to handle data from any conventional gas or liquid chromato- graph. An illuminated visual display and printed messages on a thermal printer - plotter provide information to the operator, while provision is made for the storage of multiple data files and methods. Annotated chroma- tograms, can be obtained from any of four active channels connected to the system.A programmability accessory permits the user to write his own programmes in BASIC to suit particular applications. Standard magnetic tape cassettes extend the system memory by 29K per cassette. Perkin-Elmer Ltd., Beaconsfield, Bucking- hamshire, HP9 1QA.April, 1978 EQUIPMENT NEWS 125 Laboratory Automation Systems Designed for analytical research, quality control and process monitoring applications, the mini- computer-based HP 3351B, HP 3352D and HP 3353A systems offer software for all cal- culation procedures normally used for pro- cessing gas and liquid chromatograph output signals.The standard system software includes time of day, external event control, slice-width integration, data files, integrator-timed events with new events, summing designated peaks and data storage on tapes.Options include programmes for automatic liquid sampler control, simulated distillation and LAB BASIC. Hewlett-Packard Ltd., King Street Lane, Winnersh, Wokingham, Berkshire, RGll 5AR. Liquid Chromatograph The HP 1081A is a high-performance liquid chromatograph derived from the earlier micro- processor controlled HP 1084A.Suitable for isocratic liquid chromatographic applications under routine analytical conditions as well as being a research tool, the 1081A incorporates a reciprocating diaphragm pump with in-line pulsation damping. The fixed wavelength (254 nm) ultraviolet detector can be interfaced with recorders, integrators and computer based data systems.Pump settings or column pressure can be checked instantly via push-buttons and a digital readout. Hewlett-Packard SA, Rue du Bois du Lan 7, CH-1217 Meyrim, 2, Geneva, Switzerland. Gas Calibration A range of disposable tubular, wafer and ex- tended life tubular permeation devices for gas calibration is now available. These devices can be supplied with or without specific gravi- metric and temperature calibration points, in a variety of lengths to meet all permeation rate requirements. They are suitable for virtually any application requiring a high-precision trace source of specific gas.CVC Scientific Products Ltd., Eastheath Avenue, Wokingham, Berkshire, RGll 2PW. Nitrogen - Phosphorus Detector The Tracor 702 alkali bead detector for nitrogen and phosphorus fits most commercial gas chromatographs and carries a switch to select nitrogen or phosphorus.Predictable perfor- mance and long bead life are assured by con- stant-temperature bead operation. The routine use of chlorinated solvents and derivatising reagents has no adverse effect. Middlesex, HAS 8JP. Techmation Ltd., 58 Edgware Way, Edgware, Carbon Dioxide Analyser The 960 carbon dioxide analyser is designed for medical applications and is based on measure- ment of the change in thermal conductivity using a Wheatstone bridge.After pipetting 100 ml of serum or plasma into the instrument, sample preparation is automatic. The com- plete cycle time is 50 s. Corning Medical, Corning Ltd., Halstead, Essex, CO9 2DX. Power Supply Units A range of a.c. static "no break" power supplies to provide complete load security for essential installations is now available.These totally buffer the load from maips voltage disturbances; in the event of a transient dip or loss of mains a battery provides the basic power source, thus ensuring a consistent power supply. Five ratings, from 2.5 kVA to 30 kVA, are available. The system includes a static switch to ensure instantaneous change-over between battery and mains, a mimic diagram indicating operating mode, easily replaceable electronic control modules and a battery charger.GEC Industrial Controls Ltd., Mill Road, Rugby, Warwickshire, CV21 1BD. Electronic Weighers The Metronic top-pan electronic weighers have dual-range capabilities and a 4-line BCD output. Two dual ranges are available: 3 kg x 0.1 g or 300 x 0.01 g and 12 kg x 1 g or 1200 x 0.1 g, the latter figure in each instance indicating the minor division. The Metronic instrument has a large (215 x 179 mm) pan giving accurate readings over the total surface.I t is thus suitable for bulky, awkward-shaped objects. The design meets the new EEC legislation on Average Weights, and is expected