摘要:

Proceedinas - - - - -of the Analytical Division ofThe Chemical SocietyCONTENTS171 New Members of Council173 Address of the Retiring President178 Summaries of Papers178 'Fourth International SACConference'181 'The Determination of PolycyclicAromatic Hydrocarbons'184 Analytical Division Publicity andPublic Relations: Results ofAD Questionnaire185 Robert Boyle Essay Awards186 SAC Silver Medal186 Correspondence188 Conferences and Meetings189 Courses192 Analytical Division DiaryVolume 15 No 6 Pages 171-192 June 197PADSDZ 15(6)171-192(1978)ISSN 0306-1 396PROCEEDINGSOF THEJune 1978ANALYTICAL DIVISION OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETYHon. SecretaryP. G. W CobbOfficers of the Analytical Divisionof The Chemical SocietyFresidentR. BelcherHon.Treasurer Hon. Assistant SecretariesJ. K. Foreman D. I. Coomber, O.B.E.: D. C. M. Squirrel1Secretary Editor. ProceedingsMiss P E. Hutchinson P. C. WestonProceedings is published by The Chemical Society.Editorial: The Director of Publications, The Chemical Society, Burlington House, London, W1 V OBN.Telephone 01 -734 9864. Telex 268001.Subscriptions (non-members): The Chemical Society, Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Road,Letchworth, Herts., SG6 1 HN.Nonmembers can only be supplied with Proceedings as part of a combined subscription with The Anslysfand Analytical Abstracts.0 The Chemical Society 1978CHEMICAL SOCIETY AUTUMN MEETINGANALYTICAL DIVISION SYMPOSIUMonLasers and their Analytical ApplicationsatThe University of Warwick19th-21 st September, 1978The speakers will include Professor C. Grey Morgan, R. Bexon, M. A. A.Clyne, P. B. Davies, P. G. Felton, P. J. Hendra, A. R. Jones, P. N. Pusey,B. L. Sharp and J. K. Wright.The subjects covered will include laser spectroscopy, laser Ramanspectroscopy, excitation of molecular fluorescence with lasers, laser sampling,remote sensing and a number of papers in which laser methods are used forthe characterisation of particles. For further details contact Dr. J. F. Gibson,The Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W1 V OBN

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD97815FX022

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Vol. 15 No. 6 Proceedings June 1978 of the Analytical Division of the Chemical Society New Members of Council Stuart Bark admits that he started research in applied chemistry “At school in Derbyshire, when at the age of 15, and paid the sum of 75p per month, he was employed to look after the school’s Chemistry Laboratories, make the bench polish and use it.” His first “research work” was to find a polish which had less elbow grease as its main component.He gradu- ated in 1947 with a London External BSc from the then University Collegc of Nottingham, and spent the next year on a Diploma in Education course, during which time he is reported to have improved the standard of his bridge playing and his knowledge of chemical literature. After starting his career in teaching at the Downham Market Grammar School in Norfolk, he arrived in Salford in 1959, via some years as a Lecturer in Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry at the Derby Technical College.He is now Professor of Analytical Chemistry at the University of Salford. During the earlier period of his work he published several papcrs on qualitative analysis and chromatography applied to structural analysis. Since then, and with the help of his research students, his lines of research have included designing reagents for trace analysis and thermometric and enthalpimetric analysis.This work has resulted in approximately 100 publications and as a result of same of these he was awarded the DSc of London University in 1970 for his research work in analytical chemistry.He has played an active part in chemical education ; many younger chemists will know him as the Examiner for Practical Inorganic Chemistry in the RIC examinations for many years. Professor Bark is known in AD circles for inany reasons, not least for his habit of bringing a large gathering of research students to each of the R and D meetings and for his often pungent remarks at such meetings.He served as a member of Council in 1966-68, 1975-76 and, as a result of his Chairmanship of the Analytical Books and Monographs Com- mittee, from 1977 to the present; he has been on several committees of Council. On behalf ’ of Council in 1970 he acted as Chairman of the 2nd International Conference on Particle Size Analysis, a t Bradford. He was a member of the North of England Section of thc SAC for many years and is a former Chairman of the North West Region of thc AD of the Chemical Society.Professor Bark is also one of the Analytical Diiision’s members on the Council of the Chemical Society. When asked to describe his hobbies he indicates that, “they are obviously the enjoy- ment of cating and good living, which inci- dentally give me the ability to act as good ballast whcn dinghy sailing.” Professor L .S . Bark Mr. M . C . Finiziear M. C. Finniear is the recently elected Chair- man of the Western Region. He was born in the mining village of Wattstown, in the Rhondda Valleys, and was educated a t Porth County Grammar School and University College, Cardiff, graduating with honours in Chemistry in 1950. Aftcr two years National Service in the Royal Air Force, he joined the staff of the Public Analyst for Clamorgan, bccoining 171172 NEW MEMBERS OF COUNCIL Proc.Analyt. Div. Chem. Soc. Senior Assistant Analyst in 1956. He success- fully sat the old Branch E (now MChemA) examination in 1963, and was soon afterwards appointed Deputy Public Analyst for Gla- morgan. Since Local Government Reorganis- ation, in April 1974, he has held similar appointments for the counties of Mid Glamorgan and West Glamorgan.He became a member of the Society for Analytical Chemistry in 1953. Mr. Finniear has served on the Councils of the Association of Public Analysts and the Institute of Food Science and Technology. His main interests outside work are genealogy and local history, and he is a keen, if not very accomplished, member of a newly-formed local Choral Society.He is married, with two sons a t school. Dudley Peake was educated a t Queen Mary’s Grammar School, Walsall, and King Edward VI Grammar School, Nuneaton. On leaving school he joined ICI Metals Division (now Imperial Metal Industries) at Witton, Birming- ham, as a laboratory assistant analyst.After six years in a control laboratory, he joined the analytical section of the Research & Develop- ment Department, where for 16 years he was directly responsible to Dr. W. T. Elwell. In 1971 he was appointed chief analyst of the New Metals Division of IMI. He studied in his spare time and obtained a London External BSc in Chemistry in 1951. In 1955 he became an Associate of the Royal Institute of Chemistry.He has served on many committees of the Mid- lands Region of the Society for Analytical Chemistry, was the Honorary Secretary of the International Symposium held in Birmingham in 1969 and a member of the organising com- mittee of the Fourth International SAC Con- f erence. MY. D. M . Peakc He is the present Chairman of the Midlands Region and as such is an ex-oficio member of Council.For many years he attended careers evenings held a t Midland schools and youth employment centres to advise on careers available in chemistry, and believes that one of the most important features of a school’s curriculum should be competent and un- selfish careers guidance. Mr. Peake brews beer, plays golf and fishes when time permits. Duncan Thorburn Burns was born in Wolverhampton, and after an itinerant early education in Rugby, Manchester, Wolver- hampton and Newton Stewart, arrived in Gomersal, where he failed to become a York- shireman as a result of lacking the requisite devotion to cricket but acquired several of the other characteristics associated with the area.After leaving Whitcliffe Mount Grammar School he undertook the hazards, rigours and pleasures of the course known a t that time as “Special Studies in Chemistry” a t Leeds Uni- versity, graduated in 1955 and stayed on to do research in physical chemistry, obtaining a PhD in 1959.His first full time appointment in 1958, was to Medway College of Technology as Assistant Lecturer in Physical Chemistry, becoming Lecturer and also an Associate of the Royal Institute of Chemistry in 1959.In 1963 he joined the stag of the late A. I. Vogel a t Woolwich Polytechnic as Senior Lecturer in Analytical Chemistry. Membership of the SAC and a return to the Midlands Region were both effected in 1966, upon appointment to Loughborough University of Technology as Senior Lecturer and Head of the Analytical Chemistry Section.Subse- quently he became Reader in 1971 and was awarded the first substantive DSc by Lough- borough in 1972. In 1975 he was appointed to the established Chair of Analytical Chemistry a t The Queen’s University of Belfast, vacant owing to the untimely death of C. L. Wilson, brother of our immediate past President. Despite the increased work load he and his family enjoy Northern Ireland life and hos- pitality.He became a Fellow of the Royal Institute of Chemistry in 1968, was awarded the James Taylor Prize of the Sheffield Metallurgical and Engineering Society in 1970 and gave the 31st Pearson Lecture a t Whitcliffe Mount School in 1975. SAC and divisional formal activities are as follows : a past member of Council and Chairman of the Midlands Region; Chairman and pastJwue, 1978 ADDRESS OF THE RETIRING PRESIDENT 173 Honorary Secretary of the Education and Training Group; member of the Programmes Committee; member of the SAC 77 Conference Local Committee and the Social Committee ; member of the SAC 80 Programme Sub- Committee ; Chairman of the Northern Ireland Sub-Committee of the Scottish Region ; and a past member of the Microchemical Methods Group Commit tee.Potential visitors to Belfast should be pleased to learn that the traditional local Professor D. Thorburn Burns Dr. D. R. Williams hospitality continues to grow, unabated. D. R. Williams is a member of Unilever’s Animal Feeds Co-ordination, based in London. He has specific responsibilities for scientific and legislative matters of interest to Unilever’s feed and agriculturally-based businesses, both in the UK and overseas.Prior to taking up his present position he was Chief Chemist of the Unilever Animal Feeds Group of companies, including BOCM Silcock Ltd. The work in- volved executive responsibility for several laboratories in the Group. Dr. Williams is a member of a number of UK and European committees concerned with analytical matters and legislation, including the UK Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food’s Scientific Panel. He is Chairman of the BSI Animal Feeds Committee, EEC repre- sentative for the United Kingdom Agricultural Supply Trade Association on matters con- cerning legislation, and is a past Chairman of the Analysts Committee of that Association. He is also the new Chairman of the Analytical Methods Committee. He is a native of Colwyn Bay and graduated with an honours degree in chemistry from the University College of North Wales, Bangor, in 1955. He was awarded a PhD in 1958.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9781500171