to receive DPCP approval, enabling its use for provision of legal printed records.Oertling Ltd., Orpington, Kent, BR5 2HA. Precision Incubators Memmert precision incubators are made in three series covering the range + 5 to + 120 "C. Series B (seven sizes) are incubators without water jackets and range from ambient +5 "C to +SO or + 120 "C. Series BW (five sizes) are water jacketed and range from ambient +5 "C to +60 "C.Series BKL (five sizes)126 EQUIPMENT NEWS Proc. Analyt, Div. Chem. SOC. have refrigeration and blower units. Tem- perature ranges are +5 to +SO "C or 0 to f60 "C. All have stainless-steel exteriors, while Series BW and BKL have chambers made of the same material. Anderman & Co. Ltd., Central Avenue, East Molesey, Surrey. Silica Lenses Nearly 100 different fused silica lenses are available.Plano-convex and bi-convex lens configurations cover a range of focal lengths from 10 to 1000 mm, while diameters range from 5 to 75mm. The lenses are made from either standard fused silica or Suprasil 1. Suprasil 1 provides useful transmission from 162 nm to 4.2 pm with very low fluorescence levels. Optical-grade fused silica can be used from 200 nm.These lenses are useful for energy gathering and imaging in ultraviolet and infrared appli- cations. They are highly resistant to scratching and thermal and radiation damage. Melles Griot BV, Nieuwe Kade 10, Postbus 567, Arnhem, The Netherlands. Liquid Dispensers Reproducibly accurate dispensing of liquids is provided by the newly re-designed range of E-Mi1 Pressmatic dispensers.These dispensers have borosilicate glass ball valves and improved plunger seals. The liquid contacts only inert glass or PTFE, enabling the same unit to dispense concentrated acids, alkalis or organic solvents. Available in 5- or 10-ml capacities, the dispensers can be adjusted to deliver from 0.1 ml upwards. Corning Ltd., Laboratory Division, Stone, Staffordshire, ST15 OBG. Polarimeters The Models 243 and 243s are high-performance polarimeters, incorporating automatic photo- electric null balance and gain control, together with digital readout.The Model 243 is equipped with a sodium lamp for operation a t the 589-nm emission line, or it can be fitted with a mercury lamp for the 546-nm line. The Model 243s is a sugar polarimeter, calibrated in "S of the Tnter- national Sugar Scale.Perkin-Elmer Ltd., Beaconsfield, Bucking- hamshire, HP9 1QA. Electronic Grade De- onised Water Filters Acroflow E is a plastic, pleated-membrane cartridge filter, which has been developed for filtration of ultra high purity water. All particles larger than 0.2 mm are retained, thus making it suitable for the stringent requirements of semiconductor and micro-electronic manu- facture.A typical flow-rate is 18.9 1 min-l. Gelman Hawltsley Ltd., 12 Peter Road, Lancing, Sussex, BN15 STH. New Materials RIA Test System A chemical de-blocking agent has been added to the glass-based, solid-phase radioimmuno- assay (RIA) materials to produce a new cortisol RIA test system. The new Immo phase cortisol test kit includes ANS (S-anilinonaph- thalenesulphonic acid) as part of the cortisol 1251 tracer.The ANS releases cortisol from the corticosteroid-binding globulin without a sample heating step. The system provides a stable antibody pre- paration, rapid separation of bound cortisol, and a 1-h room-temperature incubation. It covers the concentration range 12.5-800 ng ml-l. Corning Medical, Corning Ltd., Halstead, Essex, CO9 2DX.Antibody Species for TSH Test A 2.5-h solid-phase radioimmunoassay for measuring thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) has been developed. The test uses a two-site immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) procedure. Sensitivity is less than one micro-international unit of TSH per millilitre (pIU ml-l). The system uses two stable, highly specific antibody species, soluble, labelled (1251) anti- body and unlabelled antibody covalently bound to porous, microscopic glass particles.The latter is the solid-phase component of the system, and provides easy extraction of bound materials from solution. Corning Medical, Corning Ltd., Halstead, Essex, CO9 2DX. Reagents for Chemical Oxygen Demand Three reagents, silver sulphate 1 yo in sulphuric acid (98%), potassium dichromate 0.125 N (Stanvol standard solution) and mercury (11) sulphate 20% m/V in sulphuric acid (10% V / V ) , are available for use in the revised method for COD determinations.Ferroin indicator is also available. Baird & Tatlock (London) Ltd., Freshwater Road, Chadwell Heath, Romford, Essex, RM1 1HA.April, 1978 EQUIPMENT NEWS 127 Standard Solutions Normal solutions and standard solutions are now available in 20-1 Poly-cubes, polyethylene containers provided with a tap and packed in a box carton.Poly-cubes have been especially developed for laboratories and industries with a large consumption of normal and/or standard solutions. The actual batch analysis is reported on the label. J . T. Baker Chemicals B.V., P.O. Box 1, Deventer, The Netherlands.Colloid Titration Reagent Packs The technique of colloid titration, used for the determination of colloids, was pioneered in Japan, and a new range of packs is now avail- able. Colloid titration measures the preci- pitation of charged colloidal particles by titration with oppositely charged ionic polymers, using a visual indicator. The five-vial packs now on offer contain: type A, potassium polyvinyl sulphate ; type B, a 13 yo aqueous solution of polydiallyldimethyl- ammonium chloride (3.4 g); type C, tetra- decyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride di- hydrate (Zephiramine), for use as a primary standard; and type D, toluidine blue indicator solution.The useful starter kit contains a vial of each of the four reagents. Zephiramine is a carefully purified cationic surfactant.Koch-Light Laboratories Ltd., Colnbrook, Buckinghamshire, SL3 OBZ. Ash-free Filter-paper Acid-washed filter-papers, which can be used as black ribbon or white ribbon filters for quan- titative analyses] are available with a content of more than 95% of X-cellulose, in the shape of rolls. Very fast to medium-fast filtering types of paper in various roll widths up to a maximum of 550 mm and different lengths of roll up to a maximum of 100 m are available.Anderman & Co. Ltd., Central Avenue, East Molesey, Surrey, KT8 OQZ. Micropolyamide Pre-coated Foil A pre-coated aluminium foil, No. 1700, coated with micropolyamide with a layer thickness of approximately 25 pm, is now available. The sensitivity for detection of the smallest amounts can be increased by approximately a power of ten compared with the pre-coated TLC foil F 1700 with polyester as the carrier material, thus permitting the manufacture of two- dimensional chromatograms on foil measuring only 1 x 1 cm. The test volumes to be applied are below 0.1 pm.Anderman & Co. Ltd., Central Avenue, East Molesey, Surrey, KT8 OQZ.Membrane Filters With SOD Effect Schleicher and Schull membrane filters BC 07 have been developed especially for the detection of faecal coliforms in drinking water investi- gations. SOD means “surface opening dia- meter” and signifies a special structural con- figuration, whereby the membrane surface is coarse with pores two or three times the size of a coli bacterium. Underneath, the main portion of filter pores (0.7 pm) is coli-tight.Thus E. coli, which have been separated by filtration on the membrane surface, penetrate the large pores. When placed on the nutrient bed the porous membrane filter soaks up nutrient and the coli bacteria are bathed in the solution. Membrane filters without SOD, as previously used for the international test for E. coli in drinking water, have coli-tight pores already on the surface and the bacteria are obliged to suck nutrients out of the smaller pores situated underneath.Weaker bacteria are not capable of doing this a t the normal incubation tem- perature of 42 “C. Consequently, it is claimed that the new filters can detect up to 50% more faecal coli colonies than the existing BA 85 Anderman & Co Ltd., Central Avenue, East type.Molesey, Surrey, KT8 OQZ. Bio-catalysis Materials A new class of semi-synthetic bio-catalysts called Chromo-Enzymes has been developed for industrial, clinical assay, biomedical and other research applications. These have been derived by coupling native enzymes with Chromo-Enzacryl, a brilliant orange - red, water soluble polymer based on polyacrylamide.Although they are very efficient catalysts, colourless native enzymes are often unsuitable for a number of reasons. They may not be practical to re-use, are uneconomic and provide no quick visual reference. Essentially, the incorporation of Chromo-Enzacryl with the enzymes provides instant visual location. This simplifies and accelerates operations and re- duces costs.Chromo-Enzymes are suitable for most bio- catalytic applications, including RIA. Differ- ing significantly from the more familiar water- insoluble enzymes, they are of particular value128 EQUIPMENT NEWS Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. in reactions involving solid, semi-solid and macromolecular substrates. Koch-Light Laboratories Ltd., Colnbrook, Buckinghamshire, SL3 OBZ. Catalinks Glucose Oxidase Catalinks Glucose Oxidase is the first of the Catalinks line of re-usable enzymes for con- tinuous flow automation and consists of a 50 cm length of 1 mm i.d.nylon tube with highly purified glucose oxidase covalently bound to the inner surface. Insertion into a continuous flow automatic analyser circuit com- pletely replaces the liquid glucose oxidase component in the modified Trinder method.It is claimed that each tube will perform a t least 3 000 separate glucose assays before replacement. Ames Co., P.O. Box No. 37, Stoke Court, Stoke Poges, Slough, Berkshire, SL2 4LY. Literature A 40-page booklet entitled “Atomic Absorption with Electrothermal Atomisation,” which pro- vides a brief practical and theoretical intro- duction to the electrothermal atomic absorption technique, is available from Pye Unicam Ltd., York Street, Cambridge, CB1 2PX.A comprehensive range of infrared sample- handling equipment and related accessories is presented in a new catalogue from Wilks Scientific Ltd., 64 Burners Lane, Kiln Farm, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire A consumable supplies catalogue for GC and LC accessories is announced by Perkin-Elmer Ltd., Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, HP9 IQA.Guidance for all involved in the provision of substances and articles for use a t work, who have duties and responsibilities under Section 6 of the Health and Safety a t Work Act, is set out in a note entitled “Articles and Substances a t Work,’’ published by HMSO (price 30p + postage). An application report on calibration procedures for infrared vapour-phase analysis is available from Wilks Scientific Ltd., 64 Burners Lane, Kiln Farm, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire.A new range of literature covering most aspects of industrial filtration has been produced by British Filters Ltd., Thames Industrial Estate, Fieldhouse Lane, Marlow, Buckinghamshire. A recently developed method for determining total arsenic, based on anodic stripping voltam- metry, is a new application for the ESA Model 3010 trace metals analyser.A descriptive pamphlet of the method and the instrument, ESA reprint No. 33, is available from MSE Scientific Instruments, Manor Royal, Crawley, Susses, RHlO 2QQ. “Chromatographic Methods in Gas Analysis” is an illustrated, 106-page compendium of GC methods for inorganic and low relative mole- cular mass organic gases. Applications as diverse as gas dissolved in solids and head- space analysis of containers are covered. The book, price L7.80, is obtainable from Hewlett-Packard Ltd., King Street Lane, Winnersh, Wokingham, Berkshire, RGll SAR. A technical data leaflet, No. 6517/1, on kath- arometers for gas analysis is available from George Kent Electronic Products Ltd., Rose- mary Lane, Coldhams Lane, Cambridge, CB1 3LQ. A rapid procedure for the analysis of theophyl- line in serum is described in a six-page appli- cation note from Hewlett-Packard. The method requires only 50 ml of serum and involves a simple protein precipitation step, followed by separation and quantitation using HPLC. Hewlett-Packard, Ltd., King Street Lane, Winnersh, Wokingham, Berkshire, RGll 5AR. A paper describing the use of a Model 580 infrared spectrometer and an Interdata 6/16 minicomputer for the analysis of quartz and asbestos is available from Perkin-Elmer Ltd., Post Office Lane, Beaconsfield, Buckingham- shire, HP9 IQA. Microgram amounts of sugars in aqueous media can be measured on the Optilab 902 refractometer. Sensitivity is 2 x lo-’ RI units, full scale. A leaflet entitled “Hints on Refractometry ” detailing this analysis is avail- able from Techmation Ltd., 58 Edgware Way, Edgware, Middlesex, HA8 8 JP. More than 40 of the most common analyses performed by clinical biochemists are covered in a paper entitled “Clinical Chemistry Using Fluorescence-A Review of Current Tech- niques. ’’ Applications of fluorescence spectro- scopy to food and drug analysis, pharma- ceuticals and environmental health will be subjects for future review papers from Perkin- Elmer Ltd., Post Office Lane, Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, HP9 1QA.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9781500120

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