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

ADDRESS OF THE RETIRING PRESIDENT 173 Address of the Retiring President This Address was delivered after the Annual General Meeting of the Analytical Division held on March 17th, 1978. What Do They Think We Are? D. W. Wilson Department of Chemistry, City of Londoa Polytechnic, Jewry Street, London, E.C.3 In considering a topic for this Address, I guessed that members would not want a review of the events of the last 2 years, as these have been adequately dealt with elsewhere, and I decided that I am not in any position‘to present an authoritative and exciting survey of analytical chemistry, or even of a vital part of it.I therefore propose to take only a limited look at what we in the Analytical Division have done, and to concentrate on how we and our achievements may appear to others.The Public and Chemists Let us start with that non-homogeneous body, the general public. What do they think of analytical chemists? Most of them would ignore the “analytical” and seize on the “chemist”-so what do they think of chemists? They would be confident that we sell medicines and cosmetics, make up prescriptions and develop films. It is a historical mystery why this country, probably alone in the world, is subject to this confusion-in other English-speaking countries such a person is a pharma- cist, or a druggist, in Germany he is an Apotheker, in France a pharmacien.The confusion might eventually be resolved if the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain decreed that its174 Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. members could no longer call themselves chemists, and if you and I would cease to call at the chemist’s for our requirements.Some of the general public would appreciate that all chemists are not pharmacists, and would know that chemists make “chemicals,” and that chemicals are nasty. They are substitutes for the real thing; they corrode, explode, poison and pollute. This corruption of the word has extended rapidly in recent years and is fostered, because it is handy, by news reporters.We can expect to see, in not-too-future dictionaries, an addendum : “chemical : nowadays, a harmful or dangerous substance.’’ It is a cause for concern to the Society as a whole; it might just be reversed by teaching the teacher, who in turn would teach the pros- pective journalist. In the public mind scientists (those who are not mad) are good things, occasionally producing something obscure but useful.A generation ago a librarian would, without hesitation, have placed a textbook on analysis on the right shelf. Now “analytical” can be found under mathematics, structural engineering, business studies or medicine. So we must confess to being analytical chemists.What is our public image? ADDRESS OF THE RETIRING PRESIDENT Neither is probable. Should we, then, avoid the word, and call ourselves analytical scientists? I am afraid we are too late. The Public and Analytical Chemists At least we do not have the embarrassment of our Faraday Division colleagues-I should hesitate to describe myself to the general public as a physical chemist. But although we may be known to a few as the people who find out how much alcohol they’ve drunk, or whether they have a case against the food store or the builder, the public generally is quite ignorant of us. Regrettably, it is often the most highly educated section of the public that is the most ignorant.How many teachers, even those who teach the rudiments of analytical chem- istry, know what we are?-know, and are able to impart, that almost all of their necessities (air, food, drink) and their comforts and amenities (clothes, houses, fuel, transport, medicines) carry at some point in their manufacture, preservation or purity the seal of the analytical chemist-and that even in their deaths, any formalin used must be free from arsenic, in case they are exhumed.We as individuals, and as the Division, must do more-indeed must do something-to formulate and propagate our image.Perhaps there is no need to set up a working party. We could re-title our Education and Training Group as our Evangelical Group. Here we are at fault. Other Scientists and Analytical Chemists At least in their own spheres they, the biologists, metallurgists, medicos, physicists and engineers, and even chemists, recognise our usefulness. Is it, however, too often the usefulness of the skilled technician, called upon as required, and too seldom the usefulness of the informed colleague, able to contribute in equal measure? It was said by a prominent chemist that we are not real chemists.Of course, this is not true; but why was it said? Is it possible that we behave as if it were true, and wait to be called in by our colleagues on particular pro- blems, as they would call in the glassblower or the electronics expert? Perhaps the more widely applicable of our discoveries, which we read about in our own journals, might in- creasingly find their way into journals read by our colleagues.Perhaps the answer lies in more Chairs of Analytical Chemistry, but more on this later.We regard ourselves as scientists. What do other scientists think of us? We and Ourselves as Analytical Chemists We are scientists, and we are pro- fessional people; but the Division is not a qualifying body-a deliberate decision of the SAC, and a wise one. So we have in our ranks the innovators, who advance the subject, sometimes spectacularly; the masters, with their wide skills and experience ; the practitioners, at all levels; and the learners.But we have, more apparently than in any other branch, what the thesaurus calls a sodality, but which might be better exmessed as a friendlv amreciation of merit. What do we think of ourselves as analytical chemists? There is, and must be, a hierarchy, as there is in any other branch of chemistry.June, 1978 ADDRESS OF THE RETIRING PRESIDENT 175 We have also in our ranks academics, industrialists and government and local government servants.There is still a vestige of the old envies-the academics in their ivory towers, with no economic restraints, the nine-to-five industrialists, geared only to ultimate profit and the government servants (including teachers), whose position is secure unless they ‘‘~Y--*-!+_ thr: typist or tell the truth.” This is only a faint residual vestige, and the coming genelation will see its extinction.So here is an encouraging picture-analytical chemists are a friendly body, recognising and respecting all their constituents. Now I should like to turn from analytical chemists to the Analytical Division.What do our parents and brothers and sisters think of us? The Chemical Society and the Analytical Division The tumult and the shouting have died. As Dr. Milner reported 2 years ago, it took long and involved negotiations to allay suspicions sufficiently to allow amalgamation to take place. The suspicion with which the SAC viewed the CS 5 years ago was only matched by the sus- picion with which the CS viewed the SAC.And even after amalgamation, the wariness was not fully eliminated. It is a difficult concept, but most of us are now beginning to check ourselves when we refer to The Chemical Society as “they.” For this a very great tribute must be paid to the Officers-Honorary and Permanent -of The Chemical Society. They have coped with our eccentricities, and shown sym- pathetic appreciation of our view that changes in our traditional procedures should be mini- mal and slow.We no longer confront each other with difficulties-we discuss problems. One might reflect that the strength of any organisation can be assessed by its ability to accept deviations from its normal pattern. In the two major changes with which The Chemical Society has been involved in the last 2 years: the proposed unification with the Royal Institute of Chemistry, and developments in the Publication and Information Services, our representations have been listened to, and our wishes granted as fully as possible.I can report with satisfaction that, although the contractual obligations regarding analytical journals have now been fulfilled, the Division will continue to have satisfactory representation, through Sub-committees of the new CSIS structure, in the policy of these journals.I have paid tribute to the Officers of the Society; I should also pay tribute to the Division’s Representatives on the Chemical Society’s Council, Boards and Committees because they have contributed, by their responsible and constructive approach, to the present cordiality.What do our sister Divisions think of us? Well, we are different, and differences engender suspicions. Again, our representatives, by their collaboration, have succeeded in great measure in allaying them; but we should examine the differences in order to see if there is any genuine ground for the suspicions. Firstly, we have brought to the Society a much more complex organisation, in terms of Committees, Regions and Groups, than that of any other Division, and therefore a much greater volume of activity, as evidenced by the Society’s calendar of meetings.We have, however, inherited from the SAC a structure, gradually and wisely evolved over the years, which enables us to cope efficiently and reasonably economically with these activities.Secondly, we have a considerable measure of financial self-sufficiency, derived formerly from the sales of our journals, and now from the interest from our Trust Fund. For our continued volume of activity we draw from the Society’s subscription income only our pro-rata proportion as a Division. The remainder is financed from our Trust Fund income. Thirdly, we have a greater cross-section of interests-industrial, government service, educational-than any other Division.This is a great strength, and must be carefully fostered. Clearly, none of these differences can have any adverse effect, in membership or in finance, on other Divisions. Perhaps the greatest difficulty concerning Divisions at present is their status vis-d-vis Sections. If there were unlimited funds, both could be nourished fully.As it is, and will be for the foreseeable future, each will seek more, and this must be at the expense of the other. Over the last 2 years the position has perceptibly changed. Here, again, is a very encouraging picture.176 Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. The Divisions provide the national and international scientific reputation of the Society ; the Sections provide its grass-roots strength. Recognition by each of the merits of the other is the necessary basis of harmony. There will undoubtedly be further difficulties when unification of the Society and the Royal Institute of Chemistry takes place-it could hardly be otherwise in an undertaking of such magnitude.The intention is that present balances will be retained, and the position of the Divisions should not be affected. With its recent experiences of amalgamation the Analytical Division could, and should, do much to help union of the Society we belong to and the Institute