FIXED INSTALLATIONS FOR MONITORING FLAMMABLE GAS Fixed Installations for Monitoring Flammable Gas 129 petrochemical plants and to detect the build up of flammable gases over large areas. The control modules are mounted in a “safe” area. The detector heads are in general placed in the environment to be monitored. Systems that sample the air to be monitored aspirate the detector head. All systems are provided with relays for switching in auxiliary audible and/or visual alarms in addition to initiating any required emergency procedure. These instruments are powered from the mains a.c. supply. In addition most are capable of being powered from a low voltage d.c. supply which is often available as a back-up power source in the case of mains failure.April 1978 There is a wide selection of equipment available for monitoring flammable gases. The appar- ently confusing array of equipment becomes much easier to understand when the application is defined. The equipment ranges from the small pocket instrument to the large fixed installations consisting of a hundred or more detector heads. The equipment can be used for monitoring conditions within a building such as an office or laboratory or in a pipe duct or out on a process plant oil rig drilling platform or storage area. Most flammable gas monitors are of one of three types portable including the personal monitors ; transportable ; and fixed systems. Most of the instruments in this group are Instruments of all of these types are used certified as being able to form part of intrinsi- extensively in the petrochemical and related cally safe systems.The usual practice is to process industries. This survey is concerned place the sensor in a flame-proof box with one or with the fixed flammable gas monitoring two sintered metal flame arrestors isolating the systems. At present there are numerous fixed sensor from the environment. The integrity of flammable gas monitoring systems commercially the system between the head and the control available. Most of them belong to one of three module in the safe area is maintained by groups non-ruggedised systems for use in using protected cable runs. Those systems homes offices caravans small boats hospitals which use barrier units on the cable runs etc.; ruggedised systems suitable for industrial between the detector head and control module environments whether indoors or out; and high are able to have low integrity cabling. integrity systems designed specifically for the petrochemical industry including ocean drilling platforms. High integrity systems form a group of Non-ruggedised Systems These are lightweight compact instruments without special weather protection and very simple to install being fixed to a wall or suitable structure by means of an adhesive pad and requiring only a mains power supply. The majority of the instruments use semiconductor detectors. In most instruments the detector is an integral part of the instrument but there are instruments that have up to two additional detector heads remotely sited.All of these instruments are fitted with audible alarms usually a buzzer ; some also have visual alarms. None of the instruments belong- ing to this group is certified as intrinsically safe. Ruggedised Systems The majority of fixed flammable gas nionitor- ing systems belong to this group. Systems have calibration checking and other functions (this been developed that are able to monitor most is to make the system more tamper-proof); in industrial and marine environments. The some systems a power supply per detector number of detector heads may range from one to module in others a power supply for every six over a hundred. Systems with a hundred or more heads are used for example for monitoring the movement of flammable gas across the perimeter walls of olefin and other High Integrity Systems industrial ruggedised systems that have been specifically designed for drilling platforms and the refining and feedstock end of the petrochemi- cal industry.These systems are large multi- head installations which may have a hundred or more heads. The size of the control module is kept to a minimum by using high density electronics. Features of high integrity systems are the presence of two alarm levels a low and high level which indicate visually on the front panel of the instrument (one or both of the alarm levels is able to actuate relays to initiate auxiliary alarms or emergency procedures) ; the presence of built-in failure alarms which are initiated if the integrity of the cabling to the detector head is destroyed or if there is a mains power failure ; the presence of key-actuated switches or some other security device for or eight modules; an a.c.mains power supply with a back-up low voltage d.c. supply; and certification which permits the heads to be mounted in a hazardous area. 130 FIXED INSTALLATIONS FOR MONITORIKG FLAMMABLE GAS Proc. Analyt. Din. Chew. Soc. Tables 1-111 are based on tables prepared by Dr. J . R. Mansfield of IC1 Ltd. Petrochemicals Division. The notes referred t o in each table appear at the end of Table 111. Manufacturer and model Analytical Equipment Co. Limited Gas Guard 102 109 Citadel Products Limited 1200 Series Eurogauge Co. Limited LS2000 International Gas Detectors (IGD)/Becorit Ltd.Gasmaster One Riken (UK Weatherall) GC-210 Ex GC-410 Gascon-GT Tekflo Marine Electro Salen & Wicsnder KVC- 15 J. & S. Sieger Limited Model 707 (Marine) Model 1100/1120 Detector Flame Gas type arrestor (note 1) (note 2) (note 3) CO - sc - FG FG G G FG FG FG FG G G - sc sc PS CB sc sc sc sc SF SF G 4 a 1 i TABLE I+/ Diffusion or aspiration (note 4) Sensitivity scale D Lower level > 0.02y0 for hydrogen) - D D D D D D D D D D > 0.02% (> 0.00570 Alarm level depends upon model (most models detect methane 1% in air) 0.5% VjV - 0.05-0.5 % 0.1-0.3 7' 0.3% (butane) 0-100% LEL (butane) O-lOO% LEL &ys -4pri1 1978 GEDISED SYSTEMS Intrinsic safety Number standard of heads (note 6) 1 - L - 1 1 1 1-3 1-3 1 1-2 1 1-2 1 FIXED INSTALLATIONS FOR MONITORING FLAAIMABLE GAS mm Power (note 8) Evaluation Dimensions/ Weight/ report (note 11) 49 in diameter 14 in deep 240 or 110 V a.c.kg 0.25 - - - - - 6 W 240/120/ 150 x 90 x 70 100 V a.c. 105 X 60 x 90 - DH - - 110/240 V 5 W 2.2 w 0.6 - 115/240 V 4 W 145 x 100 x 65 0.65 120 x 75 - 12/24 V d.c. - 105 diameter - 220Va.c. 220Va.c. 20 W max. 24 V d.c. 0.7 0.52 240/110Va.c.220 x 160 x 100 1.7 50/24 V d.c. 0.5 - 1.0 20 19.8 - DH DH x 70 140 X 60 X 75 Control unit 200 x 190 x 140. Detector 83 x 50 15 W 100-250 V Control unit a.c. 50/60 Hz 284 x 140 x 165. and/or 24 V d.c. Detector 83 x 50 131 Comments - - - (1225) S - Flameproof - detector head available - - - - - - Low cost available for relays - - ex-EM1 marine instrument - Current supply - - 132 FIXED INSTALLATIONS FOR MONITORING FLAMMABLE G.4S Manufacturer and model G Draeger Safety Ltd. Draeger - Crowcon Gaswarden 73 GW Detection Instruments Ltd. GM 516 G Elremco Limited FGM 1 G Energy Equipment Co. Limited Engas G General Monitors Ireland Ltd.160 G G 180 520 G International Gas Detectors (IGD)/ Becorit Zudrrac 2000 G RMS6/M MSA Company Limited Series 510 G RH4 G G Salen and Wicander E;\-c-10 Detector Flame Gas type (note 1) (note 2) (note 3) (note 4) P Y O C . Analyt. Dt3. Cheflb. SOC. D/AS Dlff usion or Alarm arrestor aspiration Sensitivity types (note 5) Relays heads TABLE II< Numbe of 1-8 1-6 1 1-20 1-10 1 2 1-12 units of 6 1-10 (per racl 1-5 1-6 2 0-32 scale O-lOOq LEL A &V G sn. 2000 PS B o r SS D D B o r S S PS PS B D - AS D D ss ss D D sc CB CB CB PS PS D D PS ss B ss ss - Various sc SC - O-lOOo/ LEL -1 & V .\/ (hydrogen) 2 L - 2/ A/ O-lOO%LEL V 2 L .\/ O-lOO%LEL V ? L 2/ - 1L O-lOOO,/ LEL A & I- 1/ 2 L 20% and 50% 2 L LEL 0.05-0.5% A & T; 1 L O-lOO%LEL V 2 L 20% LEL A & V 1 L or 2 L 0-100./ LEL 2 L &lOOO,/,LEL 1 L A & 1' 2/ .\/ ,/ DH DH B(P) DH DH DH DH DH DI-I BAS DH April 197s d ~ ~ ~ 1 3 1 S E D SYSTEMS ,trinsic Wiring safety of wdard heads note 6) (note 7) I BAS x 74163 - I N/.1 - 3 3 3 3 3 - 3 I 3 3 12/14 V d.c.110/240 V a.c. 6 W 24Vd.c. 110/240V 220 x (SO X a.c. 50 V d.c 120-240 V 300 x 185 x 80 24 V d.c. 110/240 1' a.c. 68 W max. 12 V d.c.1101240 V a.c. 8 W 12 V d.c. 110/240 V a.c. 12 W 10-15 V d.c. 90-130 V a.c. 115/205/225/245 V a.c. 50/60 Hz 1 W per head k FIXED IXSTALLATIONS FOR ~ I O S I T O R I N G FLA>I,\IABLE GAS Evaluation Dimensions/ Weight,' report mm Power (note Sj 19 in rack units PP PS-8 n) x 160 a.c. 24 v d.c. 15-30 W 5 w 500 x 920 x 200 483 x 178 x 356 53.4 x 105 X 203 108 x 105 X 203 240 V a.c. 240 V a.c. 24/220V a.c. 220 V a.c. 136 x 192 X 85 Detector 1025 - x 760 x 210. Control unit - - 700 x 660 x - 19 in rack units 300 1; g (note 11) - - - s (P) Heads sampled sequen- S - - 3 25 12.27 1.36 1.82 - - - S S - - - - - - 133 Comments Models 74GW and 7 2 GI\- similar in many respects Fault indication for detector head.Key switch for security Detector head energised periodically 10 s in 2.5 min tially. Periodic auto- matic calibration for fail safe Model 300 is quoted but is to be phased out - Expected to be discon- tinued and replaced by Model 3000 with improved facilities Gases detected include carbon monoxide (0-100 or 0-1000 p.p.m.) hydrogen (0-100 p.p.m.) chlorine (0-10 or 0-50 p.p.m.) ammonia (0-100 or 0-400 p.p.m.) and hydrogen sulphide (0-10 or 0-100 p.p.m.j Continued overleaf 134 FIXED INSTALLATIONS FOR MONITORING FLAMMABLE GAS Proc. Analyt. Div. Cheni. Soc. Gas (note 1) Manufacturer and model J.