with which many of us have an interest.ADDRESS OF THE RETIRING PRESIDENT So much for the Chemical Society. What do analytical chemists think of the Division? Analytical Chemists and the Analytical Division I t would be tempting for us to think that the Division is the sole repository and forum for analytical chemistry in this country.We would be wrong. There are many other official bodies in this country concerned with analytical chemistry, with whom we have little or no collaboration : for example, the Association of Clinical Biochemists, the Association of Public Analysts, the Biochemical Society, the Geological Society and the Mineralogical Society.There are also many industrial and trade associations that regularly publish analytical methods in which neither the Division nor its Analytical Methods Committee have been involved. We cannot, of course, foist collaboration on anyone; but have we done enough to encourage i t ? If another body tentatively touched our knee under the table, what would we do- respond encouragingly, or set up a Working Party? There is a similar position abroad.We have representatives on the Analytical Working Party of the Federation of European Chemical Societies, but on no other overseas body-and this representation was at the request of the other body, and not of our seeking. Representation by the Division, particularly on international bodies, must be subject to the Society’s rules; but if the Division has no voice, international decisions that may possibly constrain us may be taken without our consultation or consent.Perhaps a Working Party ? This is a matter which requires thought and constructive action.Our Members and the Analytical Division Coming nearer home, what do our members think of the Division? Clearly, most of the 6 000 do so only to put a tick, once a year, in a box. Nevertheless, a gratifying 1 000 of them took the trouble to respond to the recent questionnaire on Publicity and Public Relations, and 700 of these were subscribers to Proceedings. A tenth of the 6 000 regularly (and more, exceptionally) take the trouble to vote in our annual elections for Council: this indicates some interest (or at least a close acquaintance with somebody who has an interest).The proportion is not very different from that of our interested members in the old SAC. It is, of course, difficult to know even roughly the number of members with varying levels of interest.If we take Council, its Committees, and the Committees of the sevenRegions and twelve Subject Groups, and allow for some overlap, we arrive at a figure of about 200 with the highest interest, i.e., willingness to serve on Committees. An estimate of those who regularly attend scientific meetings might produce a further 200 at the second level of interest, and the third level, of those who are interested and occasionally attend, might boost the total to 1000.These are guesses, and perhaps an exercise, devolved to Regions and Groups, could produce a more realistic figure, and might be worthwhile. At any rate, we have direct feed-back from interested members of the Regions and Groups which indicates, I am happy to say, a general satisfaction with the Division, and we have the mechanism to alert us to any change.Sales of The Analyst and Analytical Abstracts do not give a guide to interest in the Division. It is possible to purchase a superb product without being interested in the firm that makes it. I said that we had a mechanism for feed-back of the state of affairs at our grass roots. This is through members’ representatives from Regions and Groups, from Committees of Council, and by direct election to Council. What do these representatives think of Council?June, 19 78 ADDRESS OF THE RETIRING PRESIDENT 177 Members’ Representatives and Council One would expect some crystallisation of views, for the representatives hear, at first or second hand, facts, opinions, discussion and debate.Council is a fairly large body, and the average attendance is about 27 members.Most of its very long agenda is routine-reports from Committees and Representatives and the state- of-play on continuing items. I sense that many members would welcome some reduction in the time spent on such matters: there are various ways in which this could be done-it is a common problem with large Committees.This would leave more time for occasional items of policy or procedure which merit detailed debate, perhaps over several meetings. Some such issues which will undoubtedly exercise Council in the future have already been identified in discussion. Current Issues The present procedure whereby, after consulting Past Presidents, the retiring President proposes a name to Council, in theory allows members of Council the final decision, but in practice presents difficulties.Clearly the views of Past Presidents are very important, for they can appreciate the qualities needed for the deep involvement of the post. But theirs is not the sole repository of wisdom and, if they ignore the views of the representatives of the members, the procedure becomes un- tenable.This year’s ballot for the Presidency was not caused by the Division’s recent and long-overdue democratisation of its Rules (other Divisions have enjoyed it for years) ; it was a manifestation of members’ concern about procedure in the past. No doubt Council will give attention to this problem, and I have no doubt that the solution will be reasonable and widely accepted.Second is what we should do with our income. A year ago the possibility of implementing fully the agreement on income from Journals was viewed with pessimism. Now, unexpectedly and happily, it is fully concluded, and we can take a more relaxed attitude to the support we give to analytical chemistry generally. I am sure there will be a long look at what we do now by way of studentships, and at other ideas, of which I imagine there will be no shortage; the criterion must be the general good of analytical chemistry. There will, of course, need to be counsels of caution.The value and income of a Trust Fund such as ours is very depen- dent on external influences, and long-term commitments will require careful thought. We have a Working Party con- sidering this subject, and I must not influence their conclusions.But it is a fascinating sub- ject. The facts are clear : of all countries with Universities, we alone seem to have a negligible proportion of Chairs of Analytical Chemistry; it has been a matter for intermittent concern for many years, and was commented on by a former President 60 years ago. The case seems overwhelming. There is no lack of calibre of possible tenants-compare them with the wide range of in-Chair Professors in other branches of chemistry.The cause lies far back in the past, possibly when medical and pharmacological teachers were also concerned with analytical chemistry. At that point there was a failure to lay the foundation of the magic number of Chairs of Analytical Chemistry, above which they proli- ferate-for Professors are appointed by the influence of other Professors in the same branch of activity.We have currently only the four Bs: Bark, Belcher, Bishop and Burns-together with the widespread West. There is more joy in the advancement of one analytical chemist to a Chair than of ninety and nine other chemists. Would the position be appreciably improved, as has been suggested, by the endowment from the Trust Fund of a further Chair? The enormous outlay would result in a reduction of other activities of the Division. The endowment of sufficient Chairs to surmount the magic hump would be beyond the total capital of the Trust Fund: there may be other solutions.Predictions of a recession in higher education after the “bulge” in 1981-84, with dark hints of a contraction in the number of Universities, let alone the number of Chairs, might not at first sight be encouraging.But if vigorous Departments of Analytical Chemistry can still attract students of good calibre, and educate them to the First is Council’s nomination of a new President. I would have wished, and worked, for a gradual change in the procedure.Third is the question of Chairs in Analytical Chemistry. Perhaps the cause is not lost.178 FOURTH INTERNATIONAL SAC CONFERENCE Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. requirements of an expanding industry, it may be that at that time their merits might not go unrewarded. It is worth stressing that the most vigorous protagonists of more Analytical Chairs are not those who could aspire to occupy them: they are members who are genuinely concerned with the subordinate image of their profession. The Retiring President and the Presidency Now I come to my final chapter. For 104 years (with four exceptions), each President has served for 2 years.I have expounded on almost everything except the extent of the Presidential task. With the internal complexity and the ever-growing external complexities of the Division, this may not now be the best procedure.There is merit in The Chemical Society’s present system, whereby he starts as President Elect and serves for 1 year, giving official support in specific areas, and thus relieving the pressure on the President. This enables him, in tandem with the President, to become fully acquainted with problems and policies.He then becomes President for 1 year, with a new President Elect to support him. There is, of course, a more frequent turnover of Presidents (and in this Division there is no shortage of able candidates). There are demerits which are appreciated in the Society, and the proposal for the President of the new unified Society is for 2 years of office. When changes are afoot, 1 year is not enough to provide smooth implementation. No doubt these ideas will be debated by the Council of the Division. Each President of the Division serves for a further 8 years on Council. This was no doubt agreeable in more leisurely years when change was imperceptible, and indeed would be acceptable now if Past Presidents occasionally attended and shook their ageing heads at the goings-on of the youngsters. They have powerful voices which can give wise counsel, but which can also seek to perpetuate the ideas of their Presidencies. The Chemical Society’s procedure, whereby the immediate Past President serves on Council for 1 year, might be regarded as extreme. The views I have voiced are my own, and it is possibly too much to hope that they will meet with universal acclaim. I have enjoyed my strenuous 2 years of office. I leave the Division much as I found it- in good health, and perhaps with a few tidier edges. But the major and more difficult changes took place under previous Presidents, and I pay a very sincere tribute to them and their achievements. I wish the new President as much enjoyment as I have had, and success in enhancing the image of analytical chemists and the Analytical Division. There is one further aspect that needs consideration. Perhaps some compromise could be sought.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9781500173

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

178 FOURTH INTERNATIONAL SAC CONFERENCE Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. Fourth International SAC Conference The following is a summary of one of the papers presented in the session on Electroanalytical Methods at the Conference, which was held on July 17th-22nd, 1977, in Birmingham. Sum- maries of thirty of the papers and posters given at the Conference appeared in the January, February and March issues of Proceedings (pp.1, 43 and 78). Stripping Voltammetry of Silver on a Carbositall Rotating Disc Electrode S. M. Beniaminova and 0. L. Kabanova V. I . Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, VorobyevsRoye shosse 47a, USSR Carbositall was first suggested for analytical use in electrodes in 1971.l In reference 2 the data on the use of a new carbon material, carbositall, for electrodes in analytical chemistry are reviewed.June, 1978 FOURTH INTERNATIONAL SAC CONFERENCE 179 In this paper the results of a study involving the anodic stripping voltammetry of silver are presented.Experimental Apparatus and Reagents The stripping voltammetric curves were recorded by use of a P-5827 potentiostat and a KSP-4 potentiometer.A thermostatically-controlled electrolysis vessel with silver - silver chloride, reference and platinum auxiliary electrodes was also employed, the temperature being maintained at 25 & 0.1 "C. A rotating disc electrode with an exposed surface 0.158 cm2 in area was used as the working electrode. The disc electrode was prepared from carbositall rod USB-15 pressed into a PTFE tube.Carbositall is less brittle than glassy carbon, yields easily to mechanical treatment and can be fused on to molybdenum glass.3 Before each series of measurements the electrode surface was polished with moist alumina powder, washed with water, hot (60 "C) sulphuric acid (sp. gr. 1.58) and finally with water again. After this treat- ment the electrode surface became shiny. The pre-electrolysis of silver was carried out at a constant potential and both the pre- electrolysis and the stripping were carried out at the rotating electrode. The stripping was carried out with a scanning potential from -0.5 V to +0.5 V.Doubly distilled water was used in all of the measurements. A 0.1 M sodium perchlorate solution, acidified with per- chloric acid to pH 2, was used as the background electrolyte.Working solutions underwent electrolytic purification at a spectroscopically pure graphite cathode at -0.8 V for 10-12 h. The test solution in the electrolysis vessel was de-aerated with nitrogen that had been purified on a chromonickel catalyser for 1 h. The test solution of silver was prepared by dissolving the metallic silver in doubly distilled nitric acid (sp.gr. 1.25). Results Fig. 1 shows typical current - potential curves for the background electrolyte in which the potential was linearly scanning from +0.6 V to -0.5 V (curve 2) and back (curve 1). Curves 1 and 2 do not coincide, indicating the presence in this region of potential of irreversible pro- cesses acting on the carbositall electrode.Cathodic currents may be caused by reduction of hydrogen ions, oxygen desorption or hydrogen adsorption, and the anodic currents by oxygen 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 PotentiaVV 1 and 2, Volt- ammograms in 0.1 M NaC10, solution; voltage sweep, 0.017 V s-l. 3, Anodic stripping voltam- mogram for silver: con- tration of silver ions, 5 x lo-' M ; rate of rota- tion, 76 rev s-l; voltage sweep, 0.017 V s-l; time of deposition, 600 s.Fig. 1.180 FOURTH INTERNATIONAL SAC CONFERENCE Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. adsorption or hydrogen desorption. The adsorption and desorption of ions from the back- ground electrolyte is also not excluded. It is seen from the curves shown that the background current in the region of the current - potential curve for the ionisation of silver is of the order 10-15 pA cm-2.The anodic stripping voltammogram for silver is shown in Fig. 1, curve 3. The dependence of the peak current, I,,,., and the amount of coulombs, Qa, on the deposition potential is shown in Fig. 2. The height of the peak is constant at potentials more negative than -0.15 V. Experimental values of Qa and Imax. were found to be linearly proportional to the square root of the electrode rotation rate (Fig. 3) and to the concentration of silver ions 4 18.0 1 1 20.0 0 10.0 2 6- I I 'A 0 ' ' -0.7 -0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0.1 Deposition potential/\/ 4 6 8 */(rev s-1)' Fig. 2.Dependence of maximum current (Imax.) (1) and amount of coulombs (Qa) (2) on deposition poten- tial : concentration of silver ions, lo-' M ; rate of rotation deposition, 420 s.~ i ~ . 3. ~~~~~d~~~~ of I,,,. (1) and ions, lo-' M ; time of deposition, 600 s ; voltage sweep, 0.017 V s-1; deposition potential, 0.5 V. (m), 57 rev s-1; voltage sweep, 0.017 v s-1; time of Qa (2) on ~ ' m : concentration of silver (from 7.5 x lation coefficients for these relationships are 0.93 (for Qa) and 0.95 (for Imax.). to 5 x 10-8 M, Fig. 4), the latter graphs passing through the origin. Corre- 20.0 5 'x 10.0 i \ 0 1.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 Concentration of silver ions x 1 O ~ / M Fig. 4. Dependence of Q a (1) and I,,,. (2) on the concentration of silver ions: wz, 76 rev s-l; voltage sweep, 0.017 V s-l; time of deposition, 800 s; deposition potential, -0.5 V. References 1. 2. 3. Kabanova, 0. L., and Beniaminova, S. M., Z. Analit. Khim., 1971, 26, 111. Kabanova, 0. Id., Goncharov, Yu. A., and Doronin, A. N., Analytica Chim. A d a , in the press. Anokhin, B. A., and Ignatov, V. I., Zh. Analit. Khim., 1974, 29, 1221.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9781500178

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

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June, 19 78 THE DETERMIKATIOK OF PAH 181 The Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons The following is a summary of one of the papers presented at a Meeting of the Analytical Division held on February lst, 1978, in London. Summaries of four other papers presented at the meeting appeared in the May issue of Proceedings (p. 148). Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Tobacco Smoke Condensate C.D. Briggs and S . J. A. Hawthorne Gallaher Limited, R G. D Division, Henry Street, Belfast, BT15 1 J E Many investigators over the last 20 years have published papers on the identification and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in tobacco smoke condensate, for example, Cooper and Lindsay,l Van Duuren,2 Wynder and H~ffman,~ Hoffman and Wyn- der4 and Ayres and Th~rnton.~ As PAHs comprise a large group of compounds with known carcinogenic activity it is not surprising that, in explaining the effects of smoke condensate observed in biological models, emphasis was originally placed on the PAH, and in particular benzo(a)pyrene.Such studies led to the identification of, among others, dibenz-(a,h)- anthracene, benzo (b) fluoranthene, benzo ( j) fluoranthene, dibenzo(a,Z) pyrene, benz (a) -anthra- cene, chrysene and benzo(e)pyrene and a variety of non-carcinogenic PAHs.The major problems associated with the measurement of PAHs are: the lack of authentic standards; the separation of the PAHs from the complex tobacco smoke condensate (over 3 500 compounds have been identified to date in tobacco smoke); and the identification and measurement of the individual PAHs in any separated fraction. However, since the methods used for identifying and measuring PAHs were reviewed some 10 years ago by Sawicki6 there have been significant improvements in a number of relevant analytical tech- niques.Of these high-performance liquid chromatography, gas - liquid chromatography with capillary columns and linked to mass spectrometry, together with improved mass spectrometric instrumentation, now play a major role in identifying an individual PAH in highly complex materials, such as coal tars, engine exhausts and tobacco smoke condensates. Notable advances in identifying and measuring PAHs in tobacco smoke in the past few years have been made by Snook and co-workers.'-9 From the condensate derived from 30 000 cigarettes made from a standard tobacco blend (US style) they obtained enough PAH fraction to identify over 350 PAHs, ranging from indene to dimethylcoronene, and semi-quantitatively measure several key PAHs.Our own work was concerned with product comparisons; we had to determine differences in PAHs in the smoke of various products, specifically those containing tobacco substitutes.For this we required a system to ensure that no new PAHs were introduced by the smoking of novel materials and to permit the quantitative measurement of key PAHs (i.e., those linked with carcinogenic activity). It was clearly impossible to smoke 30 000 cigarettes routinely for several products, so we began by studying the value of results that could be obtained from 100 cigarettes. One Hundred Cigarettes Methods and Materials Cigarettes were conditioned prior to smoking at 5Sy0 relative humidity and 21 "C for at least 48 h and were then smoked under standard Tobacco Research Council smoking con- ditions (1 puff min-l, 2 s duration at a puff volume of 35 ml to a butt length of overwrap + 3 mm) on a 25-port rotary smoking machine.The condensate was collected by using an impaction trap with methanol as the solvent; after collection the volume of condensate solution was reduced to 50 ml by rotary evaporation. In order to separate the PAHs from this condensate solution, 50ml of 20% wz/V sodium chloride solution and 1 ml of a solution containing 13 pg of 1-methylpyrene (as internal standard) were added to the condensate solution, which was then extracted with hexane182 THE DETERMINATION OF PAH Proc.AnaZyt. Div. C h e w SOC. (6 x 50 ml). The combined hexane extracts were next dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate, filtered and the volume reduced to 3ml by rotary evaporation. This extract was then quantitatively transferred to an activated silica gel column (35 x 2.0cm) and eluted with 200ml of distilled hexane, followed by 200ml of Aristar toluene.The toluene eluate was collected, concentrated to 1 ml on a rotary evaporator and then transferred to a column (35 x 2.5 cm) of Sephadex LH20. The extract was next eluted with 150 ml of propan-2-01 (pumped by a Milton Roy reciprocating pump at a flow-rate of 52 ml h-l) and then with 250 ml of distilled hexane.The hexane eluate was collected and reduced to 2 ml by means of rotary evaporation. A 5-pl aliquot of this concentrated solution was injected on to an SGE solid sampler syringe and the solvent evaporated. The sample was then injected on to a 30m x 0.25mm i.d. capillary column, containing OVlOl, in a Hewlett-Packard 5750G gas chromatograph. The gas-chromatographic conditions were : injection temperature, 265 "C; detector temperature, 285 "C; column temperature, 120 "C for 5 min, programmed to rise to 1 250 "C at 2 "C min-l and held at 250 "C for 15 min; and carrier gas flow-rate (helium), 2.5 ml min-l.The gas-chromatographic trace was monitored continuously by mass spectrometry (using an AE1 MS30 mass spectrometer coupled to a VG Data System) at a scan rate of 1 s mass decade-l, a resolution of 1 000 and a 70-eV electron bombardment.Twenty-six PAHs were identified by a combination of mass spectrometry and retention time, but only those 14 peaks shown to be reasonably pure PAH were subsequently measured. This com- pound was chosen because the peak appeared in the middle of the trace. By using only one internal standard we assumed that the recovery of all the PAHs being measured was identical with that of 1-methylpyrene.We might have used a mixture of various internal standards, as did Allen and Vickroy,lO but within the overall objective of the work we felt our simpler approach justified. Allen and Vickroy's results indicate that the recovery of PAH is similar irrespective of structure and that our assumption was therefore justified.For those PAHs for which no pure models were available, the response factors were assumed to be identical with their nearest known PAH compound. Recovery of the measured PAH averaged SOYO, and the reproducibility of the system from repeat analyses of a typical UK FC filter cigarette is indicated by a coefficient of variation of less than 20%.Table I lists the PAHs measured, with results, and those identified but not measured. Quantitation was achieved with 1-methylpyrene as the internal standard. Results and Discussion For a range of tobacco products, the yield of PAH drops as the substitute is increased. A graph of ring number against the combined yield of measured components within that ring number provides a curve showing that the yield of PAH falls dramatically as the ring number increases.This confirms findings published in other The detection limit of this method is of the order of long per cigarette. The gas-chromatographic trace shows that very few in- dividual peaks are discernable beyond benzo(a)pyrene (BP). Our results are very similar to those published by Allen and Vickroy.lo It is worth mentioning that in our evaluation of substitute materials no new PAHs that had not previously been observed from tobacco were apparent.Results from smoking 100 cigarettes show the following features. Extension of the Method to PAHs beyond BP (300 Cigarettes) In the measurement of PAHs of relative molecular mass higher than that of BP clear peaks could not be discerned, presumably because insufficient condensate was used.As we were interested in characterising PAHs beyond BP, in order to satisfy ourselves that no unusual features were observed in this region, the number of cigarettes smoked was increased to 300. The condensate was taken through an identical fractionation and column chro- matographic stage. However, at the Sephadex column stage the lower PAH fraction was removed with 290ml of propan-2-01, which did not elute the higher PAHs.These com- pounds were eluted with 250 ml of hexane. The hexane solution was then concentrated on a rotary evaporator and the residue redissolved in 2 ml of hexane. The gas-chromatographicJune, 1978 THE DETERMINATION OF PAH TABLE I RESULTS FOR SELECTED PAHs IN TOBACCO PRODUCTS (IN ng PER CIGARETTE) PAH (A) Quantitatively identi$ed- Fluorene 1 -Methylfluorene Phenanthrene Anthracene 1 -Methylphenanthrene 9-Methylanthracene Fluoranthene Pyrene 12-Benzofluorene Benz(u)anthracene Chrysene - triphenylene Benzofluoranthene Benzo(u)pyrene - benzo(e)pyrene Perylene 100% Tobacco 379 222 479 110 113 70 132 113 122 42 32 20 25 13 25% Cytrel - 75% tobacco 150 151 258 36 66 22 66 64 43 30 49 12 15 < 10 183 100% Cytrel 100% NSM 168 117 147 20 31 39 55 27 13 14 13 12 10 < 10 44 68 190 20 47 50 86 31 15 24 26 14 11 < 10 (B) Qualitatively identi$ed- Naphthalene Methylnaphthalenes (2) Methylindole Dimethylnaphthalenes (2) Diphenylene Ethylindole Biphenyl Dibenzof uran Methylacenaphthalene Dimethylphenanthrenes and anthracenes (3) Methylpyrenes (2) (other than internal standard Terphenyl column conditions were altered slightly by raising the injection temperature to 300 "C and programming the column to heat up directly from 200 to 270 "C at 2 "C min-I.The recovery was monitored using [7-14C]dibenz(a,h)anthracene and radiotracer counting techniques, and was shown to be 54%. As no other high relative molecular mass PAHs were available in radioactive form it was assumed that the recoveries of all high relative mole- cular mass PAHs would be of the same order.Moreover, because of the limited availability of pure PAH standards it was possible to provide data only for dibenz(a,h)anthracene (DBA) and dibenzo(a,i)pyrene (DBP). The gas-chromatographic trace from a tobacco sample gave peaks for DBA and DBP which were indistinguishable from the base line and certainly not sufficient to permit peak height measurement.In order to overcome this problem gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry in a multiple ion monitoring mode was used. This facility was kindly made available by Dr. A. Douglas and Mr. Keith Hall of Newcastle University, and consisted of a Varian 1200 gas - liquid chromatograph linked by a specially designed interface directly into a VG Micromass 12B mass spectrometer.By fixing the mass spectrometer at m/e values of 278 and 302 (relative molecular masses of DBA and DBP, respectively), a chromato- graphic trace was obtained for the PAH with those relative molecular masses. The positions of the DBA and DBP peaks were identified by spiking the tobacco sample PAH fraction with the pure PAH and re-injecting.However, other PAHs may also have relative molecular masses of 278 and 302 and may co-elute with DBA and DBP; thus what results is the quan- titative determination of all of these PAHs by comparison of the peak heights of the identified peaks with those of a calibration graph of the model compounds, making the assumption that the recoveries are the same and equal to the determined value of 54%, which was ob- tained by radiotracing techniques.Theoretically, it is possible to use this technique at other characteristic w/e values. This, to date, has not been done.184 RESULTS OF AD QUESTIONNAIRE Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. Soc. Results and Discussion: Higher-ring PAH As for the lower-ring systems, the inclusion of increasing amounts of substitutes reduces the level of these higher PAHs in the smoke.From a comparison of our results with those of Snook et u Z . , ~ we think that we are measuring, in the case of DBA, the (a,c) and (a,h) isomers, and for DBP, benzo(b)perylene and dibenzo(a,i)pyrene, as they probably co-elute and have the same m/e value.The other unidentified peaks in the chromatograms may be isomers of dibenzopyrene, dibenzofluoranthene, benzoperylene, dibenzanthracene and picene. Snook has claimed that the major PAHs of high relative molecular mass in tobacco smoke are benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(e)pyrene, benzofluoranthenes, perylene, indenopyrene, benzo(ghi)- perylene, anthanthrene, coronene and their methyl and dimethyl derivatives.PAHs occurring in minor amounts are dibenzanthracenes, dibenzophenanthrenes, dibenzofluor- anthenes and the dibenzopyrenes. His findings agree with our own results and also those of Norrnan,ll in that as the number of rings increases, the yield decreases dramatically. The method, having been applied to the measurement of two high relative molecular mass PAHs, is applicable to any other high relative molecular mass PAH, providing standards are available.However, the lack of available standards is the main stumbling block in the further identification and determination of PAHs in tobacco smoke. To give an idea of the complexity of the problem, Normanll has calculated that in terms of the possibilities of finding alkylated PAHs in smoke, more methyl derivatives of PAHs are likely than parent PAHs in terms of numbers, but not in absolute amounts, because of the many permutations of positions at which the methyl group can be attached.For example, 287 and 4 096 possible methyl derivatives of pyrene and benz(a)anthracene exist. Hence, the measurement of alkyl PAH would only be possible for those isomers which occur in significant amounts. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. References Cooper, R. L., and Lindsay, A. J., Chemy Ind., 1953, 1205. Van Duuren, B. L., J . Natn. Cancer Inst., 1958, 21, 1. Wynder, L. E., and Hoffman, D., Cancer, 1960, 13, 1062. Hoffman, D., and Wynder, L. E., Cancer, 1959, 12, 1079. Ayres, C. I. and Thornton, R. E., Beitr. Tabakforsch., 1965, 3, 285. Sawicki, E., Analyt. Chem., 1964, 36, 497. Snook, M. E., Severson, R. F., Higman, H. C., Arrendale, R. F., and Chortyk, 0 . T., Beitv. Tabak- Severson, R. F., Snook, M. E., Chortyk, 0. T., and Arrendale, R. F., Beitr. Tabakforsch., 1976, 8, Snook, M. E., Severson, R. F., Arrendale, R. F., Higman, H. C., and Chortyk, 0. T., Beitr. Tabak- Allen, R. E., and Vickroy, D. G., Beitv. Tabakforsch., 1976, 8, 430. Norman, V., “Recent Advances in Tobacco Science, Volume 3,” 31st Tobacco Chemist Research forsch., 1976, 8, 250. 273. forsch., 1977, 9, 79. Conference, Greensboro, N.C., USA, October 5th-7th, 1977, p. 28.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9781500181

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年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

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184 RESULTS OF AD QUESTIONNAIRE Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. Soc. Analytical Division Publicity and Public Relations: Results of AD Questionnaire In April 1977 a small Working Party was appointed by AD Council to examine all aspects of Divisional communications and of public relations. The Working Party has now reported its findings and recommendations, for consideration by AD Council. One major source of information available to the Working Party was that acquired from the replies to a questionnaire, which was prepared by the Working Party and sent to all members of the Division in October 1977.The Working Party is grateful to the many members who answered the questionnaire, the main findings from which are summarised below. Respondents Out of 6 275 Divisional members, 1 0 1 2 (16%) answered the questionnaire.Of these respondents, 66% were subscribers to Pro- ceedings. The remaining respondents saw the journal “regularly” (lo%), “occasionally” (6%) or “rarely” (1 8 yo). Proceedings In that Pvoceedings is, or should be, a majorJune, 1978 ROBERT BOYLE ESSAY AWARDS 185 line of communication between the Division and its members, about half the questionnaire was devoted to questions about the journal.The Working Party was concerned to establish whether the amount of Divisional news in Proceedings was acceptable to members. However, the Working Party was also aware that any pressure to increase the news content of the journal could be met only by reducing the scientific content, if production costs were not to be increased.One question in the questionnaire therefore solicited views on the balance between news and scientific items in the journal. Of those respondents replying to this question, 53% approved of the present balance, 14% wanted more news and less scientific items, 25% advocated less news and more scientific items, while 8% suggested more news and more scientific items despite likely increased costs.In a further question relevant to the balance of the contents of Proceedings, views were sought on the number and length of the extended summaries of papers presented at AD scientific meetings, in that those summar- ies comprise the major part of the scientific content of the journal. Of the replies received, 78% thought the summaries to be about right in length, with 11% favouring shorter and 11% longer summaries; 54% approved of the present number of summaries, with 7% in favour of fewer summaries and 39% suggested more.The replies summarised above therefore indicate a general approval of the present balance of news and scientific items in Pro- ceedings, and show that of those advocating change, more would prefer a greater scientific content rather than an increase in news items.Other questions were framed to assess readers’ interest in specific types of news item. The answers to a ranking question placed six categories of news item in the following order of decreasing interest. Diary of forthcoming AD meetings; reports of conferences and meet- ings (other than scientific summaries) ; Equip- ment News ; Publications Received ; news and comment on activities of AD Council and Committees ; biographical notes on award winners, new honorary officers, Council mem- bers and other personalia.Replies to a question on the now regular feature, Equip- ment News, showed this to be read in full by 29 % , “selectively” by 60 % and “rarely’ ’ by 11% of those replying, and 86% were in favour of Equipment News being continued.circulated to all AD members in August. Replies to a relevant question showed that this compilation was referred to “often” by 11 ”/o of respondents, “occasionally” by 50% and “only when first received” by 39%. However, a number of respondents commented that on receipt of the annual programme, they enter relevant dates in their diaries, and it may therefore be that receipt of the annual pro- gramme has a longer-term impact than the above replies would suggest.Divisional Postings Divisional notices are posted to AD members four times a year, in February, August, October and December. Of those replying to a question on these postings, 80% thought them to be about the right frequency, 15% classified them as too frequent, while only 5% regarded them as not often enough.Information on AD Meetings In one question, respondents were asked to rank, in order of importance to them, six listed channels of communication for bringing AD scientific meetings to their attention. The overall answers showed that Divisional/Reg- ional/Group postings, Proceedings, Chemistry in Britain and the Annual Programme of Meetings were regarded as important means of com- munication for this purpose.Information from colleagues. and AD posters, were deemed least important as sources of information on AD meetings. In a related question 58% of those answering said that Clzemistvy in Britain met their needs for notices of forthcoming AD scientific meet- ings, while 52% said that Chemistry in Britain met their needs for reports of AD news and events.Annual Calendar The annual Programme of AD Meetings is Robert Boyle Essay Awards The Analytical Division of the Chemical Society is again sponsoring the above competition to further the interest of young people in the role of analytical chemistry in today’s society. A maximum of ten prizes will be awarded, in- cluding L50 (first prize), A25 (second prize) and L15 (third prize), with up to seven books as additional prizes for an essay of not more than 3 000 words on a topic in the general area of analytical chemistry. Entrants must be under 20 years of age and not in full time tertiary186 SAC SILVER MEDAL Proc. Aaalyt. Div. Chem. SOC. (post-GCE “A” level) education on the closing date, September 30, 1978. Further details of the competition can be obtained from: Ana- lytical Division Secretary, The Chemical Society, Burlington House, London, W1V OBN.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9781500184

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

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186 SAC SILVER MEDAL Proc. Aaalyt. Div. Chem. SOC. Correspondence Correspondence is accepted on all matters of interest to analytical chemists. Letters should be addressed to the Editor, Proceedings of the Analytical Division, The Chemical Society, Burlington House, London, W1 V OBN. Neglect of Non-instrumental Methods Sir, In 1977, about 95% of “Papers” and 85% of “Short Papers” published in The Analyst dealt solely with instrumental methods of analysis.There must be many chemists working in labora- tories without any of these instruments who will find such papers of very limited value. I am in this position, and object to this neglect of non- instrumental methods. During my years of chemical analysis I have encountered specific methods developed by individual laboratories and by distinct in- dustries, and I have often felt that these methods should be more widely known.It is probable that the papers I wish to see would be written by industrial analysts who may find it difficult to make the effort of presenting their information in the accepted manner.June, 1978 CORRESPONDENCE 187 Although the Society does not solicit papers directly, I feel that some encouragement could be given to possible authors in this area.A. Bilsborough 4 Lane Top, Bmdley, Keighley, West Yorkslzive, BD20 9EB Basic Safety in Volumetric Analysis Sir, Mr. Pitt’s views1 at first sight seem very reasonable, but if we follow the advice of Marcus Aurelius2 and strip them to their essentials, we may assess them more accurately. As I understand it, he says in effect that the expert gives the tyro a false sense of the dangers by not using so-called safety measures.First, we may ask how the expert came to be one in the first place, and the answer to this is practice and still more practice, plus an understanding of what (s)he was doing, how it could go wrong, why it could go wrong, and what the penalties might be. Now, there are two kinds of expert, the genuine one who passes on knowledge and experience to the tyro and tries to ensure that the pupil at least reaches a safe standard of competence or even outstrips the teacher, and the show-off, who seeks only the plaudits of the witnesses of the display (although these are seldom taken in, and the plaudits take the form of unspoken comments such as “silly old fool”).It is the second type of so-called expert who is the danger, not the real expert who not only explains the hazards and the reasons for them, but also indicates what to do if an accident does occur. Mr. Pitt may say that all this is special pleading, so secondly we will ask him about the dangers of his own procedures, about which he is strangely silent. Let us take filling a burette through a funnel, for example.First, we may chip or break the top of the burette or the stem of the funnel when we insert the latter in the former. Next, if we do as so many students do, we shall leave the burette clamped in the stand and stretch up with the bottle or beaker and run the risk of splashing liquid out of the funnel and over the tops of our safety spectacles (unless these are of wrap- around type) into our eyes.We shall also (if we are so unhandy as to need to use a funnel at all) quite often misjudge the rate of addition to the funnel relative to rate of run-out (espec- ially if we have done modern mathematics at school) and end up with the burette overflowing and dribbling on to the bench and later into our titration vessel (because we shall not wipe it clean for fear of getting our hands con- taminated).Last, we may break the top of the burette in taking the funnel out, if we remember to take it out at all. If, on the other hand, we fill the burette direct from the bottle, we are going to be sensible enough to take the burette out of the stand and have it with the top at waist-level (bench-level in the case of filling from a Winchester) for ease of filling, and our hands will be close enough together for the bottle to be steadied (if need be) by a finger of the hand holding the burette.The only possible risk is getting the fingers wet if the elbow is jogged by somebody else or there is the distraction of being told to use a funnel, and I know of no titrant commonly used (and that would be put in the burette in this way) that constitutes a hazard in this respect (and I include cyanide here-after all, it is useful for removing silver nitrate stains) provided it is washed off.Some titrants, such as those prepared in glacial acetic acid, would not nor- mally be put in the burette in this way, but then they should not be added though a funnel either.Some screw-cap Winchesters are a menace, though, as they do not pour well. The remedy is to identify them and not use them. As for pipettes, even the dimmest of tyros must have used a drinking straw at some time and sucked out the last few drops with the aid of entrained air, so it should not be too difficult to teach them that a pipette can be converted into a drinking straw either by letting the tip come out of the liquid, or by trying to fill a small-capacity pipette at the same rate as a large one (mathematics again).In any case, it is a simple matter to attach a simple splash- trap by rubber tubing (and can anyone tell me where to buy the old-fashioned, thin-walled, flexible, black rubber tubing that seems to have vanished from the market?).It is also a simple exercise to estimate what volume of liquid is swallowed if an accident happens, and then to calculate the mass of solute that has been ingested. The answer is invariably comforting to the sufferer. Another hazard that escapes notice, but is likely to be engendered by the ham-fisted for whom the safety rides are apparently designed, is that of water on certain types of flooring when certain types of footwear are worn.The one point on which I would agree with Mr. Pitt is his statement that in all safety measures there has to be a balance of risks, but I would slant it slightly differently and say that188 CONFERENCES AND MEETINGS Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. in all safety matters common sense and ex- perience should prevail, and that real safety can only be achieved by dint of sheer hard work-both in the precept of training and in the practice needed to acquire the necessary skills.Unfortunately, as Edison pointed out (“There is no expedient to which the human mind will not turn to avoid the sheer hard labour of thinking.”), hard work tends to be shunned. Furthermore, with the ever-increas- ing emphasis on theory in instructional courses, the opportunity to acquire real skill in practical courses is diminishing rapidly as less and less time is made available for it.This, I feel, is a grave mistake on the part of our educationalists, because chemistry is essentially a practical subject in its applications, and I can see the time coming when our chemists have so little experience of the practice of chemistry that they really do constitute a danger, not only to themselves but to many others as well. As the lunatic says in the punch-line of a certain story, “I may be mad, but I’m not stupid,” so although I shall continue to pipette cyanide by mouth (until it is far enough above the mark), I shall equally continue to wear a face-mask when doing Schoniger-flask com- bustions, and try to teach others to think for themselves. References 1. 2. “Meditations,” Book VI, 3.13. Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. Soc., 1978, 15, 110. R. A. Chalmers Department of Chemistry, University of A berdeen, Meston W a l k , Old Aberdeen, AB9 2UE

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DOI:10.1039/AD978150186b

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年代:1978

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摘要:

188 CONFERENCES AND MEETINGS Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. SOC. or his industrial counterpart during a 20- minute lecture. For further details of this meeting write to the Secretary, Analytical Division, The Chemi- cal Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W1V OBN. Conferences and Meetings R and D Topics in Analytical Chemistry June 28 and 29, 1978, Cardig This Meeting will be held at the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology.Papers will be given describing work carried out by postgraduate research students in Universities and Colleges and by young research workers in industrial and other establishments. Contributions will be presented by the student Seminar on Quality Control-Technical Problems September 28 and 29, 1978, Zurich, Switzerland The third European Seminar on Quality Control in the Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Industries will be held at the University of Zurich.This Seminar is organised by the Swiss Association for the Promotion of Quality and the EOQC Section on Quality Control in the Pharmaceuti- cal and Cosmetic Industries, and is the third in a planned series of seminars dealing with the theory and practice of quality assurance and integrated quality control in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.Each topic in the programme will be studied in advance by an international working group. The conclusions of each group will be des- cribed in a report and the five reports will be distributed to the participants in good time before the Seminar to assist their own preparation.The presentation of the working group reports at the Seminar will be done at the beginning of each group discussion. All themes will be discussed simultaneously but to allow a rotation of the participants the group discussions will be run twice. Conclusions of the group discussions will be drawn by each group leader and discussed in the plenary session on the second day of the Seminar.The programme includes the follow- ing topics: how to evaluate and assure the precision and accuracy of testing methods ; how to meet the demands for calibration of measuring instruments ; how to evaluate the quality of products and the quality assurance systems by means of self-inspection and auditing ; how to determine product quality levels by means of statistical methods; and how to achieve quality assurance of supplies by the elaboration of basic technical conditions (sti- pulations). The Seminar will be combined with an ex- hibition of analytical and other instruments for quality control activities in the pharma- ceutical and cosmetic industries.For further details, seminar programmes and registration forms, please contact the Third EOQC Pharma Cosmetics Seminar, P.O.Box 182, CH-4013 Bade, Switzerland.June, 1978 COURSES 189 Atmospheric Sensing with Lasers October 9 and 10, 1978, London The Quantum Electronics Group of The Institute of Physics, in collaboration with The Royal Meteorological Society and The Society of Chemical Industry, is organising a two-day meeting on Atmospheric Sensing with Lasers, to be held at the Society of Chemical Industry, Belgrave Square.The impact of laser systems on environmental sensing and pollution will be discussed. Sophisticated monitoring devices based on various laser systems are finding increasing application in the field of environmental sensing of the atmosphere. Laser systems are already used for the measurement of physical atmospheric parameters, such as wind speed, clear-air turbulence, inversion height and level of cloud base.Laser devices are also being developed that are capable of monitoring remotely concentrations of many gaseous chemical pollutants, such as sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and ozone, as well as particulates and aerosols. At the same time, networks for the routine monitoring of atmospheric parameters using simpler, point- sensing devices are being established world- wide, to indicate pollutant trends and charac- terise atmospheric problems.The aims of the conference are: to review the respective roles that laser-based and point- sensing systems can make to the atmospheric monitoring field ; to increase mutual awareness between instrument users and developers and discuss overlapping problems; to give a state- of-the-art survey of the uses and limitations of in situ monitoring; and to indicate appli- cations and future potential of laser-based systems in physical and chemical measurements. Review papers by international experts will precede each session of contributed papers.Contributions are invited on the application of laser systems and point sensors to atmospheric monitoring ; 500-word summaries (in triplicate) should be submitted in camera-ready form (typed on one side of A4 paper, in double spacing with a surrounding 25-mm margin) with the author’s name, address and affiliation on the first page.Tables and line drawings may be included where essential, but the total space should not exceed two pages. Three copies of the summaries should be sent to the Conference Secretary, Dr.P. T. Woods, Quan- tum Metrology Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, by July 10, 1978. Further details and registration forms can be obtained from The Meetings Officer, The Institute of Physics, 47 Belgrave Square, London, SWlX 8QX. Particle Size, Shape and Fabric of Clays November 10, 1978, London This Meeting constitutes the Autumn Meeting of the Clay Minerals Group of the Mineralogical Society.Contributions are invited and titles and/or abstracts should be submitted to the Group Secretary as soon as possible. The Secretary is Mr. J . A. Bain, Institute of Geo- logical Sciences, 64-78 Grays Inn Road, London, W.C. 1. BIAS ’78 and International Chemical Exhibition November 21-25, 1978, Milan, Italy The 15th BIAS will be held in the permanent exhibition buildings of the Milan International, together with an International Chemical Ex- hibition.The resulting exhibitions will there- fore be of interest to Industrial Chemists and experts in automation. On November 22 a round-table discussion will take place on the theme “Microcomputers : The End of Analogical Techniques ?” The address of the Exhibition Secretariat is Studio Dott. A. Barbieri, 20129 Milan, Viale Permuda 2, Italy. Discussion of Current Geochemical Research The Geochemistry Group of the Mineralogical Society proposes to hold a discussion meeting on current research. The Secretary of the Group invites offers of talks from research students who might be prepared to take part in a 1-day meeting sometime in the Autumn Term. He would also appreciate this request being brought to the attention of students by their Supervisors. Short contributions on in- terim results would also be welcome from esta- blished workers. The address of the Society is 41 Queen’s Gate, London, SW7 5HR.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9781500188

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

June, 1978 COURSES 189 Courses Short Course on Spectrofluorimetry and Related Topics July 3 a d 4, 1978, LougJaborougIi The course, which will be held in the Chemistry190 COURSES Proc. Analyt. Div. Chem. SOG. Department of the University of Technology, will cover the following topics : introduction to luminescence spectroscopy ; instrumentation ; practical techniques in luminescence spectro- scopy ; fluorescence derivatisation and the analysis of derivatives by combinations of fluorimetry with TLC and HPLC; analysis of pharmaceuticals ; and applications in bio- chemistry (both small molecules and macro- molecules). Further details can be obtained from Mrs.P. A. Bartram, Chemistry Department, Lough- borough University of Technology, Lo~gh- borough, Leicestershire, LEll 3TU.Modern Techniques in Centrifugation September 11-16, 1978, Colchester A course will be held a t the University of Essex on Modern Techniques in Centrifugation. The course is designed especially to allow partici- pants to gain experience of some of the newer centrifugation techniques, which can now be used to improve the resolution and separation of different particles.The course consists mainly of practical sessions. The registration fee is A20 and full details can be obtained from The Liaison Officer, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, C04 3SQ. Environmental Air Pollution October 29-November 3, 1978, Loughborough This Course, which is being run by the Centre for Extension Studies at the University of Technology, is intended for people with special responsibilities for environmental air pollution control.It is designed to show how to arrive a t practical policies for air pollution impact, monitoring, assessment and control through an understanding of the nature of air pollutants and the principles governing their behaviour. Although the emphasis is on environmental air pollution, the relationship with air pollution in the workplace is not ignored. The lecturers on the Course will be Mr. M. F. Tunnicliffe, Mr. P. Sutton, Dr. C. J. Stairmand, Professor E. Linacre, Mr. N. J . Pattenden, Dr. D. C. Cornish, Mr. R. Simpson and academic staff of the Departments of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry, Electrical Engineering and Transport Technology. The Course Tutor will be Mrs Sonia Withers of the Centre for Extension Studies. For a brochure on the Course write to Centre for Extension Studies, University of Technology, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LEll 3TU.

ISSN:0306-1396    

DOI:10.1039/AD9781500189

出版商:RSC    

年代:1978

数据来源: RSC