& S. Sieger Limited G 130011303 1501/1520 TIGD Limited 150 250 270 Neotronics Limited A CA-HL G G G G FG FG FG G G G rack 200 C/3007-0.5 A Bacharach Instrument Company CD 800 series International Sensor Technology AG 2000 series AG 3000 series Manufacturer and model Crowcon (Instruments Limited) System 2000 Gaswarden 77 GJV 9 Sumber of channels per per 19 in channel/ power ss ss supply standby Intrinsic safety (note S) 2.5 110/240\' PP 10-15 PS-1 PP 110/940 V Flame Diffusion or Alarm arrestor aspiration Sensitivity types scale (note 3) (note 5 ) Relays heads Detector type (note 2) SF ss SF PS PS ss B or SS B or SS B or SS B B B ss PS CB CB CB CB sc sc Power W (note 6) B(P) DH TABLE n Number of (note 4) D 1-8 * 2-100y0LEL V 1 L or 2 L (per rack) D lo-loo~o v 1 L 1 LEL (O-lOyo or 2 L am mi o n i a ) D 4 D 4-32 D 1-8 1 D D 1 D D/AS D D 1 1 2 o r 4 Per module Units - of 6 VI v O - l O O ~ o LEL V 2 L O-lOOO,/ LEL V 1 L 0-100% LEL V 1 I 20% LEL A & V (methane) 20% and A & V 50% LEL (methane) 20%LEL A & V (methane) 0-250,L LEL and -4 & V 0-IOOYA LEL 2 L O - l O O ~ o LEL 2 L 0-100% LEL 2 L Control unit (all two range Alarm type (note 5) Fault lerel alarm) alarm ,,' 4 6 v ,/ A6:V 5-75?; Alarm &loo% LEL LEL 1-4 TABLE 111-HIGH Meter (note 9) Relays * (per rack) r* ," DIG \; AN (note 10) (note 11) (note 5) (note 6) > - Flame Evaluation Detector Intrinsic arrestor type safety material Wiring non-specific diffusion ~ 15 TV April 1978 of 3 3 3 3 3 1 - - J Contiwed) Intrinsic Wiring safety ,tandard heads pate 6) (note 7) r DH DH DEI .DH DH BS BS BAS DH - ? - - INTEGRITY sYsTEnci “Key” interlock for Remote local adjustment calibration report (note 13) - ki - - 3 3 3 7 PP. PS-1. 12 V d.c. f 254 x 292 & 1 V d.c. 115 V a.c.50/60 Hz (other voltages available) x 124.19 in rack units R L 100-250 V a.c. 50/ 60 H z and/or 24 Ti d.c. PP 15 W 100-260 V a.c. Control unit 284 x 140 x 50/60 Hz and/or 24 V d.c. Hz 20-60 V d.c. 2 W 110-220 V a.c. 50/60 208 x 294 x 80 110-220 V a.c. 50/60 Hz 22-32 V d.c. 2 W 240 V a.c. 8.6 W - - I - - I F I X E D INSTALLATIONS FOR MONITORING FLAMMABLE GAS mm Power (note 8) Evaluation Dimensions/ Weight/ report (note 11) 19 in rack units 165. Detector 96 x 96 x 119 - 19 in rack units 24 V d.c. 2 W 19 in rack units 24 or 50 V d.c. 100 12 V d.c. 1240 V d.c. PP 115/230 V a.c. 10 W 75 x 155 x 280 per module - 1.00 85 x 200 x 100 85 x 200 x 1.25 85 x 200 x 52 0.5 4.0 6.8 pef unit Detector head (note 7) (note 3) BorSS kg - 30 - 2 I BAS DH - PS CB - B orSS Comments Many variations in 1300 series of instruments including Model 1340 N.B.Messrs. Sieger produce a large number of variations on all their instruments Distributed by Blakell Systems Ltd. Models 100 and 625 are similar in most respects although single channel Many features of the high integrity systems. Distri- buted by Blakell Systems Ltd. Models 210 220 and 260 are similar in most respects Distributed by Blakell Systems Ltd. Many options available With remote control and indication Steel enclosures now avail- able for all models Agency Shawcity Ltd.5 Church Street Wantage OX12 8BL Agency MDd Scientific (UK) Ltd. Dawlrins Road Poole Dorset BHl5 4JW Specific/ Aspiration/ Comments (note 4) (note 12) D - Instrument very compact construction. .4vailable from Draeger Safety Ltrl - - D Conlinued owerkaf 136 FIXED INSTALLATIONS FOR MONITORING FLAMMABLE GAS Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. Soc. Manufacturer and model Detection Instruments Limited System 230B General Monitors Ireland Ltd. Model 4000 International Gas Detectors (IGD)/Becorit Limited Model RMS 605 Model RHi * These models appear to be identical 8 MS.4 J. & S. Sieger Limited Model 1.100/1401/1402 Series TIGD Model 200 Gas Measurement Instruments (GMI) Ltd. Nodel 2600 NOTES- G.1. FG = flammable hydrocarbon gas; G = general flammable gases; CO = carbon monoxide. 2. CB = catalytic bead; PS = pellister of SMRE design; SC = semiconductor; SF = Sieger filament. 3. B = bronze; SS = stainless steel. 4. AS = aspiration D = diffusion. 5. A = audible; L = number of alarm levels; V = visual. BAS = BASEEFA certificate of intrinsic safety; DH = detector head in flame-proof enclosure; B(P) = BASEEFAcertification pending; BS = BS 4653 Part 3 (for boiler house type applications). E I ectro ba I a n ce Survey Elemental Analyser User Forum of the AD Microchemical Methods Group In 1974 the Forum carried out a collaborative sample which is one of the more obvious survey of the performance of CHK analysers in potential sources of operator error.This routine use. Some 9O:tA of the individual process is moreover readily susceptible to elemental results were within the usually accep- statistical analysis. Accordingly the Forum ted limits of 50.30,a and the accuracy of means decided to organise an investigation into the was generally satisfactory but the precision in performance of electrobalances since this is the several instances was poor. Only about 7Oy0 type of balance used by the majority of elemental of the determinations were correct for all three elements These results were discussed a t a subsequent out on electrobalances. meeting and it n-as suggested t h a t the Forum might investigate the weighing out of the Power supply standby Intrinsic safety Number of Power channels per per 19 in channel/ rack W power (note 8) (note 6) Alarm range ? - DH 11.5 O-lOO% LEL 110-2.40 v PS-1.a.c. 24 V d.c. PP 8 16 1.3 or 6 DH LEL PS-8 195-230 V ax. 24 1' d.c PP - PS-1 DH 95-230 V a.c. 2.1 V d.c. S 6 BAS PS-1 110 or 240 1. ax. 24 V d.c. PP DH PS-1 110 or 210 V ax. 2.1 V d.c. PP i 8 DH ax. 24 V d.c. - 11 PS-1 14.5 110-300 V 7.5 to 10 PS-1 O-lOO% 5-90% LEL 2-100yo LEL 2-1o0yo LEL O-lOO% LEL 5-1o0yo LEL DH 110-220 V SFA 3009 ax. 24 V d.c P P analyser users. This is believed to be the first occasion on which such a survey has been carried Twenty-nine laboratories took part in the survey.The results have been circulated to 4 TABLE IF Control unit Relays alarm .4larm type (all two Fault level alarm) (note 5 ) Meter (note 9) \) AN 0-10d% LEL \' AN 0-100yo LEL V' \/ 4 d %! 4 N -1-90% LEL O-ll)DO/ AN LEL" d d 4 AN LEL o-ionq; \' 4 A 8; v V (LED indication) A & V A & V V A & V A & V AN d AA- LEL O-lOO% LEL i o-loo~o 1 o&z d ED EB d - ~~~ I = intrinsically safe wiring to detector heads. W = number of watts per channel; PP = standby power supply; PS = number of modules per power supply. AN = analoeua meter readout DIG = dieital meter readout. R = remotecalibration adjustmentat detectorhead; L = local calibration adjustment in the control room.S = SIRA evaluation report; (P) = pending. SP = designed for a specific gas or group of gases. EB = extension board used during adjustment and calibration to increase integrity. - and discussed in some detail by members of the artificial sample provided into a series of normal Forum. This communication provides a sum- sample weighings as though the artificial sample mary of these results. were to be submitted to the CHN analyser. The object of the survey was to establish the The previous CHN analyser survey had performance of electrobalances under normal shown t h a t the usual sample mass range used by routine operating conditions when used in CHN operators is 1-2 mg. Participants in t h e conjunction with an automatic CHN analyser. survey were therefore given a stabilised alumin- It is emphasised t h a t no attempt was made to ium weight nominally 1.5 mg which was determine how well the balances could be made intended t o replace the sample material in a to perform and the balance tests were not run in routine weighing operation together with t h e isolation. Hence i t was expected that opera- following instructions. “With the weight tors would interpolate single weighings of the (about 1 .d mg) provided use the following Flame Intrinsic arrestor Specific/ Aspiration/ safety material Wiring non-specific diffusion (note 3) (note 7) (note 12) (note 4 ) - April 1978 ued) L L L L L 1 7- (note F) Remote Evaluation Detector calibration report type (note 10) (note 11) (note 2) PS DH S DH DH BAS DH BAS SFA 3000 - CB SF S PS PS BAS ELECTROBALANCE SURVEY Detector head SP D ss SP D 3 3 D SP ss B orSS SS D Either D SP SP D 41 3 I ss B B orSS 137 Conunents - - >lodules very bulky but accessible - A range of d.c. voltage models are available to special order. l?-??O V d.c. Distributed by Blakell Systems Ltd.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9781500129

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC