摘要:

Ramon M. Barnes Editor Department of Chemistry LGRC Towers University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003-0035 Telephone (41 3) 545-2294 fax 545-4490 Objective The ICP INFORMATION NEWSLETTER is a monthly journal published by the Plasma Research Group at the University of Massachusetts and is devoted exclusively to the rapid and impartial dissemination of news and literature information re- lated to the development and applications of plasma sources for spectrochemical analysis. Background ICP stands for inductively coupled plasma discharge which during the past decade has become the leading spectrochemi- cal excitation source for atomic emission spectroscopy. iCP discharges also are applied commercially as an ion source for mass spectrometry and as an atom and ion cell in atomic fluo- rescence spectrometry.The popularity of this source and the need to collect in a single literature reference all of the pertinent data on ICP stimulated the publication of the ICP INFOR- MATION NEWSLETTER in 1975. Other popular plasma sources Lea microwave induced plasmas direct current plasmas and glow discharges also are included in the scope of the ICP IN- FORMATION NEWSLETTER. Scope As the only authoritative monthly journal of its type the ICP INFORMATION NEWSLETTER is read in more than 40 coun- tries by scientists actively applying or planning to use the ICP or other types of plasma spectroscopy. For the novice in the field the /CF INFORMATlON NEWSLETTER provides a conase and systematic source of information and background material needed for the selection of instrumentation or the development of methodology.For the experienced scientist it offers a sin- gle-source reference to current developments and literature. Editorial The ICP INFORMATION NEWSLETTER is edited by Dr. Ramon M. Barnes Professor of Chemistry University of Mas- sachusetts at Amherst with the assistance of a 20-member Board of National Correspondents composed of leading plasma spectroscopists. The Board members from around the world report news viewpoints and developments. Dr. Barnes has been conducting plasma research on ICP and other dis- charges since 1968. He also serves as chairman of the Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry sponsored by the ICP INFORMATION NEWSLETTER. Regular Features *Original submitted and invited research articles by ICP and plasma experts.*Complete bibliography of all major ICP publications. .Abstracts of all ICP papers presented at major US and inter- *First-hand accounts of world-wide ICP developments. *Special reports on dcp microwave glow discharge and other Calendar and advanced programs of plasma meetings. *Technical translations and reprints of critical foreign-lan- guage ICP papers. .Critical reviews of plasma-related books and software. Conference Activities The ICP INFORMATION NEWSLETTER has sponsored seven international meetings on developments in atomic plasma spectrochemical analysis since 1 980 in San Juan Orlando San Diego St. Petersburg and Kailua-Kona. Meeting pro- ceedings have appeared as Developments in Atomic Plasma Spectrochemical Analysis (Wiley) Plasma Spectrochemistry and Plasma Spectrochemistry Il-IV (Pergamon Press) as well as in special issues of Specrrochimica Acfa Part 8 and Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry.The 1994 Winter Confer- ence on Plasma Spectrochemistry will be held in San Diego California January 10 - 15 1994; its proceedings will be published by Fall 1994. Subscription Information Subscriptions are available for 12 issues on either an annual or volume basis. The first issue of each volume begins in June and the last issue is published in May. For example Volume 18 runs from June 1992 through May 1993. Back issues beginning with Volume 1 May 1975 also are available. To begin a subscription complete the form below and submit it with prepayment or purchase information.For additional informa- tion please call (41 3) 545-2294 fax (41 3) 545-4490 or contact the Editor. Credit cards accepted. national meetings. plasma progress. To order complete this section and send it to ICP Information Newsletter %Dr. Ramon M. Barnes Depart- ment of Chemistry Lederle GRC Towers University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01 003-0035 USA. Start a subscription for the following issue D Volume(s)- (June 19- - May 19- ) or 0 19 (January - December). Enclosed CJ Prepayment c3 Check or money order W I S A 0 Mastercard Account No. (All 13 or 16 digits) ) or 0 Send invoice. Date Cardholder Name Expiration date Cardholder Signature .Amount Due $ Mail to Name Organization Address City Statelcountry ZI P/Postalcode Telephone Telewfax Note For each credjt-card transaction a 4 % service charge will be added reflecting our bank charges.Current subscription rates are $60 (North America) $85 (Europe South America) or $94 (Africa Asia Indian/Pacific Ocean Areas Middle East and Russia). Back issue rates available on request. All payments should be made with US dollars by draft on a US bank by international money order or by credit card. Foreign bank checks are not accepted. 0 Purchase order (No.What JAASbase is ... IAASbase i s a unique database of atomic spectrometry reference information containing full bliographic references to journal articles and Inference papers in the field of atomic Iectrometry published since 1985. These iferences are selected by expert atomic iectroscopists who add supplementary iformation that allows you to search for the 5ferences you require.The backfile (covering 985 to 1994) contains over 28,000 references. lpdate disks add around another 4,000 references year. JAASbase has been designed to work with 7e database manager Idealist a fully indexed ree-text retrieval system. iow will JAASbase help you? f you are an analytical scientist with a need for .apid access to information on techniques used in ltomic spectrometry JAASbase i s the tool you need. Particularly if you work in an applications laboratory with a restricted budget for primary journals and little or no access to library facilities - IAASbase gives you instant access at your bench. Whether your area of analysis is food the environment quality control geology metallurgy or whatever JAASbase will quickly become an essential part of your working life.An essential time-saving PC literature search tool for the analytical chemist 1995 Subscription Price JAASbase Backfile (1 986-94) f 28O.OOI$490.00 JAASbase Updates 1995 f 99.00/$174.00 idealist Software f210.00/$368.00 Available in disk size 3.5" or 5.25" Plus VAT in the UK .- ~~ I THE ROYAL To order please contact The Royal Society of Chemistry Turpin Distribution Services Limited Blackhorse Road Letchworth He@ SG6 1 HN United Kingdom. Telephone +44 (0) 1462 672555. Fax +44 (0) 1462 480947. Turpin Distribution Services Limited is wholly owned by The Royal Society of Chemistry. RSC memben' should order from The Royal Society of Chemistry Membership Administration Thomas Graham House Science Park Milton Road Cambridge CB4 4WF United Kingdom.Telephone +44 (0) 1223 420066. Fax +44 (0) 1223 423623. €-Mail (Internet) RSCl@RSC.ORG. SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY Information ServicesWhat JAASbase is ... IAASbase i s a unique database of atomic spectrometry reference information containing full bliographic references to journal articles and Inference papers in the field of atomic Iectrometry published since 1985. These iferences are selected by expert atomic iectroscopists who add supplementary iformation that allows you to search for the 5ferences you require. The backfile (covering 985 to 1994) contains over 28,000 references. lpdate disks add around another 4,000 references year. JAASbase has been designed to work with 7e database manager Idealist a fully indexed ree-text retrieval system.iow will JAASbase help you? f you are an analytical scientist with a need for .apid access to information on techniques used in ltomic spectrometry JAASbase i s the tool you need. Particularly if you work in an applications laboratory with a restricted budget for primary journals and little or no access to library facilities - IAASbase gives you instant access at your bench. Whether your area of analysis is food the environment quality control geology metallurgy or whatever JAASbase will quickly become an essential part of your working life. An essential time-saving PC literature search tool for the analytical chemist 1995 Subscription Price JAASbase Backfile (1 986-94) f 28O.OOI$490.00 JAASbase Updates 1995 f 99.00/$174.00 idealist Software f210.00/$368.00 Available in disk size 3.5" or 5.25" Plus VAT in the UK .- ~~ I THE ROYAL To order please contact The Royal Society of Chemistry Turpin Distribution Services Limited Blackhorse Road Letchworth He@ SG6 1 HN United Kingdom.Telephone +44 (0) 1462 672555. Fax +44 (0) 1462 480947. Turpin Distribution Services Limited is wholly owned by The Royal Society of Chemistry. RSC memben' should order from The Royal Society of Chemistry Membership Administration Thomas Graham House Science Park Milton Road Cambridge CB4 4WF United Kingdom. Telephone +44 (0) 1223 420066. Fax +44 (0) 1223 423623. €-Mail (Internet) RSCl@RSC.ORG. SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY Information Services1996 Winter Conference on Plasm a Spect roch e m is t ry Fort Lauderdale Florida January 8 - 73 7996 The 1996 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry ninth in a series of biennial meetings sponsored by the ICP Information Newsletter features developments in plasma spectrochemical analysis by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) dc plasma (DCP) microwave plasma (MIP) and glow discharge (GDL HCL) sources.The meeting will be held Monday January 8 through Saturday January 13 1996 at the Bonaventure World Conference Center in Fort Lauderdale Florida. Continuing education short courses at introductory and advanced levels will be offered Friday through Sunday January 5 - 7. Spectroscopic instrumentation and accessories will be shown during a three-day exhibition. Objectives and Program The continued growth in popularity of plasma sources for atomization and excitation in atomic spectroscopy and ionization in mass spectrometry and the need to discuss recent developments of these discharges in spectrochemical analysis stimulated the organization of this meeting.The Conference will bring together international scientists experienced in applications instrumentation and theory in an informal setting to examine recent progress in the field. Approximately 500 participants from 25 countries are expected to attend. Approximately 300 papers describing applications fundamentals and instrumental developments with plasma sources are expected to be presented in lecture and poster sessions by more than 200 authors. Symposia organized and chaired by recognized experts will include the following topics 1 ) Sample introduction and transport phenomena 2) Flow injection spectrochemical analysis 3) Elemental speciation with plasma/chromatographic techniques 4) Plasma instrumentation including chemometrics expert systems on-line analysis software and remote-system automation 5) Sample preparation treatment and automation 6) Excitation mechanisms and plasma phenomena 7) Spectroscopic standards and reference materials 8) Plasma source mass spectrometry 9) Glow discharge atomic and mass spectrometry 10) Applications of stable isotope analyses and 1 I ) Laser-assisted plasma spectrometry.Six plenary and 18 invited lectures will highlight advances in these areas. Afternoon poster sessions will feature applications automation and new instrumentation. Five panel discussions will address critical development areas in sample introduction instrumentation elemental speciation plasma source mass spectrometry and novel software and hardware directions.Plenary invited and submitted papers will be published in Fall 1996 after peer review as the official Conference proceedings. Schedule of Activities Preliminary Title and 50-Word Abstract Due for Contributed Papers Exhibitor Booth Reservation and Pre-Registration Deadline Conference Pre-Registration October 13 1995 Hotel Pre-Reservation October 13,1995 Late Pre-Registration Deadline December 8,1995 1996 Winter Conference Short Courses January 5 - 7,1996 1 996 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry January 8 - 13,1996 July 3 1995 September 1 1 1995 Further Information For further information return this form to 1996 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry %/CP lnformation Newsletter Department of Chemistry Lederle GRC Towers University of Massachusetts Box 34510 Amherst MA 01003-4510 USA. A'ITN Dr. Ramon Barnes Conference Chairman Telephone (41 3) 545-2294 Telefax (41 3) 545-4490. % 0 Send further information. c3 I plan to attend accompanied by 0 I plan to present a paper (0 oral 0 poster 0 computer poster). Title 7996 WINTER CONFERENCE ON PLASMA SPECTROCHEMlSTRY Organization Address Title Date I city State/Country ZI P/Postal Code 1 Telephone Telefax EMAlL &

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA99510BP020

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry JAAS Editorial Board Chairman B. L. Sharp (Loughborough UK) A. T. Ellis (Abingdon UK) J. M. Gordon (Cambridge UK) S. J. Haswell (Hull UK) S. J. Hill (Plymouth. UK) R. C. Hutton (Winsford UK D. Littlejohn (Glasgow UK) J. Marshall (Middlesbrough UK) A. Sanz-Medel (Oviedol Spain) P. D. P. Taylor (Geel Belgium) JAAS Advisory Board F. C. Adams (Antwerp. Belgium) R. M. Barnes (Amherst MA USA) L. Bezur (Budapest Hungary) M. W. Blades (Vancouver Canada) R. F. Browner (Atlanta GA USA) J. L. Burguera (Merida. Venezuela) S. Caroli (Rome. Italy) J. A. Caruso (Cincinnati OH USA) H. M. Crews (Norwich UK) A. J. Curtius (Florianopolis Brazil) J. B. Dawson (Leeds UK) M. T. C. de Loos-Vollebregt (Delft The Netherlands) 0. F. X. Donard (Talence France) L.Ebdon (Plymouth UK) M. S. Epstein (Gaithersburg MD USA) Fang Zhao-lun (Shenyang China) W. Frech (UmeB Sweden) A. K. Gilmutdinov (Uberlingen Germany) G. M. Hieftje (Bloomington IN USA) R. S. Houk (Ames OH USA) R. Klockenkamper (Dortmund Germany) B. V. L'vov (St. Petersburg Russia) R. K. Marcus (Clemson SC. USA) J. M. Mermet (Villeurbanne France) T. Nakahara (Osaka Japan) Ni Zhe-rning (Beijing China) J. W. Olesik (Columbus OH USA) N. Omenetto (lspra Italy) C. J. Park (Taejon Korea) P. J. Potts (Milton Keynes UK) R. E. Sturgeon (Ottawa Canada) V. Sychra (Prague Czech Republic) P. Van Espen (Antwerp Belgium) R. Van Grieken (Antwerp Belgium) B. Welz (Uberlingen Germany) Atomic Spectrometry Updates Editorial Board Chairman *A. T. Ellis (Abingdon UK) J. A. Armstrong (Edinburgh UK) *J.R. Bacon (Aberdeen UK) R. M. Barnes (Amherst. MA USA) S Branch (High Wycombe. UK) R. Bye (Oslo Norway) J. Carroll (Middlesbrough UK) M. R. Cave (Keyworth UK) S. R. N. Chenery (Keyworth UK) *J. M. Cook (Keyworth UK) *M. S. Cresser (Aberdeen. UK) H. M. Crews (Norwich. UK) J. S. Crighton (Sunbury-on-Thames UK) *J. 8. Dawson (Leeds UK) J. R. Dean (Newcastle upon Tyne UK) *E. H. Evans (Plymouth UK) J. Fazakas (Budapest Hungary) A. Fisher (Plymouth UK) L. M. Garden (Middlesbrough UK) *J. M. Gordon (Cambridge UK) D. J. Halls (Glasgow UK) *S. J. Hill (Plymouth UK) K. W. Jackson (Albany. NY USA) R. Jowitt (Middlesbrough. UK) K. Kitagawa (Nagoya Japan) J. Kubova (Bratislava Slovak Republic) *J. Marshall (Middlesbrough UK) H. Matusiewicz (Poznan F'oland) A.W. McMahon (Manchester UK) J. M. Mermet (Villeurbanne France) R. G. Michel (Storrs CT USA) *D. L. Miles (Keyworth UKI T. Nakahara (Osaka Japan) Ni Zhe-ming (Beijing China) P. J. Potts (Milton Keynes UK) W. J. Price (Budleigh Salterton UK) C. J. Rademeyer (Pretoria South Africa) A. Sanz-Medel (Oviedo Spain) *B. L. Sharp (Loughborough UK) I. L. Shuttler (Uberlingen Germany) S. T. Sparkes (Taunton. UK) R. Stephens (Halifax Canada) J. Stupar (Ljubljana Slovenia) R. E. Sturgeon (Ottawa Canada) *A. Taylor (Guildford UK) G. C. Turk (Gaithersburg ,!AD USA) J. F. Tyson (Amherst MA. USA) P. J. Watkins (London UK) 8. Welz (Uberlingen Germany) M. White (lspra Italy) J. G. Williams (Egham UK) J. B. Willis (Victoria Australia) *Members of the ASU Executive Committee Editor JAAS Janice M. Gordon The Royal Society of Chemistry Thomas Graham House Science Park Milton Road Cambridge CB4 4WF UK.US Associate Editor J A M Dr. J. M. Harnly US Department of Agriculture Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center Beltsville MD 20705 USA. Telephone + 44 (0) 1223 420066. Fax + 44 (0) 1223 420247. E-mail RSCl @RSC.ORG (Internet) Telephone + 1 301 -504-8569 Asia-Pacific Associate Editor JAAS Senior Assistant Editor Brenda Holliday Assistant Editor Ziva Whitelock Editorial Secretary Lesley Turney Prof. N. Furuta Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science and Engineering Chuo University 1-1 3-27 Kasuga Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 1 1 2 Japan. Telephone 81 -3-3817-1 906. Fax 81 -3-381 7-1 895. E-mail nfuruta@apchem.chem.chuo.u.ac.jp Advertisements Advertisement Department The Royal Society of chemistry Burlington House Piccadilly London W1V OBN UK. Telephone +44 (0) 171 -287 3091.Fax -44 (0) 171 -494 11 34. Information for Authors Full details of how to submit materials for publi- cation in JAAS are given in the Instructions to Authors in Issue 1. Separate copies are available on request. The Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (JAAS) is an international journal for the publi- cation of original research papers communi- cations and letters concerned with the development and analytical application of atomic spectrometric techniques. The journal is pub- lished twelve times a year including comprehen- sive reviews of specific topics of interest to practising atomic spectroscopists and incorpor- ates the literature reviews which were previously published in Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy (ARMS). Manuscripts intended for publication must describe original work related to atomic spectro- metric analysis.Papers on all aspects of the sub- ject will be accepted including fundamental studies novel instrument developments and prac- tical analytical applications. As well as AAS AES and AFS papers will be welcomed on atomic mass spectrometry X-ray fluorescence/emission spectrometry and secondary emission spec- trometry. Papers describing the measurement of molecular species where these relate to the characterization of sources normally used for the production of atoms or are concerned for example with indirect methods of analysis will also be acceptable for publication.Papers describing the development and applications of hybrid techniques (e.g. GC-coupled AAS and HPLC-ICP) will be particularly welcome. Manuscripts on other subjects of direct interest to atomic spectroscopists including sample prep- aration and dissolution and analyte pre-concen- tration procedures as well as the statistical interpretation and use of atomic spectrometric data will also be acceptable for publication. There is no page charge. The following types of papers will be considered. Full papers. describing original work. Communications which must be on an urgent matter and be of obvious scientific importance. Communications receive priority and are usually published within 2-3 months of receipt. They are intended for brief descriptions of work that has progressed to a stage at which it is likely to be valuable to workers faced with similar problems.Reviews which must be a critical evaluation of the existing state of knowledge on a particular facet of analytical spectrometry. Every paper (except Communications) will be submitted to at least two referees by whose advice the Editorial Board of JAAS will be guided as to its acceptance or rejection. Papers that are accepted must not be published elsewhere except by permission. Submission of a manuscript will be regarded as an undertaking that the same material is not being considered for publication by another journal. Manuscripts (three copies typed in double spacing) should be sent to Janice M. Gordon Editor JAAS or Dr. J. M. Harnly US Associate Editor JAAS.All queries relating to the presentation and sub- mission of papers and any correspondence regarding accepted papers and proofs should be directed to the Editor or US Editor (addresses as above). Members of the JAAS Editorial Board (who may be contacted directly or via the Editorial Office) would welcome comments suggestions and advice on general policy matters concerning JAAS. ~~ ~ Fifty reprints are supplied free of charge. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (JAAS) (ISSN 0267-9477) is published monthly by The Royal Society of Chemistry Thomas Graham House Science Park Milton Road Cambridge CB4 4WF UK. All orders accompanied with payment should be sent directly to The Royal Society of Chemistry Turpin Distribution Services Ltd. Blackhorse Road Letchworth Herts.SG6 lHN UK Tel. f 4 4 (0) 1462 672555; Telex 825372 Turpin G; Fax +44 (0) 1462 480947. Turpin Distribution Services Ltd. is wholly owned by The Royal Society of Chemistry. 1996 Annual subscription raie EEA f599.00 USA $1136.00 Rest of World f1136.00. Customers should make payments by cheque in sterling payable on a UK clearing bank or in US dollars payable on a US clearing bank. Air freight and mailing in the USA by Publications Expediting Inc. 200 Meacham Avenue Elmont NY 11003. USA Postmaster send address changes to Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrome?ry (JAAS) Publications Expediting Inc. 200 Meacham Avenue Elmont NY 11 003. Postage paid at Jamaica NY 11431. All other despatches outside the UK by Bulk Airmail within Europe Accelerated Surface Post outside Europe.PRINTED IN THE UK. @The Royal Society of Chemistry 1995. All rights reserved. NO Part Of this publication may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic mechanical photographic recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publishers.Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry JAAS Editorial Board Chairman. B. L. Sharp (Loughborough UK) A. T. Ellis (Abingdon. UK) R. C. Hutton (Cheshire UK) B. P. Holliday (Cambridge UK) D. Littlejohn (Glasgow UK) S. J. Haswell (Hull UK) H. Crews (Norwich UK) S. J. Hill (Plymouth UK) A. Sanz-Medel (Ovredo Spain) P. D. P. Taylor (Gee/ Belgrum) ~~ ~ JAAS Advisory Board F. C. Adanis (Antwerp Belgrum) G. M. Hieftje (Bloomington IN USA) R.M. Barnes (Amherst MA USA) R. S. Houk (Ames /A. USA) L. Bezur (Budapest Hungary) R. Klockenkamper (Dortmund Germany) M. W. Blades (Vancouver Canada) 6. V. L'vov (St. Petersburg Russia) R. F. Browner (Atlanta GA USA) R. K. Marcus (Clemson SC USA) J L. Burguera (Merida. Venezuela) J. M. Mermet (Vrlleurbanne France) S. Caroli (Rome. Italy) T. Nakahara (Osaka Japan) J. A. Caruso (Crncrnnati OH. USA) Ni Zhe-ming (Beyng China) H. M. Crews (Norwich U K ) J. W. Olesik (Columbus OH USA) A. J. Curtius (Florranopolrs. Brazil) N. Omenetto (lspra Italy) J B. Dawson (Leeds. U K ) C. J. Park (Taelon Korea) M. T. C. de Loos-Vollebregt (Delft The Netherlands) P. J. Potts (Milton Keynes UK) 0. F. X. Donard (Talence France) R. E. Sturgeon (Ottawa Canada) L. Ebdon (Plymouth UK) V.Sychra (Prague Czech Republic) M. S. Epstein (Garthersburg MD USA) P. Van Espen (Antwerp Belgium) Fang Zhao-lun (Shenyang Chrna) R. Van Grieken (Antwerp Belgium) W. Frech (UmeA Sweden) 6. Welz (Uberlrngen. Germany) A. K. Gilmutdinov (Uberlingen Germany) ~~~~ ~~ ~ __ Atomic Spectrometry Updates Editorial Board Chairman *A. T. Ellis (Abingdon UK) J. A. Arnistrong (Edinburgh. UKi 'J. R. Bacon (Aberdeen. UK) R. M. Barnes (Amherst. MA. USA) S . Branch (High Wycombe. U K ) R. Bye (Oslo Norway) J. Carroll (Middlesbrough. UK) M. R. Cave (Keyworth. UK) S. R. N. Chenery (Keyworth. UK) *J. M. Cook (Keyworth. UK) *M. S . Cresser (Aberdeen. UK) H. M. Crews (Norwich. UK) J. S. Crighton (Sunbury-on-Thames U K ) 'J. B. Dawson (Leeds. U K ) J. R. Dean (Newcastle upon Tyne. U K ) *E.H. Evans (Plymouth. UK) J. Fazakas (Budapest Hungary) A. Fisher (Plymouth. UK) L. M. Garden (Middlesbrough. UK) *J. M. Gordon (Cambridge. UK) D. J. Halls (Glasgow UK) K. W. Jackson (Albany. NY USA) R. Jowitt (Middlesbrough. U K ) K. Kitagawa (Nagoya. Japan) J. Kubova (Bratislava Slovak Republrc) *J. Marshall (Mrddlesbrough. UK) * S . J. Hill (P/yf??OutlJ. UK) H. Matusiewicz (Poznan. Poland) A. W. McMahon (Manchester UK) J. M. Mermet (Villeurbanne. France) R. G. Michel (Storrs. CT. USA) *D. L. Miles (Keyworth UK) T. Nakahara (Osaka. Japan) Ni Zhe-ming (Beijing C h m ) P. J. Potts (Milton Keynes UK) W. J. Price (Budlelgh Salterton. U K ) C. J. Rademeyer (Pretoria South Africa) A. Sanz-Medel (Oviedo Spain) *B. L. Sharp (Loughborough UK) I. L. Shuttler (Uberlingen.Germany) S. T. Sparkes (Taunton UK) R. Stephens (Halifax. Canada) J. Stupar (Ljubljana. Slovenia) R. E. Sturgeon (Ottawa. Canada) *A. Taylor (Guildford. UK) G. C. Turk (Gaithersburg MD USA) J. F. Tyson (Amherst. MA USA) P. J. Watkins (London. UK) - B. Welz (Uberlingen Germany) M. White (lspra Italy) J. G. Williams (Egham UK) J. B. Willis (Victoria. Australia) *Members of the ASU Executive Committee ~~ - ._ Managing Editor JAAS Brenda Holliday US Associate Editor JAAS The Royal Society of Chemistry Thomas Graham House Science Park Milton Road Cambridge CB4 4WF UK. Telephone i 44 (0) 1223 420066. Fax t 44 (0) 1223 420247. E-mail RSC1 @RSC.ORG (Internet) Production Manager Janice Gordon Publrshrng Staff Sarah Williams Productron Editorral Staff Yasmin Khan Caroline Seeley Ziva Whitelock Roger Young Editorial Secretaries Lesley Turney Fax 81 -3-381 7-1 895.Claire Harris Frances Thomson Advertisements. Advertisement Department The Royal Society of Chemistry Burlington House Piccadilly London W1V OBN UK. Telephone + 44 (0) 171 -287 3091. Fax + 44 (0) 171 -494 11 34. Dr. J. M. Harnly US Department of Agriculture Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center Beltsville MI? 20705 USA. Telephone + 1 301 -504-8569 Asia-Pacific Associate Editor JAAS Prof. N. Furuta Department of Applied chemistry Faculty of Science and Engineering Chuo University 1-1 3-27 Kasuga Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 11 2 Japan. Telephone 81 -3-381 7-1 906. E-mail nfuruta(aapchem.chem.chuo-u.ac.jp ~~ ~- __ _~ __ __ Information for Authors Full details of how to submit materials for publi- cation in JAAS are given in the Instructions to Authors in Issue 1.Separate copies are available on request. The Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (JAAS) is an international journal for the publi- cation of original research papers communi- cations and letters concerned with the development and analytical application of atomic spectrometric techniques. The journal is pub- lished twelve times a year including comprehen- sive reviews of specific topics of interest to practising atomic spectroscopists and incorpor- ates the literature reviews which were previously published in Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy (ARAAS). Manuscripts intended for publication must describe original work related to atomic spectro- metric analysis.Papers on all aspects of the sub- ject will be accepted including fundamental studies novel instrument developments and prac- tical analytical applications. As well as AAS AES and AFS papers will be welcomed on atomic mass spectrometry X-ray fluorescence/emission spectrometry and secondary emission spec- trometry. Papers describing the measurement of molecular species where these relate to the characterization of sources normally used for the production of atoms or are concerned for example with indirect methods of analysis will also be acceptable for publication. Papers describing the development and applications of hybrid techniques (e.g.. GC-coupled AAS and HPLC-ICP) will be particularly welcome. Manuscripts on other subjects of direct interest to atomic spectroscopists including sample prep- aration and dissolution and analyte pre-concen- tration procedures as well as the statistical interpretation and use of atomic spectrometric data will also be acceptable for publication.There is no page charge. The following types of papers will be considered. Full papers. describing original work. Communications. which must be on an urgent matter and be of obvious scientific importance. Communications receive priority and are usually published within 2-3 months of receipt. They are intended for brief descriptions of work that has progressed to a stage at which it is likely to be valuable to workers faced with similar problems. Reviews. which must be a critical evaluation of the existing state of knowledge on a particular facet of analytical spectrometry.Every paper (except Communications) will be submitted to at least two referees by whose advice the Editorial Board of JAAS will be guided as to its acceptance or rejection. Papers that are accepted must not be published elsewhere except by permission. Submission of a manuscript will be regarded as an undertaking that the same material is not being considered for publication by another journal. Manuscripts (three copies typed in double spacing) should be sent to Brenda Holliday Managing Editor JAAS Dr. J. M. Harnly US Associate Editor JAAS or Prof. N. Furuita Asian- Pacific Editor JAAS. All queries relating to the presentation and sub- mission of papers and any correspondence regarding accepted papers and proofs should be directed to the Editor or US Editor (addresses as above).Members of the JAAS Editorial Board (who may be contacted directly or vra the Editorial Office) would welcome comments suggestions and advice on general policy matters concerning JAAS. Fifty reprints are supplied free of charge. Journal of Amlytrcal Atomc Spectrometry (JAAS) (ISSN 0267-9477) is published monthly by The Royal Society of Chemistry Thomas Graham House Science Park Milton Road Cambridge CB4 4WF UK All orders accompanied with payment should be sent directly to The Royal Society of Chemistry Turpin Distribution Services Ltd Blackhorse Road. Letchworth Herts SG6 lHN UK Tel t 44 (0) 1462 672555; Telex 825372 Turpin G; Fax t 44 (0) 1462 480947 Turpin Distribution Services Ltd. is wholly owned by The Royal Society of Chemistry 1996 Annual subscription rate EEA f599 00 USA $1136.00 Rest of World f1136 00 Customers should make payments by cheque in sterling payable on a UK clearing bank or in US dollars payable on a US clearing bank Air freight and mailing in the USA by Publications Expediting Inc 200 Meacham Avenue Elmont NY 11 003 USA Postmaster send address changes to Journal o f Analytcal Atomrc Spectrometry (JAAS) Publications Expediting Inc. 200 Meacham Avenue Elmont NY 11 003 Postage paid at Jamaica. NY 11431. All other despatches outside the UK by Bulk Airmail within Europe Accelerated Surface Post outside Europe PRINTED IN THE UK OThe Royal Society of chemistry 1995 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form. or by any means electronic mechanical. photographic recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publishers

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA99510FX041

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

promote and encourage developments in both fundamental and applied atomic spectroscopy including ICP-MS and XRF by providing a friendly environment where delegates can meet formally and informally to exchange ideas views and results. Plenary lectures given by world renowned spectroscopists provide overviews of important areas of atomic spectroscopy. Invited and submitted lectures as well as posters cover the most recent developments in both pure and applied atomic spetcroscopy. Although the majority of papers tend to focus on analytical applications presentations on theoretical studies or fundamental advances in AA AE AF and XRF are also important components of each BNASS. Preparation and Sample Introduction has been organised for the morning of Wednesday July 27. The course will include aspects of ICP-AES AAS AES XRF AFS and ICP-MS.Separate registration is required. Papers should discuss original unpublished work. Manuscripts of accepted papers will be considered for publication in a special issue JAAS. A Short Course of Sample For further information contact Dr. S. J. Haswell School of Chemistry University of Hull Hull HU6 7RX UK. Telephone + 44 (0)482 465469; Fax + 44 (0)482 466410. 12th Asilomar Conference on Mass Spectrometry Elemental Mass Spectrometry September 20-24 PaciJic Grove CA USA For further details contact American Society of Mass Spectrometry 1201 Don Diego Avenue Santa Fe NM 87505 USA. Telephone + 1 505 989 4517; Fax + 1 505 989 1073. 1997 Seventh International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials April 21-25 Antwerp Belgium Details can be found in J.Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995,9,54N. For further details contact Dr J. Pauwels Institute for Reference Materials & Measurements Management of Reference Materials Unit Retieseweg B-2440 Geel Belgium. Telephone + 32 14 571 722; Fax + 32 14 590 406; or Wayne R. Wolf Ph.D Food Composition Laboratory USDA 10300 Baltimore Blvd. Beltsville MD 20705 USA. Telephone + 1 301 504 8927; Fax + 1 301 504 8314 XXX Colloquium Spectroscopicum Internationale September 21st -26t h Melbourne Australia Details can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995,10,58N. For further details contact The Meeting Planners 108 Church Street Hawthorn Victoria 3 122 Australia. Telephone +613 9819 3700; Fax +61 3 9819 5978. Updated information may be obtained from the XXX CSI homepage on the World Wide Web at http://www.latrobe.edu.au/CSIconf/ XXXCSI.html. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry November 1995 Vol. 10 61 Npromote and encourage developments in both fundamental and applied atomic spectroscopy including ICP-MS and XRF by providing a friendly environment where delegates can meet formally and informally to exchange ideas views and results. Plenary lectures given by world renowned spectroscopists provide overviews of important areas of atomic spectroscopy. Invited and submitted lectures as well as posters cover the most recent developments in both pure and applied atomic spetcroscopy. Although the majority of papers tend to focus on analytical applications presentations on theoretical studies or fundamental advances in AA AE AF and XRF are also important components of each BNASS.Preparation and Sample Introduction has been organised for the morning of Wednesday July 27. The course will include aspects of ICP-AES AAS AES XRF AFS and ICP-MS. Separate registration is required. Papers should discuss original unpublished work. Manuscripts of accepted papers will be considered for publication in a special issue JAAS. A Short Course of Sample For further information contact Dr. S. J. Haswell School of Chemistry University of Hull Hull HU6 7RX UK. Telephone + 44 (0)482 465469; Fax + 44 (0)482 466410. 12th Asilomar Conference on Mass Spectrometry Elemental Mass Spectrometry September 20-24 PaciJic Grove CA USA For further details contact American Society of Mass Spectrometry 1201 Don Diego Avenue Santa Fe NM 87505 USA.Telephone + 1 505 989 4517; Fax + 1 505 989 1073. 1997 Seventh International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials April 21-25 Antwerp Belgium Details can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995,9,54N. For further details contact Dr J. Pauwels Institute for Reference Materials & Measurements Management of Reference Materials Unit Retieseweg B-2440 Geel Belgium. Telephone + 32 14 571 722; Fax + 32 14 590 406; or Wayne R. Wolf Ph.D Food Composition Laboratory USDA 10300 Baltimore Blvd. Beltsville MD 20705 USA. Telephone + 1 301 504 8927; Fax + 1 301 504 8314 XXX Colloquium Spectroscopicum Internationale September 21st -26t h Melbourne Australia Details can be found in J.Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995,10,58N. For further details contact The Meeting Planners 108 Church Street Hawthorn Victoria 3 122 Australia. Telephone +613 9819 3700; Fax +61 3 9819 5978. Updated information may be obtained from the XXX CSI homepage on the World Wide Web at http://www.latrobe.edu.au/CSIconf/ XXXCSI. html. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry November 1995 Vol. 10 61 Npromote and encourage developments in both fundamental and applied atomic spectroscopy including ICP-MS and XRF by providing a friendly environment where delegates can meet formally and informally to exchange ideas views and results. Plenary lectures given by world renowned spectroscopists provide overviews of important areas of atomic spectroscopy. Invited and submitted lectures as well as posters cover the most recent developments in both pure and applied atomic spetcroscopy.Although the majority of papers tend to focus on analytical applications presentations on theoretical studies or fundamental advances in AA AE AF and XRF are also important components of each BNASS. Preparation and Sample Introduction has been organised for the morning of Wednesday July 27. The course will include aspects of ICP-AES AAS AES XRF AFS and ICP-MS. Separate registration is required. Papers should discuss original unpublished work. Manuscripts of accepted papers will be considered for publication in a special issue JAAS. A Short Course of Sample For further information contact Dr. S. J. Haswell School of Chemistry University of Hull Hull HU6 7RX UK.Telephone + 44 (0)482 465469; Fax + 44 (0)482 466410. 12th Asilomar Conference on Mass Spectrometry Elemental Mass Spectrometry September 20-24 PaciJic Grove CA USA For further details contact American Society of Mass Spectrometry 1201 Don Diego Avenue Santa Fe NM 87505 USA. Telephone + 1 505 989 4517; Fax + 1 505 989 1073. 1997 Seventh International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials April 21-25 Antwerp Belgium Details can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995,9,54N. For further details contact Dr J. Pauwels Institute for Reference Materials & Measurements Management of Reference Materials Unit Retieseweg B-2440 Geel Belgium. Telephone + 32 14 571 722; Fax + 32 14 590 406; or Wayne R. Wolf Ph.D Food Composition Laboratory USDA 10300 Baltimore Blvd.Beltsville MD 20705 USA. Telephone + 1 301 504 8927; Fax + 1 301 504 8314 XXX Colloquium Spectroscopicum Internationale September 21st -26t h Melbourne Australia Details can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995,10,58N. For further details contact The Meeting Planners 108 Church Street Hawthorn Victoria 3 122 Australia. Telephone +613 9819 3700; Fax +61 3 9819 5978. Updated information may be obtained from the XXX CSI homepage on the World Wide Web at http://www.latrobe.edu.au/CSIconf/ XXXCSI. html. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry November 1995 Vol. 10 61 Npromote and encourage developments in both fundamental and applied atomic spectroscopy including ICP-MS and XRF by providing a friendly environment where delegates can meet formally and informally to exchange ideas views and results.Plenary lectures given by world renowned spectroscopists provide overviews of important areas of atomic spectroscopy. Invited and submitted lectures as well as posters cover the most recent developments in both pure and applied atomic spetcroscopy. Although the majority of papers tend to focus on analytical applications presentations on theoretical studies or fundamental advances in AA AE AF and XRF are also important components of each BNASS. Preparation and Sample Introduction has been organised for the morning of Wednesday July 27. The course will include aspects of ICP-AES AAS AES XRF AFS and ICP-MS. Separate registration is required. Papers should discuss original unpublished work. Manuscripts of accepted papers will be considered for publication in a special issue JAAS.A Short Course of Sample For further information contact Dr. S. J. Haswell School of Chemistry University of Hull Hull HU6 7RX UK. Telephone + 44 (0)482 465469; Fax + 44 (0)482 466410. 12th Asilomar Conference on Mass Spectrometry Elemental Mass Spectrometry September 20-24 PaciJic Grove CA USA For further details contact American Society of Mass Spectrometry 1201 Don Diego Avenue Santa Fe NM 87505 USA. Telephone + 1 505 989 4517; Fax + 1 505 989 1073. 1997 Seventh International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials April 21-25 Antwerp Belgium Details can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995,9,54N. For further details contact Dr J. Pauwels Institute for Reference Materials & Measurements Management of Reference Materials Unit Retieseweg B-2440 Geel Belgium. Telephone + 32 14 571 722; Fax + 32 14 590 406; or Wayne R. Wolf Ph.D Food Composition Laboratory USDA 10300 Baltimore Blvd. Beltsville MD 20705 USA. Telephone + 1 301 504 8927; Fax + 1 301 504 8314 XXX Colloquium Spectroscopicum Internationale September 21st -26t h Melbourne Australia Details can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995,10,58N. For further details contact The Meeting Planners 108 Church Street Hawthorn Victoria 3 122 Australia. Telephone +613 9819 3700; Fax +61 3 9819 5978. Updated information may be obtained from the XXX CSI homepage on the World Wide Web at http://www.latrobe.edu.au/CSIconf/ XXXCSI. html. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry November 1995 Vol. 10 61 N

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA995100X043

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

1996 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry Preliminary Program Monday January 8,1996 800 OPENING AND WELCOME Ramon M. Barnes 8:05 PLl THE FUTURE OF MICROWAVE AND GLOW DISCHARGES FOR SPECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSES. James D. Winefordner Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 3261 1 1. Sample Introduction and Transport Phenomena Jose A. C. Broekaert Chairman 915 IL1 NEBULIZER CHARACTERISTICS AND AEROSOLS. Richard F. Browner School of Chemistry & Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332-4000 945 IL2 NEBULIZER DIAGNOSTICS FUNDAMENTAL PARAMETERS CHALLENGES AND TOOLS. Akbar Montaser Department of Chemistry George Washington University Washington DC 20052 1015 M1 INSTALLATION AND PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF SIX NEBULIZERS FOR ICP-MS.Gene S. Hall Department of Chemistry; Rob Sherrell and Paul Field Marine/Coastal Science Rutgers the State University of New Jersey New Brunswick NJ 08903 DEVICES THEIR ROLES AND PERFORMANCE. J. W. H. Lam J. W. McLaren and R. E. Sturgeon National Research Council of Canada M12 B12 Ottawa ON K1K OR6 Canada 1055 M3 NOVEL SAMPLE INTRODUCTION SYSTEMS FOR HIGH RESOLUTION ICP MASS SPECTROMETRY. Henri Dillen OCAS nv Onderzoeks Centrum voor Aanwending van Staal John Kennedylaan 3 B-9060 Zelzate Belgium 11:15 M4 NEW APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVE RADIATION TO THE SAMPLE INTRODUCTION IN ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY. Luis Gras Luis Bordera Jose Luis Todoli Juan Mora Vincente Hernandis and Antonio Canals Universidad de Alicante Facultad de Ciencias Departamento de Quimica Analitica Apartado/PO Box 99,03071 Alicante Spain 11:35 M5 CHARACTERIZATION OF A MEMBRANE DESOLVATION INTERFACE FOR TRACE ELEMENT Brenne'" J.Zhu' A. Gutierrez' A. Zander' and M. R. Plantz3 'Ginzton Research Center Varian Associates 3075 Hansen Way Palo Alto CA 94305-1025 2CETAC Technologies Inc. 5600 South 42nd Street Omaha Nebraska 68 107 3Varian Optical Spectroscopy Instruments 201 Hansen Court Suite 108 Wood Dale IL 60191; *On leave from the Geological Survey of Israel Jerusalem 130 IL3 NEW HIGH PRESSURE NEBULIZERS FOR ICP SPECTROMETRY. Harald Berndt Institut fur Spektrochemie und Angewandte Spektroskopie Postfach 10 13 52 D-44013 Dortmund Germany 2fiO M6 COMPARISON OF HIGH EFFICIENCY NEBULIZERS FOR COUPLING HPLC AND ICP-MS. Norbert Jakubowski and Dietmar Stuewer Institut fur Spektrochemie und Angewandte Spektroskopie Postfach 10 13 52 D-44013 Dortmund Germany FI/ICP-MS WITH A HIGH-EFFICIENCY NEBULIZER.Edward M. Heithmar Spiros A. Pergantis and Thomas A. Hinners US. Environmental Protection Agency National Exposure Research Laboratory Characterization Research Division PO Box 93478 Las Vegas NV 89193-3478 240 M8 DIRECT DETERMINATION OF TRACE METALS IN SOLID SAMPLES BY ELECTROTHERMAL VAPORIZATION ICP-MS (ETV-ICP-MS). Luc Moens Frank Vanhaecke Sylvie Boonen and Richard Dams Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry Ghent University Proeftuinstraat 86 B-9000 Ghent Belgium 1035 M2 MICRO-VOLUME SAMPLE INTRODUCTION DETECTION BY SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ICP-MS. I. B. 220 M7 EFFECT OF SPRAY-CHAMBER DESIGN ON 2. Flow Injection Atomic Spectrometry Julian F.Tyson Chairman 320 IL4 ICP ATOMIC AND MASS SPECTROMETRY THE FLOW INJECTION WAY. Cameron McLeod Division of Chemistry School of Science Sheffield Hallam University Pond Street Sheffield S1 1WB,UK SALINE BRINES. Ludwik Halicz Ittai Gavrieli and Ethel Dorfman Geological Survey of Israel 30 Malkhei Yisrael St. Jerusalem 95501 Israel 3.50 M9 ON-LINE ICP-MS ANALYSES OF REE IN HIGHLY 410 M10 AUTOMATED ON-LINE PRE-CONCENTRATION SYSTEM FOR PLASMA SPECTROMETRY. Ana Paula Packer Maria Fernanda GinB Carlos E. S. Miranda and Boaventura F. dos Reis. Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA/USP) C.P. 96 13.400-970. Piracicaba-SP Brazil 4:30 M11 DETERMINATION OF SPALLATION AND FISSION HPLC-ICP-MS. Kopajtic Zlatan and Rollin Stefan Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland 450 M12 THE DETERMINATION OF BROMINE AND IODINE IN NATURAL WATERS AND RELATED MATERIALS BY ICP-MS AND FIAS-ICP-MS.Henry A. Foner Ludwik Halicz Olga Yoffe and Sarah Ehrlich Geological Survey of Israel 30 Malkhei Yisrael St. Jerusalem 95501 Israel 510 M13 THE ANALYSIS OF SMALL SAMPLE VOLUMES BY HIGH RESOLUTION ICP-MS. Ulrich Greb and Lothar Rottmann Finnigan MAT GmbH Barkhausenstr. 2 D-28 197 Bremen Germany 530 PD1 STATUS OF SAMPLE INTRODUCTION AND AEROSOL TRANSPORT. Akbar Montaser Chairman 630 EXHIBITION OPENING and SOCIAL HOUR PRODUCTS IN UOZ AND Tho TARGETS BY FI-ICP-MS AND Tuesday January 9,1996 3. Elemental Speciation Peter C. Uden Chairman 800 PL2 WHY SHOULD WE LOOSE INFORMATION! Olivier F. X. Donard Laboratoire de Photophysique et Photochimie Molkulaire UniversitC de Bordeaux I 33405 Talence France ELEMENT SPECIATION USING PLASMA DETECTION. Alfred0 Sanz-Medei J.M. Gonzalez M. L. Fernandez M. R. Fernandez de la Campa and J. M. Marchante Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry University of Oviedo c/ Julian Claveria 8 33006 Oviedo Spain 945 IL6 ELEMENTAL SPECIATION IN HUMAN STUDIES THE ROLE OF HYPHENATED TECHNIQUES. Helen Crews CSL Food Science Lab Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7UQ UK 1&15 T1 NEW DEPARTURES FOR ELEMENTAL SPECIATION AT ULTRA-TRACE LEVELS. Joseph A. Caruso Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati P.O. Box 210172 Cincinnati OH 1035 T2 SILICON SPECIATION USING HIGH PERFORMANCE PLASMA ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROMETRY. Karen O'Hanlon Michael Foulkes and Les Ebdon Plymouth Analytical Chemistry Research Unit Department of Environmental Sciences University of Plymouth Plymouth Devon PL4 8AA UK la55 T3 THE SPECIATION OF ARSENIC IN REFERENCE MATERIALS BY USING MICRO-HPLC/ICP-MS.Spiros A. Pergantis Edward M. Heithmar and Thomas A. Hinners U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Exposure Research Laboratory Characterization Research Division PO Box 93478 Las Vegas NV 89193-3478 11:15 T4 METHYLMERCURY IN WHALE LIVERS KIDNEYS AND BLUBBER AS DETERMINED BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH ATOMIC EMISSION DETECTION (GC-AED). Mary Kate Behlke and Peter C. Uden Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003; Stephen A. Wise and Michele M. Schantz National Institute of Standards and Technology Analytical Chemistry Division Gaithersburg MD 20899 11:35 T5 RECENT ADVANCES IN THE SPECIATION OF SELENIUM IN PETROLEUM REFINERY AND MUNICIPAL WITH LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY.Raimund Roehl California Public Health Foundation 2151 Berkeley Way Suite 210 Berkeley CA 915 IL5 VESICLES-MEDIATED HYBRID TECHNIQUES FOR 45221-0172 LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-INDUCTIVELY COUPLED WASTE WATERS USING ICP-MS AND ICP-MS COUPLED 94704- 1 103 4. Elemental Speciation Joseph A. Caruso 1:lO IL7 ELEMENTAL SPECIATION. Les Ebdon University of Plymouth Department of Environmental Sciences Drake Circus Plymouth PL4 8AA UK 1996 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry 3 January 8-1 3 19961:40 T6 SELENIUM SPECIATION BY GC/ICP-IPMS. Klaus G. Heumann and Stefan Gallus Universitat Regensburg Institut fur Anorganische Chemie 93040 Regensburg Germany POWERFUL HYPHENATED TECHNIQUE FOR THE MULTIELEMENTAL SPECIATION OF VOLATILE ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS.Eckard Jantzen GALAB Technology Center GKSS Max-Planck-Strape D-21502 Geesthacht Germany; Andreas Prange GKSS Research Center Inst. of Phys. and Chem. Analysis Max-Planck-Strape D-21502 Geesthacht Germany 220 TS GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETECTION USING RADIO FREQUENCY GLOW DISCHARGE MASS SPECTROMETRY. Lisa I(. Olson Mikhail Belkin and Joseph A. Caruso Department of Chemistry P.O. Box 210172 University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221-0172 240 T9 ELEMENTAL SPECIATION USING CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY AND ELECTROSPRAY MASS SPECTROMETRY. John W. Olesik Jeffery A. Kinzer Eric Grunwald Kurt Thaxton and Susan Olesik Laboratory for Plasma Spectrochemistry Laser Spectroscopy and Mass Spectroscopy The Ohio State University Departments of Geological Sciences and Chemistry 125 S.Oval Mall Columbus OH 43210 200 T7 CRYOFOCUSING-GC-ICP-MS AS AN EASY AND Tuesday Poster Session Sample Introduction Flow Injection Analysis Elemental Speciation TP1 PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF COMMERCIAL PNEUMATIC AND ULTRASONIC NEBULIZERS. Jennifer A. Winn Precision Glassblowing and Instrumentation 14775 E. Hinsdale Ave. Englewood CO 801 12 TP2 EVALUATION OF A MICROCONCENTRIC NEBULIZER FOR ICP-MS. Hans Vanhoe Mirja Van Holderbeke Luc Moens and Richard Dams Laboratory or Analytical Chemistry University of Ghent Institute for Nuclear Sciences Proeftuinstraat 86 B-9000 Ghent Belgium TP3 VOLATILE ELEMENT SPECIES IN VOLATILE ORGANIC ICP-MS.Robert I. Botto Exxon Chemical Company Baytown Chemicial Plant Laboratory Baytown TX 77520 and Abelardo Gutierrez Cetax Technologies 5600 S. 42nd St. Omaha NE 68107 TP4 TOWARDS A NEW SAMPLE INTRODUCTION DEVICE FOR PLASMA SPECTROSCOPY. Julian F. Tyson and Niel Fitzgerald Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Box 34510 Amherst MA 01003-4510; Lois B. Jassie CEM 3100 Smith Farm Road PO Box 200 Matthews NC 28106-0200 TP4a REDUCTION OF MEMORY EFFECTS IN ICP-MS BY A CYCLONIC SPRAY CHAMBER. Stefan Stiirup and Erik H. Larsen National Food Agency of Denmark Institute of Food Chemistry and Nutrition 19 Marrkharj Bygade DK-2860 Sarborg Denmark TP5 ANALYSIS OF CERAMICS BY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROMETRY USING SLURRY SAMPLE INTRODUCTION TECHNIQUE IN LOW POWER AND MINI TORCH.J. H. Hyun K. M. Lee* C. H. Lim* and H. B. Lim Dankook University Department of Chemistry Young San-ku Hannam-dong Seoul Korea 140-714 *Korea Academy of Industrial Technology Material Analysis Team Seoul Korea 152-053 FOOD. Antoaneta P. Krushevska Mihaly Kotrebai and Ramon M. Barnes University of Massachusetts Department of Chemistry LGRC Tower Box 34510 Amherst MA 01003-4510 CHROMATOGRAPH AND INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PERFORMANCE. G. Pritzl and F. Stuer-Lauridsen Ministry of Environment and Energy National Environmental Research Institute Department of Environmental Chemistry PO Box 358 DK-4000 Roskilde Denmark; A. K. Jensen and T. K. Thorsen University of Rosklide Institute of Life Science and Chemistry PO Box 260 DK-4000 Roskilde Denmark VARIETY OF AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLE.F. Stuer- Lauridsen' T. K. Thorsen' J. A. Jacobsen' M. M. Larsen' G. Asmund B. Peterson' and G. Pritzl','Ministry of Environment and Energy National Environmental Research Institute Department of Environmental Chemistry PO Box 358 DK-4000 Roskilde Denmark 'University of Roskilde Institute of Life Science and Chemistry PO Box 260 DK-4000 Roskilde Denmark TP9 SCREENING FOR ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS IN INDUSTRIAL MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGES AND SOILS MATRIX DIRECT DETERMINATION BY ICP-AES AND TP6 SLURRY NEBULIZATION AND ICP-AES ANALYSIS OF TP7 ON-LINE COUPLING OF CAPILLARY GAS PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETER-OPTIMIZATION AND TPS APPLICATION OF CAPILLARY GC-ICP-MS ON A BY CAPILLARY GC-ICP-MS.M. M. Larsen' ,F. Stuer-Lauridsenl A. K. Jensen' T. K. Thorsen2 and G. Pritzl' 'Ministry of Environment and Energy National Environmental Research Institute Department of Environmental Chemistry PO Box 358 DK-4000 Roskilde Denmark 'University of Roskilde Institute of Life Science and Chemistry PO Box 260 DK-4000 Roskilde Denmark TPlO SEPARATION AND ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS BY CAPILLARY GAS INDUCTIVELY COUPLED MASS SPECTROMETER. Christophe R. QuCtel Hiroaki Tao Mamoru Tominaga and Akira Miyazaki Water Analysis Division Hydrospheric Environmental Department National Institute for Resources and Environment Onogawa 16-3 Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki 305 Japan TPll RAPID MICROWAVE ASSISTED SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR SPECIATION OF ORGANOTIN IN BIOTISSUES BY EMISSION SPECTROMETRY.Joanna Szpunar Vincent Schmitt Ryszard Lobinski CNRS URA 348 UniversitC of Bordeaux I 33 405 Talence France; Jean-Louis Monod Laboratoire d'hydrologie et molysmologie aquatique FacultC de Pharmacie UnversitC de Marseille 13 385 Marseille France TPlla MICROWAVE INDUCED PLASMA AND STABILIZED CAPACITIVE PLASMA ATOMIC EMISSION FOR TOTAL HALOGENS CONTENT DETERMINATIONS. J. F. Camuiia- Aguilar M. Montes R. Pereiro J. E. Sanchez-Uria and Alfred0 Sanz- Medel Departamento de Quimica Fisica y Analitica Facultad de Quimica Universidad de Oviedo C/Julian Claveria 8 330060vied0 Spain and C. Katschthaler and G. Knapp Institute for Analytical Chemistry Micro- and Radiochemistry Graz University of Technology Graz Austria TP12 CAPILLARY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY INDUCTIVELY FOR ELEMENTAL SPECIATION.Frank Vanhaecke Tom De Smaele Luc Moens and Richard Dams Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry University of Ghent Institute for Nuclear Sciences Proeftuinstraat 86 B-9000 Ghent Belgium TP12a MEASUREMENT OF RELATIVE BIOAVAILABILITIES OF HEAVY METAL SPECIES IN SEDIMENTS BY USING A MULTIPLE TRACER ISOTOPE TECHNIQUE. Holger Hintelmann and R. Douglas Evans Environmental Science Centre Trent University Peterborough ON K9J 7B8 Canada He-PLASMA AS A GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETECTOR IN TRACE ORGANIC ANALYSIS. Erwin Rosenberg Michael Peck and Manfred Grasserbauer Institute of Analytical Chemistry Vienna University of Technology Getreidmarkt 9/151 A-1060 Vienna Austria CHROMATOGRAPHY COUPLED TO A BENCH-TOP CAPILLARY GC-MICROWAVE INDUCED PLASMA ATOMIC COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY (GC-ICP-MS) TP13 OPTIMIZATION OF A MICROWAVE-INDUCED TP14 ON-LINE MATRIX REMOVAL FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TRACE METALS IN HIGHLY-SALTED WATERS BY ICP-MS.Hiroaki Tao Christophe R. Quetel Mamoru Tominaga and Akira Miyazaki Water Analysis Division Hydrospheric Environmental Department National Institute for Resources and Environment Onogawa 16-3 Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki 305 Japan TP14a POLYMER REAGENT CHEMISTRIES FOR AUTO- MATED PRECONCENTRATION/MATRIX ELIMINATION IN ICP-MASS SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SEAWATER. Fred Smith Dan R. Wiederin CETAC Technologies 5600 S. 42nd St. Omaha NE 65127; R. Owens B. Jones MAFF Fisheries Laboratories Rememberance Ave. Burnham-on-Crouch Essex CMO 8HA UK; G. Woods and Cameron W.McLeod Centre for Analytical Sciences Department of Earth Scienes University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7HP UK TP15 A NOVEL AUTOMATED SAMPLE CONCENTRATION SYSTEM FOR SEMICONDUCTOR APPLICATIONS OUTSIDE OF A CLEAN ROOM ENVIRONMENT. Abelardo Gutierrez and Daniel Wiederin CETAC Technologies Inc. 5600 South 42nd Street Omaha NE 68107 TP16 APPLICATION OF MICRO-CHELATION BEADS AND MICRO-CONCENTRIC NEBULIZATION TO ICPMS DETERMINATION OF METALS IN NATURAL SAMPLES. Robert Sherrell and Paul Field Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences Rutgers University PO Box 231 New Brunswick NJ 08903-023 1; Dan Wiederin and Fred Smith CetacTechnologies 5600 South 42nd St. Omaha NE 6810 TP17 LOW PRESSURE ION EXCHANGE SEPARATION OF CHROMIUM ARSENIC AND SELENIUM WITH DETECTION BY ICP-MS. Dan R.Wiederin CETAC Technologies 5600 S. 42nd St. Omaha NE 68107; Douglas T. Gjerde Sarasep Incorporated 1600 Wyatt Dr. Santa Clara CA 95054 1996 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry 3 January 8-1 3 1996TP18 SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR ICP-MS PAST AND PRESENT OR A NEW WAY OF LOOKING AT SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR ICP-MS. Paul T. Sigsworth Robert C. Hutton and Dagmar Koller Fisons Instruments VG Elemental Ion Path Road Three Winsford Cheshire CW7 3BX England TP19 THE PRECONCENTRATION OF TRACE METALS ON THE MARINE ALGAE PILAYELLA LITTORALIS. Elma N. V. M. Carrilho and Thomas R. Gilbert Barnett Institute Northeastern University Boston MA 02115 TP20 THE DETERMINATION OF GOLD IN GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS BY FIAS-ICP-MS. Ludwik Halicz Geological Survey of Israel 30 Malkhei Yisrael St.Jerusalem 95501 Israel TP21 METHODS FOR MINIMIZING INTERFERENCES IN HYDRIDE GENERATION ICP SPECTROMETRY. Walter Lund Department of Chemistry University of Oslo PO Box 1033 N-0315 Oslo Norway TP22 THE OPTIMIZATION OF AN ELECTROCHEMICAL HYDRIDE GENERATION TECHNIQUE COUPLED TO MICROWAVE INDUCED PLASMA ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROMETRY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ARSENIC. JosC A. C. Broekaert and Claudia Schickling University of Dortmund Department of Chemistry D-44221 Dortmund Germany FLUORESCENCE FOR ANALYSIS OF GENERATED HYDRIDES FOLLOWING LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION. Peter M. Yehl and Julian F. Tyson Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Box 34510 Amherst MA TP24 DETERMINATION OF ARSENIC IN SALINE WATERS BY GAS LIQUID SEPARATOR AND ICP-MS DETECTION.John T. Creed and Carol A. Brockhoff U. S. Environmental Protection Agency National Exposure Research Laboratory/Aquatic Research Division 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati OH 45268; Isabel Chamberlain U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 10 Manchester Laboratory 7411 Beach Drive E. Port Orchard WA 98366; Matthew L. Magnuson U. S. Environmental Protection Agency National Exposure Research Laboratory/Aquatic Research Division 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati OH 45268 TP25 SPECIATION OF ARSENIC COMPOUNDS BY ION HYDRIDE GENERATION WITH A MEMBRANE SEPARATOR. Matthew L. Magnuson U. S. Environmental Protection Agency National Environmental Research Laboratory/Aquatic Research Division 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati OH 45268; John T.Creed and Carol A. Brockhoff U. S. Environmental Protection Agency National Environmental Research Laboratory/Aquatic Research Division 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive Cincinnati OH 45268 TP26 DETERMINATION OF LOW LEVELS OF PLUTONIUM IN PRESENCE OF URANIUM AND NEPTUNIUM BY IC-ICP-MS. Josefa Maria Barrero Maria Betti Jose Ignacio Garcia Alonso and Lothar Koch Institute for Transuranium Elements Joint Research Centre Commission of the European Communities Postfach 2340,76125 Karlsruhe Germany TP27 SEPARATION OF CATION RADIONUCLIDES IN TECHNIQUES. Orville T. Farmer 111 Monty R. Smith Eric J. Wyse and David Koppenaal Pacific Northwest Laboratory PO Box 999 Richland WA 99352 TP28 MERCURY SPECIATION WITH AN IClICPMS SYSTEM A MARRIAGE OF CONVENIENCE. Brian Buckley Mark Heintz Wei Fang and Willie Johnson EOHSI-Busch Campus Rutgers University Piscataway NJ 08855-1 179 TP29 THE DETERMINATION OF CHLORATE AND BROMATE TP23 SPECIATION STUDIES USING ICP-ATOMIC 01 003-45 10 HYDRIDE GENERATION UTILIZING A MEMBRANE-BASED CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH ICP-MS DETECTION UTILIZING HANFORD ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES USING IC-ICP/MS IN DRINKING WATERS BY COUPLED ION CHROM- ATOGRAPHY-INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY.Howard Handley and Nicola Compton Dynamco Scientific Services 22-30 Sturt Road Frimley Green Surrey GU16 6HZ UK TP30 THE VALIDATION FOR ACCEPTANCE UNDER A UK NATIONAL ACCREDITATION SCHEME (NAMAS) OF OF ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS IN ENVIRONMENTAL MATRICES. Ben Fairman and Tim Catterick Laboratory of the Government Chemist Queens Road Teddington Middlesex TW 11 OLY UK TP31 ELEMENTAL SPECIATION IN DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS. Douglas T.Heitkemper Forensic Chemistry HPLC-ICP-MS METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION Center U.S. Food and Drug Administration 1141 Central Parkway Cincinnati OH 45202 SELENIUM SPECIES USING TIME RESOLVED ANALYSIS AND CHROMATOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE. P. Thomas Institut Pasteur de Lille Service Eaux-Environment 1 rue Calmette BP 245 F 59019 Lille CCdex France; R. Hutton FI Elemental Ion Path Road Three Winsford Cheshire CW 7 3BX England TP32a PHYSICAL SPECIATION FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ARSENIC AND SELENIUM IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS BY HIGH PERFORMANCE SIZE EXCLUSION MASS SPECTROMETRY. Fu-Hsiang KO Feng-Chi Tsao and Mo-Hsiung Yang Department of Nuclear Science National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 30043 Taiwan THERMOSPRAY NEBULIZATION.Hans Vanhoe Steven Saverwijns Luc Moens and Richard Dams Laboratory or Analytical Chemistry University of Ghent Institute for Nuclear Sciences Proeftuinstraat 86 B-9000 Ghent Belgium TP33a THE ROLE OF HPLC-ICP-MS AND HPLC- RESEARCH. Erik H. Larsen National Food Agency of Denmark Institute of Food Chemistry and Nutrition 19 Merrkhoj Bygade DK-2860 Serborg Denmark TP34 THE ANALYSIS OF SELENIUM IN BLOOD SERUM BY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY. Fadi R. Abou-Shakra Margaret P. Rayman and Neil I. Ward Department of Chemistry University of Surrey Guildford Surrey GU2 5XH UK TP35 ANALYSIS OF HIGH DISSOLVED SOLIDS SOLUTIONS USING A DIRECT INJECTION NEBULIZER. Dan R. Wiederin CETAC Technologies 5600 S. 42nd St. Omaha NE 68107 TP36 USING A DIRECT INJECTION NEBULIZER TO IMPROVE CHROMATOGRAPHY.John Gomez Yokogawa Analytical Systems 2-1 1-19 Naka-cho Musashino-shi Tokyo 180 Japan TP37 RECOGNITION OF METALLODRUGS BY BLOOD PLASMA PROTEINS INVESTIGATIONS USING INJECTION NEBULIZATION (DIN). Bernie M. Keohane Hongyan Li Mina Kashani Rachel Kumarsingh Peter J. Sadler and Hongzhe Sun Birkbeck College Chemistry Department Gordon House 29 Gordon Square London WClH OPP UK BY USE OF HPLC-ICP-MS. Ingvar A. Bergdahl and Andrejs Schutz Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine University Hospital S-221 85 Lund Sweden TP39 NEW INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE PLASMA PROTEIN BINDING PROPERTIES OF CISDIAMMINE [( BIS( PHOSPHONAT0METHYL)AMINO)-ACETATO( 2-)-01,N1] ETAAS. Thorsten J. Einhauser Markus Galanski and Bernhard K.Keppler Anorganische-Chemisches Institut Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany BINDING PROTEINS IN DIFFERENT BUFFERS BY CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS (CE) AND INDUCTIVELY Qinghong Lu and Ramon M. Barnes Lederle Graduate Research Tower Box 34510 University of Massachusetts Amherst MA TP41 EVALUATION OF ADSORPTION OF METALS TO ELECTROPHORESIS CAPILLARIES USING INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY. Susan M. Bird and Ramon M. Barnes Department of Chemistry Lederle Graduate Research Center University of Massachusetts Box 345 10 Amherst TP42 ALTERNATIVES TO CHROMATOGRAPHY CAPILLARY TP32 HPLC-ICP-MS DETERMINATION OF ARSENIC AND CHROMATOGRAPHY-INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA TP33 ARSENIC SPECIATION BY ICP-MS WITH ELECTROSPRAY-MS IN BIOLOGICAL SPECIATION CHROMATOGRAPHY LINKED TO ICP-MS WITH DIRECT TP38 PROTEIN-BOUND LEAD IN ERYTHROCYTES STUDIED PLATINUM (11) DBP AND CISPLATIN BY ICP-OES AND TP40 DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION OF METAL- COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY (ICP-MS).01003-4510 MA 01003-4510 FREE-FLOW ELECTROPHORESIS FOR PREPARATIVE AND ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS IN PLASMA SPECTRO- CHEMISTRY. Michael E. Ketterer Gary E. Kozerski Department of Chemistry John Carroll University University Heights OH 441 18; Robert Ritacco and Prabha Painuly EM Separations Technology P.O. Box 352 Wakefield RI 02880-0352 TP43 CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS WITH ICP DETECTION UTILIZING AN ULTRASONIC NEBULIZER INTERFACE. Peter W. Kirlew and Joseph A. Caruso Department of Chemistry Mail Location 172 University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221-0172 1996 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry 3 January 8-1 3 1996TP44 COUPLING CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS TO JCP-MS.A. B. Sulaiman and B. L. Sharp Department of Chemistry Loughborough University of Technology Loughborough Leicesterchire LEll 3TU UK FOR INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY. Lanqing Wang and Richard F. Browner School of Chemistry & Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332-4000 TP45a ON-LINE COUPLING OF CE (CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS) TO AN ICP-MS. Peter Schramel and B. Michalke GSF-Research Center for Environment and Health Institute of Ecological Chemistry Neuherberg D-85758 Oberschleipheim Germany TP46 AEROSOL DEPOSITION FOR ICP-AES AND MS. Jean- Franqois Alary Robin Rattray Elizabeth Brown and Eric D.Salin McGill University Department of Chemistry 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal PQ H3A 2K5 Canada INSERTION-ICP-AES. V. Karanassios and T. Wood University of Waterloo Department of Chemistry Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada TP48 DIRECT ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF SOLIDS BY SPARK ABLATION ICP-AES. V. Karanassios M. Willeke and 2. Zhang University of Waterloo Department of Chemistry Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada TP49 DIRECT POWDER INTRODUCTION INTO THE ICP A WINDOW FOR THE LOST ANALYTICAL INFORMATION. Nimal De Silva Mineral Resources Division Geological Survey of Canada 601 Booth Street Ottawa ON K1A OE8 Canada; Roger Guevremont Institute for Environmental Research and Technology National Research Council of Canada Montreal Road Ottawa ON K1A OR6 Canada PALLADIUM.N. J. Miller-Ihli and R. W. Fonseca USDA Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center Food Composition Laboratory Beltsville MD 20705 SPECIATION. Les Ebdon TP45 CHARACTERIZATION OF MICRO-FLOW NEBULIZERS TP47 MIXED-GAS PLASMAS IN DIRECT SAMPLE TP50 ETV-ICP-MS TRANSPORT WARS OXYGEN ASHING VS. 530 PD2 EVALUATING THE FEASIBILITY OF IN- VZVO METAL Wednesday January 10,19% 800 PL3 FUTURE OF PLASMA SPECTROCHEMICAL INSTRUMENTATION. Gary M. Hieftje 5. Laser Assisted Plasma Spectrometry Gary M. Hieftje Chairman Jean-Michel Mermet Laboratoire des Science Analytiques Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Bat. 308,69622 Villeurbanne Cedex France 945 W1 LASER ABLATION INDUCTIVELY COUPLED INFLUENCING THE AMOUNT AND COMPOSITION OF THE ABLATED VAPOR. R. E. Russo X.L. Mao M. Caetano M. A. Shannon W.-T. Chan and P. K. Leung Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 1005 W2 OPTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF LASER ABLATION PARTICLE PRODUCTION AND PLASMA DIGESTION PROCESSES IN LASER ABLATION ICP/MS. Michael L. Alexander Monty R. Smith Albert Mendoza and David W. Koppenaal Pacific Northwest Laboratory PO Box 999 Richland WA 99352 1025 W3 NEW APPROACHES TO CALIBRATION FOR EXCIMER LASER ABLATION ICP-MS. B. L. Sharp and B. J. Masters Department of Chemistry Loughborough University of Technology Loughborough Leicesterchire LEll 3TU UK AN IDEAL SOLUTION FOR THE ANALYSIS OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS? Phillip Goodall and Stephen G. Johnson Argonne National Laboratory-West PO Box 2528 Idaho Falls ID 83403 SPECTROSCOPY (LIBS) INSTRUMENTATION.David A. Cremers and Monty J. Ferris Group CST-1 MS 5565 Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545; James D. Blacic and Donald R. Pettit Group EES-1 MS D Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 915 IL8 CURRENT STATUS OF LASER ABLATION ICP-AES. PLASMA-ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY FACTORS 1045 W4 LASER SPECTROMETRY AND LASER ABLATION- 11H W5 FIELD-BASED LASER-INDUCED BREAKDOWN 1 1:25 W6 ANALYSIS OF LASER-GENERATED TRANSIENTS WITH AN INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA TIME-OF- FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETER. Patrick P. Mahoney Gangqiang Li Steven J. Ray and Gary Hieftje Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington IN 47405 11:45 W7 ENHANCEMENTS IN SENSITIVITY AND 1996 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry 3 January 8- RESOLUTION IN SMALL-SPOT LASER ABLATION ICP-MS.Evan R. Cromwell IBM Storage Systems m/s E35/282,5600 Cottle Rd San Jose CA 95193 6. Plasma Instrumentation and Software Vassili Karanassios Chairman 1:lO IL9 PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY ARE WE USING THE RIGHT SOURCE? Gary Horlick Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada INSTRUMENT FOR FUNDAMENTAL PLASMA STUDIES. Norman N. Sesi Paul Galley David Hanselman Julie Homer Mao Huang and Gary M. Hieftje Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington IN 47405 200 W9 AUTOMATIC OPERATING PARAMETER AND METHODOLOGY SELECTION FOR ICP-AES. Wayne Branagh Ciara Whelan and Eric D. Salin McGill University Department of Chemistry 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal PQ H3A 2K5 Canada 2:20 W10 ANALYSIS OF SOILS USING MULTIVARIATE SIGNAL QUANTITATION ICP-OES.Marc L. Salit National Institute of Standards and Technology Chemistry 222 B220 Gaithersburg MD 20899; Dennis Yates Perkin-Elmer Corporation 761 Main Avenue Norwalk CT 06859-0215 SIGNAL PROCESSING IN ICP-AES. V. Karanassios P. Drouin University of Waterloo Department of Chemistry Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada; G. Spiers Ontario Geological Survey Sudbury ON Canada 1:40 W8 DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMAGING-BASED 2:40 W11 A USER INTERFACE FOR 1-D CROSS-CORRELATION Wednesday Poster Session Automation Instrumentation Laser Assisted Plasma Spectrometry Software Laser Assisted Plasma Spectrometry WP1 LASER ABLATION CAN ONE LASER BE USED TO SAMPLE ALL SOLIDS? Monty R. Smith Michael L. Alexander John S. Hartman and David W. Koppenaal Pacific Northwest Laboratory PO Box 999 Richland WA 99352 WP2 LASER INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS.Aaron Koskelo Thomas Gamble and Thomas Lippert CST-1 MS-J565 Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 WP3 EFFECT OF SOIL MATRIX ON ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS (LIBS). Ming Moy Group CST-15 MS E531 Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545; David A. Cremers and Christopher P. Junk Group CST-1 MS 5565 Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 WP4 EFFECT OF SAMPLING GEOMETRY ON ELEMENTAL SPECTROSCOPY. David A. Cremers Leeann Foster and Monty Ferris Group CST-1 MS 5565 Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 WP5 QUANTITATIVE ELEMENTAL DETERMINATION IN INDIVIDUAL FLUID INCLUSIONS BY LASER ABLATION ICPMS APPLICATIONS TO Sr AND Rb MEASUREMENTS IN FLUID INCLUSIONS IN HALITE.A. Mohamad Ghazi Department of Geology Georgia State University Atlanta GA 30303; Tom E. McCandless and Joaquin Ruiz Department of Geoscience University of Arizona Tuscon AZ 85721 WP6 MONITORING HISTORICAL CHANGES IN WATER QUALITY IN LAKE ERIE AN APPLICATION OF LASER ABLATION MICROPROBE-ICP-MS. R. Douglas Evans Environmental Sciences Centre Trent University Petersborough ON Canada K9J 7B8; John M. Casselman Research Science and Technology Branch Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources RR #4 Picton ON. Canada KOK 2TO J. Westheide J. S. Becker J. A. C. Broekaert* and H.-J. Dietze Zentralabteilung fur Chemische Analysen Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH D-52428 Julich Germany *Fachbereich Chemie Universitat Dortmund P.O.Box 500500 D-442277 Germany WP8 FUNDAMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF UV LASER ABLATION ICP-MS. Don Potter Hewlett-Packard Co. 2850 Centerville Rd. Wilmington DE 19808; Jim Zhu Cetac Technologies 5600 South 42nd St. Omaha NE 68107 MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR PuOz ANALYSIS. Deborah Figg Chris Brink and Michael Kahr Los Alamos National Laboratory MS E518 Los Alamos NM 87545 W P l O GEOLASER PROBE-A VERSATILE LASER ABLATION SYSTEM FOR THE DIRECT ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL USING LASER-INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS USING LASER-INDUCED BREAKDOWN WP7 ANALYSIS OF PEROVSKITE LAYERS BY LA-ICP-MS. WP9 LASER ABLATION-INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA- .13 1996MATERIALS BY ICP-AES AND MS. J. Zhu CETAC Technologies Inc. 5600 South 42nd Street Omaha Nebraska 68107; I. B. Brenner Geological Survey of Israel 30 Malkhe Israel Street Jerusalem Israel 95501 WPll SPECTRAL IMAGING STUDIES OF THE LASER PLASMA AS IT RELATES TO ANALYTICAL PERFORMANCE.Rosalie Multari David Cremers and Leeann Foster Group CST-1 MS 5565 Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS USING AQUEOUS STANDARDS. B. J. Masters and B. L. Sharp Department of Chemistry Loughborough University of Technology Loughborough Leicesterchire LE11 3TU UK ICP-MS. D. Giinther C. Heinrich Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich Department of Isotope Geology and Mineral Resources CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland; S. E. Jackson and H. P. Longerich Memorial University of Newfoundland Earth Sciences Department St. John’s NF A1B 3x5 Canada WP14 LASER ABLATION PROCESS IN LA-ICP-MS.H. Cousin B. Magyar Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland; D. Gunther and C. Heinrich Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich Department of Isotope Geology and Mineral Resources CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland WP12 EXCIMER LA-ICP-MS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF WP13 ANALYSIS OF FLUID INCLUSIONS USING LAM- WP15 LASER ABLATION MICROPROBE-INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY (LAM-ICP-MS) OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS. Henry P. Longerich Simon E. Jackson Lance Forsythe and Ingo Horn Department of Earth Sciences and Centre for Earth Resources Research Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John’s NF A1B 3x5 Canada WP16 DIRECT SOLID SAMPLING WITH LASER ABLATION PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS. Ulrich Greb Lothar Rottmann and Ernst Schroder Finnigan MAT GmbH Barkhausenstr.2 D-28197 Bremen Germany WP17 COMPARISON OF QUADRUPOLE AND MAGNETIC SECTOR ICP-MS FOR LASER ABLATION STUDIES. Robert C. Hutton Nicola M. Reed and Angelika Raith Fisons Instruments VG Elemental Ion Path Road Three Winsford Cheshire CW7 3BX England WP17a APPLICATION OF LASER ABLATION ICP-MS AS A MEANS OF OBTAINING INFORMATION ON SPATIAL CHANGES IN ELEMENT CONCENTRATION IN PLANT TISSUE. Erwin Hoffmann C. Ludke H. Scholze and H. Stephanowitz Institut fur Spektrochemie und angewandte Spektroskopie (ISAS) Laboratorium fur spektroskopische Methoden der Umweltanalytik (LSMU) Rudower Chaussee 5 D-12484 Berlin Germany Computer Posters WP18C ICP-AES SYSTEM DIAGNOSIS USING QUID. Eric D. Salin Jean-Frangois Alary Christine Sartoros and Jean-Michel Mermet McGill University Department of Chemistry 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal PQ H3A 2K5 Canada WP19C A WINDOWS BASED AUTOMATED QUALITY ISOLATION PILOT PLANT ( WIPP) BRINES.Daniel J. Gerth CST-9 MS G740 Los Alamos National laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 WP19aC THE ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY CD-ROM- PRELIMINARY REPORT. Gary Horlick Gregory s. Fulton and Liu Shi Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada Automation Instrumentation Software WP20 QUANTITATIVE METHODS FOR CHOOSING Goode Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 WP21 EVALUATION OF MULTIVARIATE SOFTWARE PACKAGES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF TRACE ELEMENT DATA FOR GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN DETERMINATION OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.Robert S. Schwartz David M. Carnes Le T. Hecking Thomas D. Sheehan and John L. Sullivan 1301 Constitution Ave. NW Room 71 13 Washington DC 20229 WP22 ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS IN THE INVESTIGATION OF COUNTERFEIT PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOUNDS. Brenda S. Zimmer and Cynthia M. Gaston U.S. FDA Forensic Chemistry Center 1141 Central Parkway Cincinnati OH 45202 WP23 CORRECTION OF MASS SPECTRAL INTERFERENCES ON IRON BY MATHEMATICAL METHOD (PLS). Mihhly Kotrebai Dula Amarasiriwardena* Eryi Zhu Antoaneta Krushevska and Ramon M. Barnes Department of Chemistry Lederle Graduate ICP-MS AND GLOW DISCHARGE MASS SPECTROMETRY- CONTROL SYSTEM FOR THE ICP-AES ANALYSIS OF WASTE INTERNAL STANDARD ELEMENTS IN ICP-AES. Scoot R. Research Center University of Massachusetts Box 34510 Amherst MA 01003-4510 *School of Natural Science Hampshire College Amherst MA 01002 WP23a A CLOSER LOOK AT INTERFERENCE CORRECTION AND EPA METHOD 6020.Mark Shipman Pace Inc. 1455 McDowell Blvd. North Suite D Petaluma CA 94954 and Steve Wilbur Hewlett- Packard Company 2850 Centerville Rd. Wilmington DE 19808 Dymott and P. K. Booth AT1 Unicam York Street Cambridge CB1 2PX United Kingdom P. Neal T. C. Dymott and P. K. Booth AT1 Unicam York Street Cambridge CB12PX United Kingdom ICP-AES. V. Karanassios P. Drouin University of Waterloo Department of Chemistry Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada; R. Kellerman University of Waterloo Department of Earth Sciences Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada PLASMA. J. Roine M. Asikainen T. Harju V. Siemens and K. Larjava VTT Chemical Technology Environmental Technology P.O.Box 1403 FIN-02044 VTT Espoo Finland WP28 LONG TERM QUALITY CONTROL AND DIAGNOSIS OF INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA SEQUENTIAL EMISSION SPECTROMETERS. 0. Samuel Jobin-Yvon BP 118 91163 Longjumeau Cedex France; E. Poussel and J. M. Mermet Universitt Claude Bernard Lyon 1,69622 Villeurbanne Cedex France WP28a IMPROVING SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM INTERNAL STANDARDIZATION WITH EMISSION LINES OF MATRIX ELEMENTS. Jason J. Li Technical Assistance Laboratories Osram Sylvania Inc. 71 Cherry Hill Dr. Beverly MA 01915 WP29 THE ANALYSIS OF BIOMEDICAL MATRICES USING A EMISSION SPECTROMETER. Karen W. Barnes and Evelyn Prusak The Perkin-Elmer Corporation 761 Main Ave. Mail Stop 215 Norwalk CT 06859-0215 WP30 AXIAL VIEWING OF AN ICP WITH A GRAPHITE TORCH INJECTOR.R. K. Winge N. Praphairaksit and R. S. Houk Ames Laboratory-US Department of Energy Department of Chemistry Iowa State University Ames IA 5001 1 ANALYSIS OF HIGH DISSOLVED SOLID. Dion Tsourides Spectro Analytical Instruments 160 Authority Drive Fitchburg MA 0 1420 WP32 THE INFLUENCE OF RESOLUTION ON THE ULTRATRACE DETECTION LIMITS. Lisa Goldstone Odile Samuel and Christophe Deraed JY Emission Division Instruments SA Inc. 3880 Park Avenue Edison NJ 08820 WP32a EXPERIENCES WITH THE NEW JY66P ICP-AES SPECTROMETER WITH AXIAL TORCH. Peter Schramel GSF- Research Center for Environment and Health Institute of Ecological Chemistry Neuherberg D-85758 Oberschleipheim Germany WP33 A COMPARISON OF INTERNAL STANDARD AND STANDARD ADDITIONS FOR DIFFICULT SAMPLES BY AXIAL ICP.Christine Flajnik and Jerry Shkolnik Varian OSI 201 Hansen Court Suite 108 Wood Dale IL 60191 WP34 AXIAL VIEWING DIRECT SAMPLE INSERTION. Cameron Skinner and Eric D. Satin McGill University Department of Chemistry 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal PQ H3A 2K5 Canada WP35 AUTOMATIC SAMPLE RECOGNITION. Christine Sartoros and Eric D. Salin McGill University Department of Chemistry 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal PQ H3A 2K5 Canada WP36 DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AN SYSTEM. V. Karanassios and T. Wood University of Waterloo Department of Chemistry Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada WP37 DIRECT DETERMINATION OF Pb IN GASOLINE USING Brenner* A. Zander J. Shkolnik and S. Kim Ginzton Research Center Varian Associates 3075 Hansen Way Palo Alto CA 94304 Varian Optical Spectroscopy Instruments 201 Hansen Court Wood Dale IL 60191; *On leave from the Geological Survey of Israel 30 Malkhe Israel Street Jerusalem Israel 95501 WP37a LOW UV PERFORMANCE OF AN ICP-AES FOR COMPLETE OIL ANALYSIS.Sue F. Franz and Dion Tsourides Spectro Analytical Instruments Inc. 160 Authority Dr. Fitchburg MA 01420 WP24 USEABILITY-IT’S ALL IN THE INTERFACE. T. C. WP25 THE POSSIBILITIES OF PPT ANALYSIS IN ICP-AES. WP26 2-D CROSS-CORRELATION SIGNAL PROCESSING IN WP27 A NEW RADIO-FREQUENCY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED ANALYTICAL PRECISION OF ICP-AES ANALYSES BY DUAL VIEW INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA-OPTICAL WP31 EVALUATION OF END-ON-PLASMA ICP-AES FOR THE SENSITIVITY OF ICP-AES A NON-AXIAL APPROACH TO AUTOMATED DIRECT SAMPLE INSERTION-ICP-AES EMULSIFICATION AND h AND h-OXYGEN ICP-AES.I. B. 1996 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry 3 January 8-1 3 1996WP37b UNIVERSAL CALIBRATION” FOR ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC SOLUTIONS BY ICP-AES. Robert I. Botto Exxon Chemical Company Baytown Chemicial Plant Laboratory Baytown TX 77520 and Jim J. Zhu Cetax Technologies 5600 S. 42nd St. Omaha NE 68107 WP38 DETERMINATION OF ALUMINUM IN OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE LINE INTENSITIES OF DIFFERENT EMISSION LINES. Lilli Paama Institute of Chemical Physics University of Tartu 2 Jakobi Street EE2400 Tartu Estonia; Paavo Peramaki and Lauri H. J. Lajunen Department of Chemistry University of Oulu SF 90571 Oulu Finland WP39 ANALYSIS OF WASTE ISOLATION PILOT PLANT (WIPP) BRINES FOR TARGET ANALYTES USING A CHARGE METHOD DEVELOPMENT. Daniel J.Gerth CST-9 MS G740 Los Alamos National laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 TRACE ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF INDUSTRIAL ETHENE GAS BY MEANS OF INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY. H. Klinkenberg B. J. Kip and W. Van Borm DSMR search Dept. PAC P.O. Box 18 NL-6160 MD Geleen The Netherlands 530 PD3 HOW TO HANDLE HARD SAMPLE ANALYSIS. JosC Broekaert ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES BY ICP-AES A COMPARISON INJECTION DEVICE (CID) EQUIPPED ICP-AES PART I WP40 THE CONTINUOUS ON-LINE MONITORING OF THE Thursday January 11,1996 7. Excitation Mechanisms and Plasma Phenomena Michael W. Blades Chairman CHEMICAL ICP DISCHARGES STATUS. Daniel Schram J. M. de Regt D. Benoy and J. A. M. van der Mullen Depart- ment of Physics Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands 915 ILlO OPTICAL DIAGNOSTICS INSIDE AN ICP/MS.Paul B. Farnsworth Department of Chemistry Brigham Young University Provo UT 84602 945 ILll CURRENT DESCRIPTION OF FUNDAMENTAL SIGNALS. John Olesik Laboratory for Plasma Spectrochemistry Laser Spectroscopy and Mass Spectroscopy The Ohio State University Department of Geological Sciences 275A Scott Hall Columbus OH 43210 10:15 Thl MECHANISM OF IONIZATION IN THE INDUCTIVELY COUPLED ‘COLD’ PLASMA INTERPRETED THROUGH MATRIX SUPPRESSION EFFECTS. Scott D. Tanner SCIEX@ 71 Four Valley Drive Concord ON L4K 4V8 Canada 1035 Th2 ARGON ION AND MATRIX POLYATOMIC LOSS PHENOMENA IN ICP/MS AND ICP/ITMS. Gregory C. Eiden Charles J. Barinaga and David W. Koppenaal Pacific Northwest Laboratory PO Box 999 Richland WA 99352 1055 Th3 INTERELEMENT INTERFERENCE EFFECTS IN INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA SPECTROMETRY.Norman N. Sesi Gary M. Hieftje Scott Lehn and Kathryn Shanks Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington IN 47405 11:15 Th4 MASS SPECTROMETRIC AND THEORETICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON FORMATION OF RARE GAS MOLECULAR IONS IN DIFFERENT PLASMAS. J. S. Becker G. Seifert* and H.-J. Dietze Zentralabteilung fur Chemische Analysen Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH D-52428 Julich Germany *Institut fur Theoretische Physik Technische Universitat Dresden D-01062 Dresden Germany 11:35 Th5 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE BEHAVIOR OF THE SPUTTERED ATOMS AND CORRESPONDING IONS IN A DIRECT CURRENT GLOW DISCHARGE. Annemie Bogaerts and Renaat Gijbels Department of Chemistry University of Antwerp (UIA) Universiteitsplein 1 B-2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp Belgium 800 PL4 FUNDAMENTAL DESCRIPTION OF SPECTRO- PROCESSES THAT CONTROL ICP-OES AND ICP-MS 8.Sample Preparation and Standards for Plasma Spectroscopy H.M. ‘Skip’ Kingston Chairman 1:lO IL12 SAMPLE PREPARATION PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES. Gunter Knapp Department of Analytical Chemistry Micro- and Radiochemistry Graz University of Technology A-8010 Graz Austria 1:40 Th6 DIRECT SOLID SAMPLE DIGESTION AND INTRODUCTION USING HALOGENATING REAGENTS. Jan Hamier and Eric D. Salin McGill University Department of Chemistry 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal PQ H3A 2K5 Canada 200 Th7 PERFORMANCE BASED ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE MICROWAVE METHODS FOR ANALYTICAL SAMPLE PREPARATION. Stuart J. Chalk Elke Lorentzen Wenchun Jiang H.M. ‘Skip’ Kingston Duquesne University Chemistry Department Mellon Hall Pittsburgh PA 15282 220 Th8 THE PROCEDURE OF SPECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS HOW TO ACHIEVE ACCURACY? Knut D. Ohls University of Muenster Department of Analytical Chemistry c/o Buengerstr. 7 D-44267 Dortmund Germany 240 Th9 NEW EPA ENVIRONMENTAL MICROWAVE SAMPLE PREPARATION METHODS FOR ICP’S. H. M. ‘Skip’ Kingston Dan B. Taylor Peter J. Walter Denwei Huo Dirk Link and Don Nogay Duquesne University Chemistry Department Mellon Hall Pittsburgh PA 15282 Thursday Poster Session Applications Glow Discharge Atomic and Mass Spectrometry Mechanisms Plasma Sources Sample Preparation Standards Teaching Spectroscopy Plasma Sources Diagnostics Mechanisms ThPl FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF AN ICP WITH A GRAPHITE TORCH INJECTOR.P. S. Clemons R. S. Houk and N. Praphairaksit Ames Laboratory-US Department of Energy Department of Chemistry Iowa State University Ames IA 5001 1 ThP2 DIAGNOSTICS OF THE ENCLOSED INDUCTIVELY Alexander Bol’shakov and Ramon M. Barnes University of Massachusetts Department of Chemistry Box 34510 Amherst MA ThP3 PRESSURE DEPENDENCE OF THE DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS IN AN ENCLOSED ICP. Ana M. Gaillat Greenfield Community College 1 College Dr. Greenfield MA 01301 and Ramon M. Barnes Department of Chemistry Lederle Graduate Research Center University of Massachusetts Box 34510 Amherst ThP4 OPEN FLOW ENCLOSED INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA A MATHEMATICAL SIMULATION. Ana M. Gaillat Greenfield Community College 1 College Dr. Greenfield MA 01301; Ramon M. Barnes Department of Chemistry Lederle Graduate Research Center University of Massachusetts Box 34510 Amherst MA 01003-45 10; Pierre Proulx Department of Chemical Engineering University of Sherbrooke Sherbrooke PQ J1K 2R1 Canada ThP5 THERMODYNAMIC APPROACH TO THE OPTIMIZATION OF INSTRUMENTAL PARAMETERS IN INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY FOR THE ANALYSIS OF SUPERCONDUCTORS.Galina N. Maso and Alexander A. Galkin Inorganic Chemistry Division Department of Chemistry Moscow State University Vorobievy Gory B-234 GSP Moscow 119899 Russia; George G. Glavin Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Box 34510 Amherst MA 01003-4510 ThP6 EVALUATION OF OPTICAL SYSTEMS USED FOR SPATIAL MAPPING AND THEIR EFFECTS ON ABEL INVERTED MAPS. Michael E. Rider and Scott R.Goode Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 ThP7 EXCITED MERCURY DENSITY MEASUREMENTS IN A Hg-Kr INDUCTIVELY COUPLED DISCHARGE. J. Darryl Michael GE Lighting 1975 Noble Rd. Cleveland OH 44112 FREQUENCY CAPACITIVELY COUPLED DISCHARGES COUPLE WITH ELECTROTHERMAL SAMPLE INTRODUCTION. Md. M. Rahman and M. W. Blades University of British Columbia Department of Chemistry Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada ThP9 MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE AND ANALYTE SPATIAL EMISSION AND ABSORPTION PROFILES FOR A FAPES SOURCE. C. W. LeBlanc and M. W. Blades Department of Chemistry University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada ThPlO SPECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF TRACE CONTAMINANTS IN He (He/F,) PULSED DISCHARGE PLASMAS. A.Treshchalov A. Chizhik and A. Vill Institute of Physics Estonian Academy of Sciences Riia 142 EE2400 Tartu Estonia INDUCED PLASMA DURING SAMPLE INTRODUCTION. Dr. Scott R. Goode and Joe N. Emily Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 MICROWAVE-INDUCED PLASMAS. T. Harju K. Larjava J. Roine and V. Siemens VTT Chemical Technology Environmental Technology P.O. Box 1403 FIN-02044 VTT Espoo Finland COUPLED PLASMA IN CHLORINE-ARGON MIXTURES. 01003-45 10 MA 01003-4510 ThP8 TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSIS USING RADIO- ThPll SPATIAL CHANGES IN THE HELIUM MICROWAVE- ThP12 STUDY OF MIXED-GAS AND MOLECULAR GAS 1996 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry 3 January 8-1 3 1996ThP13 CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS USING AN INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA.Thomas J. Manning Department of Chemistry Valdosta State University Valdosta GA 31698 COEFFICIENTS OF SPECTRAL LINES FOR SOME ELEMENTS. Rafkat Toukhvatoulline Gerson Feldmann and Roque- Julci Muenchen Universidade Regional do Noroeste do E$tado do RS Departamento de Fisica Estatistica e Matematica-UNIJUI Cx. Postal 560 CEP 98700-000 Ijui RS Brazil ThP15 THE PRESSURE A CRITICAL PARAMETER IN THE PROCESS OF MOLECULAR DISSOCIATION USING IONIZATIONS APPEARANCE. Silvestru Popescu Research Institute for Electrical Engineering Bistrita Subsidiary Str. Parcului nr. 7 RO-4400 Bistrita Romania Applications and Sample Preparation ANALYTES BY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROMETRY. Gary L. Beck and Frank Maeda Teledyne Wah Chang P.O. Box 460 Albany OR 97321 ThP17 ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN BROMIDE USING ENCLOSED INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY.George G. Glavin and Ramon M. Barnes Chemistry Department Lederle GRC Tower University of Massachusetts Box 34510 Amherst MA 01003-4510 LUBRICATING OILS CONTAINING VISCOSITY MODIFIERS. Jeffrey M. Carey and John J. Mattern The Lubrizol Corporation 29400 Lakeland Blvd. Wickliffe OH 44092-2298 [( BIS( PHOSPHONAT0METHYL)AMINO)-ACETATO( 2)-0' N'] INHIBITING COMPOUND IN MICE BY ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY. Thorsten J. Einhauser and Bernhard K. Keppler Anorganische-Chemisches Institut Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany ThP20 DETERMINATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN HUMAN HIGH TEMPERATURE DIGESTION. Dula Amarasiriwardena School of Natural Science Hampshire College Amherst MA 01002; Mihali Kotrebai Antoaneta Krushevska and Ramon M.Barnes Department of Chemistry Lederle Graduate Research Center Box 34510 University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003-4510 DIGESTION OF SMALL BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS BY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROMETRY. Dula Amarasiriwardena School of Natural Science Hampshire College Amherst MA 01002; Antoaneta Krushevska and Ramon M. Barnes Department of Chemistry Lederle Graduate Research Center Box 34510 University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003-4510 ThP22 ANALYSIS OF SIC AFTER MICROWAVE HEATING FUSION WITH ICP-AES. Eva Reitznerova and Ramon M. Barnes Department of Chemistry Lederle Graduate Research Center University of Massachusetts Box 34510 Amherst MA 01001-4510 ThP23 APPLICATIONS USING ALTERNATIVE TEMPERATURE CONTROL IN ANALYTICAL MICROWAVE SYSTEMS. Leo W.Collins 01 Analytical P.O. Box 9010 College Station TX 77842-9010 ThP24 CLEAN LABORATORY CHEMISTRY FOR THE MICROWAVE ASSISTED DIGESTION OF BOTANICAL SAMPLES. Charles B. Rhoades Jr. R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. Bowman Gray Technical Center P.O. Box 1487 Winston-Salem NC ThP25 TOTAL MICROWAVE SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR Gary Engelhart Milestone MLS 7289 Garden Road Suite 219 Riviera Beach FL 33404 ThP26 APPLICATIONS OF AUTOMATED MICROWAVE DIGESTION SYSTEM FOR ICP ANALYSIS. Sergei Leikin and Angelo Grillo Questron Corporation 4044 Quakerbridge Road Mercerville NJ 08619; Ramon M. Barnes Department of Chemistry LGRC Tower University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003-4510 ThP27 INNOVATIONS IN CLOSED VESSEL MICROWAVE SAMPLE PREPARATION.John Poling and Ben Moshiri Questron Corporation 4044 Quakerbridge Road Mercerville NJ 08619 ThP28 RAPID SAMPLE PREPARATION TECHNIQUES FOR ANALYSIS BY ICP AND ICP/MS. Ben Moshiri and John Poling Questron Corporation 4044 Quakerbridge Road Mercerville NJ 08619 ThP14 DETERMINATION OF THE SELF-ABSORPTION SUCCESSIVE MULTIPHOTONIC EXCITATION-PHOTO- ThP16 THE DETERMINATION OF NON-TRADITIONAL ThP18 METHODS FOR IMPROVING ICP-AES ANALYSIS OF ThP19 PHARMACOKINETIC STUDIES INTO CIS-DIAMMINE PLATINUM (11) DBP A NEWLY SYNTHESIZED TUMOR- MILK BY ICP-MS AND ICP-AES AFTER HIGH PRESSURE ThP21 MICROWAVE ASSISTED VAPOR-PHASE MTRIC ACID 27102-1487 ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY-A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH. W. Glow Discharge Atomic and Mass Spectrometry SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS IN RADIO FREQUENCY GLOW DISCHARGE MASS SPECTROMETRY.Charles R. Shick Jr. and R. Kenneth Marcus Department of Chemistry Howard L. Hunter Chemical Laboratory Clemson University Clemson SC 29634-1905 TbP29a A SPECTRAL STUDY OF CHARGE TRANSFER IN GLOW DISCHARGES. Gary Horlick and Yuhui Zhao Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada ThP29b EXCITATION AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF NEUTRAL ATOMS IN GLOW DISCHARGES WITH COMPARISONS TO INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMAS. Gary Horlick and Yuhui Zhao Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2G2 Canada ThP29c NEUTRAL ATOM CONCENTRATION PROFILES IN A GLOW DISCHARGE OBSERVED BY CONCENTRATION MODULATED ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY.Rod S. Mason Ric M. Allott Pat Miller and W. Jeremy Jones Department of Chemistry University of Wales Swansea Singleton Park Swansea SA2 8PP United Kingdom ThP29d EFFECT OF ADDED GASES ON THE MASS SPECTRA FROM A FAST FLOW GDMS ION SOURCE. Rod S. Mason Pat Miller Department of Chemistry University of Wales Swansea Singleton Park Swansea SA2 8PP United Kingdom and Martin Liezers VG Elemental Winsford Cheshire United Kingdom ThP3O COMPARISON OF THE ATOMIZATION AND SECOND PULSE DISCHARGES. Kristofor Ingeneri Wei Hang and W. W. Harrison Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 3261 1 ThP31 TIME OF FLIGHT GLOW DISCHARGE MASS SPECTROMETRY. Wei Hang B. W. Smith J. D. Winefordner and W. W. Harrison Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 3261 1 ThP29 EFFECT OF DRIVING FREQUENCY (2-30 MHz) ON IONIZATION EFFICIENCIES OF DC RF AND MICRO- ThP32 CONTINUUM BACKGROUND REDUCTION IN TIME- OF-FLIGHT MASS SPECTROMETRY WITH CONTINUOUS ION SOURCES.Patrick P. Mahoney Steven J. Ray Gangqiang Li and Gary Hieftje Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington IN 47405 ThP33 AN ION SOURCE FOR DIRECT ANALYSIS OF SOLUTIONS IN A GLOW DISCHARGE MASS SPECTROMETRY. George G. Sikarulidze and Alexander E. Lezhnev Institute of Microelectronics Technology an High Purity Materials Russian Academy of Sciences 142432 Chernogoloyka Moscow District Russia ThP34 EFFECTS OF LIMITING ORIFICE (ANODE) (GD) ANALYSIS BY LANGMUIR CURRENT AND VOLTAGE PROBES. Yuancai Ye and R. Kenneth Marcus Department of Chemistry Howard L.Hunter Chemical Laboratory Clemson University Clemson SC 29634-1905 ThP35 ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BY PARTICLE BEAM HOLLOW CATHODE GLOW DISCHARGE ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY. Jianzhang You Patrick A. DePalma Jr. and R. Kenneth Marcus Department of Chemistry Clemson University Clemson SC 29634- 1905 ThP36 DETERMINATION OF SIMULATED NUCLEAR WASTE METRY. Xiaohan Pan Tina R. Harville and R. Kenneth Marcus Department of Chemistry Clemson University Clemson SC 29634-1905 ThP37 STUDIES ON SINGLE PARTICLES BY GLOW DISCHARGE MASS SPECTROMETER. Maria Betti Institute for Transuranium Elements Joint Research Centre Commission of the European Communities Postfach 2340,76125 Karlsruhe Germany ThP38 TRACE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF Pd METAL POWDERS BY GLOW DISCHARGE MASS SPECTROMETRY.David M. Wayne CST-8 MS G-740 Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 ThP39 GLOW DISCHARGE ELEMENTAL QUANTIFICATION PRIMARY VS. SECONDARY SPECIES. K. L. Goodner J. R. Eyler Department of Chemistry P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 3261 1-7200; C.M Barshick and D. H. Smith Chemical and Analytical Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 3783 1-6375 ThP40 ISOTOPE RATIO ANALYSIS UTILIZING A GLOW DISCHARGE FOURIER TRANSFORM ION CYCLOTRON K. L. Goodner J. R. Eyler and C. H. Watson Department of Chemistry P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611-7200; C.M Barshick and D. H. Smith Chemical and Analytical Sciences Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831-6375 GEOMETRIES ON AN ANALYTICAL RF-GLOW DISCHARGE BY GLOW DISCHARGE ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTRO- RESONANCE MASS SPECTROMETRY (GD-FTICR-MS).1996 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry 3 January 8-13 1996ThP41 DEPENDENCE OF LINE INTENSITIES OF SELECTED V. Hoffmann F. Praessler and K. Wetzig IFW Dresden e.V. Postfach 270016 D-01171 Dresden Germany COATINGS BY RF AND DC GD-OES. F. Praessler V. Hoffmann K. Bartsch and K. Wetzig IFW Dresden e.V. Postfach 270016 D-01171 Dresden Germany ThP43 ANALYSIS OF C H 0 N BY GD/AES (RADIO FREQUENCY ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROMETRY ). Pierre Marty CEA CEA Valduc BBt 778 IS/SUR/TILLE France ThP44 A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MARINE SEDIMENTS FROM ANTARCTICA BY GD-AES AND ICP-MS. S. Caroli 0. Senofonte and S. Caimi Istituto Superiore di Sanita Viale Regina Elena 299,00161 Rome Italy ThP45 DIRECT ANALYSIS OF SOLID SAMPLES USING DC ARC CID SPECTROSCOPY.Cynthia A. Mahan Los Alamos National Laboratory Inorganic Trace Analysis MSG740 Los Alamos NM87545 ThP46 DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF A LOW PRESSURE INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETER. Gavin OConnor Les Ebdon and E. Hywel Evans University of Plymouth Department of Environmental Sciences Drake Circus Plymouth PL4 8AA UK 4:30 TS1 Teaching Spectroscopy with Computers Vassili Karanassios Chairman ELEMENTS ON THE PLASMA PARAMETERS IN RF GD-OES. ThP42 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF CVD-MULTILAYER Friday January 12 19% 9. Plasma Source Emission/Mass Spectrometry Solid Samples Sergio Caroli Chairman ROO PL5 RADIO FREQUENCY GLOW DISCHARGE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FROM ALUMINUM TO ZEOLITES. R. Kenneth Marcus Department of Chemistry Howard L.Hunter Chemical Laboratory Clemson University Clemson SC 29634-1905 915 IL13 DEVELOPMENTS OF GLOW DISCHARGE OPTICAL EMISSION SPECTROMERY. Arne Bengtson Swedish Institute for Metals Research Drottning Kristinas vag 48 S-114 28 Stockholm Sweden 945 IL14 ELEMENTAL PLASMA SOURCE MASS SPECTROMETRY. W. W. Harrison and Wei Hang Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 3261 1 1015 F1 RELATIVE ION YIELDS IN GLOW DISCHARGE MASS SPECTROMETRY AN EXPLICIT APPROACH. Annemie Bogaerts and Renaat Gijbels Department of Chemistry University of Antwerp (UIA) Universiteitsplein 1 B-2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp Belgium 1035 F2 APPLICATION OF R.F. GDMS FOR TRACE AND DEPTH PROFILE ANALYSIS OF NONCONDUCTING SAMPLES. Ralf Nadolny Anatolij I. Saprykin* J. Sabine Becker Hans-Joachim Dietze JosC A.C. Broekaert** Zentralabteilung fur Chemische Analysen Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH D-52428 Julich Germany *On leave from the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry 630090 Novosibirsk Russia **Fachbereich Chemie Universitat Dortmund P.O. Box 500500 D-442277 Germany 1055 F3 ANALYSIS OF LAYERED MATERIALS UTILIZING A EMISSION SOURCE. Mark Parker and R. Kenneth Marcus Department of Chemistry Howard L. Hunter Chemical Laboratory Clemson University Clemson SC 29634-1905 11:15 F4 CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE USE OF A D.C. GLOW DISCHARGE MASS SPECTROMETER FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF NUCLEAR SAMPLES. Maria Betti Institute for Transuranium Elements Joint Research Centre Commission of the European Communities Postfach 2340 76125 Karlsruhe Germany 11:35 F5 A NOVEL SAMPLE PREPARATION APPROACH FOR GLOW DISCHARGE MASS SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE MATTER.Wim Schelles Kris Maes and RenC Van Grieken University of Antwerp (UIA) Department of Chemistry Universiteitsplein 1 B-2610 Antwerpen Belgium RADIO-FREQUENCY GLOW DISCHARGE ATOMIC 10. Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry Fundamentals Instrumentation Gary Horlick Chairman 1.M IL15 ICP-MS STATUS AND FUTURE. R. S. Houk Ames Laboratory- US Department of Energy Department of Chemistry Iowa State University Ames IA 5001 1 STATUS AND FUTURE VISION. David W. Koppenaal 1~30 IL16 PLASMA SOURCES AND ION TRAPS - PRESENT C. J. Barinaga and G. C. Eiden Pacific Northwest Laboratory PO Box 999 Richland WA 99352 200 F6 ION TRAJECTORY MODELING (INCLUDING SPACE CHARGE) OF THE ION DEPOSITION EXPERIMENT.Scott D. Tanner SCIEX" 71 Four Valley Drive Concord Ontario L4K 4V8 Canada and R. Sam Houk Iowa State University Ames Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ames IA 5001 1 220 F7 ULTRA-HIGH RESOLUTION ICP-MS. I<. E. Milgram C. H. Watson and J. R. Eyler Department of Chemistry P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611-7200 240 FS QUADRUPOLE ION TRAPS WHAT DO THEY HOLD FOR GLOW DISCHARGE MASS SPECTROMETRY? Douglas C. Duckworth Christopher M. Barshick and Scott A. McLuckey Oak Ridge National Laboratory Chemical and Analytical Sciences Division P.O. Box 2008 Oak Ridge TN 37831-6375 300 F9 ELEMENTAL ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES USING AN INDUCTIVELY (ICP-ITMS). C. I. Frum and K. Stezenbach University of Nevada Harry Reid Center for Environmental Studies Las Vegas NV 89154; R.Fields and B. Denton Department of Chemistry University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 COUPLED PLASMA-ION TRAP MASS SPECTROMETER Friday Poster Session Plasma Mass Spectrometry - Applications Fundamentals Instrumentation FP1 A COMPARISON OF ELECTROSPRAY AND ICP SOURCES FOR ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS WITH MASS SPECTROMETRIC DETECTION. Francine A. Byrdy Lisa K. Olson and Joseph A. Caruso Department of Chemistry P.O. Box 210172 University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221-0172 FP2 INVESTIGATION OF REDUCED PRESSURE INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY. Xiaomei Yan Tomakazu Tanaka and Hiroshi Kawaguchi Department of Materials Science and Engineering Nagoya University Nagoya 464-01 Japan FP3 FIGURES OF MERIT OF AN INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETER. Ohio Pereira De Oliveira Jr.Coordenadoria para Projetos Especiais Cidade Universitaria Armando Salles de Oliveira Avenida Lineu Prestes 2242 CEP 05508-900 Siio Paulo Brazil ; Jorge Eduardo De Souza Sarkis Instituto de Pesquisas EnergCticas e Nucleares Supervisiio de Caracterizaqao Quimica Cidade Universitiria Armando Salles de Oliveira Travessa R-N0400 CEP 05508-900 Siio Paulo Brazil OBSERVATIONS. Jonathan Batey Martin Liezers and Christopher Tye Fisons Instruments VG Elemental Ion Path Road Three Winsford Cheshire CW7 3BX England FP5 A COMPARISON OF TECHNIQUES FOR THE REDUCTION OF ArO INTERFERENCE IN ICP-MS. Stuart J. Georgitis Varian Instruments 7002 S. Revere Parkway Suite 81 Englewood CO 80112; Steven Anderson Varian Australia Pty Ltd.679 Springvale Road Mulgrave Victoria Australia 3 170; Michael Plantz Varian Instruments 201 Hansen Court Suite 108 Wood Dale IL 60191 FP6 A COMPARISON OF SENSITIVITY REDUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR ICP-MS ANALYSES. Michael R. Plantz Varian Instruments 201 Hansen Court Suite 108 Wood Dale IL 60191; Stuart Georgitis Varian Instruments 7002 S. Revere Parkway Suite 81 Englewood CO 80112 FP7 RAPID SCREENING FOR TRACE METALS IN BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES USING DIRECT INJECTION NEBULIZATION HIGH RESOLUTION ICP-MS. Dan R. Wiederin CETAC Technologies 5600 S. 42nd St. Omaha NE 68107 FPS SAMPLE INTRODUCTION BY DIRECT INJECTION NEBULIZATION IN HIGH RESOLUTION ICP-MS. Gregory Settembre and Steven A. Koch IBM Corp. D/350D Zip 40E Route 52 Hopewell Jct. NY 12533 FP9 OVERCOMING SPECTRAL INTERFERENCES IN THE DETERMINATION OF NG/LLEVELS OF PRECIOUS METALS CLEAN-UP.Jutta Begerowl Ulrich Greb' and Lothar Dunemann' 'Medizinisches Institut fiir Umwelthhygiene Department of Analytical Chemistry Auf 'm Hennekamp 50 D-40225 Dusseldorf Germany 'Finnigan MAT GmbH Barkhausenstr. 2 D-28 197 Bremen Germany FP4 CHARACTERIZATION OF NOISE IN ICP-MS SOME IN HUMAN BODY FLUIDS WITH HR-ICP-MS AND SAMPLE FPlO DETERMINATION OF SPECTRALLY AND NON- SPECTRALLY INTERFERED ULTRA-TRACE ELEMENTS IN BIOLOGICAL REFERENCE MATERIALS BY HIGH RESOLUTION ICP-MS. Hans Vanhoe Jorgen Riondato Luc Moens and Richard Dams Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry University of 1996 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry 3 January 8-1 3 1996Ghent Institute for Nuclear Sciences Proeftuinstraat 86 B-9000 Ghent Belgium FPll DETERMINATION OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN Panday J.S. Becker and H.-J. Dietze Zentralabteilung fur Chemische Analysen Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH D-52428 Julich Germany ELEMENTS IN THE DIRECT DETERMINATION OF THE REES IN GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES USING THE ELAN 6000 ICP-MS. I. B. Brenner' I. Segal' S. Ehrlich' 0. Yofe' and 2. Goldbart3 'Geochemistry Division Geological Survey 30 Malkhe Israel Street Jerusalem Israel 95501 'Israel Antiquities Authority PO Box 586 Jerusalem 91004 Israel 3NRCN PO Box 9001 Beersheva Israel FP13 A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN COW SHEEP AND GOAT MILK. S. Caroli A. Bocca and E. Coni Istituto Superiore di Sanita Viale Regina Elena 299,00161 Rome Italy FP14 THE ROLE OF CHIROCEPHALUSD~APHANUSFOR THE EARLY RECOGNITION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY TRACE ELEMENTS.P. Pucci" S. Caimib G. Mura" and S. Carolib "Department of Animal and Human Biology University of Rome 'La Sapienza' Viale dell'universita 32 00185 Rome Italy bIstituto Superiore di Sanita Viale Regina Elena 299 00161 Rome Italy SERUM. Neil I. Ward Fadi R. Abou-Shakra and Margaret P. Rayman ICP-MS Facility Department of Chemistry University of Surrey Guildford Surrey GU2 5XH UK FP16 SAMPLE COLLECTION PROCEDURES FOR BLOOD SERUM ANALYSIS BY ICP-MS. Neil I. Ward and Fadi R. Abou- Shakra ICP-MS Facility Department of Chemistry University of Surrey Guildford Surrey GU2 5XH UK FP16a COLLECTION OF CAPILLARY WHOLE BLOOD ON FILTER PAPER AND SUBSEQUENT HEAVY METAL ANALYSIS BY ICP-MS.David Nixon and Thomas P. Moyer Metals Laboratory Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology Mayo Clinic Rochester MN 55905 FP16b DETERMINATION OF MERCURY IN URINE AND BIOLOGICAL REFERENCE MATERIALS BY ICP-MS. V. K. FP12 INFLUENCE OF ALKALI AND ALKALI-EARTH FP15 SOURCES OF ERROR IN ICP-MS ANALYSIS OF BLOOD WHOLE BLOOD BY ICP-MS USING CONVENTIONAL CROSS- FLOW NEBULIZATION AND STANDARD UNTHERMO- STATED SPRAY CHAMBER. David Nixon and Thomas P. Moyer Metals Laboratory Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology Mayo Clinic Rochester MN 55905 FP17 FINGERPRINTING OF WINES AFTER DIRECT MINATION OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS. Sylvie Augneran Bernard Medina Laboratoire Regional de la Repression des Fraudes 33 405 Talence France; Joanna Szpunar and Ryszard Lobinski CNRS URA 348 Universite of Bordeaux I 33 405 Talence France FP18 PRECONCENTRATION AND INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF LANTHANIDES IN NATURAL AND SEA WATERS.D. S. R. Murthy G. Chakrapani Atomic Minerals Division Department of Atomic Energy Nagarbhavi Bangalore- 560 072 India; T. R. Mahalingam Radiochemistry Laboratory IGCAR Kalpakkam-603 102 India FP18a MICROCOLUMN FIELD SAMPLING AND ICP MASS SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SEAWATER. PART 1. ANALYTICAL PERFORMANCE. G. Woods and Cameron W. McLeod Centre for Analytical Sciences Department of Earth Scienes University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7HP UK; B. Jones and R. Owens MAFF Fisheries Laboratories Rememberance Ave. Burnham-on- Crouch Essex CMO 8HA UK FP18b MICROCOLUMN FIELD SAMPLING AND ICP MASS SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SEAWATER.PART 2. SURVEY OF UK WATERS. G. Woods and Cameron W. McLeod Centre for Analytical Sciences Department of Earth Scienes University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7HP U K B. Jones and R. Owens MAFF Fisheries Laboratories Rememberance Ave. Burnham-on-Crouch Essex CMO 8HA UK FP19 DETERMINATION OF SILICON/ ALUMINIUM RATIO IN DRINKING WATER SUPPLIES BY LOW RESOLUTION ICP-MS. Denis BkruM and Denis Bralk Environmental Health Centre Health Canada Ottawa ON K1A OL2 Canada FP19a TRACE ELEMENTS DETERMINATION IN ANTARCTIC SNOW BY MEANS OF HR-ICP-MS. Carlo Barbante' Gabriele Capodaglio' Pier Renato Trincherini' Giuseppe Scarponil and Paolo Cescon' * Department of Environmental Sciences University of Venice 1-30123 Venice Italy; ' Environmental Institut Joint Research Centre 1-21020 Ispra (VA) Italy MICROCONCENTRIC NEBULIZATION ICP MS DETER- FP20 ROUTINELY SOLVING THE NON-ROUTINE PROBLEM.Christopher Tye David Gilmour and David Gregson Fisons Instruments VG Elemental Ion Path Road Three Winsford Cheshire CW7 3BX England FP21 OPTIMIZATION OF DATA ACQUISITION PARAMETERS FOR HIGH RESOLUTION ICP-MS. Nicola M. Reed Robert C. Hutton and Darren Mennie Fisons Instruments VG Elemental Ion Path Road Three Winsford Cheshire CW7 3BX England FP22 ENVIRONMENTAL CORRELATES OF TOOTH LEAD IN SOUTH KOREA. Chitra Amarasiriwardena Kim Rokho Nicola Lupoli and Howard Hu Channing Laboratory Harvard Medical School 180 Longwood Ave. Boston MA 02115; Kang Sinik Cho Youngsoo Park Kwangsik and Hyun Jaeman Nae-Woe Dental Clinic Kunpo City Kyung-Gi Do South Korea FP23 ASSESSMENT OF INTERNAL STANDARDS FOR ARSENIC IN ICP-MS. Thomas A.Hinners Spiros A. Pergantis and Edward M. Heithmar U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Exposure Research Laboratory Characterization Research Division PO Box 93478 Las Vegas NV 89193-3478 FP24 LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY CENTER FOR DIRECT CHEMICAL ANALYSIS. Aaron Koskelo Debbie Figg Cynthia Mahan Dave Wayne and Debbie Thorton Los Alamos National Laboratory Chemical Science and Technology Division Center for Direct Chemical Analysis MS G740 Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 FP25 ULTRA TRACE ANALYSIS OF SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS BY ICP-MS. Elzbieta (Ela) Bakowska Hewlett-Packard Company 2850 Centerville Rd. Wilmington DE 19808 FP25a DETERMINATION OF ELEMENT CONTENTS IN SINGLE AIRBORNE PARTICLES.C. Ludke Erwin Hoffmann and J. Skole Institut fur Spektrochemie und angewandte Spektroskopie (ISAS) Laboratorium fur spektroskopische Methoden der Umweltanalytik (LSMU) Rudower Chaussee 5 D-12484 Berlin Germany FP26 ANALYSIS OF A1203 CERAMIC POWDERS BY LOW AND HIGH RESOLUTION ICP-MS. Jo& Broekaert University of Dortmund Department of Chemistry D-44221 Dortmund Germany; Dagmar Pollmann Wolfgang Tittes Norbert Jakubowski Institut fur Spektrochemie und Angewandte Spektroskopie D-44221 Dortmund Germany FP27 DETAILED STUDY OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS OF LAVAS FROM HAWAIIAN VOLCANOES USING ICP-MS. Lina C. Patino and Mark D. Feigenson Geological Sciences Department Rutgers the State University of New Jersey New Brunswick NJ 08903 HYDROGEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION FOR BASE METAL AND GOLD DEPOSITS.Gwendy E. M. Hall Geological Survey of Canada 601 Booth St. Ottawa ON K1A OE8 Canada SELECTIVE LEACHES IN EXPLORATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY. Gwendy E. M. Hall Judy Vaive and J. C. Pelchat Geological Survey of Canada 601 Booth St. Ottawa ON K1A OE8 Canada FP28 CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF ICP-MS IN FP29 THE ROLE OF ICP-MS IN THE APPLICATION OF FP30 EFFECT OF THE MODIFICATION OF AN ION-LENS SYSTEM ON NON-SPECTROSCOPIC MATRIX INTER- FERENCES. Sandra L. Bonchin-Cleland Timothy J. Cleland Lisa K. Olson and Joseph A. Caruso Department of Chemistry PO Box 210172 University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221-0172 SYSTEM DETERMINATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN URANIUM.E. Debrah and E. R. Denoyer The Perkin-Elmer Corporation 50 Danbury Road Wilton CT 06897-0215 FP32 ION LENS-DEPENDENT ANOMALIES IN THE DETERMINATION OF BORON CONCENTRATIONS IN SAN JOACHIN SOIL REFERENCE MATERIAL. Richard J. Hughes and R. Douglas Evans Department of Environmental and Resource Studies Trent University Peterborough Ontario Canada K9J 7B8 FP33 A DETAILED STUDY OF THE QUADRUPOLE MASS ANALYZER OPERATING WITHIN THE FIRST SECOND AND THIRD (INTERMEDIATE) STABILITY REGIONS. Vladimir V. Titov Russian Federation Technical Physics and Automation Research Institute Warshavskoe Shosse 46 115230 Moscow Russia FP34 DETERMINATION OF ISOTOPE RATIOS FOR INDIVIDUAL MERCURY SPECIES. Brian Buckley Mark Heintz Wei Fang and Willie Johnson EOHSI-Busch Campus Rutgers University Piscataway NJ 08855-1 179 FP35 MERCURY DETERMINATION AT TRACE AND ULTRATRACE LEVEL USING COLD VAPOR GENERATION FP31 PRACTICAL BENEFITS OF A NOVEL ICP-MS LENS COUPLED TO HIGH RESOLUTION ICP-MS.K. Hoppstock J. S. 1996 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry 3 January 8-1 3 1996Becker and H.-J. Dietze Zentralabteilung fur Chemische Analysen Forschungszentrum Jiilich GmbH D- 52428 Julich Germany FP36 PRECISE DETERMINATION OF METAL IMPURITIES IN SULFAMIC ACID BY ISOTOPE DILUTION METHOD COUPLED WITH ETV-ICP-MS. Naoko Nonose and Masaaki Kubota National Institute of Materials and Chemical Research 1-1 Higashi Tsukuba Ibaraki 305 Japan FP37 DETERMINATION OF TRACE TOXIC ELEMENTS IN RICE FLOUR BY ISOTOPE DILUTION INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY.Chang Joon Park Kyang Hang Cho and Jung Ki Suh Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science PO Box 102 Yusong Taejon 305-600 Korea FP37a A THEORETICAL ADAPTATION OF THE CLASSICAL ISOTOPE DILUTION TECHNIQUE FOR PRACTICAL ROUTINE ANALYTICAL DETERMINATIONS BY MEANS OF ICP-MS. H. Klinkenberg B. J. Kip and W. Van Borm DSM Research Dept. PAC-AN P.O. Box 18 NL-6160 MD Geleen The Netherlands RADIOACTIVE HALIDES USING HIGH RESOLUTION ICP-MS. W. KerI',2 K. Hoppstock' J. S. Becker' H.-J. Dietze' and W. Dannecker2 'Zentralabteilung fur Chemische Analysen Forschungszentrum Jiilich GmbH D-52428 Julich Germany 'Universitat Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES BY ICP-MS. Yasuyuki Muramatsu and Satoshi Yoshida National Institute of Radiological Sciences Isozaki 3609 Hitachinaka-shi Ibaraki 31 1-12 Japan FP40 CHRONOLOGY OF Pb ISOTOPE RATIOS IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS FROM A GUN-SHOT VICTIM.Sungling Yu Debbie Persuad and Gene S. Hall Department of Chemistry Rutgers the State University of New Jersey New Brunswick NJ 08903; Steven Marcus and Thelma Jennis New Jersey Poison Information and Education System 201 Lyons Ave. Newark NJ 071 12 FP41 ISOTOPIC STUDIES OF LEAD IN THE ENVIRONMENT NEAR PALMERTON PENNSYLVANIA. Michael E. Ketterer Mark P. Novotnak and Kenneth M. Humphries Department of Chemistry John Carroll University University Heights OH 44118; Joe H. Lowry and John Simon Jr. US EPS-NEIC PO Box 25227 Denver CO 80225 FP4la DETERMINATION OF IODINE IN FOOD AFTER WED ASHING BY ICP-MS. Erik H.Larsen and Stefan Sturup National Food Agency of Denmark Institute of Food Chemistry and Nutrition 19 M~zrrkh~zrj Bygade DK-2860 Sarborg Denmark FP42 MULTIELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF ICE CUBES FROM FAST-FOOD RESTAURANTS USING ICP-MS. Gene S. Hall and Cesia Orquita Department of Chemistry Rutgers the State University of New Jersey New Brunswick NJ 08903 FP43 DETERMINATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN RADIOACTIVE AND TOXIC MATERIALS BY ICP-MS. Fabien Pilon Jean-Claude Birolleau and Sylviane Lafontan CEA-Centre DEtudes De Bruyeres Le Chatel BP 12 91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel France FP44 FISSION PRODUCTS AND ACTINIDES ANALYSIS BY ICP-MS AND TIMS. FrCdCric Chartier Jean-Claude Dubois and Mireille Pilier CEA Centre d'Etudes de SACLAY DCC/DPE/ SPEA/SAIS 91191 GYF SUR YVETTE Cedex France RADIUM THORIUM AND URANIUM IN A WASTE WATER BY WITH THE IRON (In) HYDROXIDE.Kazuyoshi Sushida and Kohichi Nakamura Inorganic Analysis Laboratory Toray Research Center Inc. 1-1 Sonoyama 1-Chome Otsu Shiga 520 Japan FP46 HIGH RESOLUTION ICP MASS SPECTROMETRY TRACES OF PLATINUM IN THE ENVIRONMENT. Frank Vanhaecke Dominque Verstraete Luc Moens and Richard Dams Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry University of Ghent Institute for Nuclear Sciences Proeftuinstraat 86 B-9000 Ghent Belgium APPLICATION TO VARIOUS SAMPLE MATRICES. Meike Hamester Ulrich Greb and Lothar Rottman Finnigan MAT GmbH Barkhausenstr. 2 D-28 197 Bremen Germany 530 PD4 SOLIDS ANALYSIS ALIVE OR DEAD? Isaac Brenner Chairman FP38 DETERMINATION OF STABLE AND LONG-LIVED FP39 DETERMINATION OF 1-127 AND 1-129 IN FP45 DETERMINATION OF ULTRA-TRACE AMOUNTS OF HIGH RESOLUTION ICP-MS AFTER COPRECIPITATION (HR-ICP-MS) FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ULTRA- FP47 ELEMENTAL TRACE ANALYSIS BY HR ICP-MS- Saturday January 13,19% 11.Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry Applications Conrad Grigoire Chairman 8:OO PL6 FUTURE PROSPECTS IN PLASMA SPECTRO- CHEMISTRY. Michael W. Blades University of British Columbia Department of Chemistry Vancouver BC V6T 121 Canada TIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY. James McLaren National Research Council of Canada M12 B12 Ottawa ON K 1 K OR6 Canada 9:45 IL18 ANALYSIS OF CERAMIC MATERIALS BY PLASMA OPTICAL AND PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY. Jose Broekaert University of Dortmund Department of Chemistry D-44221 Dortmund Germany CONTRACT ANALYTICAL LABORATORY. Ruth Hearn Ros Cox and Janice Haines Analytical Services Group B55 1 Harwell Didcot Oxon OX11 ORA UK; Nicola Reed Fisons Elemental Ion Path Road 3 Winsford CW7 3BX UK 1035 S2 ANALYSIS OF V Cr Mn AND As IN GOLD BY ICP-MS.Valentina V. Kogan and Michael W. Hinds Royal Canadian Mint 320 Sussex Dr. Ottawa Ontario K1A OG8 Canada 1055 S3 ANALYTICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND INSTRUMENT. Richard Dams Luc Moens Frank Vanhaecke and Jorgen Riondato Laboratory or Analytical Chemistry University of Ghent Institute for Nuclear Sciences Proeftuinstraat 86 B-9000 Ghent Belgium DETERMINATION OF 79Se AFTER HYDRIDE GENERATION. K. Hoppstock J. S. Becker and H.-J. Dietze Zentralabteilung fur Chemische Analysen Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH D-52428 Julich Germany RESOLUTION ICP-MS. Meike Hamester Lothar Rottman Ulrich Greb and Mechthild Haveresch-Kock Finnigan MAT GmbH Barkhausenstr.2 D-28197 Bremen Germany 915 IL17 ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS OF INDUC- 1015 S1 APPLICATIONS OF HIGH RESOLUTION ICP-MS IN A APPLICATION OF A HIGH RESOLUTION ICP-MS 11~15 S4 HIGH RESOLUTION ICP-MS USED FOR THE 1k35 S5 ANALYSIS OF ULTRAPURE CHEMICALS WITH HIGH- 12. Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry Stable Isotope Analysis MATERIALS. Claude Veillon Kristine Y. Patterson Human Nutrition Research Center U.S. Department of Agriculture Building 307 Room 226A Beltsville MD 20705 and Phylis B. Moser-Veillon Department of Nutrition and Food Science University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 NUTRITION. Peter Bratter Department of Trace Elements in Health and Nutrition Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin Glienicker Str. 100 D- 14109 Berlin Germany 200 S6 MEASUREMENT OF LITHIUM ISOTOPE RATIOS IN GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS BY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY.D. Conrad GrCgoire Geological Survey of Canada 601 Booth St. Ottawa ON K1A OE8 Canada; Barbara M. Acheson and Richard P. Taylor Department of Earth Sciences Carleton University Col By Dr. Ottawa ON K1S 5B6 Canada 220 S7 ICP ISOTOPE RATIO MEASUREMENTS USING A HIGH RESOLUTION INSTRUMENT AN EVALUATION. F. Vanhaecke L. Moens and R. Dams Laboratory Analytical Chemistry University Gent Proeftuinstraat 86,9000 Gent Belgium; A. Held and Philip D. P. Taylor Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements European Commission-JRC B-2440 Geel Belgium 240 SS IRON ISOTOPE RATIO MEASUREMENTS IN BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES BY ICP/MS.Richard N. Kniseley Jr. and Robert E. Serfass Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition 1127 Human Nutritional Sciences Building Iowa State University Ames IA 5001 1 320 S9 ELECTRON SELF-EXCHANGE STUDIES OF Fe( III/II) AND Ni (III/II) REDOX COUPLES USING STABLE ISOTOPES AND ICPMS. Gary E. Kozerski Michael A. Fiorentino and Michael E. Ketterer Department of Chemistry John Carroll University University Heights OH 44118 PAINTS USING STABLE LEAD ISOTOPES AND MULTIELEMENTAL ANALYSES. Gene S. Hall Department of Chemistry Rutgers the State University of New Jersey New Brunswick NJ 08903; Michael Rabinowitz Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Woods Hole MA 400 S11 LEAD ISOTOPIC RATIOS MEASUREMENTS BY SEDIMENT-CORES OF THE RIVER ELBE? Petra Krause and Andreas Prange GKSS Research Centre Geesthacht Institute of Physical and Chemical Analytics Max-Planck-Strape D-21502 Geesthacht Germany 1:OO IL19 STABLE ISOTOPE ICP-MS IN BIOLOGICAL 1~30 IL20 STABLE ISOTOPE ICP-MS IN HEALTH AND 340 S10 USE OF ICP-MS TO CHARACTERIZE LEAD-BASED ICP-MS A WAY TO FOLLOW THE POLLUTION HISTORY OF 1996 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry 3 January 8-1 3 1996420 S12 URANIUM ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS BY USE OF Nucleares Supervis5o de Caracterizacao Quimica Cidade INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY Universitaria Armando Salles de Oliveira Travessa R-N0400 CEP TECHNIQUE.Olivio Pereira De Oliveira Jr. Coordenadoria para 05508-900 S2o Paulo Brazil Projetos Especiais Cidade Universitaria Armando Salles de Oliveira 440 PD5 GEOCHEMISTRY WITH PLASMA SOURCE MASS Avenida Lineu Prestes 2242 CEP 05508-900 S2o Paulo Brazil; Jorge SPECTROMETRY.Gwendy Hall Chair Eduardo De Souza Sarkis Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e 545 Conference Closing Royal Society of Chemistry Analytical Division Atomic Spectroscopy Group Eighth Biennial National Atomic Spectroscopy Symposium 8th BNASS University of East Anglia UK 17-20 July 1996 Plenary Lectunrs Invited Lecturers Call for Papers social Programme woricshop Further Details Dr S J Hill. Professor N Furuta. Professor F Adam Professor J M Mermct and Professor G Hiefije Dr 0 Donard. Dr S J Parry. Dr S Fairweather-Tait Dr A Ellis Dr A G Howard Dr J Brenner. Dr J Marshall Dr N J Miller-lhli Dr S Tanner and Professor D Littlcjohn Contributed oral and poster presentations on recent developments in both pure and applied atomic spectmscopy - analytical applications.theoretical studies or fundamental advances in AAS A S AFS. inorganic MS and XRF. Thret copies of abstracts must be submitted before 28 February 1996. BNASS has an enviable reputation of being a friendly and dynamic meting. A number of social events including a Symposium Dinner will form an integral part of thc meting. Immediately prior to the 8th BNASS them will be a Short Course on Sample Prc-treatment and Sample Introduction for Atomic Spectroscopy 17 July a.m. 1996. Ms Brenda Holliday Royal Society of Chemistry Thomas Graham House Science Park Milton Road Cambridge CB4 4WF. UK. Tel +44 (0)1223 420066; Fax +44 (0)1223 420247; E-mail JAAS@RSC.ORG 1996 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry 3 January 8-13 1996Applied spectroscopy is the leading scientific journal in its field and the official publication of the Society for Applied Spectroscopy.Content includes peer-reviewed original contributions covering the theoiy and practice of all areas of spectroscopy in clud ing absorption emission fluorescence and scattering. In addition to optical spectroscopy x-ray NMR EPR microwave electron and mass spectrometry research are covered. Applied Spectroscopy is a tool for those who wish to remain informed of today's technology and research and a must for those providing quality resou rce mate ri a Is. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY A MUST FOR ACADEMIC INDUSTRIAL AND GUVERNMENT INFORMNION. GET YOUR SUBSCRIPTION TODN! Number of Issues per Year 12 Frequency Monthly Months of Publication Jan.-Dec. ISSN 0003-7028 Applied Spectroscopy 201 B Broadway Street Frederick MD. 21 701-6501 Phone (301) 694-81 22 Fax (301) 694-6860 E-ma i I Ti naKsas@aol . com 1996 RATES Subscriptions are entered for the calendar year. D Subscript ion Surface $275.00 $31 5.00 $4.00 $250.00 Per Issue $ 25.00 $ 30.00 U.S.A. Canada & Mexico Aclent Discount Microfilm Other Countries Aaent Discount M ircrofil m Air Freight $355.00 $4.00 $300.00 Air Mail $390.00 $4.00 Per Issue $ 35.00 Advanced payment in U.S. Dollars drawn on a U.S. Bank is required. If your Business or University does not have a subscription to Applied Spectroscopy please encourage them to subscribe. The wealth of knowledge and the resources it provides can be shared with all coworkers and colleagues. Let us provide you with the tool to greater scientific awareness so you may achieve professional growth. Call fax or E-mail us at the numbers above or fill out the form below. 3 Yes we want a library subscription to Applied Spectroscopy! CHECK ENCLOSED NAME ADDRESS Pu b:Add2. Lib PHONE FAX:

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA995100X047

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

DIARY OF CONFERENCES AND COURSES 1995 First Mediterranean Basin Conference on Analytical Chemistry November 5-1 0 Cordoba Spain For further details contact Prof. Alfred0 Sanz-Medel Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry. University of Oviedo C/ Julian Claveria no 8. 3006 Oviedo (Spain). Telephone 34/85/ 103474-103485; Fax 34/85/103480. Short Course Environmental Auditing in Manufacturing and Process Industries November 7 Shefield UK Details can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 34N. For further information contact Ms Baldham or Ms Rogers Division of Adult Continuing Education University of Sheffield 196-198 West Street Sheffield S1 4CT UK. Telephone 01 14 2825391; Fax 01 14 2768653. Short Course Safe Storage of Hazardous Substances November 23 Shefield UK Details can be found in J.Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 34N. For further information contact Ms Baldham or Ms Rogers Division of Adult Continuing Education University of Sheffield 196-198 West Street Sheffield S1 4CT UK. Telephone 01 14 2825391; Fax 01 14 2768653. Short Course/Module Quality Management November 27-December 1 Loug h b or oug h UK Details can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 53N. For further details contact Dr Barry Sharp Department of Chemistry. Loughborough University of Technology Loughborough Leicestershire LE 11 3TU UK. Telephone 01509 222 572; Fax 01509 233 163; e-mail B.L.Sharp@LUT.ac.uk Short Course Disposal of Hazardous Waste December 5 Shefield UK Details can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 34N.For further information contact Ms Baldham or Ms Rogers Division of Adult Continuing Education University of Sheffield 196-198 West Street Sheffield S1 4CT UK. Telephone 0114 2825391; Fax 0114 2768653. International Symposium on Environmental Biomonitoring and Specimen Banking December 17-22 Honolulu Hawaii USA Details can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 59N. For further information contact K. S. Subramanian Environmental Health Directorate Health Canada Tunney's Pasture Ottawa Ontario K1A OL2 Canada (phone 613-957-1874; fax 613-941-4545) or G. V. Iyengar Center for Analytical Chemistry Room 235 B 125 National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA (Telephone 301-975-6284; Fax 301-921-9847) or M. Morita Division of Chemistry and Physics National Institute for Environmental Studies Japan Environmental Agency Yatabe-Machi Tsukuba Ibaraki 305 Japan (Telephone 81-298-51-61 11 ext.260; Fax 8 1-298-56-4678). 1996 1996 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry January 8-13 Fort Lauderdale Florida USA Details can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994,9,53N. For further information contact Dr. R. Barnes ICP Information Newsletter Department of Chemistry Lederle GRC Towers University of Massachusetts Box 34510 Amherst MA 01003-4510 USA. Telephone (413) 545 2294; Telefax (413) 545 4490. International Schools and Conferences on X-Ray Analytical Methods January 18-25 Sydney Australia Details can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994,9,47N. For further information contact AXAA '96 Secretariat GPO Box 128 Sydney NSW 2001 Australia.Telephone 61 2 262 2277; Fax 61 2 262 2323; Telex AA 1765 11 TRHOST. 8th Sanibel Conference on Mass Spectrometry Metal-Containing Ions and Their Applications in Mass Spectrometry January 20-23 Sanibel Island FL USA For further details contact American Society for Mass Spectrometry 1201 Don Diego Avenue Santa Fe NM 87505 USA. Telephone (505) 989-4517; Fax (505) 989-1073. Analytica Conference 96 April 23-26 Munich Germany Details can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994,2,69N. For further information contact Messe Munchen GmbH Messegelande D-80325 Munchen Germany. Telephone + 49 89 5 1 07-0; Telex 5 2 12 086 ameg d; Fax +49 89 51 07-177. ASMS Short Course Interpretation of Mass Spectra LC/MS and MS/MS May 11-12 Portland OR USA For further details contact American Society of Mass Spectrometry 1201 Don Diego Avenue Santa Fe NM 87505 USA.Telephone (505) 989-4517; Fax (505) 989-1073. 44th ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics May 12-17 Portland OR USA For further details contact American Society of Mass Spectrometry 1201 Don Diego Avenue Santa Fe NM 87505 USA. Telephone (505) 989-45 17; Fax (505) 989-1073. Ninth International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals May 19-24 Ban Alberta Canada The aims of the symposium are (1) to provide a forum at which recent progress in studies on the metabolism and functional roles of trace elements could be discussed and (2) to provide an opportunity for an exchange of ideas between workers investigating these fundamental aspects of the biological function of trace elements and those whose task it is to apply their findings in the field of nutrition human or veterinary medicine agriculture biology ecology and protection of the environment.Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October 1995 Vol. 10 57 NThe TEMA-9 symposium programme will comprise plenary and parallel sessions for oral presentations with specific times reserved for poster sessions. Workshops are also planned on (1) Assessment of trace element status; (2) Defining trace element requirements of pre-term infants; (3) Kinetic modelling; (4) Trace element intervention studies and (5) Ethics of trace element research in nutrition. A Satellite Workshop on methods relating to human race element nutrition is planned at the USDA Human Nutrition Research Centre in Grand Forks North Dakota.Contributed papers will be welcome. Instructions for registration and submission of abstracts will be detailed in the Second Circular available in September 1995. The deadline for receipt of abstracts and pre-registration is January 15 1996. Proceedings containing all the accepted papers will be published after the meeting and made available to participants as part of the registration fee. Manuscript preparation details will be sent in the Second Circular in September 1995. The final date for submission of the full manuscript will be the week of TEMA-9. For further details contact TEMA-9 The Banff Centre for Conferences P.O. Box 1020 Station 11 Banff Alberta Canada TOL OCO. Telephone (403) 762 6308; Fax (403) 762 6388 or Dr.Mary L'Abbe. Telephone (613) 957 0924; The TEMA-9 Symposium Fax (613) 941 6182; EMAIL Mlabbe@HPB.HWC.CA. Eighth Biennial National Atomic Spectroscopy Symposium July 17-19 University of East Anglia Norwich UK For further information contact Dr. S. J. Haswell School of Chemistry University of Hull Hull HU6 7RX UK. Telephone + 44 (0)482-465469; Fax + 44 (0)482-466410. 12th Asilomar Conference on Mass Spectrometry Elemental Mass Spectrometry September 20-24 Pacific Grove CA USA For further details contact American Society of Mass Spectrometry 1201 Don Diego Avenue Santa Fe NM 87505 USA. Telephone (505) 989-4517; Fax (505) 989-1073. 1997 Seventh International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials April 21-25 Antwerp Belgium Details can be found in J.Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995,10,54N. For further details contact Dr J. Pauwels Institute for Reference Materials & Measurements Management of Reference Materials Unit Retieseweg B-2440 Geel Belgium. Telephone + 32- 14-57 1 722; Fax + 32- 14-590 406; or Wayne R. Wolf Ph.D Food Composition Laboratory USDA 10300 Baltimore Blvd. Beltsville MD 20705 USA. Telephone + 1-301-504 8927; Fax + 1-301-504 8314 XXX Colloquium Spectroscopicum Internationale September 21st-26th Melbourne Australia This traditional biennial conference provides a forum for the international community of analytical spectroscopists to meet and exchange ideas. The scientific programme will consist of plenary lectures and four parallel streams of contributed lectures each session beginning with an invited lecture from a prominent scientist in the relevant field. Separate times will be made available for poster sessions. All papers presented at the XXX CSI 1997 (either as lectures or posters) may be written up as full papers and submitted for publication in special issues of JAAS and The Analyst subject to the normal review procedures of these journals. For further details contact The Meeting Planners 108 Church Street Hawthorn Victoria 3122 Australia. Telephone (61) 3 9819 3700; Fax (61) 3 9819 5978. Updated information may be obtained from the XXX CSI homepage on the World Wide Web at http://www.latrobe.edu.au/CSIconf/ XXXCSLhtml. 58N Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October 1995 Vol. 10

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA995100057N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

FUTURE ISSUES WILL INCLUDE- Inorganic Selenium Speciation using Flow Injection Hydride Generation Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry- D. W. Bryce A. Izquierdo M.D. Luque de Castro Use of Experimental Designs for Characterization by Mass Spectrometry of a Magnetron Radiofrequency Glow Discharge with a Glass Cathode- C. Molle M. Wautelet J. P. Dauchot M. Hecq Developments and Trends of Flow Injection Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-Zhaolun Fang Shukun Xu Guanhong Tao Automated Sampling System for the Direct Determination of Heavy Metal Traces in Gaseous Hydrogen Chloride by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry- Bernd Baaske Ursula Telgheder Isotopic Uranium Determination by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry Using Conventional and Laser Ablation Sample Introduction-Stephen G.Johnson Use of an Ar2+ Signal as a Diagnostic Tool in Solid Sampling Electrothermal Vaporization Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry-R. Dams Luc Moens Sylvie Boonen G. Galbacs Frank Vanhaecke Investigation of Automated Determination of Germanium by Hydride Generation using in situ Trapping on Stable Coatings in Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-Hermann 0. Haug Liao Yiping COPIES OF CITED ARTICLES The Royal Society of Chemistry Library can usually supply copies of cited articles. For further details contact The Library Royal Society of Chemistry Burlington House Piccadilly London W1V OBN UK. Tel +44 (0) 71-437 8565; fax +44 (0) 71-287 9798; Telecom Gold 84; BUR210; Electronic Mailbox (Internet) LIBRARY@RSC.ORG. If the material is not available from the Society’s Library the staff will be pleased to advise on its availability from other sources. Please note that copies are not available from the RSC at Thomas Graham House Cambridge. 58N Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October 1995 Vol. 10

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA995100058N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Journal of Analytical 1111111 IIIq I 1111111 I I111 Atomic Spectrometry I JASPEP lO(10) 57N-58N 699-904 253R-328R (1 995) CONTENTS NEWS PAGES Diary of Conferences and Courses Future Issues 57N 58N PAPERS Software Development for Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-A Decade of Progress Liang Yan-Zhong Ni Zhe-Ming Yang Peng-Yuan Detection Limits in Zeeman-effect Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Boris V. CVov Leonid K. Polzik Alexander V. Borodin Alexey 0. Dyakov Alexander V. Novichikhin Signal-to-Noise Ratios for Coupled Gas Chromatography-Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Using Quartz Tube Atomizers Magnus Johansson Douglas C. Baxter Wolfgang Frech Improving the Design of a Water-cooled Atom Trap to Increase Sensitivity and Precision Andrew D. Turner David J. Roberts Yann Le Cor Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination Using a Multipurpose Dialyser in a Flow Injection System Jacobus F.Van Staden Cornelius J. Hattingh Chemical Modifiers for Controlling Interferences in the Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Chromium(iii) and Chromium(w) and Their Separation Mohamed A. Kabil Permanent Iridium Modifier for Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Cornelius J. Rademeyer Bernard Radziuk Natalia Romanova Nils Petter Skaugset Asbjdrn Skogstad Yngvar Thomassen Determination of Germanium in Environmental Samples by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with Continuous Flow Hydride Generation in Dilute Perchloric Acid Solution Ni Zhe-Ming He Bin Determination of Germanium in Human Serum by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Using a Chemical Modifier Xu Dong-Qun Guo Gang- Ping Sun Han-Wen Determination of Elevated Levels of Dysprosium in Serum by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Einar Knutsen Grethe Wibetoe lvar Martinsen Determination of Thallium in Telluride Thermoelectric Material by Chemical Modification and Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Jitka Sramkova Stanislav Kotrly Kateiina Doleialova On the Determination of Total Mercury in Natural Gases Using the Amalgamation Technique and Cold Vapour Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Wolfgang Frech Douglas C.Baxter Geir Dyvik Bjorn Dybdahl Role of Oxygen in the Determination of Oxide Forming Elements by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Part 2. Effect of Oxygen on the Reactions of Thallium Bismuth and Lead in Uncoated Furnaces Pyrolytic Coated Furnaces and on Platforms t German Muller-Vogt Lothar Hahn Hans Muller Wolfgang Wendl Dimitri Jacquiers-Roux Chemical Modifier Methods for the Determination of Bismuth and Silver in Nickel-based Alloys and Steels by Zeeman Electrothermal Atomization Brynmor Mile Christopher C.Rowlands Alice V. Jones Is Palladium or Palladium-Ascorbic Acid or Palladium-Magnesium Nitrate a More Universal Chemical Modifier for Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry? Shan Xiao-Quan Wen Bei 699 703 711 721 727 733 73 9 747 753 757 763 769 777 785 791 continued on inside back cover 0267 - 9 ~ 7 7 t 1995 I 10 ; 1 - B Typeset printed and bound by The Charlesworth Group Huddersfield England 01484 517077Universal Temperature Programmes for Modifier-free Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry of Trace Elements in Pharmaceuticals Sonja Arpadjan Anka Alexandrova Determination of Selenium by Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Elimination of Interferences from Very High Concentrations of Nickel Cobalt Iron and Chromium by Complexation Torild Wickstrarm Walter Lund Ragnar Bye Reduction of Gaseous Phase Interference in Hydride Generation Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Instead of Flame Heated Quartz Tube Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Determination of Selenium in Nickel Alloys and Low-alloy Steels Torild Wickstrarm Walter Lund Ragnar Bye Separation and Determination of Antimony(ii1) and Antimony(v) Species by High-performance Liquid Chromatography with Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometric and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometric Detection Patricia Smichowski Yolanda Madrid M. Beatriz de La Calle Guntihas Carmen Carnara Mechanism of Vaporization of Sulfur in Electrothermal Vaporization Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry D.Conrad Gregoire Hirohito Naka Aerosol Deposition Direct Sample Insertion for Ultra-trace Elemental Analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Robin Rattray Eric D. Satin Polyatomic Ions as Internal Standards for Matrix Corrections in Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Xiaoshan Chen R. S. Houk Inductively Coupled Nitrogen Plasma Mass Spectrometry Assisted by Adding Argon to the Outer Gas Hiroshi Uchida Tetsumasa Ito Determination of Scandium in High-purity Titanium Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry as Part of Its Certification as a Reference Material Andrea Held Philip Taylor Chris Ingelbrecht Paul de Bievre Jose A.C. Broekaert Mark Van Straaten Renaat Gijbels Evaluation of the Direct Injection Nebulizer in the Coupling of High- performance Liquid Chromatography to Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Grace Zoorob Medha Tomlinson Jian-Shang Wang Joseph Caruso Spark Ablation as Sampling Device for Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Low-alloyed Steels Aurora G. Coedo M. Theresa Dorado B. Fernandez Sensitive Determination of Selenium by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry with Flow Injection and Hydride Generation in the Presence of Organic Solvents Riansares Muhoz Olivas C.R. Quetel 0. F. X. Donard Optimization of Flow Injection Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Selenium in Water and Serum Samples M. Angeles Quijano Ana Maria Gutierrez M. Concepcion Perez Conde Carmen Camara Some Observations on the On-line Anion-exchange Preconcentration for Microwave Plasma Torch Atomic Emission Spectrometry Qinhan Jin Hanqi Zhang Feng Liang Qun Jin Determination of Chromium(vi) and Total Chromium by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry after Preconcentration Using Solvent Extraction and Back-extraction Jamshid L. Manzoori Farzaneh Shemirani Analytical and Spectroscopic Characterization of Double-resonance Laser- induced Fluorescence of Gold Atoms in a Graphite Furnace and in a Flame Giuseppe A. Petrucci Hermann Beissler Oleg Matveev Paolo Cavalli Nicolo Ornenetto. Quantitative Depth Profile Analysis by Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry an Alternative Approach Zdengk Weiss Characterization and Optimization of a Radiofrequency Glow Discharge Ion Source for a High Resolution Mass Spectrometer Anatolij I. Saprykin J. Sabine Becker Hans-Joachim Dietze CUMULATIVE AUTHOR INDEX 799 803 809 81 5 823 829 837 843 849 853 859 865 87 1 875 88 I 885 89 1 897 903 AT0 M I C S P ECT R 0 M ETRY U P DAT ES Atomic Mass Spectrometry and X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry-Jeffrey R. Bacon Simon R. N. Chenery Andrew T. Ellis Andrew Fisher Adam W. McMahon Philip J. Potts John G. Williams References 31 1R 253R

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA99510BX059

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Atomic Spectrometry Update- Atomic Mass Spectrometry and X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Atomic Spectrometry Update JEFFREY R. BACON* The Macaulay Land Use Research Institute Craigiebuckler Aberdeen UK AB9 2QJ SIMON R.N. CHENERY British Geological Survey Keyworth Nottingham UK NGl2 5GG ANDREW T. ELLIS Oxford Instruments Industrial Analysis Group 19-20 Nufield Way Abingdon Oxfordshire UK OX1 TX ANDREW FISHER Department of Environmetal Sciences University of Plymouth Drake Circus Plymouth UK PL4 8AA ADAM W. McMAHON Department of Chemistry Manchester Metropolitan University John Dalton Building Chester Street Manchester UK MI 5GD PHILIP J. POTTS Department of Earth Sciences The Open University Walton Hall Milton Keynes Buckinghamshire UK MK7 6AA JOHN G . WILLIAMS NERC ICP-MS Facility Centre for Analytical Research in the Environment Imperial College Silwood Park Ascot Berkshire UK SL5 7TE. Atomic Mass Spectrometry Introduction Accelerator Mass Spectrometry AMS Reviews Facility reports Instrumentation Instrument performance Isobaric separation Sample preparation Applications Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry GDMS Reviews Fundamental studies Instrument a1 developments Analytical methodology Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Reviews Operating parameters and instrument development Sample introduction Interference effects Applications Laser Ionisation Mass Spectrometry LIMS Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry RIMS Secondary-ion Mass Spectrometry SIMS Sputtered Neutral Mass Spectrometry SNMS Stable Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry SIRMS Reviews Instrumentation Analytical methodologies GC-combustion-SIRMS Continuous flow SIRMSThermal Ionization Mass SpectrometryTIMS ICP-MS 1.10.1. Reviews 1.10.2. Instrumentation 1.10.3. Methodologies 1.10.4. Applications 1.11. Other methods * Review Co-ordinator to whom correspondence should be addressed. Electrothermal vaporization mass spectrometry Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC-MS Recoil ion and Penning trap mass spectrometries Spark source mass spectrometry ETV-MS X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Reviews Instrumentation Excitation Detectors X-ray Microfluorescence XRMF Glass capillary X-ray waveguides Synchrotron Radiation SR Optics Beamlines and instrumentation Microprobe facilities Applications 2.4.4.1. Geological samples 2.4.4.2. Biological samples 2.4.4.3. Industrial chemical and structural applications 2.4.4.4.Thin films 2.5. 2.5.1. Chemical analysis 2.5.2. Surface analysis 2.6. Portable XRF systems 2.7. On-line 2.8. Calibration and Data Processing 2.8.1. Corrections using scattered radiation 2.8.2. Fundamental parameter FP analysis 2.9. Applications 2.9.1. Sample preparation 2.9.2. Preconcentration techniques 2.9.3. Geological 2.9.4. Environmental 2.9.5. Archaeological and forensic 2.9.6. Industrial 2.9.7. Clinical and biological 2.9.8. Thin films 2.9.9. Chemical state analysis Total Reflection XRF TXRF Spectrometry Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October 1995 Vol. 253R The large number of papers covered in this year’s review emphasizes the strong developments which continue in atomic mass and X-ray fluorescence spectrometries. Although much of the effort is aimed at improving existing technology and methodology new and innovative instrumentation is also being developed in a number of fields. As the techniques for example ICP-MS mature and become more widely available a shift has become apparent as attention is paid more to sample preparation and introduction than to fundamental aspects of the instrumentation.The methodologies covered in this review are used in analytical laboratories for almost the full spectrum of elemental determinations from routine multi-element analysis to the studies of short-lived isotopes. 1. ATOMIC MASS SPECTROMETRY 1.1. Introduction Considerable advances in most areas of atomic MS are evident again in this year’s Update which follows much the same format as previous years’ reviews but with a small change to the organization of the sections and with the assistance of additional reviewers for the ICP-MS section.The review does not set out to be comprehensive in its coverage but is based on critical selection of developments in instrumentation and methodology notable for their innovation originality or achievement of significant advances. A small number of confer- ence papers have been included but only when they included enough detail and information to give evidence of meeting the above criteria. The general policy remains one of waiting for details of the development to appear in a full paper before inclusion in the review. Routine applications of atomic MS are not generally included in the Update and readers are referred to the Updates on industrial analysis metals chemicals and advanced mate- rials 95 542 environmental analysis 95 1488 and clinical and biological materials food and beverages 95 1677 . Foreign language papers unlikely to reach a wide readership have not been included but those that appear to be making a significant contribution to developments in atomic MS have been considered for inclusion. 1.2. Accelerator Mass Spectrometry AMS 1.2.1. ReviewsTwo highly recommended review articles gave excellent intro- ductions and overviews of this relatively uncommon technique. The comprehensive article with over references by Finkel and Suter 95 1467 on AMS in the Earth Sciences described in considerable depth the technique of AMS with details of instrumentation and analytical performance the sources and distribution of radionuclides in nature the concepts underlying the application of long-lived radioisotopes to geophysics and a listing of all the isotopes studied using AMS.The last section was more than just a list and gave information on the production and distribution sample preparation and purifi- cation analytical sensitivity and typical applications for each individual isotope. The second article 95 1275 was an IUPAC technical report with references on the applications of AMS in the analysis of trace isotopes and elements. The authors covered the whole range of AMS applications and gave much useful background information. A further source of information on the current status of and developments in AMS is the Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry which were published in this review year as Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Rex NIM B Vol. 92 .The numerous articles covered all aspects of AMS from fundamental studies to a wide range of applications and gave a comprehensive picture of the current state of AMS. Many of the papers considered in this year’s review are from this special issue. The lead article 95 1364 was a look forward to predict future developments but was based on current practice and consequently provided a useful summary of analytical performance today and those aspects which require attention in order to achieve improve- ments. The features highlighted as the core of current appli- cations and the driving force for improvements included accurate radiocarbon dating with a sample size times smaller than possible with scintillation or gas countering the ability to trace 14C02 in sea-water with a similar 1000-fold reduction in sample size and the wide utility of 26A1 “Be 36Cl and 12’1 as tracers and chronometers of erosion hydrology and paleoclimate. 1.2.2. Facility reports Because of the complexity and individuality of each AMS facility the instruments are unique in their design and oper- ation and many publications are dedicated to the upgrading and improvements of individual facilities. In this way details of all the major instruments are published on a regular basis.The special issue of NIM B presented a large number of these reports. The facility at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute 95 1360 achieved analysis of over carbon samples per year at precision levels of 0.5% or better. Good vacuum <6.5 x lod4 Pa and thermal equilibrium of all components in the system were essential to achieve this performance. For stable operation the total current between target and ionizer was maintained below mA in order to avoid excessive space charge and Cs saturation effects.The ”C and 13C currents and their ratio in a standard sample were monitored simul- taneously to sample analysis in order to use the 12C:13C ratio as a sensitive parameter to aid tuning. Improvements to the facility at the University of Washington 95 1472 have increased overall transmission from the ion source through the accelerator by 50% and effectively elimin- ated any sensitivity of ion beam transmission to small shifts in ion beam trajectory in the low energy section of the system. Modifications were made to the transport of C- ions through the low energy system and a new detector was designed with cm horizontal and cm vertical acceptance window.The 14C:13C ratio in a standard was measured concurrently with the same ratio in each sample to allow normalization to the ratio in the standard. Comparison of normalized and unnor- malized ratios identified the various sources of error in the data and gave an evaluation of system improvements. A co-ordinated upgrade programme at the Purdue Rare Isotope Measurement Laboratory PRIME Lab 95 1436 had the design objectives of a variety of interchangeable sources adjustable components of the optical acceptance 100% trans- mission between the injection point and the final detector an ion optical transport design which divided into short sections in order to facilitate computer control and an optical design which tolerated power supply fluctuations without significant loss of ion transmission.The design yet to be commissioned will include spiral-inclined titanium electrode acceleration tubes dual Pelletron chains shielded-column grading resistors a longer and wider stripper with both gas recirculation and active pumping and a 300-foil stripper. This should permit isotopic ratio measurements throughout the periodic table with systematic errors below 1% detection limits at or below lo-’’ and a sample throughput of per year. Improvements made in the measurement of 36Cl at the Chalk River facility 95 1411 resulted from the use of a multi-sample ion source equipped with a spherical ionizer rapid sequential injection of the C1 isotopes installation of a new high- resolution velocity filter and changes to match the detector spatially to the ion beam leaving the gas-filled magnet. Use of R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October 1995 Vol. 10 the gas-filled magnet resulted in a two-order-of-magnitude suppression of 36S. Preparation techniques for air rock and water samples have been developed so that backgrounds of can be achieved for 36Cl:Cl values >lop1'. Samples suspected of having high 36Cl:Cl ratios were pre-screened by beta counting and diluted with KC1 to avoid source contami- nation and to maintain sample crosstalk and memory effects at the 10-3-10-4 level. A problem of poor reproducibility >20% variability in the analysis of standard samples has been solved by achieving more reproducible positioning of the sample in the ion source.The new protocol involved maxi- mizing the 35Cl current through the accelerator and then fine tuning the position to make the vertical beam profile symmetrical prior to injection into the tandem accelerator. A gas-filled magnet in the Zurich AMS facility for measure- ment of 36Cl 95 1357 achieved a sulfur suppression of x lo-' about times better than that obtained with a gas ionization detector alone.The detector and data processing also contributed to the high suppression which was essential because the beam energy for the 7+ charge state was limited to MeV. Background ratios of less than and a sample throughput of per day were achieved using the high mass separation capability and the optimized detection system. Preparation of AgCl target materials with low sulfur concen- trations was also important in avoiding high 36S counting rates in the detector. Mod$cations at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory facility to allow 12'1 AMS 95 1437 included a larger magnet- power supply for full excitation of dipole elements a 1.1 m time-of-flightTOF detector to separate the tails and a recirculating gas system in order to achieve optimum thickness for the stripping of low-energy iodine. Polyatomic interferences were removed and a background of x was achieved when the + ions were used for analysis instead of the + ions. An instrument of the new generation of high-throughput and fully automated designs has been installed at Groningen 95 1432 and dedicated to radiocarbon analysis with a throughput of samples per year at high precision. Some improvements have been made to critical components with the aim of maximizing precision.The recombinator was modified to ensure that it induced no mass fragmentation during analy- sis. In the original design the position of the image of the recombinator depended strongly on which path was followed. After optimization the beams leaving the recombinator were on axis within measurable error no matter which path was followed through the recombinator. In addition a slit stabiliz- ation system was added to remove small drifts in beam energy magnetic field and electrostatic field which could result in fractionation. A new tandem accelerator facility was being constructed at the University of Tokyo 95 1433 . Features included a high- intensity ion source with samples multiple Faraday cup systems and an insulated chamber at the negative ion analyser magnet. All components have been designed with a beam acceptance large enough for full transmission of all ions from the ion source.The energy resolution of the system was estimated to be about 450. An AMS facility has been installed on the MV tandem accelerator at the Shanghai Institute of Nuclear Research 95 1410 with a design that paid particular attention to the reduction of background. The terminal voltage was stabilized by monitoring the 13C3+ beam while the 14C3+ was measured in order to detect drifts from the central position. The ion chamber was modified with the addition of a parallel plate to absorb 1°B ions which interfere in the measurement of "Be and to allow monitoring of the stability of the post-transport beam elements.The original Rutgers tandem accelerator has been modified 95 1428 at the ANTARES AMS Center Australia for high- precision and high-throughput analyses. Rapid sequential injection of stable isotopes and the radioisotope of interest was chosen to correct for normal fluctuations in ion source output and accelerator transmission. This system allowed the cycling of any isotope whereas the alternative recombinator system would limit the mass range of isotopes that could be measured. The system also featured a high-intensity multi- sample ion source with low sample cross-talk memory and background. High vacuum in the accelerator and beam lines minimized the risk of collision-induced charge strip- ping. Computer control of the machine allowed rapid and reproducible reconfiguration for different radioisotopes. 1.2.3. Instrumentation An instrument for the determination of impurities in electronic materials 95 1318 designed at the University of NorthTexas combined a secondary-ion source with a computer-controlled AMS system. Removal of polyatomic interferences by electron stripping in the AMS should give higher sensitivities 1 part in 1010-1012 atoms cme3 for some elements than is possible by SIMS. A new ion source was designed to give low contami- nation raster-scanning and depth-profiling. This ultraclean negative ion source was achieved by selecting magnetically the caesium ions from the caesium gun output and thereby remov- ing contaminant ions. A normal SIMS scan was provided by analysing the ion beam after leaving the magnetic analyser and prior to injection into the tandem accelerator. Direct injection of sputtered ions into the accelerator without mass analysis was a feature of a system for imaging AMS of 14C 95 1367 for the screening of biological samples. A scan- ning sub-micron probe was attached directly to the injection magnet allowing qualitative mass spectra to be generated by varying only the post-accelerator analysis magnet. As a conse- quence of direct injection a background was observed due to the presence of other ions sputtered from tissue but was not considered significant enough to hinder high magnification microscopy. Further consideration of direct injection 95 1368 found that it was technically feasible to measure 14C down to about 1% of modern levels and that the mass discrimination was sufficient to remove interferences with low resolution.Transmission effects were observed however due to space charge of the beams in the injection system.These effects could be minimized by reduction of the total injection length and the number of cross-overs and by increase of the injection energy. The main advantage of direct injection would be simplification of the ion optics and the consequent reduction in fractionation. A microbeam systemfor mineralogical applications is currently being built 95 1439 with a Cs ion source to produce a beam with a diameter of less than pm for the analysis of monomi- neralic grains. Mass analysis of the microbeam prior to sputtering will minimize contamination of samples by the Cs beam and will allow element concentrations in theng g-' range to be accessible. Upgrading of the detector system should allow analyses of elements up to U at 2.5 MV terminal voltage for charge state 6-t. It was considered that the system would be particularly suitable for the measurement of isotope ratios in the U:Pb and Re:Os systems which give large ranges in isotope ratios but that fractionation effects would make the method unsuitable for systems which require high precision for example 147Sm:143Nd. A proposed design for the coupling of chromatography sys- tems to a miniaturized AMS system 95 1456 had the goal of linking the chemical specificity of gas and liquid chromato- graphies with the ultra-sensitivity of AMS.This system would allow the 14C tracking of biochemical molecules and provide identification of their metabolic products with the minimum of chemical manipulations. Use of samples in the form of C Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October 1995 Vol. R gas would eliminate the need for graphitization and allow rapid measurement of low concentrations of IC. Details of the proposed design included chromatography coupling with a jet enrichment stage production of C- from C by a microwave system with a charge exchange canal and a detection stage. A new -position sample changer gave the option of either manual or computer-controlled operation. A fibre optic shaft encoder was used for rough rotational indexing of the sample wheel and a series of sequenced pneumatic cylinders was used for final mechanical indexing of the wheel and for insertion and retraction of samples.Transit time from sample to sample varied from to s depending on the distance moved and the final sample location could be set to within pm on the x and y axis and within pm on the z axis. A new design of high-current ion source incorpor- ated a spherical surface ionizer to increase the negative ion currents by a factor of to compared with those achieved by a frit-type Cs sputter ion source. Good shielding of insu- lators was necessary in order to minimize deposition of Cs and high-voltage breakdowns.The ion source was fitted with two cassette changers and a sample lock in order to minimize downtime during the changing of samples and effectively to achieve continuous operation. Significant downtime several days can also result from the need to change ion sources when switching between appli- cations. Installation at the Gif-sur-Yvette facility of a rotating electrostatic analyser previously built and tested at theToronto facility has reduced change-over time greatly and given the additional benefits of increased flexibility in schedul- ing use of the instrument and of a reduction of backgrounds from injection of unwanted ions into the accelerator. Some modifications were required to inject correctly the ion beam into the injecting magnet. It was reported that tuning for radiocarbon analysis became more sensitive and difficult but precisions of .% achieved before the change were still obtained after the modifications. A compact achromat comprising in sequence a quadrupole triplet a " beam bending dipole a quadrupole singlet a " beam bending dipole and a quadrupole triplet has been constructed in order to deflect the output beam of a tandem accelerator through " and to deliver it to a supercon- ducting booster accelerator. Space constraints at the instal- lation required the beam trajectory following the bend to be independent of beam energy. A gas ionization detector system built for the identification of "Be and Cl incorporated several anode plates to allow software gates to remove tails from the S which interferes with Cl. Discrimination against large-angle scattering in the horizontal direction parallel to plates was achieved by dividing the anode plates longitudinally and selecting only those events with full energy in the central region of the detector. An automatic peak shifting routine continu- ously stabilized each spectrum based on the S peak. In the measurement of "Be an absorber cell was placed before the detector in order to remove the IOB interferent ions. A large acceptance aperture minimized losses and kept transmission independent of small drifts in terminal voltage and power supplies. In an another detector design for the determination of "Be the detector combined both roles of 'B absorber and "Be counter in a single chamber so that only a single gas was required.The front part of the detector consisting of two parallel plates with the electric field perpendicular to the ion beam acted as an absorption chamber for ''B while three anodes following this section counted the "Be ions. Measurement of the 'B ionization current was useful for tuning the instrument and monitoring transmission stability. Developments are proceeding on the use of cyclotrons as accelerators with the intriguing prospect of portable AMS instruments. Although much of the work is at the design stage the first practical applications have now been demonstrated for measurements of IC at natural levels . A range of unique modifications to a mini cyclotron had the aim of increasing the IC beam intensity by improving the trans- mission efficiency in the acceleration region to more than % and by improving the injection efficiency to more than %. Such measures achieved a lC current of nA some lo times greater than that of small conventional cyclotrons. Good resolution of IC from ICH was achieved. A cyclotron was also a feature in the design of a compact AMS instrument in which permanent magnets replaced the conven- tional electromagnet.The other features of the system included a new multicusp ion source for the direct and efficient conver- sion of gaseous samples into low emittance ion beams and an axial injection system based on a spiral electrostatic channel. ... Instrument performanceThe stripping eficiency of a tandem accelerator has been optimized by simulation of the charge-changing processes using measured charge-exchange cross-sections for electron loss and capture processes for Be and C in the range from to MeV.To determine the cross-sections non- equilibrium charge state distributions were measured as a function of gas thickness ng cm- pg cm- for different incoming charge states. The model did not however take into account losses due to the ion optics and to angular straggling. Beam losses due to charge-changing effects occurred mainly in the low energy tubes so the stripper arrangement should be designed to avoid gas flow through the low energy tube. A conical stripper canal with asymmetrical gas inlet was sug- gested for the reduction of beam losses caused by angular straggling. Stabilization of the terminal potential has been achieved without major modification of the UD Pelletron tandem accelerator through the use of a slit current feedback system. A pilot beam consisting of a di-molecular particle of the same mass number as the element of interest was produced so that it would be transported through the whole system including the high energy section at the same time as the element of interest. Inclusion of a second stripper made it possible to reject completely the pilot beam after the last anal y ser. Problems of so-called 'hydride ambiguities ' interferences have been considered for each stage of the AMS process including low energy analysis acceleration and high energy analysis.The study revealed the existence of hydride negative ions that spontaneously fragmented into neutral and negatively charged constituents. Some of the hydrides created ambiguities that could mimic the elemental ion of interest and in some cases for example Yb- were of sufficient intensity to interfere with detection.The interferences could only be elimin- ated through improvement of the injection system resolution or by addition of an electric analyser between the injection magnet and the accelerator. A new method of data reduction and error analysis for radiocarbon analysis was developed to recognize time variations due to hardware instabilities and drift which can cause detection efficiencies to change in the interval min between reference sample measurements.The method utilized all data from a data set in a fitting scheme which simultaneously determined the most likely values of C:C the uncertainties in these values and the temporal changes in the relative detection efficiencies. Time variations on scales shorter than the interval between reference sample measurements could be identified. In a data management system all data collection from sample submittal through to final analysis was R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. integrated within a large relational database. Comparison of total error with internal error due to counting statistics showed that analyses were limited in many cases by system instabilities. A quality assurance protocol for C dating included procedures for sample acceptance storage mainten- ance analysis and reporting. Of particular importance were procedures for the monitoring and analysis of transmission efficiencies during measurements. Computer control high reset- tability of transmission factors during measurements and repro- ducible tuning procedures made it possible to operate continuously for seven days without the need for retuning of the system. Results were demonstrated to be reproducible and accurate at precisions of .% + y . ... Isobaric separationThe problem of isobaric separation in AMS is formidable and to date various methods have been used with varying success. No universal method seems to be available. A review of methods used to achieve isobaric separation at low energies considered dissociation of negative ions by electric fields or by electromagnetic radiation and resonant charge transfer methods. Good isobaric discrimination is possible in the gas ionization detectors commonly used in AMS because of the dependence of the energy loss curves.The suppression is limited however by nuclear scattering processes which produce tailing events in all the measured energy distributions. A procedure using a AE-E split-anode counter has been described for estimation of the discrimination factors as a function of the initial energy for various isobar pairs. It was shown that the isobaric reduction was limited by large-angle scattering pro- cesses. If sufficient energy were available improvements in isobaric discrimination could be achieved through the use of two anodes. A dedicated gas-Jilled magnet has been designed with special emphasis on isobaric suppression for Si and Cl AMS. Calculations and Monte Carlo simulations were per- formed to estimate separation profile and suppression of isobaric beams through the gas-filled magnet. A suppression of S of orders of magnitude should make it possible to determine Si in natural samples but further development was still required to achieve higher beam currents and a higher yield for negative ion formation.The authors concluded that the design would not be suitable for heavier isobar pairs because of the small relative difference in the mean charges. A gas-filled system has been used however for suppres- sion of isobaric interferences on Ca Ni loPd and Sr. Additional suppression of non-isobaric background was accomplished by means of a Wien filter directly after the tandem accelerator and a highly sensitive time-of-flight measurement directly before the spectrograph.The improve- ments allowed measurement of "Sr:Sr ratios at a level of x equivalent to an activity of . Bq in typical samples of mg. The detection of characteristic projectile X-rays during the stopping of ions in matter is a new isobaric discrimination technique with suppression independent of ion energy. A high X-ray yield can be obtained with targets having a nuclear charge close to that of the projectile because inner shell vacancies are produced by molecular orbital formation. In the determination of Ni and oFe ions with an energy of MeV were stopped in zinc or copper targets respectively and the X-rays analysed with a Si Li detector covering about % of the solid angle.The system gave an isobaric separation of about and an efficiency of x and allowed measure- ment of "Nk*Ni ratios down to A similar procedure has been used to detect very low levels of long-lived radionuclides using a small accelerator B MV but chemical separation prior to analysis was required to reduce the level of interference and to increase the speed of analysis. ... Sample preparation A method of graphitization from C samples by reduction on iron powder in the presence of H introduced the concept of batch production using Vycor tubes. This reduced the risk of contamination during preparation and allowed a production rate of samples per day. Isotopic fractionation was observed and was strongly dependent on the completeness of the reaction. It was concluded that graphitiz- ation should be performed at a high initial C pressure using a small vessel cm x mm id in order to minimize fraction- ation effects. A comparison of Fe-C bead targets and graphite targets for the analysis of samples containing only a few pg of carbon indicated no significant difference in average performance of the two target types at the intercomparison level pg carbon .The Fe-C bead targets were sufficiently rugged to achieve stable and precise performance for as little as pg of C and gave accuracies of and .% modern carbon at and pg of C respectively. A fully integrated C gas handling system has been devel- oped with the aim of unattended radiocarbon dating.The combination of ampoule rig and gas injection rig allowed samples larger than pg to be dated routinely. Sample introduction could be from ampoules injection of large volume standards GC-type loop injection for samples down to pg or from a combustion system. Samples were stored as a mixture in high-purity helium gas at positive pressure to prevent contamination by other gases and to make it possible to take different sized aliquots by expanding into helium at reduced pressures. Humic substances originating from soils and groundwaters can be a major source of contamination when radiocarbon dating ancient bones. In a study of two methods commonly used for bone pretreatment ion beam analysis of bones from the moa an extinct flightless bird showed the presence of significant amounts of iron in fractions expected to be contaminated with humic substances. It was concluded that the gelatin method in which bone collagen is dissolved in hot dilute acid and the resulting gelatin filtered from the insoluble humic substances was more effective at removing humic substances than alkali extraction. A fully automated sample processing system has been designed with the target of high precision radiocarbon datings of sea-water samples per year. Dissolved C was stripped from acidified sea-water by recirculating N trapped cryogenically and then divided into three aliquots for C and C determinations and for archiving.The aliquot for AMS analysis was reduced to graphite using a catalyst dispensed automatically and pressed into targets by a press set to process one wheel of targets automatically. A quality control protocol for sample preparation in the same laboratory was based on the running of known standards to check for carbon isotope fractionation sample contamination and total recovery.The information provided was used to fine tune the preparation procedures. The importance of AMS measurements demands the avail- ability of reliable and accurate isotopic standards both for calibrations between laboratories and for internal controls within a laboratory. A consortium of AMS laboratories has prepared a series of Cl:Cl isotopic ratio standards by an eight-step serial gravimetric dilution scheme. Considerable detail was given for the preparation and testing of these standards. Standard materials for A ''Be and Cl measurements have been prepared in-house at the PRIME Laboratory Purdue University by dilution and cross- calibration against current standards. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. R ... Applications Considerable attention is being paid to the application of AMS to biomedical research. Readers are referred to the general but detailed review references of Aggarwal et al. on the MS of trace elements in biological samples and to the more specific review of Vogel andTurteltaub on AMS in biomedical research. The general principles and scope for the application of A as a tracer in investigations of human or animal biochemistry were considered in a paper with authors . Three important technical require- ments were considered to be good discrimination between A and Mg accuracy of A measurement equivalent to that achieved with the tracer and the ability to produce stable ion beam currents for extended periods h . Examples were given for application of the A tracer method to the measurement of uptake in humans retention and accumulation in humans speciation in blood and distribution at the cellular level. Estimations of gastrointestinal absorption of aluminium were two orders of magnitude lower than that previously estimated for a single subject. A study on the aluminium distribution between the major cell compartments of human neuroblastoma cells grown in culture found that there was no evidence for positive acquisition of aluminium by cells and no affinity for aluminium by nucleic acids. AMS has been used as a detector for microbore and plate- based techniques in quantifying the binding of C-labelled compounds to specific DNA and protein fragments. Proposals have been reported for the measurement of H in mg-size biological samples which would allow double- labelling experiments in the study of the fate distribution and metabolism of separate fractions of biological compounds. A comparison by the Munich group of different analytical methods Cerenkov counting AMS and ICP-MS for the detection of Sr a hazardous product of nuclear fission found the AMS technique to be challenging but with potential. Initially copper target holders were used but prob- lems of interference from C ~ C ~ F - on the measured SrF - forced a change to high-purity gold as target matrix and holder. AMS detection of Sr was limited by the ubiquitous presence of Zr.Two methods were used to attempt to overcome this problemTOF measurement and the use of a gas-filled magnet. Achievable minimum detectable activities were in the range to Bq.The same problems of con- tamination by Zr were observed at the Erlangen facility but because the two isobars could not be disting- uished instrumentally a different solution was found in the development of a special high-quality chemical pretreatment of samples. Instrumental modifications included remote control of sample changes under high voltage and without breaking vacuum optimization of the ion source for high negative ion currents to improve counting statistics and fast isotope switching achieved by application of short high-voltage pulses to the insulated vacuum chamber of the " injection magnet. A detection limit corresponding to an activity of Bq was possible for mg samples of SrF,. A review of AMS in the study of extraterrestrial materials emphasized recent applications including the terres- trial ages of meteorites the production rates of cosmogenic nuclides the non-linear effects of chemical composition on production rates the history of solar cosmic rays the exposure histories of meteorites and the behaviour of a large projectile during impact.The sensitivity limit in the measurement of Ni in meteorites was x using a large tandem accelerator and a detection system based solely on a multi- anode ionization chamber. Although this was adequate for the analysis of meteorites high-intensity sources and isobaric separation of the C interference will be required to achieve sensitivities of needed for the analysis of lunar materials. A small MV tandem-based system built for the measure- ment of has been used to demonstrate the existence of U in uranium ore for the first time . Samples were mixed with niobium and compressed to form targets in a Cs sputter ion source. Further development of the method was necessary to overcome the inability of the ion source to produce sufficiently intense uranium and uranium oxide negative ions very low transmission due to the need for a low terminal voltage and inadequate mass resolution of the injection magnet resulting in a high background from scattered ions. It was considered that with improvements the method would be capable of measuring naturally-occurring U at the sub-ng g- ' level. Cosmogenic processes fundamental to the production of the long-lived radionuclides measured by AMS are studied by the analysis of atmospheric samples. A balloon-borne atmospheric sampling system has been used in a study which found that AC values of lower stratospheric C were higher than those of tropospheric CO,. Smooth temporal variations of AC for stratospheric air were interpreted to imply that the high C concentration in the stratosphere can be attributed to bomb-produced C inventories and to weak vertical mixing of stratospheric air masses.The C abun- dance in the atmosphere was found to be similar in New Zealand and in Antarctica and to follow the distinct seasonal pattern of OH. After stripping of all H,O C and N from the air sample using molecular sieve and cryogenic methods the CO was oxidized to C using Schiitze reagent on silica gel support and collected for analysis. A complication was that although the original oxygen atom in the CO was retained the second of the oxygen atoms in the CO was derived from the reagent. In addition it was necessary to ensure complete stripping of atmospheric CO and to avoid oxidation of hydrocarbons to C.The low reactivity of the noble gases makes them potentially useful tracers in the environment.The first AMS measurements of atmospheric Ar and *'Kr have been performed by combining positive-ion production in an electron cyclotron resonance ECR ion source acceleration in a MV linear accelerator and detection in a gas-filled spectrograph. Conventional AMS of negative ions could not be used due to the instability of negative ions of Ar and Kr.The split-pole spectrograph filled with N at Torr separated isobaric ions of K from the measured Ar. Sensitivities of Ar:Ar= x natural argon and *'Kr:Kr= x -l' neutron- activated krypton were achieved. A review of AMS applications in hydrology con- sidered the use of C Cl and . The low sample require- ment < mg for AMS measurement of C is opening up new areas of hydrological research. The radioisotope provides an environmental monitor for nuclear pollution plumes. Uncertainties in the natural fall-out of Cl and the dissolution of C-labelled chloride during groundwater migration are limitations for groundwater dating for this nuclide. Estimation of recharge by measurements of the advance of the Cl bomb peak through the unsaturated zone is however of increasing importance in hydrology.The concen- tration of Cl in groundwaters close to a uranium ore body was found to result from in-situ production of Cl and leaching from the ore body by the groundwater. In such a situation the fission-induced Cl could be used to study the weathering of the ore body and transport of mobile nuclides from the ore body which could be considered a natural analogue for nuclear waste depositories. The substitution of propane for isobutane as the detector gas has led to improved performance in Cl determinations with Cl:Cl ratios of about lopf measured at count rates as high as kHz. Studies on the fundamental properties of ions have been R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. reported. The formation cross-sections of A and "Be from Ag Al Co Cu Fe Ni and Zn targets irradiated with GeV protons provided basic nuclear data and allowed discussion on the formation of nuclides by spallation and high- energy nuclear reactions. In a study on electron affinities for weakly formed negative ions absolute cross-sections for the photodetachment of negative ions of Ce LaTh and U have been measured at the fundamental wavelength nm of a Nd:YAG laser. AMS was used to separate the background beams and to identify uniquely the ions which underwent excitation by the laser light. The method was tested by measurements near the photodetachment threshold in Te for which the electron affinity is known. .. Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry GDMS ... Reviews The review article by King and Harrison covered all aspects of GDMS. Particular attention was paid to mass spectrometry ionization and applications but less to glow discharge sources presumably because this was covered in other chapters of the book Glow Discharge Spectroscopy ed. Marcus R. K. Plenum NY . A review on the fundamental aspects of an analytical glow discharge discussed the operating principles models for dc glow discharge plasmas and plasma diagnostics. Marcus and co-workers have reviewed the rf-powered glow discharge for elemental analysis by emission and mass spectrometries. Plasma stabiliz- ation times of min or less are possible and the plasma remains stable for at least min to give sample-to-sample reproducibility of about % RSD. A wide range of sample types can be analysed by rf-GD and the development of more refined protocols for depth profiling was seen as a key area.There have been few reviews on applications since last year's update. A review on the use of dc GD spectrometry for depth profile analysis had only a small section on the use of GDMS but made some interesting observations.The advan- tages of GDMS over GD-OES were seen to be the generally lower detection limits and a more complete elemental coverage. The method of combining quantitative bulk analysis with depth calibration based on sputtering rate measurements was considered however to have too many limitations for the quantitative evaluation of depth profiles and further study was necessary on the use of absolute sensitivity factors. The brief section on GDMS in the review of Aggarwal et al. on the MS of trace elements in biological samples indicated the very limited application so far to biological samples. ... Fundamental studiesTheformation of ions following the termination of power in a pulsed GD ion source has been investigated . Whereas the discharge gas ion signal disappeared the signal for sputt- ered analyte ions of the form M+ M+ and MAr+ came to a sharp maximum following the termination of the applied discharge power. The effects of operating parameters for example pressure power and plasma sampling indicated that the afterpeak signal resulted from enhanced ionization through collisions with metastable argon ions. The latter which arose from recombination of argon ions with electrons during the time following termination of discharge power acted as agents of Penning ionization for the sputtered analyte atoms in the plasma.The use of gated detection during the decay period would allow maximum discrimination between analyte and background signals and improve the S N by three orders of magnitude. The energy distributions of ions produced in a reversed hollow cathode GD ion source fitted to a SIMS instrument have been studied . Two prominent peaks were found corresponding to ions with high kinetic energy formed in the negative glow region of the discharge and to ions with low kinetic energies formed near the cathode potential at or near the extraction aperture in the base of the hollow cathode . For Al+ ions the high energy peak was more intense than the low energy peak whereas the reverse was the case for Ar' and cluster ions. It should therefore be possible to discriminate between analyte ions and discharge gas and cluster ions by setting the MS acceleration voltage to sample only the high energy ions emanating from the negative glow. A collisional cell has been placed C in the field- free region between the magnetic and electrostatic sectors of a sector instrument in order to allow ion kinetic energy studies. Studies were proposed to gain fundamental information on kinetic energy release bond strengths ionization potentials and electron affinities from GD-generated ions but little detail and no data were presented in the brief conference abstract.The existence of multiply charged cluster ions of the type MAr' demonstrated in the determination of Mo Nb and Zr in steel prevented the use of doubly charged analyte ions to avoid polyatomic interferences on the singly charged analyte ion. Correction for metal argide interferences were made by monitoring the intensity of M+ and assuming the production rate of MAr' to be the same as that for FeAr' i.e. that MAr' :M+ = FeAr + :Fe' . Detrimental eflects of water vapour on both atomization and ionization in the plasma were reported by Harrison and co- workers to result in reduced analytical ion signals.The signal variation was considered to be due to a combination of factors including less efficient sputtering oxidation of the sample surface loss of analyte atoms through gas-phase reac- tions and quenching of argon metastable atoms responsible for ionization of the analyte atom. It was pointed out that calibration would be unreliable if data were obtained at different water vapour concentrations because the signal sup- pression is not uniform for all elements. For quantitative analysis the water vapour in the plasma should be controlled to a constant and minimum level through the use of high- purity gases good vacuum systems getters or cryogenic cooling of the discharge source.The last method has been found to be effective but the analytical consequences of lowering the temperatures of the plasma by - K have yet to be fully investigated. In contrast to the findings of Harrison and co-workers above Feng and Horlick in an evaluation of back- ground spectral interferences in the GDMS of aluminium alloys reported minimal or absent background species originating from the components of air water and solution solutes. Argide and multiply charged argon species were prevalent however and needed to be taken into account in interpretation of spectra. Matrix effects were observed in the analysis of different alloys but the AlAr' ion was observed to behave in the same way as analyte ions and could be used to compensate for the matrix effects. ... Instrumental developments Design aspects and operating characteristics have been described for an rf source with direct insertion probe for coupling to a commercial quadrupole GDMS.The source produced intensities x lo-'' A comparable to those obtained with conventional dc-powered sources. Plasma stabil- ization times were of the order of - min. with long-term min stability of better than % as demonstrated for analytes in both metal and glass samples. Optimization of the pin-type direct insertion probe took into account discharge cell design variables ion sampling distance sample size and plasma parameters rf power power density discharge gas flow and pressure . A mm cell with mm pin length was found to have the best analytical merit with high matrix Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. R intensities ion beam stability and flexibility. Further improve- ments would result from attention to rf noise levels cryo- cooling efficiency and the use of tantalum-based cells. Ultrahigh mass resolution GDMS has been achieved by the coupling of a GD source to a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance FT-ICR MS. All of the ions generated by the GD were admitted into the analyser during a - ms accumulation period trapped and mass analysed using resonant ion excitation with a narrow band single frequency pulse for high resolution detection. Such mass resolution is essential for the direct analysis of heavy isotopes without any sample pre-treatment. Complete baseline separa- tions were demonstrated for lgHg+ and lgPt + resolution OOO and 'Hg+ and 'Pb+ resolution OOO .The use of quadrupole ion traps with GD ion sources seems to offer potential but further work is required to overcome some of the limitations in particular the limited dynamic range . Selective accumulation methods in which all ions were gated into the trap but only those of interest were retained included mass-selective instability single-frequency resonance ejection combination rf-dc and entrance end cap dc.These methods could be used alone or in combination. Unstable polyatomic species dissociated in the trap and more stable polyatomic ions could be removed by the use of colli- sional activation.The major limitations were the limited dynamic range and capacity of the trap which filled with the discharge gas. Direct analysis of nuclear materials presents problems of containment. A GDMS has been substantially modified so that all parts of the instrument that came into contact with the sample the ion source chamber sample interlock and associated pumping system were contained within a glove box. The design of the ion source was altered through the use of simple plug-in components in order to simplify operation and routine maintenance and thereby reduce the number of operations to be carried out in the glove box. Filters were placed on all supplies argon support gas liquid nitrogen to the source and pumping ports to eliminate contamination. A commercialTIMS instrument has been modified to accept a GD source for the determination of isotope ratios in solid samples. The GD ion source which fitted within the sample housing of the MS was interchangeable and could be installed within min. Under typical operating conditions of discharge voltage and current of V and mA respectively ion currents were as high as those achieved by TIMS -l' A . Although good reproducibilities and accuracies were obtained for the measurement of osmium and uranium ratios problems were identified in the measurement of boron ratios. Krypton had to be used as discharge gas to avoid interferences associated with argon but results were still subject to inter- ferences from multiply charged ions of Cay Kr and Si. Although the formation of Kr+ ions might seem highly unlikely their presence was demonstrated and would contribute about .% to the peak at mass . Although the major advantage advocated for GD devices is the direct elemental analysis of solids developments have been reported C for the introduction of liquid samples. In the apparatus used nebulized solutions were passed directly into a heated desolvation chamber and then through a two-stage momentum separator where the resultant analyte particles were directed into a heated steel block flash vaporized and swept in a gas flow to the hollow cathode discharge. Further evaluation can only be made upon publication of a full paper. ... Analytical methodologyThe application of isotope dilution ID to GDMS has been evaluated by the determination of Pb in waste oils which represent a challenging matrix to work with. After equilibration of sample HNO leachate of oils and spike a few hundred pl of solution was mixed with silver powder of high purity which was pressed into electrodes for GDMS analysis. Results were in good agreement with those obtained by ICP-AES. Internal precisions of better than % even close to the detection limit and an external precision of about % represented - to -fold improvements over those obtained by conventional analysis. A major limitation in the analysis ofpetrol reported by the same laboratory was the occurrence of polyatomic interferences presumably caused by residual organic constitu- ents even following sample pretreatment.These prevented the determination of some elements. Two methods of sample preparation were used mixing of the acid leachate of the petrol with silver powder and direct mixing of the petrol with silver powder followed by low temperature < "C ashing in atomic oxygen. Good accuracy < % was obtained for both methods using RSFs. GDMS is predominantly used for the multi-element analysis of high-purity materials in particular metals. An example of the development of methodologies for new matrices was given by the direct analysis of platinum powder.The relative sensitivity factors RSFs were determined by the analysis of platinum doped with the elements of interest over a wide concentration range. Discharge parameters were found to have an effect on ion signals only for those elements Au and Ir which suffered PtH interferences. Cryocooling was essential for removal of these interferences. No improvement in repro- ducibility was observed for higher sample consumption as a result of higher discharge powers so moderate discharge con- ditions mA at a discharge voltage of . kV with cryocoo- ling were preferred to reduce problems of short-circuiting resulting from build-up of platinum on source surfaces. Accuracies of -% and reproducibilities of -% were obtained with detection limits generally one or two orders of magnitude lower than those achievable by ICP-AES.The analysis of glass an insulator required the use of a tantalum secondary electrode containing a mm diameter aperture. The secondary electrode was placed directly on to the surface of the sample so that tantalum atoms were redeposited on the surface of the glass forming a very thin conducting layer. Under these conditions a matrix beam of -l' A was achieved. No attempt was made to standardize the analysis and standardless analysis of a glass SRM gave results within % of the certified values. GD methods have potential advantages for depth projle studies of metals in that they can penetrate to pm depths quickly over a relatively large surface area.The method has been evaluated for the analysis of steels using either a fast erosion rate for analysis to a depth of pm or a slower rate for analysis to < pm. A high level of outgassing was experienced in the early stages of analysis and caused consider- able problems of interference at low masses. It was considered that steel samples should be degassed thermally under vacuum in the ion source prior to initiation of discharge. No attempt was made in this study to standardize analysis semiquantit- ative analysis being sufficient but the analysis of brass-coated steels was quantified and calibrated through the use of equations which assumed a linear combination of the individual RSFs or sputter rates of pure iron and brass matrices.These equations were used in an iterative way until there was no change in calculated concentration or sputter rate. Depth profiles obtained by this method were very different from the uncalibrated profiles. Use of argon containing % hydrogen as discharge gas in the analysis of steels was found when compared to the use of argon alone to significantly improve to within a factor of . the correlation between measured relative ion yields R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. RIY and the RIYs calculated from a simple theoretical model. No mechanism was proposed for this improvement in quanti- tative analysis. Although the addition of hydrogen promoted the formation of hydrogen-containing ions within the plasma use of a double-focusing sector instrument resolved these from the analyte ions. .. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ... ReviewsThe most interesting review to have appeared in the period covered by this update is that by Horlick where the development and current status of ICP-MS was overviewed references in the context of Shakespeare's seven ages of man. It was argued that the technique had reached maturity and that it was now a time for reflections on the future direction for ICP-MS and atomic spectrometry and elemental analysis in general. Horlick suggested that greater effort was required in developing direct methods for the analysis of materials and that glow discharge and electrospray ion sources for MS would be increasingly used. Gray discussed the current status of ICP-MS and considered the major problems.The view was expressed that some of its inherent problems have been avoided rather than solved by resorting to more powerful mass analysers but at higher cost. However overall the author felt that after years of exploitation the technique had reached an encouraging degree of maturity. The application of ICP-MS to biological and medically related research is one of the growing areas of endeavor to the extent that there is now sufficient literature to propagate a number of useful reviews. Barnes in a review with references summarized the advances in the application of ICP-MS to human nutrition and toxicology where reliable isotope ratios and high sensitivity were considered its particular attractions. In addition in combination with compound separation technology the tools available for studies of human metabolism and heavy metal poisoning by ICP-MS are extended. McKay reviewed references the use of ICP-MS for the study of pharmacokinetics of Pt-containing anti-tumour drugs. It was concluded that in conjunction with ETV HPLC and LA sample introduction ICP-MS has great potential in extending the time scale of these studies. In a reference review Carey et al. discussed the relative merits of conventional nebulization ETV HG GC LC and SFC. In another references Uden discussed HPLC- and GC-ICP-MS as well as GC-MIP-AES. Sheppard and Caruso discussed the use of mixed-gas He and N plasmas as alternative sources for plasma mass spec- trometry references . Spectroscopic and non-spectroscopic interferences as well as sensitivities for high ionization potential elements were addressed. In addition applications of chromato- graphic techniques were included. Olson and Caruso reviewed the current status of He-MIP sources for MS references .The advantages of the He plasmas together with gaseous and aqueous sample introduction techniques were discussed. In addition other studies including fragmentation and fundamentals were examined. McLaren provided an ICP-MS applications bibliography update.The list was intended to include the most important ICP-MS applications papers. ICP-MS ... Operating parameters and instrument development Considerable attention has been paid to the use of mixed-gas plasmas for ICP-MS in the period covered by this update.The majority of work was directed towards argon nitrogen mix- tures with N being added to the coolant or carrier gas flows. Xiao and Beauchemin studied the effect of adding -% to the coolant gas of an ICP on a large number of analytes covering the entire mass range. The authors reported that compared with conventional operating conditions . kW forward power; no N a mixed-gas plasma with % N at . kW led to only a slight degradation in analyte sensitivities and detection limits. However the effect of . mol -l Na was eliminated and that of . mol -' Na was reduced to a uniform level across the mass range allowing the use of a single internal standard. With the addition of a small percent of N and no adjustment of forward power sensitivities and LODs were slightly improved.Two groups have studied the effect of adding N to the carrier gas flow. Laborda et al. reported that by increasing the carrier gas flow from . to . min-' or by the addition of % N the ArC+ interference from . % C was effectively removed. However they found that the C+ and ClO,' species were only removed by the N addition. On average LODs for elements across the mass range were - times higher with the mixed- gas plasma. In a similar study van der Velde-Koerts and de Boer used a combination of simplex optimization and N addition to the carrier gas flow to reduce polyatomic interferences. Apparently simplex optimization alone reduced the levels of these species although it is not clear how appropriately the instrument was originally set up.The addition of N further improved the situation by a factor of .- and reduced matrix-induced sensitivity changes. Platzner et al. assessed the addition of trifluoromethane CHF to the carrier gas flow as a method of improving LODs for elements such as As Cu Se and Zn in matrices that cause spectral interferences. The authors reported that in all cases the analyte response was significantly increased with a coincident decrease in blank signal. The reduction of inter- ferences was attributed to competitive reactions between the matrix species and the CHF or species derived from it in the plasma. It was conceded that the mechanism for the analyte enhancement was not clear but was though to be related to the ionization potential of the elements.Tanaka et al. reported the generation of N and plasmasfor ICP-MS after slight modification to the load coil and matching unit. After an all Ar plasma was generated the coolant and carrier gas flows were gradually replaced with N or ,. The replacement of the auxiliary gas flow by N was found to be impossible. The LODs for elements with a first ionization potential < . eV were comparable to or lower than those obtained with an all Ar plasma. Argon polyatomic species were considerably attenuated with either gas plasma although ArN' and analyte oxide species increased in a N or plasma respectively. Evans and co-workers described the devel- opment of a He low-pressure ICP-MS system for the detection of halogenated gas chromatographic efluents.Test results showed LODs of < pg with a linear range of - orders of magnitude. The system was subsequently used for the determi- nation of a number of organotin -lead -iron and -halide compounds with LODs of between and pg. By decreas- ing the power and plasma gas flow it was possible to sustain an He plasma using only the carrier gas from the GC. Mass spectra were obtained for bromo- chloro- and iodobenzene that were similar to those obtainable using an electron impact ionization source. By adjusting the plasma gas flow and forward power it was found possible to influence the degree of fragmentation of the inorganic species. Montaser et al. studied matrix effects and the determination of As and Se in urine with a He-ICP-MS system. A boron nitride sampling cone was used to reduce the second- ary discharge prevalent with this type of system. Although the kinetic energy was reduced it was still higher than that achieved with a conventional Ar ICP-MS system. Although signals for As and Br were enhanced with a Na U or SO'- matrix the effects could be corrected by the use of Se Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. R internal standard. Analysis of NIST SRM Urine using both standard additions and internal standardization gave concentrations for As and Se of If:ngml-l and ng ml- respectively which were in good agreement with certified values.The authors concluded the work with a comparison of He-ICP and He-MIP spectrometric analysis of aqueous samples. Hieftje et al. evaluated the coupling of a W atmospheric He-MIP to a mass spectrometer. Not unexpectedly analyte signals were found to depend on various instrumental parameters such as sampling depth gas and sample solution flow rates and ion lens settings. A pneumatic nebulization- desolvation sample introduction system was used and LODs for seven non-metallic elements ranged from ng ml- to . pg ml-' comparable to those obtained with an Ar ICP and the same mass spectrometer. Interference effects of con- comitant cations and isotope ratios for Br and C were also presented. Fecher and Nagengast investigated the practical aspects of a He-MIP-MS system for the determination of As Br I and Se in biological samples. Liquid samples were introduced into the system with a Meinhard nebulizer without desolvation. Calibration lines were linear over four orders of magnitude and LODs were between . and .ngml-'.The influence of K and Na on the response of As was <% up to concentrations of OOOpgml-'. Analysis of % HC caused an interference at a concentration of ngml-' of As and pg ml-' of Ca caused an interference of at a concen- tration ng ml-I of As. A variety of reference materials were analysed for the four elements and the results obtained were considered to show 'acceptable' agreement with certified values.Two Japanese groups have described the performance characteristics of high power nitrogen MIP-MS systems. Okamoto produced an annular plasma from an Okamoto cavity operated in a surface-wave mode. The back- ground mass spectrum was dominated by nitrogen oxygen and argon related species. Preliminary LODs for Ca Cr Fe and K were obtained directly were < ng ml-l. Calibration lines were linear over five orders of magnitude. Oishi et al. reported on the development of a doughnut-shaped nitrogen high-power MIP for MS. In the analysis of distilled water no structured background was found in the range -Ou. Elements such as Ca Cr Fe K and Se could be determined at their major isotopes. For most elements LODs were <pg ml-' levels. For elements with ionization potentials >. eV LODs were about one order of magnitude poorer. Uchida and Ito compared . and . MHz plasmasfor ICP-MS. It was found that analyte ion signals at the lower frequency were found to be more sensitive based on the count ratio of analyte-to-plasma support Ar'.The rf power was not found to affect ion counts at .MHz but were increased with rf at . MHz.The levels of MO+:M+ species was greater for the lower frequency plasma but doubly charged species was found to depend solely on individual elements. The secondary discharge more strongly observed at . MHz was thought to reduce monoxide ion formation. On average the LODs were slightly lower with a . MHz plasma. Myers and Hieftje described a preliminary design of an ICP time-of-ight mass spectrometer. Right angle and linear geometries were compared and the former found to be more appropriate. Although speed and resolution were con- sidered excellent sensitivity was lower than predicted probably because of poor ion transport from the ICP into the TOFMS. In addition the authors reported that the Ar plasma gas ions were saturating the microchannel-plate detector.This had prompted the implementation of a deflection scheme to remove most of the Ar' . Koppenaal and co-workers reported on an ICP-MS system using an ion trap mass spectrometer. Initial results included sub-ppb LODs of bare atomic ions for most elements complete destruction of polyatomic matrix species and effective neutralization of strong Ar + currents. These properties allowed observation of clearer mass spectra at m z < and the potentially improved detection of 'problem' elements e.g. As Ca Fe K V Se . Metal oxide and hydroxide species with high bond strengths were observed but could only be alleviated with system modifications. Houk and co-workers continue fundamental studies of ICP- MS. In one study it was shown that analyte sensitivity and linear dynamic range could be improved by applying a positive dc - volts to the skimmer cone.The LODs were improved by a factor of five the linear range for Co was extended to ppm and mass bias was improved six-fold. Elsewhere it was reported that a single Langmuir probe was inserted through the skimmer into the supersonic jet extracted form an ICP. Electron temperature and electron density were measured with an axial spatial resolution from mm behind the sampling cone to mm behind the skimmer. The results of the study indicated that the electrons stay hot during the extraction process but that the electron temperature dropped by ~ K behind the skimmer. The authors considered that the measurements generally supported the concept that the extracted plasma remained quasi-neutral as it passed through the sampling and skimmer cones.Two groups in Japan have reported on the use of shielded torches for reduced polyatomic ion formation. Sakata and Kawabata reported that the use of a grounded shield inserted between the load coil and plasma torch of an ICP virtually eliminated the formation of species such as ArO' and ArH' . However the technique did result in the formation of species such as BaOH' and prohibited the ionization of elements with higher ionization potentials. Nonose et al. also reported on the use of a shielded torch together with the use a chamber gas an additional gas flow added to the spray chamber close to the nebulizer. The addition of a chamber gas on its own appeared to result in an increase in the levels of all polyatomic species but used in conjunction with the shield the chamber gas significantly reduced the levels of some polyatomic species e.g. ArO' whilst increasing the levels of others e.g. NO' arid Lao' .The authors concluded that the shield was reducing the incidence of collision induced ArX' species at the interface. However as MO+ species were a result of the physical properties of the plasma itself their behaviour was different when the shield was used. ... Sample introduction As in previous years reports on studies concerned with sample introduction developments for ICP-MS are in greatest abun- dance. Amongst these chromatographic techniques flow injec- tion and electrothermal vaporization are the most common but laser ablation is steadily gaining attention. Laser ablation as a sampling methodology for ICP-MS continues to be driven by both applications and fundamental studies.The most interesting report in the current review period on laser ablation LA -ICP-MS has been provided by Allen et al. who described the determination of isotope ratios using a twin quadrupole system. This instrument with truly simultaneous data acquisition allowed the measurement of ions at two m z values. Laser ablation of copper was performed using a Q-switched frequency doubled nm Nd:YAG laser with a ns pulse width and mJ energy levels. Both steady state and transient signals were investigated using a Hz repetition rate and single shot mode. When the Hz repetition rate was used the time-resolved signals for both isotopes were noisy but highly correlated. A majority of this flicker noise cancelled out when the ratio was calculated and an RSD of .% was R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. obtained. It was noteworthy that the precision of the ratio improved with dwell times up to s but then deteriorated and in all cases was worse than the counting statistics.The authors suggested that this may be attributable to differential drift in the mass analysers or detectors. In single shot mode the precision of peak response was % with an isotope ratio RSD of .% despite often irregular peak shapes. If the isotope ratio RSD was calculated over seven consecutive points on a single transient peak it was found to degrade to .%. As it is common in LA-ICP-MS analysis to ratio trace element responses with a minor isotope of a major elemental compo- nent to account for variations in ablated mass this twin quadrupole technique has great potential to improve the quality of data. Huang et al. described a microscope-based LA-ICP-MS system using a Q-switched nm frequency- doubled Nd YAG laser. Instrument response was almost linearly related to laser energy with an inflection in the slope at . mJ.This was considered to arise from a change in ablation mechanism from direct to indirect ablation due to plume heating and shock. No element selective ablation was observed. The relationship between crater size was also shown to change at . mJ and craters as small as - pm were obtained at . mJ. The mean size of particles produced by ablation processes was shown to be smaller with lower energies. The efficiency of transport was measured by passing ablated mate- rial through an acidic solution which was subsequently ana- lysed. Efficiencies were found to vary between -% for different metals. Detection limits were at the pg g-’ level for Co Mn V and W in Hastelloy when producing a pm crater.The perennial problem of how to optimize a LA-ICP-MS instrument when a dry plasma is produced has been addressed by Hollocher . Iodine was introduced into the Ar carrier gas by room temperature evaporation of a mm size grain. The iodine was supported in a glass tube to avoid reaction with plastic or metal. The iodine provided a stable signal at the mid mass of and was not found to have significant quantities of polyatomic ions such as Ar + . The analysis of pressed powder pellets of environmental mate- rials using an ZR Nd:YAG was investigated by Cousin and Magyar who rather than use an element in the test material as an internal standard doped the sample SOIL- reference material and five standard pellets with an aqueous solution. Homogenization was performed by regrinding after solution addition. Values for the REE were within confidence intervals except for Ce and La. Feng has evaluated the use of NIST SRM Silicate Glass as a standard for the determination of REE Ba and Sr in calcium and magnesium carbonate matrices when using IR Nd:YAG laser ablation. Routine LODs of ng g-’ for the REE and ng g-’ for Ba Sr and Y were obtained.The best within grain precision was considered to represent maximum analytical error and was better than % for elements above pg g-’. Accuracy was established by comparison with solution analysis of bulk material and found to be generally better than %.The author attributed the accuracy of the analysis to the high power density of his laser system and suggested that at high power density ablation resulted mainly from laser plasma plume expansion rather than direct laser interaction with the specimen. Determination of trace elements in a calcium-rich matrix was also reported by Ulens et al. . This study concerned the possibility of using LA-ICP-MS to authenticate marble objects by considering the chemistry of a naturally produced weathering crust or ‘patina’. The crust generally consisted of recrystallized calcite clays zeolites oxides calcium oxalate and gypsum. The essential advantage of LA-ICP-MS was the lack of sample preparation required. Depth profiles of nine elements were made using single pulses of a free-running IR Nd:YAG laser and Ca+ was used to account for drift. Prior to the analysis of ancient artifacts weathered quarry marble was shown to provide reproducible changes in element ratios.The possibility of quantitative analysis was evaluated using standard solution doped pressed powder pellets of calcium carbonate. These synthetic materials when analysed as unknown were found to give excellent agreement with AAS and INAA data. Not surprisingly tests on ground natural marble presented as pellets gave poorer agreement due to sample homogeneity problems. The determination of trace element environmental contami- nants in calcijied biological structures by Evans et al. was a good example of the application driving instrumental development .These workers have been investigating changes in trace element loads of the incrementally grown calcified hard parts from mammals and fish during their lifetime by semi-quantitative LA-ICP-MS analysis. Flexible software and hardware was developed that allowed time related changes to be displayed. The ablation was performed with an IR Nd:YAG laser at low repetition rates to minimize damage such as cracking and scorching to the test materials. The Ca+ signal was used to normalize for changes in ablated mass. Significant changes in heavy metal content during creature lifetimes of calcified materials were observed. The problem of matrix matched solid standards for the determination of trace elements in high purity gold silver and alloys by LA-ICP-MS has been addressed by Kogan et al. . By careful evaluation of laser parameters the authors were able to demonstrate that either gold or silver reference materials could be used to cross-calibrate because of the constant trace elemental sensitivities.The IR Nd:YAG laser was operated in Q-switched mode at mJ Hz repetition rate and focused mm below the surface. Linear calibrations were found and the use of internal standards such as A~Ar+ AgAr+ and Arf was not found to improve reproduc- ibility. Crater size was found to vary with test material composition but the number of atoms of gold or silver removed was found to be very similar despite very different boiling points and densities. However the melting points and thermal conductivities of gold and silver are similar and the authors suggest that this may have minimized potential matrix effects. A very different approach to the analysis of gold has been taken by Watling et al. .Theft of gold in Western Australia has been estimated at % of production capacity and a rapid and robust methodology has been required to identify stolen material. Trace element content has been used by the authors to ‘fingerprint’ the gold sources. This was performed using LA-ICP-MS in a qualitative pattern matching exercise that could be easily and unambiguously understood by juries. In this study the methodology had been optimized to maximize differences and produce patterns that were repro- ducible between analytical sessions. Unique ‘fingerprints’ were obtained for different provenance areas between Australia and South Africa and within Australia material sourced from different mines within the same provenance and even the same mine with two different mineralizing events.The robustness of this ‘fingerprinting’ was confirmed by observing consistent patterns from gold produced nine years apart from the same mine. This study demonstrates the power of LA-ICP-MS even as a qualitative investigative tool. The most common of the different sample introduction techniques is liquid chromatography. Speciation has again been a very popular area of research with numerous authors publishing methods. Arsenic compounds have been determined in fish seafood products urine chicken and water . In two papers LC was coupled with HG before detection by ICP-MS and . For the determination of arsenobetaine a non-reducible form of arsenic an on-line microwave digestion Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. R technique was required . In this particular paper arsenite arsenate monomethylarsonic acid MMAA dimethylarsinic acid DMAA and arsenobetaine were deter- mined using both ion exchange and ion pair chromatography with Na heptanesulfonate as the ion pairing reagent. In another paper arsenic speciation in the CRM DORM- has been achieved following SFE.The authors claim that the arsenic speciation is not altered by the extraction process but report recoveries of only & YO of the certified value. Organotin species have been speciated using HPLC coupled with ICP-MS by a number of different authors and . A variety of columns and eluents have been employed and detection limits vary according to which species was determined and which system was used. Speciation analysis of Cr Cr"' and Cr" has been achieved using hydraulic high pressure nebulization and ion pair chrom- atography using tetrabutylammonium acetate as the ion pair- ing reagent and % methanol as the eluent. Interferences from carbon were eliminated by the addition of oxygen to the nebulizer gas. An LOD of ngml-I was obtained for the Cr species.Two sets of authors have attempted to use isotope dilution analysis in conjunction with HPLC-ICP-MS. Brown et al. speciated the lead compounds Pb+ trimethyllead and triethyllead on a Hypersil ODS column using methanol and sodium acetate-acetic acid as a mobile phase. To reduce the dead volume of the system a reduced volume ml single pass spray chamber was used. It was found that the best precision was obtained when peak jumping using short dwell times was used.The best detection limit obtained was that for trimethyllead where the LOD was . ng g-' as lead. In another paper HPLC-ID-ICP-MS was used to obtain speciation data for a number of heavy metal complexes and organo-iodine species. Natural waters were analysed and the metal complexes were found to be present at concentrations of approximately ng ml- and the organo-iodine species were present at between . and . ng ml-'. The LODs were - pg of Hg. An off-line use of chromatography has been demonstrated by Durrant et al. . Here the matrix components were separated from the analyte by chelation chromatography. The isotopic ratio of the analyte was then determined using the isotopes at Zn and Zn. The method was validated by the analysis of zinc ratios in bovine milk and human urine.The results reportedly compared favorably with other extraction techniques. Research into gas chromatography coupled with ICP-MS has continued. Two papers describing the coupling of a high temperature GC with an ICP-MS instrument for the analysis of metalloporphyrins in coal and oil shales have been published in this review period. Probably the most critical part of the apparatus is the transfer line between the two pieces of instrumentation. In this case it comprised a directly heated stainless-steel capillary tube which the authors described as 'robust simple to install programmable and introduced minimal loss in chromatographic efficiency'. Cobalt Cr Fe Ni Ti V and Zn metalloporphyrins were determined at the -Opg g-' level.The technique enabled up to ten analytes isotopes to be determined quasi simultaneously. Results showed good agreement with those obtained by HPLC with UV detection. Speciation of Hg Pb and Sn using GC-ICP-MS has been accomplished by Prange and Jantzen . In this paper the transfer line was a heated piece of quartz. Detection limits were and fg for Sn Pb and Hg respectively and the reproducibility between different runs was better than %. A novel method by which GC is coupled with a low pressure ICP-MS instrument has been described in a conference presentation C . The low pressure system enabled the determination of atomic ions fragmentation ions and molecular ions thereby allowing unequivocal characterization of the analyte species. A more detailed paper describing the instrumentation and the appli- cations would be very interesting. Electrothermal vaporization has again been a popular method of sample introduction.The benefits of ETV-ICP-MS for separating the analytes from the matrix and hence decreasing interference effects have been discussed in a paper by Beres et al. . In addition the paper also discussed the importance of the vaporizer design and illustrated its con- clusions with several applications. This technique has been used to investigate the vaporization and atomization mechan- ism of boron in a graphite furnace . It was found that the boron volatilized at a temperature substantially below the boiling point of atomic boron and that the addition of nickel nitrate modifier made no significant difference to the thermal stability although it did improve the sensitivity. In a similar paper the mechanism of volatilization of tungsten was studied. It was concluded that in the temperature region between and "C there was two distinct vaporiz- ation processes resulting in two peaks for W.The peaks arising at "C and above "C were attributed to tungsten oxide and tungsten carbide respectively. The best S N and optimum LOD were obtained when a vaporization temperature of °C was used. The effects of several different acids on analyte intensity was investigated by Gregoire et al. . The effects of a range of concentrations of nitric hydrochloric sulfuric and phosphoric acids were determined on the analytes Ag Bi Co Cs Cu and Pb. Sensitivity was enhanced by a factor of when % v v nitric and sulfuric acids were used phosphoric acid suppressed the signal for Ag and Bi and hydrochloric acid appeared to have few effects. Commercial atomizers have been modified by several work- ers so that they may be coupled with ICP-MS instruments. Wang et al. analysed several solid CRMs using such a device and developed a simple method of calibration and analysis. Materials analysed included NISTTotal Diet and a Coal Fly Ash. In a pair of papers Lamoureux et al. first characterized and then evaluated the perform- ance of a modified commercial atomizer. The effects of the carrier gas flow rate and the vaporization temperature on the signal intensity of Ag was determined. The authors also claim to have direct evidence for the pre-atomization loss of Mn when vaporized in the presence of magnesium chloride. In the second paper a large number of analytes were deter- mined using the modified vaporizer. Of analytes the majority exhibited increased sensitivity when a chemical modi- fier of NASS- sea-water reference material was used. Absolute LODs ranged between . and . pg. A modified commercial atomizer has been used in conjunction with met- allic platforms to trap hydride forming analytes . A palladium sputtered tungsten platform exhibited superior per- formance over the other platforms made of tantalum rhenium and molybdenum .The linear dynamic range was improved by an order of magnitude and the LOD for As was . ng ml-I. Hydride forming analytes have also been pre- concentrated in a graphite furnace in a paper by Marawi et al. . The method has the advantage over normal hydride generation coupled with ICP-MS because the excess of hydro- gen formed as a by-product of the reduction is not introduced to the plasma with the analytes and therefore does not cause plasma perturbation.The analytes As Bi and Te were deter- mined in a single run after pre-concentration in the graphite tube containing palladium. The linearity of the method was reported to be limited to sub ng ml- concentrations. The LOD for arsenic was calculated to be . ng ml-I. Sturgeon and GrCgoire generated hydrides of As Bi Sb Se and Sn from aqueous sample solutions using tetrahydroborate reductant. The gaseous analytes were transferred to the inner wall of a graphite furnace ETV system and preconcentrated R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. on a . pg thin film of reduced palladium at °C. The absolute LODs for As Bi Sb Se and Sn were . . and pg respectively. With the exception of Se the efficiency of the system was better than %.The accuracy of the system was verified by analysis of several marine reference materials. Solid materials have been introduced as slurries in a paper by GrCgoire et al. . The well known ultrasonic slurry technique was applied to the analysis of the reference materials NIST SRM a Coal NIST SRM Total Diet and NRCC LUTS- Lobster Hepatopancreas for the analytes Co Cr Cu Mn Ni and Pb. The authors claimed excellent agree- ment with certified values for everything except Cr in coal. Detection limits ranged from . ng g-' for Co to . ng g-' for Cr. Arsenic has been determined directly in solid samples of plant origin by ETV-ICP-MS . After optimizing the temperature programme and carrier gas flow rate the authors obtained an LOD of ng g-' and an absolute LODThe use of on-line anodic stripping voltammetryJlow cell has been described in two papers by Pretty et al. to determine As"' and Se" and CrV' and Vv . The arsenic and selenium were plated on a vitreous carbon electrode at -. and -. V respectively and then stripped from the electrode at +. and + . V. The technique removed the interference effects exerted by chloride ions and yielded a preconcentration factor of . As an application the authors determined the analytes in urine obtaining recoveries of -% for arsenic and -% for selenium. In a similar paper the same authors obtained recoveries of % for V in urine and '' in water although the analysis of the NIST SRM Urine gave results in good agreement with the non- certified value. Chromium was less successful however with Cr"' in urine refusing to be oxidized to Crvl although spikes of CrV' gave a recovery of %.The elimination of the polyatomic interferences Arc+ and C -I- was quantitative up to pg ml- of carbon and pg ml-' chloride. Flow injection has again been used as a means of preconcen- trating analytes and for matrixlinterference elimination. Technetium Th and U have been determined in soils by preconcentration using specialized chelating resins TEVA.Spec and TRU.Spec . A pre-concentration factor of was obtained and the method was described as being faster less labour intensive and generating less laboratory waste than conventional radiochemical methods. Detection limits were . . and . ng g-' for Tc Th and U respect- ively.The accuracy of the procedure was tested by the analysis of a CRM soil for Th and U and by liquid scintillation counting for Tc. Trace metals Co Cu Mn Pb and Zn have been determined in sea-water using on-line FI to preconcen- trate and remove interferences . The column used was an iminodiacetic acid based resin METPAC CC-. Using an ammonium acetate buffer and a wash-out period interfering species such as sodium chloride and the Group elements could be eluted to waste. The analytes were then eluted for detection using mol -' nitric acid. Accuracy was ensured by the analysis of CRMs NASS- Open Ocean Seawater CASS- Coastal Seawater and SLEW- Estuarine Water. Good agreement with the certified values and recoveries of typically -% was obtained. In a similar sort of paper As Cr Se and V were determined in biological materials. In this case a micro-column of activated alumina was used to retain the analytes whilst aTRIS buffer pH was used to eliminate interferences. Analysis of the CRMs NIES Sargasso TORT- Lobster Hepatopancreas DORM- Dogfish Reference Muscle and DOLT- Dogfish Liver Tissue yielded results in good agreement with the certified values although a photolysis step in the sample preparation procedure was required to obtain good data for As and Se. Gold has been enriched in a paper by Gomez and McLeod . The of pg. gold was retained from natural waters on a micro-column of sulfydryl cotton. Using a ml min sampling stage and potassium cyanide as the eluent pl a preconcentration factor of was obtained. The LOD was determined to be . ng -'. Natural waters have also been analysed for Cd Co Cu Mn Ni and Pb after preconcentration of the analytes on SO,-oxine CM-Cellulose ion exchange column. Detection limits were in the low pg ml- range and the procedure was validated by the analysis of CRMs SLRS- River Water and NASS- Open Ocean Seawater. Flow injection has also been used to introduce samples that have a very high dissolved solids content. Arsenic Bi Sb Se Sn andTe have been determined in steels . The FI approach enabled the LODs to be improved by a factor of - and the analysis of several CRMs ensured analytical accuracy. In a similar paper highly concentrated solutions of phosphoric acid YO m m sodium nitrate % m m and sodium phosphate % m m were analysed using the standard addition calibration method. The LODs were described as being - ng m-I. Isotope dilution has been used with FI sample introduction by several authors. Goosens et al. compared direct calibration standard additions and isotope dilution for the analysis of Pb in wine and urine.The authors concluded that from the viewpoint of accuracy precision and flexibility the best calibration method was by standard additions. They did note however that the matrix-induced mass fractionation on the lead isotope ratios as observed for the continuous nebuliz- ation did not occur for flow injection. Isotope dilution analysis has also been performed for the determination of Cd Cu and Pb in biological and environmental reference materials. The precision was found to be better than % and LODs were and ng I-' for Cd Cu and Pb respectively. Optimization of FI systems has been performed in two papers. In one paper the effects of carrier flow rate injection volume peak integration routines and FI manifold design on figures of merit such as sensitivity precision back- ground detection limit elemental coverage and sample throughput were discussed. In another paper univari- ate optimization of air-segmented flow injection for ICP-MS was discussed.The peak height sensitivity was found to be strongly dependent on the nebulizer flow rate and the rf power; but independent of sample injection volume the carrier flow rate and the ratio of air to water in the carrier. Using optimized conditions the LOD obtained for several analytes was found to be at least comparable to those obtained for continuous nebulization even when a sample injection volume of . ml was used.The only exception to this was Se. Peters and Beauchemin described the effect on the sample aerosol of inserting a heated extension at °C between the spray chamber and the torch. Both and mm internal diameter extensions were characterized in terms of sensitivity and LODs for a suite of elements. The best analytical figures of merit were obtained with the mm extension which resulted in LODs being improved by an average of %. The improvement was greater than expected from the concurrent increase in sensitivities. The authors concluded that the heated extension significantly reduced noise as a result of the pre-evaporation process which decreased the average droplet size entering the plasma. The greatest improve- ment in sensitivity was observed for La Mo and V three elements with strong oxide bonds. Sparkes and Holcombe characterized the particles leaving the graphite furnace cell of an ETV-ICP-MS system. A large number of particles totalling about . pg and assumed to be graphitic were found to leave the cell when heated without sample. A common analyte carrier NaC was also characterized and exhibited a bimodal size distribution with a consistent absence of particles in the .-. V r n region.The authors suggested that this was consistent with a dual mechan- Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol R ism of NaCl particle formation. After varying a number of instrumental parameters the authors concluded that this pro- duced a statistically insignificant change in the number of particles or their size distribution except for the .-. pm regime which altered with furnace heating rates. Varying transport tube lengths from .-. m showed subtle effects that were notable for large particles and long tubes. Vanhoe Moens and Dams described the coupling of a thermospray nebulizer and desolvation unit to an ICP-MS instrument. Several parameters on both the thermospray and the ICP were optimized. Under optimum conditions the sensitivity was a factor of better compared with an ICP-MS system with pneumatic nebulization. Although background levels were the same LODs were improved.The RSD on analyte ions for a short-term stability test min was between and %. The levels of oxide and doubly charged ions were about . times lower than with a pneumatic system. Houk et al. used a cryogenic desolvation system in conjunction with an ultrasonic nebulizer to remove organic solvent from the aerosol stream. Prior to introduction into the ICP the aerosol was subjected to repetitive heating about "C and cooling in a set of cryogenic loops at - "C. Of the four solvents considered methanol ethanol acetone and acetonitrile only ethanol required the continuous addition of O -% in the aerosol gas to prevent carbon deposition on the sampling cone. Lao' :La+ and UO' :U+ ratios were .-. %. Cryogenic desolvation attenuated but did not eliminate the usual carbon-containing polyatomic ions.The analyte sensitivities from metal nitrate salts in methanol were found to be comparable to those from aqueous solutions. However substantial memory effects were observed from several metal complexes. A new pneumatically driven high eficiency nebulizer HEN has been characterized by Sang-Ho Nam et al. .The nebulizer operated at very low sample uptake rate - pl min-I and the LODs precision ratio of doubly charged to singly charged ions oxide ion-to-analyte ion ratio and ion kinetic energies were compared with those obtained from a conventional pneumatic nebulizer. The HEN yielded LODs at the ppt level which was comparable to the conven- tional nebulizer but the short and long term stability of the HEN was superior. Decreasing the solvent loading of the plasma has been achieved in a couple of papers. A hollow fibre polyimide membrane separator heated to °C was used to introduce a dry aerosol into an ICP-MS instrument . The level of the polyatomic ions ArO+ and C+ were decreased by one and two orders of magnitude respectively.The CeO+ :Ce+and BaO + :Ba+ ratios were also decreased significantly. In another paper the organic solvents methanol ethanol ace- tone and acetonitrile were removed by cryogenic desolvation. The solvent was removed by heating at °C and cooling in a set of cryogenic loops at -°C. Ethanol was the only solvent that still required the addition of oxygen to the nebulizer gas flow to prevent the build up of carbon. The ratios of LaO+:La' and UO+:U+ were .-O.l% but the desolvation did not eliminate the polyatomic interferences arising from carbon e.g. CO+ C+ and ArCO'. The sensitivity for several analytes in methanol was comparable to those from aqueous solutions but severe memory effects were reported. Haraldsson et al. showed that in the determination of Hg isotope ratios the precision was counting statistic limited if samples contained < pg. With sufficient Hg the precision was .% RSD in the Hg:Hg ratio.The LOD was lowered by concentrating the Hg vapour on gold traps and the sensitivity of the instrument increased four- to six-fold by addition of nitrogen or hydrogen to the carrier gas flow. ... Interference effects There still exists some interest in the application of ethane addition to the nebulizer gas for the removal of polyatomic intevferences . It was found that while the absolute analyte response was generally poorer with the addition of ethane the levels of some spectral interferences were greatly reduced when compared to an all argon plasma. A simplex approach was used to optimize plasma operating conditions in order to remove or reduce ArO' ArCl' CIO' CeO' ArNa' SOz+ Sz+ and PO,' species. Complete removal of the ArCl' ArNa+ SO,' S,+ and PO,+ was achieved while the levels of the remaining interferences were very much reduced. Recovery tests and the analysis of CRMs demon- strated the utility of the optimal conditions.The authors did however concede that a set of compromise ethane conditions was required and identified to be of value in reducing the interferences simultaneously. With La and Pb as test elements analyte oxide ions were investigated as a function of sampling position carrier gas flow rate and energy transfer from plasma to sample . The efficiency of energy transfer was modified by addition of a sheathing gas or H,. The LaO+:Laf ratio was in the range of .-%. This ratio was minimized to .% with low carrier gas flows and efficient energy transfer. However under these conditions there was a factor of three loss of La signal. Reed et al. published a catalogue of the efSect of common interferences on the ICP-MS of elements from Li to Ge.The study utilized the resolving power available from a double focusing mass spectrometer and provided definitive information on the nature and potential origin of such species. The study investigated several common anion matrices typical of the normal acids used in practical analysis as well as the concomitants present from atmospheric entrainment into the argon ICP. The resulting database was considered a useful reference guide to which interferences need to be considered in any practical analysis whether using a quadrupole or a sector based instrument. Vanhoe et al. reported on a systematic study on the occurrence of spectral interferences from the matrices of biological materials. All polyatomic ions originating from the matrix elements C Ca C K Na P and S that gave rise to spectral overlap with analyte elements were examined. A list of the species which could be seen to cause interference up to a matrix element concentration of g I-' was given. In addition for each spectral interference the corresponding apparent analyte concentration was calculated for different matrix concentrations.Thus an interference factor could be calculated for each spectral overlap. A review of correction procedures applied to biological materials was also given together with some examples. van Veen et al. developed a software approach to tackle polyatomic interferences based on data reduction of the measured total mass spectruni through multi-component analysis MCA .The approach leaned on a working understanding of interferences that were likely to be encountered in a sample matrix whose composition was known by virtue of the total mass spectrum and knowledge of applied solvents. The full isotopic patterns for all elements and expected interferents were used in the modelling MCA matrix of masses x species at maximum. Data reduction was solely based on the information about the isotopic patterns present in the meas- ured mass spectrum itself. As a result the authors reported that LODs could be lowered by one or two orders of magni- tude. The approach was illustrated with an industrial example of Hf determined in NdFeB and with an environmental sample of groundwater. Begley and Sharp and Gray et al. reported on investigations into noise sources in ICP-MS its influence R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. I on isotope ratio precision and methods to control it. In the former study the precision of isotope ratios was improved by optimizing peak jumping parameters which minimized the deleterious influence of non-random instrumental noise.This approach was found to remove the majority of the instrumental noise associated with sample introduction and excitation facilitating a measurement precision of approximately . YO RSD with respect to the 'Ag:'Ag isotope ratio. In the second study the effect of poor ion distribution in the plasma and ICP-MS interface was identified as the principal cause and by avoiding this precision values were found which agreed with the statistically expected values of .% RSD for the loAg:IoAg isotope ratio. Pollman et al. reported that cooling the spray chamber both improved the analyte signal RSD and the white noise measured on the ArO' peak whilst introducing slurries increased white noise levels.These authors also showed that peristaltic pump pulse noise could be clearly seen in noise-amplitude spectra but that the ampli- tude was decreased at the presence of an impactor bead in front of the nebulizer. Shifts in the noise bands around Hz were shown to occur as a result of power level and coolant gas flow adjustment. Roehl et al. reported on the use of Ga as an isotope ratio internal standard to correct for mass bias drift in determi- nation of Z n isotope ratios.The Zn ratios were measured to establish dietary Zn absorption in nutritional studies. All samples and standards were adjusted to a common Zn concen- tration and spiked with Ga to obtain a Ga intensity roughly equivalent to that of Zn. A correction method based on a regression which used the relationships between the temporal changes of the Ga:Ga ratio and three Zn ratios for each analytical batch was found to give the best results because it avoided under or over correction of mass-bias drift. Koirtyohann measured isotope ratios of Cu Fe Ni Pb and Zn with RSDs of about . using measurement times of < min per sample. It was found to be necessary to accumulate several million counts to reduce counting statistical errors to correct for dead time in the counting circuitry and to compensate for a slow drift of apparent ratios with time. Drift compensation was achieved by using a third isotope of the test element by adding two internal standard elements with isotopes bracketing the mass range of interest or by frequent recalibration with a standard of known abundances. Attempts to compensate for drift in Li isotope ratios were not successful and typical RSDs for Li:Li remained around around .. Copper and Zn ratios were measured in pig faeces with a ratio precision and drift behaviour essentially identical to that seen for synthetic solutions. ... Applications With ICP-MS an established technique despite its relative youth the volume of reported applications continues to grow. In many cases the use of ICP-MS is almost incidental. Although the performance of ICP-MS may be one of the reasons for its choice the applications themselves often have little novel content or exciting analytical science.The reader is therefore directed to the Atomic Spectrometry Updates concerned with analysis for a broad review of ICP-MS applications. As indicated by Barnes the capability of ICP-MS to make isotope ratio measurements has attracted several workers to use the technique in bio-kinetic and metabolism studies. Absorption and retention investigations of Mo as an essential trace element were made by Soltani-Neshan et al. using a stable isotope method.The study was carried out in order to elucidate the proper function of three important human enzymes. The stable "'Mo isotope was determined in urine and faeces from healthy adults after oral administration of a tracer amount. Metabolism of Ni in humans has received attention.Templeton et al. used an ingested stable Ni tracer in bio-kinetic studies of nickel. Principal compo- nents analysis PCA was used in conjunction with ICP-MS to separate the true Ni signal from Ca-containing polyatomic ions. The authors concluded that Ni isotopes could be meas- ured in body fluids by ICP-MS at levels that allowed stable isotope tracer studies in humans. Gregoire and Lie used ETV-ICP-MS for the determination of Cd and Zn isotope ratios in sheep's blood and organ tissues. Samples were obtained from several sheep which were part of a loCd and Zn whole body infusion study into Cd metabolism. Adsorption chromatography was used to separate matrix components and provide a preconcentration by a factor of . Limits of detection for Cd and Zn in blood were . and . pg g-' respectively. Cadmium Cd:'Cd; lllCd:"oCd and zinc isotope ratios Zn:Zn; Zn:Zn were determined with a precision of -%. and -% respectively.The boron supply in human diet is of increasing interest and the demand for reliable determination of B in biological material is growing. Evans and Krahenbiihl assessed the capability of ICP-MS for the determination of B in biological materials by analysing a range of biological RMs using external calibration standard additions and isotope dilution procedures. Memory affects a major problem in B determination were reduced by rinsing with a wash-solution of sodium fluoride. The authors concluded that accurate B measurements could be made to a level of dO. pg g-' and that external calibration together with a Be internal standard was the fastest and simplest procedure. Vanhoe et al. also used a Be internal standard for the determination of B in human serum.The ICP-MS instrument was fully optimized and memory effects reduced to an 'acceptable' level by use of a short min clean-out procedure. The procedure gave a B blank level of . pg -' and LOD of . pg -'. External calibration was used to quantify B in an RM and serum samples from healthy human subjects. Vanhoe et al. also considered the memory effects associated with the determination of I in milk powder and human serum. If I is present as iodide and nitric acid is used for acidification the analytical signal is not stable and results can be erroneous by as much as %. Using ammonia in place of nitric acid as a diluent overcame this problem. Interestingly in the determination of I in serum results were independent of the diluent used. A high resolution ICP-MS instrument was used by Moens et al. to analyse a 'second generation' human serum RM. Good agreement with certified values for Ca Fe U and Zn was achieved at a resolution setting of in serum diluted four- to eight-fold. High resolution mode MIAM = was used to separate V from ClO an element without certification.The concentration obtained . pg g -' f . was in good agreement with a value of . pg g-' k. obtained by NAA. Low resolution mode was used to determine Ag to a LOD of . pg mi-'. The authors concluded that an investigation of blanks and methods of dealing with memory effects would be necessary before full use could be made of the sensitivity of high resolution ICP-MS.The determination of radio nuclides in environmental samples by ICP-MS has been a particularly useful area of activity in this review period. Two Japanese groups continue their studies of Tc. Momoshima and Sayad used a Fe OH co-precipitation procedure to obtain a Tc" precipitate from sea-water which was subsequently dissolved in HC and oxidized with H. Further steps including ion exchange resulted in a meagre % Tc recovery. Concentrations of Tc in local sea-waters were between . and . pBq -' and the sensitivity of measurement was pg ml-'. Tobita and co-workers used a cyclohexane solvent extraction procedure and anion exchange for extracting Np Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. R and "Tc from soil samples in order to overcome isobaric interferences. Sensitivities were up to a times better and counting times up to times shorter than with conven- tional methods.The ICP-MS LODs for Np and Tc were . pBq ml-I and . pBq rnl-' respectively. Results from the analysis of core soil samples were in good agreement with those obtained by radio chemical methods. Hodge and Vernon evaluated the use of ICP-MS for the determination of Ra in drinking water. Cation exchange was used to pre- concentrate the Ra. The entire procedure required about h for a set of eight samples with recoveries of +%. The method LOD was pg I-'. The authors felt that the method was a viable alternative tool for Ra determination in drink- ing water. The analysis of water continues to be an important area of ICP-MS application together with the development of sample preconcentration using -hydroxyquinoline. Orians and Boyle determined picomolar levels of Ga In andTi in sea- water. Titanium was determined by ID nebulization ICP-MS after preconcentration with a .pgml-I LOD. A further concentration by evaporation was required for the determi- nation of Ga and In. The resultant preconcentration factor was . Analysis was by flow injection ICP-MS pl sample loop and standard additions was used for calibration. The LODs for Ga and In were . and . pg ml-' respectively. Over-all precision deteriorated to % for concentrations close to the LOD. Esser et al. preconcentrated REE from natural waters using an -hydroxyquinoline method and determined concentrations using ID-ICP-MS. Resultant solutions were considered to be 'almost' salt free and the Ba+ concentration was low enough not to cause spectral interferences. Recoveries for most samples were >O% but could be as low as % for certain samples. Yamasaki determined ultra-trace elemental levels in natural waters using high resolution ICP-MS.The LODs on most elements were <. pg ml-' and as low as fg ml-I for several elements. Accurate analysis was confirmed using NIST SRM c Trace Elements in Water . Forty trace elements were determined in river and lake waters at what was con- sidered an 'acceptable' speed of s per element i.e. min per sample although no time consuming sample preconcen- tration was necessary. To determine elements in rainwater a longer integration time of min 'per element' was required because of the low elemental levels.This was considered acceptable for a routine procedure. Longbottom et al. reported on a joint US EPA- AOAC interlaboratory method validation study of US EPA method . to determine and compare mean recovery and precision of ICP-MS analysis for trace elements in reagent water drinking water and groundwater. Mean recoveries were - % with between-laboratory RSDs of -%. However recoveries of Ag were low in all matrices at concentrations of > pg -I. The suitability of ICP-MS for the measurement of Pb:Pb isotope ratios in marine aerosols has been evaluated . Using SRM it was found that a precision of <.% could be attained for counting rates cps. As subsequent measurements of Pb isotope ratios in marine aerosols from main source regions surrounding the North Sea demonstrated this precision was considered sufficient to determine significant differences due to the origin of atmospheric Pb.The analysis revealed ratios varying from . which is close to that for leaded gasoline in Europe to near modern lead background values of .. A Japanese group took an interesting approach to the determination offg amounts of Pb and Zn in individual airborne particles by ICP-MS with direct air-sample introduction . The approach required the high-speed pre-amplifier in a commercial instrument to be replaced with a system operating with a longer time constant followed by a bandpass filter. This allowed a single signal pulse to be obtained for each airborne particle sampled. The detection limit for Pb was . fg. Weiss et al. C reported on the use of stable isotopes to evaluate selective extraction techniques for solid phase Cd speciation in soils. Model soils consisting of individual soil phases were spiked with enriched Cd stable isotopes. Each phase was spiked with a specific isotope of Cd and then combined to make model soil systems.These were then sub- jected to sequential extractions in which five phases were targeted. Results indicated that sequential extraction tech- niques for 'metal' speciation in soils is highly dependent upon the soil type. An extraction tailored to a particular soil type could achieve recoveries approaching % specificity and efficiency. This novel work deserves full publication. The analysis of wines by ICP-MS has received a little attention. The work of Goossens et al. considered the suitability of ICP-MS for the determination of Pb. Initially evaluation of signals in an aqueous ethanolic medium was made.This showed that sample preparation could be limited to a -fold dilution and an external calibration used for quantification. An LOD of . pg -' Pb in wine was achieved. The Pb content of ten different wines was found to range between . and . pg -l. It appears from the abstracts available for review in this period that ICP-MS applications in geology and geochemistry are heavily biased in two areas; the determination of platinum group elements PGE and the REE. This of course reflects the areas in which ICP-MS is particularly powerful and can offer performance that other techniques cannot match. It is gratifying to see the technique exploited in such an appropriate manner rather than simply using it to determine as many elements as can be achieved. Several groups have been investigating $re assay procedures for PGE extraction prior to ICP-MS analysis. Reddi et al. evaluated the optimum nickel sulfide button size for PGE recovery. Of the three button sizes considered . and Sg the smallest was found to be adequate for full recovery. Losses of PGE in the fusion stag and in the pulp at the second filtration stage were found to be negligible and tellurium co-precipitation minimized losses during the dissolu- tion of the button. Jurvonen et al. compared nickel sulfide and lead fire assay procedures with an aqua regia leach prior to ICP-MS analysis.Three RMs were used in the comparison together with ores of various rock origin. It was found that the highest recoveries when considering all elements were obtained from nickel sulfide fire assay but that the lead procedure gave higher values for Au Pd and Pt.The results from the aqua regia leach confirmed that it was most applicable as a screening method for ore analysis prior to fire assay. Hall and Pelchet reported on the use of lead fire assay for extracting Au Pd and Pt at low pg -l levels from rocks soils sediments and humus samples prior to analysis by nebulization ICP-MS. The simple and cost effective method was capable of achieving practical LODs of ,. and . ng g-' for Au Pd and Pt respectively. Purification of reagents and the use of dedicated equipment would the authors felt improve LODs further. Precision of the procedure at low concentrations was dominated by inhomogeneity of the element in a sample rather than by variability inherent in the method itself. Accuracy was assessed with six new geological RMs. Chen et al. C reported a method for separating Au Ir Pd Pt Re Rh and Ru from large amounts of fire- assay-associated base metals in dilute HC solutions using the strongly acidic cation-exchange resin Amberlite CG-. Solid LODs for mg of sample were t ng g-' for Au Ir Pt Re Rh and Ru and ng -l for Pd. Analysis of nickel sulfide fire assay beads for the RM SARM- showed good agreement with certified values. In addition RSDs of < Yo were achieved. R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. Poor accuracy for Au was associated with its heterogeneity within the small fire assay beads. Determination of REE continues to be a popular study area. Ruroldini and Fachela determine all REE Sc and Yin fusion solutions.Two K-based fluxes K,CO and KB were studied.To avoid matrix effects K was precipitated and the supernatant evaporated to dryness. Detection limits were - ng -l. Accuracy of the procedures was confirmed using selected RMs. Uchino et al. determined the REE in pre-Cambrian sediments which contain high concentrations of Fe .-% . The suppression effect of the Fe matrix was alleviated by using both In and Bi as internal standards. Oxide species were found not to significantly contribute to analyte signal. The ICP-MS results were within % agreement of INAA values. The precision of the procedure was between and % depending on the elements. Xie et al. made an interesting observation in their multi-element study of the RM BIR-. Results from replicate analyses were considered in order to establish sufficient confi- dence. Following an HN-HF dissolution procedure samples were analysed by ICP-MS with both external calibration and standard additions. Detection limits ranged from several ng -l e.g. Ce Hf Zr to ng -l e.g. Ba Rb Sr . Concentrations of REE agreed with compiled and ID-SSMS values. However ICP-MS results for elements such as Hf NbTa and Zr were systematically higher than ID-SSMS data by -% but agreed with data from other ICP-MS laboratories. It would be useful to know if this discrepancy is a function of the sample preparation procedures analytical techniques or a combination of both. Xie and Kerrich investigated the optimal ID-ICP-MS instrument operating parameters as an initial step towards improving precision in the determination of Hf and Zr levels in samples with low concentrations of the elements. Forward plasma power variation had little effect. Mass bias was apparent particularly towards light isotopes of both elements. Variations in isotope ratios were found as a function of ion lens setting and dwell time. An over-all precision of .-.% RSD was achieved for Hf and Zr isotope ratio measurement and maintained over a h period.There is now a steady stream of reports of industrial appli- cations. Most could be classed as 'routine' but there continues to be a number of useful developments. Alonso et al. have reported on the determination of elements in spent nuclear fuel dissolver solutions and Tc in nuclear samples . In the first study a semi-quantitative approach was taken to characterize the fission products and actinides.The results showed 'satisfactory agreement' with computer predictions of fission products inventory. Quantitative analysis of the fuel solutions and residues was performed on selected elements those that did not suffer spectral interference. A combination of isotope dilution and standard additions with internal stan- dard calibration strategies was used to determine Nd Mo Pd Pu Rh Ru Tc U and Zr. Results for Nd were compared with those obtained by TIMS and found to be in good agreement for isotopes without isobaric overlap. Technetium was deter- mined in spent fuel leachates and vitrified highly active waste. A standard additions calibration procedure was used together with internal correction with Mo Ru and Zr. The influence of plasma operating conditions of spectroscopic interferences was studied and the instrument optimized accordingly. In addition it was observed thatTc suffers from severe memory effects. Sutton reported on a method refinement for the determination of trace element continuation in high-purity tung- sten hexajluoride. The procedure was based on the collection of a liquid-phase sample of WF. After reducing the sample to dryness the residue was digested in concentrated ammonia solution. An ultrasonic nebulizer was used for sample introduc- tion a technique that offers LODs superior to those possible with a pneumatic nebulizer. Limits of detection were in the range .-. ng ml-l for As Cr Cu Fe K Mg Na Ni P Pb Th and U. Takaku tackled the problem of trace Si determi- nation in ultra high purity water using a high resolution instrument.The background contribution from the plasma torch was overcome by using a preconcentration procedure on the sample. This approach allowed sub-pgml-' levels of Si to be determined. In addition to total Si ionic Si was determined spectrophotometrically and non-ionic Si by sub- traction of ionic from total Si. The total Si concentration levels in semiconductor grade water samples was .-. ng ml-l. Naka and Kurayasu determined truce levels ofB Co Cr Cu Li Mg Mn Ni and Zn in high-purity quartz. In addition the effects of mannitol dulcitol and sorbitol on the reduction of B volatilization during sample decomposition with HF and evaporation to dryness were studied. It was found that the addition ofmg of dulcitol to the sample was completely effective in suppressing B losses. Despite C from dulcitol deposition on the sampling cone continuous oper- ation of the instrument for h without signal loss was possible. However an ArC interference on Cr could not be over- come.Thus the sample preparation and analysis was split into two groups. The first for B Li and Mg determination had a dulcitol addition. The second group Co Cr Cu Mn Ni and Zn were prepared and analysed with dulcitol. The LODs for the method were in the range .- ng g-'. Nakamura et al. developed an ETV-ICP-MS method for determining . ng -l levels of Th and U in aluminium and aluminium alloys. The sample was dissolved in hydrochloric acid and the solution adjusted to moll-'. The analytes were separated from the matrix using a mixed ion- exchange resin column.The Th and U were eluted from the column with mol - HF-. mol - HC then the solution was evaporated to dryness. The residue was taken up in moll-' HCl. The LOD for Th and U were . and . ng g - ' respectively. Hall and Calello C described a unique approach to the determination of lead concentrations and isotope ratios in United States postage stamps dated to to chronicle the procurement of lead used in paint pigments. Green orange and yellow postage stamps were selected for the study because of the different lead-based pigments. A .mm disc was punched from the pigmented area of the stamp and dissolved in concentrated HNO,. Thallium was used as an internal standard and mass bias was corrected using NIST . The results showed that the source of the Pb-based pigments could be traced to specific USA mines. Apparently the postage stamp Pb isotope database that has been established could be useful in dating lead-based paints in homes. .. Laser Ionization Mass Spectrometry LIMSTwo reuiews of LIMS were published in the review period. Grey-Morgan presented an overview of laser plasma formation and applications of laser-induced plasmas to LIMS and to resonant post-ionization of ablated neutrals. The histori- cal development of LA and its applications including LA-MS were reviewed by Miller . A new LIMS instrument that coupled a laser ionization source with a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance ICR mass analyser was described by Struyf et al. . The device employed an external ion source with an NdYAG laser focused to a pm spot. Ablated neutrals could be post-ionized by electron impact although this facility only saw application to molecular studies. Mass resolutions of the order of lo were clearly superior to those achievable byTOF-MS quadrupole or sector instruments. Sensitivity was reported to be poorer than for TOF-MS by two orders of magnitude. Ions were Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. R generated outside the ICR cell unlike previous instruments of this type this allowed more space for sample manipulation and allowed a high vacuum to be maintained within the ICR cell. Studies of fundamental laser ionization processes included that by Fukushima and co-workers who investigated laser ablation by TOF-MS in the context of laser- deposition of superconducting films. Ablated neutral and ionic species were investigated and the influence of residual oxygen was reported.The Ba+ Cu' and Y + ion velocities were found to decrease with increasing pressure whilst + velocities increased. The authors considered collisional processes with residual gas and sputtered material but were unable to account for the effect. Nishikawa et al. studied the velocity distribution of Sr+ ions ablated from metallic Sr by ArF laser radiation. The dependence of ion yield on laser fluence sug- gested that Sr+ was produced by a four photon process. The data were used as the basis for a model of the laser ablation mechanism for Sr metal. Bate et al. measured RSFs for metals and non-metals in a Fe,A matrix. Discrepancies were observed from the prediction of local thermodynamic equilibrium LTE theory that RSFs should be a function of first ionization potentials. For non-metals it was found that the electronic configuration of the element in the solid state was a more useful predictor of the RSF than the ionization potential.The effect of plasma-to-plasma temperature vari- ations was also discussed. Dubreuil and Gilbert J. Appl. Phys. investigated sputtering from InP surfaces in the low-to-medium irradiance regimes using nm N laser radiation At irradiances of < mJ ern- sputtering was mainly from defect sites. A threshold was reported above which ablation appeared similar in nature to thermal evapor- ation. As with SIMS it was reported that a steady state condition could be reached where ablated ion fluxes became independent of the chemical species however this was not reached until after laser shots! Matus et al. reported that for irradiances greater than x " W ~ m - ~ ionization probabilities for most elements had similar absolute values. At these power densities it was possible to determine concentrations down to theng g-' level in geological and cosmochemical samples. An approach to quantitation was described which offered accuracies better than %. An instrument for single particle analysis was described by Hinz et al. . Particles were introduced to the spec- trometer through a set of orifices in a differentially pumped inlet.Their presence was registered by the scattering of a He:Ne laser beam which allowed both estimation of particle size and velocity from the magnitude and duration of the scattering signal. After a velocity-dependent delay the particle was irradiated by a N,-laser pulse. Results were reported for sub-micron sized smoke particles.The technique introduced another acronym to the field LAMPAS laser mass analysis of particles in the airborne state. Another novel approach to single particle analysis was described by Yang et al. Anal. Chem. who levitated single particles of approximately pm diameter in a quadrupole ion trap. The particle was then irradiated with frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser radiation. Mass analysis of desorbed ions was performed in the same ion trap. Tourmann and Kaufmann have studied single coal-mine dust particles by LIMS. For toxicological studies this approach was deemed necessary due to the heterogeneity of coal dust samples down to the single particle level. There have been further reports of instruments developed for long-range LZMS analysis in space. De Young and Situ described a laboratory-based instrument which ablated material from a variety of samples including aluminium copper germanium and silver and a 'lunar simu- lant'.The material was ablated at a distance of . m from the spectrometer. The use of the ion transit time from the sample to the spectrometer for TOF mass analysis was not ideal because ablated ion energy varied from element to element. The ions were therefore collected and effectively refocused in a quadrupole ion trap and subsequently analysed in a m TOF-MS instrument. Measurement at even greater distances will suffer from the lower efficiency of the initial ion collection procedure. .. Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry RIMS The Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy Conference was held in Bernkastel-Kues Germany and the proceedings have been published as AZP Conference Proceedings Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy Seventh Znt. Symp. Bernkastel- Kues Germany July eds. Kluge H-J. Parks J. E. and Wendt K. AIP Press . Papers from the meeting will be referenced as RIS- with a page number.The subject of resonance ionization spectroscopy was dis- cussed in a number of review papers. Two of the originators of RIMS Hurst and Letokhov reviewed the fundamental theory of the technique and discussed applications and detection limits . Letokhov has also reviewed the methodology and applications of laser ablation RIS LARIS . In a review by Bekov RIS- pp. - the early development of RIMS was discussed as well as applications of RIMS combined with thermal atomization laser ablation and ion- beam sputtering techniques.Trautmann has briefly re- viewed methods for the determination of long-lived tliz > y placing RIMS in context relative to other non-radiometric methods including AMS ICP-MS and TIMS. A more detailed review by the same author compares methods for the determination of gT~. Interesting comparisons were made with alternative radiometric and non-radiometric methods. Filament-based RIMS offered a detection limit of = l pBq however a more efficient tungsten or graphite tube source proved to be less selective. High resolution ICP-MS with an ultrasonic nebulizer also promised pBq detection limits how- ever TIMS with negative surface ionization to give pertechnet- ate ion offered a detection limit of . pBq. Resin bead TIMS and radiometric methods gave detection limits in the mBq range. A third review by the same author overviewed the application of RIMS to trace analyses focusing on the determination of the actinides lanthanidesTc and the use of collinear resonance ionization for the isotopically selective determination of Sr. Payne et al. provided a more comprehensive review discussing the theory of laser- atom interactions the effect of laser bandwidth and hyperfine structure on ionization efficiency. The authors described vari- ous atom sources used for RIMS as well as some of the more specialized instruments such as the collinear isotope-selective instrument and inert gas 'atom bunching' systems. Other useful reviews were those of Kluge who discussed the selection of ionization schemes design features of RIMS instru- ments as well as a number of applications. Applications of RIMS in the nuclear industry have been reviewed and applications to high depth resolution analysis of semicon- ductor materials were discussed by Arlinghaus et al. . Saloman has continued the important task of compil- ing RIS data sheets with new sheets available for Ga Mn Sc andT. Gilmour et al. described 'refrigerator-enhanced laser analysis for xenon' RELAX . Their instrument allowed samples to be degassed by laser heating using an W Ar+ laser. This removed the need for a filament and the concomitant blank signals. The xenon evolved was collected on a cold finger then vaporized by pulsed-laser desorption and detected by TOF-RIMS. The low instrument volume allows a lifetime R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. of min before detection . Applications of the instrument to :Xe dating were described. Downey et al. reported that ion extraction fields in their source gave rise to observable Stark shifting of RIS transitions.The authors have put this effect to good use by measuring the Stark shift for Na ionization and using this as an alignment tool. Samples could be positioned to within pm and the alignment procedure improved measurement repeatability by a factor of four. Xu et al. RIS- pp.- summarized progress in the laser single atom detection SAD laboratory in Beijing where Ru and Ir anomalies were studied at the K-T boundary RIS- p. . Gold and Pb concentrations have been meas- ured in Antarctic ice and the Rydberg and autoionizing states of Lu and Yb have been investigated.Twelve auto-ionizing states of Lu have been studied and their auto-ionizing probabilities determined and a variety of intermediate electronic states have been mapped. Auto-ionizing states of Lu were also reported by Krustev however the sensitivity of measurements using these ionization schemes did not appear high. Measurements in the ng g-' range were made with samples of -mg. Samples containing lower concentrations were not available but the authors estimated that quantitation should be possible for concentrations an order of magnitude lower. A great deal of attention has been focused on the measure- ment of T h isotope ratios. Tissue et al. reported that they were able to achieve a -fold improvement in precision and sample size over the TIMS method. The ionization stage of their RIMS scheme used an Ar' laser which gave rise to a non-resonant background as well as some non-resonant ioniz- ation ofTh. Interfering ions were observed for both Re and Ta sample filaments. The authors had to compensate both for non-resonant interferences and for biases inherent in the resonance ionization process. Precision for individual measure- ments was good but the repeatability poor this was ascribed to instability of laser parameters. The use of narrow and broad band lasers for Th:Th isotope ratio measurement was discussed by the same group who also described approaches to laser frequency stabilization techniques. Billen et al. also discussed Th isotope ratio measurements by RIMS and reported a series of transitions that could be used as part of a RIS scheme.The group used two two-photon two-colour schemes using both a visible and ultraviolet exci- tation stem. Pulsed lasers were used causing saturation broad- ening and the suppression of isotope effects. Monz et al. ; RIS- pp. - described develop- ments made using the collinear isotope-selective ionization instrument designed to measure the rare Sr isotopes. An isotopic selectivity of " was reported with an over-all efficiency of x This is equivalent to a detection limit of mBq "Sr lo atoms . The limit of detection was degraded by collisions with residual gas molecules. In the analysis of air filter samples . mBq mP "Sr was found with a sample-to-sample variation of %. Aseyev et al. RIS- pp. - proposed the use of magnetic fields rather than electric fields for the field ionization of high Rydberg atoms.They noted that magnetic fields did not influence ion kinetic energy and would allow energy discrimination between field ionization of neutrals and back- ground signals due to collisional ionization in collinear isotope selective RIMS instruments. The same authors RIS- pp. - have discussed the sources of background signals in this type of instrument. The Sr:Sr isotope ratio for Rb Sr dating was the subject of study by Perera et al. . The technique requires selectivity of lo to discriminate against the isobaric Rb. This discrimination is normally achieved chemically however this can potentially lead to contamination and loses any spatial information. The group have used a two-photon continuous wave-RIS scheme for both thermal atomization RIMS and sputter initiated RIMS. Strong odd-even isotope effects were observed and studied as a function of laser power. As yet the selectivity required for this measurement has not been achieved but the authors were investigating the use of higher laser power and frequency stabilization techniques. Emerson and Downey ; RIS- pp. - have discussed matrix efects in SIRIMS which included variations in sputter yield atomization efficiency and quantum state partitioning. Variations in resonant ionization efficiency was reported not to be a problem if saturation was achieved. Brandon et al. reported the use of power broadening to reduce odd-even isotope effects in Sn.The laser was tuned -cm-' off resonance at fluences of lo Wcm-. The method was demonstrated by application to Sn and has potential for other elements. However the use of high laser powers led to an increase in the non-resonant background signal. Young et al. RIS pp. - have used diode lasers to perform isotope selective opto-galvanic spectroscopy OGS in hollow cathode lamps.They reported sample-to-sample pre- cisions of better than +% for U:U isotope ratio measurements. Whilst this technique does not involve mass spectrometry the excitation scheme used is of interest as it could become part of a RIMS ionization scheme. Anderle et al. discussed laser ablation RIMS of InGaAs surfaces. They commented that atomization was the most difficult step to control in the analytical process. They reported the need to irradiate at a fluence greater than the threshold for production of neutral atoms but below the onset of laser-plasma formation in order to avoid non-selective ion formation. Fractionation effects were observed which corre- lated with the vapour pressures of the sample components. Eiden and Nogar reported that in the resonant laser ablation of Fe and Si transitions were unshifted from the values measured for unperturbed free atoms.The leading edge of the pulse ablated material which was subsequently ionized by the later parts of the pulse. At grazing incidence an interference grating was created above the surface with spacings smaller than the ablated plume dimensions. Ionization prob- ability was therefore related to the positions of the intensity maxima. Oxygen sputter enhancement effects were also observed because material was sputtered as the oxide which subsequently dissociated to excited atoms thereby lowering the over-all ion yield. Fuso and Arimando RIS- pp - described a theory of laser ablation in solid ceramic targets.The theoretically derived data agreed with experimental results obtained using a XeCl laser ablation at nm and subsequent fluorescence measurements. A number of analytical applications of RIMS are cited here as examples of sample preparation techniques limits of detec- tion achieved and matrix effects reported for specific measure- ments. Wendeler et al. described the preparation of filaments for thermal generation of Pu atoms. Plutonium was electrodeposited onto a masked filament with an efficiency of % determined by alpha spectrometry . The filaments were then overplated. Pu diffusion through this overplated layer gave an enhanced yield of Pu atoms.The authors reported that a Pb-doped Pt overlayer allowed atomic Pu to be generated at temperatures "C whereas an over-plated layer of Re necessitated temperatures in excess of °C. Ampliev et al. reported ppb detection limits for Al B Cr and Fe in semiconductor materials by TOF-RIM. Spiegel et al. described SIRIMS measurements of Zr in refractory carbide powders. The authors described a + photon and a three colour scheme involving an auto-ionizing state and reported matrix effects which were ascribed in part to shadowing effects by particles in the sample. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. R RIMS has also been applied to the measurement offirst ionization potentials an application which has been reviewed by Trautmann . Kohler et a!. RIS p- determined the first ionization potentials of Am Cm Np Pu andTh. Simard et al. have determined the first ionization potential of Ta. Both groups use the analysis of Rydberg series convergence as well as the onset of photo- ionization as complementary methods. .. Secondary-ion Mass Spectrometry SIMS A large number of reviews discussing both general aspects of SIMS and specialized applications were published in the review period. An excellent review of the fundamental aspects of SIMS was provided by Zalm . Topics covered included the theory of sputtering and sputtered-ion formation matrix effects including pre-equilibrium effects ion beam mixing effects the development of surface topography redeposition of sputtered material and isotopic fractionation. Approaches to quantita- tion were outlined as well as the calibration of spatial measure- ments. Instruments based on quadrupole sector and time-of- flight mass analysers were also discussed. In a review ofTOF- SIMS Benninghoven outlined the fundamentals of the sputtering process TOF-MS imaging and depth profiling of both atomic and molecular species. Stingeder reviewed the field of quantitative trace analysis by SIMS. In the review variations in sputtered ion yield between elements were discussed and the use of RSFs to compensate for these differences was outlined. Various approaches to the elimination of matrix effects were described including charge compensation the use of energy discrimination by monitoring MCs + adduct ions and by sputtered neutral mass spectrometry SNMS . The author noted the lack of CRMs for quantitative SIMS analysis. Rudenauer has provided an extensive review of imaging SIMS in which different instrument designs were discussed and the different approaches to image acquisition and display were outlined. Artefacts experienced in imaging were also discussed especially the development of surface topography effects. Imaging SIMS has also been reviewed by Odom . Levi-Setti et al. reviewed SIMS imaging of advanced materials focusing on a number of examples including Al-Li-Cu alloys ZnO varistors metal- matrix composites and photographic materials. Pseudocolour images of the latter were presented.The authors emphasized the conflict between high spatial resolution and low limits of detection and discussed the sample usage requirements for production of an image. It was noted that it was difficult to map B Cu and Fe using a Ga liquid metal ion source LMIS . Depth profiling with high spatial resolution was reviewed by Svensson et al. who described beam-induced sample oxidation and surface roughening effects. Stevie et al. reviewed the interferences and contaminants found in the ion implantation process and the use of SIMS for their characteriz- ation.The review included a comprehensive table of contami- nants and their likely origin within the implantation process and a discussion of the various mass spectral interferences likely to be encountered in the characterization of implanted samples. A number of authors compared SIMS with other instrumental analytical methods Blades compared SIMS with electrospray MS GDMS ICPMS and LIMS; Grasserbauer et al. compared SIMS with atomic force microscopy AFM and scanning tunnelling microscopy; Frey et al. compared SIMS with AFM Rutherford backscattering RBS SNMS transmission electron microscopyTEM and total reflection X-ray fluorescence TXRF ; and Sykes compared SIMS with Auger electron spectroscopy AES LIMS and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS . The various authors noted the comp- lementary nature of the methods and the advantages of a multi-method approach to analysis were stressed. Other reviews were provided by Werner on quantitative SIMS analysis and by Fragu et a. on biological applications of SIMS. A number of new instruments and ion source developments were reported. Marto described a SIMS instrument with an ICR FT mass analyser. The source which used a Cs' primary ion beam external to the ICR cell. Gerlach et al. described the need for highly efficient extraction of the low energy ions sputtered by Ga ion guns.The authors described the theory and practice of input lens design. Smith et al. described a new ion optical system for SIMS and SNMS instruments. Significant improvements were dem- onstrated for both modes of operation and examples were given for the analysis of noble metal alloys. Mori described a compact Au- and Cu- ion source for AMS based on Cs+ and Xe' ion sputtering. Current variations of .c % were reported over a ten minute period. Ion currents as high as . mA were reported in the pulsed mode of operation . Umemura et al. have described a Cs LMIS. The source was developed because Cs+ has distinct advantages over Ga+ as a primary ion especially for As C H and determinations. However its reactivity high vapour pressure and low surface tension make Cs difficult to handle in a LMIS.The source delivered Cs to an emitter needle through a capillary at low temperature. A g charge of Cs was expected to last for d and a focused ion beam . pm in diameter was produced. The instrument was demonstrated imaging latex spheres of and pm diameter. In a US patent Swanson et al. described the use of iodine vapour as an aid to sputtering and sputtered ion formation. Solid iodine was heated in the source of a focused ion beam system. A charge-compensation device was reported by Short et al. that used a planar eV electron beam directed across the sample surface between primary ion pulses. The authors were able to compensate for charge accumulation over sample areas as large as cm. A number of authors have investigated the fundamental ion formation processes in SIMS.Teodoro et al. measured the energy distributions of sputtered ions. They reported that beam-derived Cs + secondary ions had lower energies than sputtered target ions whilst MCs+ ions were intermediate in energy. These effects were discussed in the context of theories of sputtering mechanisms. Sharma et al. determined the angular dependence of '*Si+ and A~+ sputtered from Si delta-doped GaAs under keV ,' bombardment. Silicon and As ion yields were found to decrease with increasing angle of incidence but the yield of Si,- remained high at large angles. Whilst the results were difficult to explain the phenom- enon provided a useful tool for depth profiling at large angles of incidence in order to prevent ripple formation and attain high depth resolution. Fesic and Veseley reported on the angular distribution of Ga+ and Na+ ions sputtered from GaAs surfaces. Van der Heide reported agree- ment between inverse velocity plots for Cu+ and Cu- and 'current surface ionization theories' for ions > eV.The author also discussed the effects of near-surface collisions. The same author measured the velocity of sputtered ions and reported that plots of inverse velocity versus intensity were linear. An 'infinite velocity' method was proposed for quantitation which required only a knowledge of the concen- tration of one reference element within the matrix. Allen et al. discussed the mechanism of ion formation from the fragmentation of sputtered clusters. Uranium oxides were examined in the range of stoichiometries from UO to UO to show that the oxidation state of the surface U could be determined from the SIMS spectra.The technique was applied to a particle thought to have originated from the Chernobyl accident. Schulze has examined the effect of surface R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. work function alteration by alkali metal adsorption on SIMS ion yields. Zhao et al. investigated the formation of negative ions of the actinides and radium by sputtering for measurement by AMS. Because Th and U are known to form stable molecular anions with C and the formation of oxide and carbide anions of other actinides was investigated. For a Cs+ primary ion beam efficient formation of PuC,- PuO- RaC- ThC- and UO- were reported. It was noted that UF- was an alternative stable anion for U measurements. Salters described the ‘hot SIMS’ measurement of Hf:Hf isotope ratios. Samples = ng were placed on Re filaments and heated to °C at which temperature they were sputtered with an Ar+ beam in an Isolab instrument. Sensitivity was enhanced by a factor of three over ‘cold SIMS’. Another major area of investigation has been into the enhancement of spatial resolution in depth profiling imaging and SIMS. Chew and Sykes demonstrated a technique for sample rotation using a Kore rotating stage to reduce the development of surface topography effects in the non-normal ,’ primary ion beam sputtering of GaAlAs substrates containing Be spikes at nm intervals. Stevie et al. used sample rotation to improve depth resolution in the SIMS analysis of SiTiN AlTiN Ti multilayers. The authors were able to maintain high spatial resolution to depths of = pm using Cs’ and O,+ primaries but reported problems due to the electrical charging of insulating layers. Von Criegern et al. reported applications of ‘lateral SIMS’. This technique involved taking sections of samples and then depth profiling parallel to the original surface in order to obtain lateral measurements with the high depth resolution available when depth profiling. They reported that the technique was limited to high dose implants of high SIMS yield elements. Cirlin et al. have investigated the effects of oxygen on sputtering by AFM of ion-beam-damaged GaAs surfaces. They reported that oxidation caused swelling of the surface layer and reduced tailing. Surface roughness gave rise to changes in ion yield and led to a loss of depth resolution.The AFM clearly demonstrated ripple formation in GaAs. Using Si delta-doped GaAs the authors demonstrated the increased depth resolution attainable by sample rotation and emphasized that the development of surface topography was a major factor in the loss of depth resolution in SIMS. A round-robin study of SIMS depth resolution using Si delta-doped GaAs was reported to be in progress. Beyer et al. used a IO+ primary ion beam to examine the development of altered surface layers as a function of primary ion incidence angle. It was observed that the silicon substrate was oxidized to satu- ration level by the primary ion beam beyond the theoretical penetration depth of the primary ions.This effect was thought to be due to oxygen diffusion in the near surface region of the sample. He et al. have simulated analyte migration processes which result from sample charging during SIMS measurements. The work focused on the electric-field induced migration of H and Na in oxide glasses. Bombardment-induced broadening of B and Sb delta layers in silicon has also been investigated by Wittmaack . Bennett and Dagata have used ultrashallow depth profiling to investigate oxides grown on GaAs surfaces. They reported limitations due to the conflict between optimizing ion yield from their LMIS which required high energy keV primary ions whilst the optimum depth and lateral spatial resolution was achieved at lower energies. They did however state that for studies of the first nm of the surface high energy primaries could be implanted deeper than the region of interest.They commented that it was difficult to account for variations in sputter yield observed in the first nm and suggested a calibration pro- cedure. They also reported that profiling beyond nm with their instrument was prohibitively time-consuming. Oswald et al. have published software for the computer aided interpretation of depth profiling by ion sputtering. The software for IBM PC compatible machines uses instrumental parameters and some knowledge of the samples to convert instrumental depth profiles into ‘true’ depth profiles. Hutter and Grasserbauer discussed the application of chemometrics to surface analysis. The techniques allowed improvements in spectral and spatial resolution as well as the correlation of SIMS images with images produced by other techniques.The same group have demonstrated the use of maximum-entropy deconvolution to increase mass reso- lution by a factor of in the analysis of P-doped silicon. This resolution enhancement was verified by the use of corre- spondingly high instrumental resolution. The group have applied image-matching techniques to images acquired by scanning Auger microscopy SIMS and electron probe microanalysis. Wang and Van Espen have used Fourier deconvolution techniques to produce high spatial resolution images. On the basis of assumptions about the nature of instrumental noise and the primary beam dimensions the authors were able to ‘deblur’ images. However due to the finite size of the images Fourier techniques gave rise to distortions at the image edges. Liu et al. have used the ‘expectation maximization’ algorithm to reconstruct D doping profiles from a series of D depth profiles recorded at different angles of incidence.The technique was demonstrated for a . mm wide keV B implant OI cm- in germanium pre-amorphized silicon. The method was limited by uncertainty in the ion beam and sample alignment and by the SIMS depth resolution which was governed mainly by topographic effects. A spatial resolution of nm was reported and it was estimated that - nm resolution would be possible if surface topography effects could be eliminated. Developments in quantitation by SlMS have been addressed by a number of authors. Dowsett and Barlow have reviewed quantitative SIMS depth profiling of delta-doped layers. The authors emphasized the double problem of calibrat- ing for concentration and sputter depth.The authors carefully defined depth resolution and discussed the problems of its determination. SIMS matrix effects were also highlighted by the use of SIRIMS and XCs+ SIMS. RSFs were reported for elements in oxide glass powder samples using a Ga focused ion beam. Ion yields were close to those expected on the basis of the first ionization potential of the elements. Good agreement was found between the RSFs for the glass samples and for coal fly-ash particles. Willich et al. discussed quantitative characterization of W-C:H coatings by EPMA RBS elastic recoil detection ERD and SIMS. For the measurement of H profiles ERD and SIMS monitoring the CsH+:CsC+ ratio proved useful. Lyon et al. reported isotopic fractionation problems in oxygen isotope ratio measurements by SIMS. By integrating the secondary- ion signal and by the use of a conversion dynode system reproducible oxygen isotope ratios < .% over several weeks could be measured for both conducting and insulating samples. Belshaw et al. used a VG Isolab to perform SIMS measurements of Pb isotope ratios and reported measurement accuracy and precision close to that attainable byTIMS. The transmission of Cu isotopes by a magnetic sector SIMS instrument has been modelled by Adriaens and Adams in an attempt to gain insight into the variability of isotope ratio measurements. Their model was unable to explain the observed variations. The authors reported that % of observed isotope ratio vari- ations could be ascribed to the setting of instrument parameters and the effects of different crystal orientations in the sample. A particulate standard for isotope ratio measurement by SIMS and related techniques has been developed by Stoffel et al. . Micron-sized aluminosilicate particles doped with . YO Pu by mass and .% U by mass and of known isotopic Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. R composition were prepared.The isotope ratios were confirmed by SIMS and TIMS measurements. Banerjee and Kuzminer have examined silicon oxide nitride oxide Si Si,N Si layers to investigate the nitrogen 'tail' observed in the silicon substrate. By thinning the sample and profiling from the backside the authors demonstrated that the tail was an artefact of ion-beam mixing in the substrate. CsN+ CsO' - S- and SiN- ions were monitored in the study.The effect was more pronounced than simple sputter 'knock-on' but was not explained. The authors also noted that the use of secondary polyatomic ions was not free from matrix effects as the interfacial CsN' peak was much smaller than the corresponding SiN - peak. Differences in the relative intensities of MCs+ and MO- secondary ions have also been reported as an indication of matrix effects in the formation of adduct ions in the depth profile analysis of aluminium oxide films. Tomita et al. used low primary ion energies keV to sputter B' B+ B' whose relative intensities acted as indicators of supersaturated regions and precipitation of B in semiconductor substrates. The regions could not be distinguished by this method at primary ion energies of keV and above.The authors cau- tioned that these effects could lead to the misinterpretation of depth profiles. A number of applications papers served to demonstrate sample preparation and approaches to quantitation. Lazst et al. has studied the distribution of A in plant roots and described a method for sample preparation. The technique was applied to a study of A in soya bean roots at the cellular level. Januneau et al. measured the distributions of alkaline and alkaline earth metals in thick sections of flax seeds. Their measurements allowed correlation between elemental distributions and the location of different proteins within the seeds. To et al. have applied - and Cs+ SIMS to the analysis of salt crystals and described their approach to quantitation using calibration curves. Berry et al. measured Pu and U adsorbed on mineral surfaces by SIMS at concentrations ng crnp. Yamaguchi et al. have applied SIMS to liquid samples and reported the measurement of As Ce Co Cr Cs Eu Fe Ga La Mn Mo Nb Ni Rb Sc Se SrTi V Y Zn and Zr. Limits of detection were in the - pg range for ml samples but careful matrix matching or the use of internal standards was required. Goschnick investigated the SIMS analysis of different inorganic powders. Sputtering rates were determined gravimetrically using a microbalance with pg resolution and were found to be within a factor of two of those measured for the corresponding compact solids. An investigation of organic powders was planned. Another application of SIMS to particulate samples was reported by Fichtner et al. who measured depth profiles of nitrate and sulfate ions in urban aerosols. .. Sputtered Neutral Mass Spectrometry SNMS Sputtered neutral mass spectrometry ideally separates the atomization and ionization processes eliminating the strong matrix effects which hamper SIMS measurements Ionization of the secondary neutrals can be effected by electron impact by a beam or plasma also known as an electron gas or by resonant or non-resonant laser ionization. Resonant laser ionization of sputtered neutrals is discussed under the heading of RIMS. Non-resonant laser post-ionization has been referred to as SALI by Becker and co-workers who have played a major role in the technique's development and by laser-SNMS LSNMS by other groups.These techniques are discussed below. A number of authors have compared SNMS with SIMS and other techniques for surface analysis. Oeschner reviewed techniques suited to high-spatial-resolution charac- terization of thin film structures. Little attention was paid to LSNMS other than commenting that ion yields were higher and that there were some problems with quantitative measure- ments.The review focused on electron gas SNMS and MCs+ SIMS. It was reported that the latter method was particularly useful for the determination of Cd Hg and Zn and that it was possible to measure H depth profiles using the technique. Bayly et al. emphasised the freedom ofthe electron beam SNMS technique from matrix efSects when compared with SIMS. The advantages cited included a reduction in the influence of surface topography on signal and a very low spread of elemental RSFs with little variation between matrices. Higashi et al. demonstrated the advantages of LSNMS relative to SIMS which they reported overestimated interfacial segregation effects.The presence of increased oxygen concentrations at interfaces led to a significant signal enhance- ment for SIMS. LSNMS using an Ar' primary ion beam was compared with SIMS using Ar' Cs' and + primary ion beams. The authors noted that non-resonant post-ionization was potentially a better quantitative tool than resonant post- ionization due to the sensitivity of the latter to the electronic state of the sputtered neutrals. Bieck et al. described a new electron gas SNMS instrument which could be operated in a high spatial resolution microprobe mode. The instrument employed a Ga liquid metal ion gun which could be focused to a nm diameter beam however the highest spatial resolution reported for the microprobe was lm.The instrument incorporated a high transmission magnetic sector mass analyser to allow ion yields two orders of magnitude higher than those for previous instruments. Detection limits were reported to be in the low ng g- range. The slightly inferior spatial resolution when compared with SIMS instruments was offset by the improved capability for quantitative measurements. Nicolussi et al. focused attention on the matrix eflects that persist in SNMS despite the separation of the atomization and ionization processes. In a study of sputtered neutrals from Ti Pt multilayers the authors reported that several percent of the sputtered material was in the form of clusters of as many as ten atoms rather than the free atoms ideally required.The clusters could be ionized on fragmentation and this important indirect ionization mechanism became significant at interfaces where the nature of the clusters changed. For example at the Ti Pt interface studied Ti and Pt clusters could be observed from the bulk materials but Ti,Pt clusters were only observed at the interface. Velocity distribution measurements confirmed that the observed enhancement effects were indeed related to cluster formation. Torrisi et al. demonstrated matrix effects in both SIMS and electron beam SNMS studies of Al,Ga - ,As GaAs multi-quantum well structures. Matrix effects on the As signal were attributed both to the different availability of surface oxygen and to the sputter yield in the two matrices. In a study ofTiN thin films by electron gas SNMS Bock et al. found that matrix effects were minimal. Use of MCs' also reduced matrix effects relative to SIMS but it was noted that the re-sputtered Cs' intensity varied with matrix composition a likely cause of matrix effects in the MCs' technique. RSFs were reported to vary only for light elements in particular C and N possibly because of the formation of triatomic ions MCCs' and MNCs' . At high laser irradiances quantitation by LSNMS can be subject to significant signal losses due to the formation of multiply-charged ions. Becker and Hovis ionized sputtered neutrals with the fundamental frequency-doubled frequency-tripled and frequency-quadrupled output of a Nd:YAG laser. Pulse widths of ps were used and irradiances of W cm - were attained.The authors reported significant R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. amounts of multiple ionization in some instances the multiply charged ion signals were more intense than the singly charged ion signal. The authors noted that quantitative measurements required saturation of ionization and a sharply defined ionization volume. Schuetze et al. reported a method to demonstrate saturation in laser SNMS. An Nd:YAG laser with a . ps pulse width was used for sample ablation and postionization. By using a double postionization pulse with a ps optical delay between pulses the authors were able to demonstrate saturation of ionization for As and Ga atoms. Goschnick et al. reported a gravimetric approach to the determination of sputter erosion rates in the plasma SNMS analysis of powder samples which included pigments and environmental aerosols. Dang et al. investigated the quantitative SNMS of powders bound in Ag Au or C matrices or pressed into In foils. Signal intensity was found to increase with decreasing particle size and the authors reported that reproducibility of the binder gave rise to signal variations.These effects could be compensated for by the use of an internal standard. Franzreb and Fine investigated the laser post- ionization of sputtered Ag and Cu atoms. Using a KrF laser the authors expected to observe saturation of ionization at approximately lo' W cm-'. However plateaux were observed at approximately x lo W cm-' for Ag and a lower plateau below true saturation at about x lo W cmP was observed for Cu.These results could not be explained solely on the basis of the fragmentation and ionization of sputtered mol- ecules and the authors suggested the involvement of auto- ionizing states in this process. The work emphasized the need for careful determination of RSFs if the LSNMS system is operated below the saturation threshold. .. Stable Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry SIRMS ... Reviews The only review of note since the last Update was that of Brenna on recent advances in instrumentation and biomedical applications of high-precision analysis. The paper discussed the technique in its traditional form using the dual inlet as well as the increasing use of the continuous flow approach for rapid gas analysis or compound-specific isotope analysis. Emphasis was placed on those applications which are driving instrumental developments such as the coupling of LC with SIRMS and the use of GC-combustion-SIRMS for high precision isotope measurements of hydrogen nitrogen and oxygen. ... Instrumentation A significant development has been the coupling in parallel of both an ion trap and a gas isotope MS to a GC .This system which offered the possibility of both structural and isotopic information on the same peaks from the GC exploited the fact that commercial GC-combustion-SIRMS instruments have a backflush device one outlet of which is permanently open and could be connected to the ion trap. No results have yet been presented for the system but it does hold potential of opening up new lines of study. The determination of D:H and isotope ratios in ice from polar regions allows reconstruction of past temperature cycles and estimation of historical accumulation rates.To overcome problems corrosion large memory effects associ- ated with the direct injection of water samples into the MS an instrument was built with the source made entirely of copper and with the spectrometer and pumping system heated permanently to °C. Use of an electron energy of eV prevented formation of Ar+ and Ne' ions which would interfere with the water ions at m z and . Although this direct injection method was less accurate and less easy to use than the C equilibration method it had the advantage of providing both D:H and l:lO determinations simul- taneously and could be used for sample volumes down to . ml. Disadvantages of conventional SIRMS for the isotopic analy- sis of atmospheric gases were considered to be a relatively large sample requirement sample pretreatment and cost of analysis. An alternative procedure using a packed- column GC coupled to a quadrupole MS and selected ion monitoring SIM was proposed. Precisions of isotopic deter- minations were only about % which compares with about .% for conventional SIRMS. Minimum sample sizes for isotopic analysis were however low at pmol nmol and pmol for C N and N respectively. An elemental analyser has been coupled with a commercial gas isotope MS without changing hardware com- ponents in the MS in order to carry out on-line C and "N determinations with improved sensitivity and increased sample throughput. A standard gas was introduced into the MS between each sample. At natural abundance samples with less than pg total carbon or nitrogen could be analysed with an accuracy of Ad <.%.The throughput was seven samples per hour. Memory effects observed in the analysis of samples with highly enriched N were considered to have their origin in the chromatography column of the elemental analyser. A static vacuum MS and associated extraction line for the accurate determination of nitrogen abundance in a variety of samples has been described .The sample extraction line consisted of three distinct parts one for breaking sealed tubes one containing a reaction vessel in which nitrogen was liberated from samples by heating and one with a fixed volume dispenser which allowed only a small proportion .% of sample in a cracked tube to be analysed. The system could be used to quantify accurately ~ % nitrogen in the concen- tration range from a few pg g-' to % by mass. A general problem identified in this work is the unavailability of homogeneous RMs containing trace amounts of nitrogen. On-line LC-combustion-SIRMS of carbon isotopes has been demonstrated for the first time .The interface for which a key consideration was reliable and reproducible solvent removal before introduction into the furnace was based on a continuously coated and moving wire. Liquid solution containing the analyte was deposited on the wire which passed through a drying oven to remove solvent and then through a furnace to volatilize the analyte. Two modes of operation were employed. In the first the flow injection mode in which pure sample was injected into a stream of solvent continuously deposited on the wire no separation was involved and the precisions achieved . were superior to those by conventional combustion in sealed tubes and dual- inlet analysis. In the second mode the LC mode in which the eluate from an LC column was fed to the wire broader peaks due to diffusion during separation were observed and precisions . % were poorer.The limiting factor in the system described was the quantity of analyte collected on the wire and a belt collection system might lead to improvements. Improvements to a system for the determination of noble gases in paleojluids consisted of pulsed laser extrac- tion to release gas from the target fluid inclusions a quadrupole residual gas analyser to determine major gas components a capacitance manometer to measure absolute water contents and the addition of noble gas isotope spikes for elemental analysis by ID. A laser microprobe noble gas MS has been used in the isotopic analysis of garnets following irradiation in a nuclear pile. ... Analytical methodologiesThe use of static-vacuum noble gas type MS reduces the sample size requirement but increases the need for stringent Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. R sample separation. The noncryogenic purification of nanomole sized quantities of nitrogen has been evaluated using a mixture of CaO granules and copper. This removed C rapidly at - "C but only absorbed a minimum amount of N. Carbon and nitrogen could be separated from diamond samples with an initial C:N ratio of . An innovative method for the determination of "N in small nitrate pools coupled a denitrification bioassay technique with MS . Suspensions of two strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used to reduce nitrate and nitrite to N which was quantified by GC with an ECD.The system needed to be purged with He to avoid interferences from O and to remove C. The excellent separation of the nitrate and nitrite pools small sample requirement . ng N and low risk of contamination during analysis of N offered advantages in the study of inorganic transformations by bacteria in the environment. In a system for the precise IN analysis of natural gases a GC column was connected directly to a mass spec- trometer to avoid problems associated with closed system combustion and isotopic fractionation during trapping of N on molecular sieves. The system described in which C was trapped on molecular sieves and all other gases passed through the MS instrument was designed to provide a low leak rate to avoid contamination by air and sufficient GC separation of N and C,H to minimize mass interferences. Results for the analysis of samples from several German gas fields suggested that previously published data were suspect.The linear relationship between degree of overestimation of ''N and concentration of CO in the range .-% CO has been established by the use of standard CO-N mixtures and monitoring of masses and . Calibration of this relationship which varies with each instrument made it possible to correct measured S "N with a precision of .% at concentrations up to %. In addition the relationship provided a method to determine trace amounts of CO in natural nitrogen samples.The simultaneous isotopic analysis of N and N involved coupling of a GC with thermal conductivity detector and microdesorption trap to an MS instrument. Samples were passed through a scrubber to remove CO and H and then through a column packed with zeolite to collect the N. The Ar and N which were not collected by the zeolite were separated by GC and the N introduced to the MS instrument. The N was desorbed by a second carrier flow and carried directly to the MS instrument. Using this method rates of production as low as pg ha-' h-' of N from soil could be measured in the field a thousand-fold improvement over conventional methods. In another system for the same analysis CO NO and H,O were chemically removed prior to chromatographic separation of N and N. The N was passed through a copper reduction column to remove O before MS analysis whereas the N by-passed the reduction column. Batches of samples could be processed automati- cally at a rate of h-l and with a N detection limit of . p N per litre of air. A method for the quantitative conversion of N,O to N and O in the precise determination of oxygen isotope ratios in N involved thermal decomposition at > "C for h in the presence of a gold catalytic surface.The procedure designed for use in studies of trace levels of N in the atmosphere is unique in that it measures oxygen as the O species and that it allows measurement of both and ratios. A method for the precise measurement of N ratios in air involved measurement of the ratio of to NN. The paper discussed in some detail problems associated with the method including fractionation during introduction of sample and reference gases considered to be the principle limitation on achievable precision MS non-linearity effects of imbalance of sample and reference ion currents on the measured isotopic ratio isobaric interferences from CO and zero enrichments.The aim of an interlaboratory comparison of techniques for the extraction of soil water was to test the consistency of the methods as measured by the H and lO compositions. Four soils were distributed to laboratories for extraction by azeotropic vacuum and microdistillation methods. Large variations up to % for ,H and .% for lO in results between laboratories increased with decreasing water content and were greater for clays than for sands. A correlation was observed between the measured value and the final extraction temperature and the variation in analysis was attributed to incomplete extraction.The study highlighted the need for standard protocols for the extraction of water for isotopic analyses. A comparison of two different MS instruments one operated at kV with . ml rnin-l He flow and the other at kV with . ml min-' He flow for the measurement of picomole amounts of C showed that whereas isotopic com- positions for the kV system were independent of sample size and signal strength non-linearities were present in analyses by the kV system. Sample requirements for a standard deviation of .% were . and pmol for the and kV systems respectively. This represented a five-fold reduction in sample requirements over conventional techniques. A procedure for the separation of CO from air described in the section in this review on AMS was also used in the determination of lC:IC and l lO ratios in atmos- pheric samples. A correction for CO from the oxidant needed to be applied to the oxygen ratio. Large seasonal variations observed in both ratios were attributed to the impact of biomass burning and the isotopic fractionation in the destruction of CO. A procedure for the determination of S in soil samples involved dry ashing to oxidize the sulfur precipi- tation as BaSO decomposition to SO in an elemental ana- lyser cryotrapping and MS analysis using a dual inlet system. Correction factors discussed included those for leaks at the dual inlet and mixing valves background inlet line memory and interference from oxygen isotopes.The only factors of significance were those for leaks at the mixing valve and for interferences. A total correction factor was determined by the analysis of RMs. Internal and external precisions were in the ranges .-. and .-. units respectively. ... GC-combustion-SIRMS Strong developments in the application of this procedure have been reported as reviewed briefly but some attention has also been paid to problems being experienced.The presence of subtle bias in isotope ratio determinations has been demon- strated by an evaluation of algorithms used to analyse overlapping peaks whose shapes are affected by the number of connections between the GC column and final detector. A curve fitting strategy was presented for recovery of information held in doublet peaks but its effectiveness depended on the relative abundances and the elution order. Factors causing deviations in the measured ratios in environ- mental samples were studied by the analysis of mixed gas samples using different furnace temperatures and sample amounts. Combustion efficiency was identified as a major factor in poor results in the analysis of CH which required combustion at "C proper sample injection and suitable calibration. Ion-molecule reactions also resulted in inter- ferences. Similar problems were not experienced in the analysis of CO but removal of N was essential to avoid interference from N which co-eluted with CO.This was achieved by R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. running the GC column at - "C to separate CO and N and then by raising the temperature.The GC-combustion-SIRMS technique is finding wide application in human studies especially as its high sensitivity allows small doses to be administered to subjects. Values for C in a study in which serum lipids were analysed following oral administration of - C - and - C triolein were lower by about % than those obtained by conventional off-line combustion. This was attributed to isotopic fraction- ation during the derivatization of the fatty acids to their methyl esters. In a separate study on the metabolism of fatty acids both continuous flow SIRMS and GC-combustion- SIRMS were used. The first following TLC of lipids was suitable for measurement of uptake of labelled fatty acids into tissues and lipid pools while the second allowed identification of the desaturation and elongation of fatty acids and incorpor- ation of a label into fatty acids during metabolic synthesis. Small doses of p-carotene . mg typical of the daily dietary intake have been traced into plasma p-carotene retinyl ester and retinol pools and the biokinetics of each pool followed throughout the absorption period. Improvements in extraction procedures have made it possible to detect the administration of synthetic testosterone which has a C abundance different from that of endogenous testosterone by the analysis of urine samples as small as - ml in volume. In this study there was no evidence for isotopic fractionation during acetylation of the steroids. Isotope enrichments of . at.% could be detected in the study of n- polyunsaturated fatty acid turnover in experiments on rats.The technique would allow studies in humans with a high sensitivity and reduced blood volume requirement and without the hazards associated with radiotracers.The GC-combustion SIRMS technique is also being used in the analysis of foods and flavourings in particular for establishing authenticity or adulteration. Synthetic analogues of non-chiral esters are sometimes added to apple aroma concentrates. The chirospecific measurement of isotope ratios in -methylbutoanates has been presented for the first time in a study of carboxylic acids from different apple varieties. Enantioselective capillary GC was used as a sophisti- cated method for monitoring the authenticity of natural flavour compounds. Extensive sample preparation necessary for the analysis of sorbitol adulterant in wines by conventional methods was considerably reduced through the use of GC-combustion SIRMS which had the additional advan- tage of lower levels of detection. No purification of extract was necessary to obtain good C isotopic data in the analysis of small amounts nmol of vanillin from vanilla extracts. In the same study it was possible to demonstrate the different origins natural synthetic or biosynthetic of cis-hexenol extracted from mint. ... Continuousflow SIRMS A batch procedure for the selective reduction of nitrate from plant tissues and soil extracts to NO for "N analysis based on reduction by mol I-' Hg in concentrated H,S has been adapted for continuous flow SIRMS.The reduction was carried out in ml disposable sample vials fitted with screw top septum caps and placed in a place modified autosampler.The gas produced was transferred for analysis by helium which flowed in through one needle of a double concentric needle probe and swept out through the other. All flow lines and fittings were made of stainless steel and the GC column was removed from the elemental analyser because of the high reactivity of NO and possible memory effects. A batch of samples could be processed in h with a precision of <. at.% for - pg N as nitrate at natural abundance or about . at.% at at.% "N. In a continuous flow system for sulfur analysis sulfur was converted to BaS for combustion with V in tin capsules in an elemental analyser. Sample requirement was Opg of S per analysis and the sample throughput was three times that of an off-line procedure. Care was required during the sample preparation to avoid isotopic fractionation. Some fractionation was observed during the combustion process but could be corrected since the measured isotope ratios showed a linear relationship with those obtained by the off-line method.The continuous flow technique has been used in the first isotopic study of pharmacokinetics using phenobarbital labelled with either C or "N. The lower limit of quantitation was .-. pg ml-I in whole urine or .-. pg ml-' in HPLC peaks from urine analysis. Use of stable isotope labels eliminated the problems of radioactive drug synthesis in the radiotracer method but introduced the need for special syn- thesis of drugs labelled with the stable isotopes. In addition the limit of quantitation by the continuous flow method is probably inadequate to quantify drugs in biological matrices in the ng ml- concentration range. ..Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry TIMS ... Reviews Although there have been few review papers on IDMS since last year's Update that by De Bievre et al. on RMs can be recommended for its discussion on the availability and preparation of isotopic RMs and their use in isotope MS. In addition the principles of IDMS and its use in the certification of elemental RMs were described. A more basic overview by De Bievre considered the sources of uncertainty and error in analysis and explained that the definitive nature of IDMS analysis is due to full transparency of the uncertainties in the measurement process. The review by Aggarwal et al. on the applications of MS to the analysis of biological samples had a substantial section on the use ofTIMS mainly for the measurement of stable isotope tracers used in human studies but also for ID determinations. An introduction to the principles of the tech- nique was given and the historical development of the appli- cations discussed. A similar review by Mellon et al. on bioavailability of mineral nutrients gave less information on the MS method but interesting examples of applications in nutrition studies. A review by De Laeter on the role of isotope MS in studies on cosmic abundances gave detailed information on the abundances of elements and their nucleo- synthesis but somewhat less detail on the MS analysis. ... Instrumentation The large triple-sector TIMS instrument designed by Stoffel and co-workers was constructed from standard commercial components but with the unique ion optics reported previously in .The first magnet provided a focus in the horizontal plane of mass dispersion and rendered the ion beam parallel in the vertical plane and the second magnet brought the beam to a stigmatic focus. This not only resulted in % ion transmission but also prevented ion scattering from the top and bottom of the flight tube to improve abundance sensitivity. The inclusion of a third stage cylindrical electrostatic sector was also a factor in reaching an isotope- abundance sensitivity uranium equivalent of x lo-". This is an improvement of two orders of magnitude over previously reported values. A robot system for preparation of solutions of constant concentration Opg pl-' from uranium metal and oxide samples and loading of pl of each solution on to filaments has increased the productivity in aTIMS operation. The system in which precise determinations of concentration were made was more accurate and precise than the previous Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. R system in which the operator estimated concentration from the yellow colour of the solutions. ... Methodologies The total evaporation method in which isotope ratios are measured continuously until no more sample remains was less susceptible than conventional methods to errors resulting from variations in the amount of Pu or U loaded on the MS filament and from differences between filaments and sample loadings. Reproducibility of measurement was improved by a factor of - and the accuracy was as good as that for the conventional method. Assuming that the amount of sample consumed during stabilization of the ion beam was small the method required no correction for fractionation so the MS calibration procedure was simplified. Detection limits of . fg x lo atoms with % precisions have been reported for the ID determination of Pa which fractionates geologically from uranium and can be used for dating on the ka scale.The procedure involved extensive sample preparation with several ion-exchange steps. Samples were loaded on zone-refined rhenium filaments with the Pa sandwiched between layers of fine graphite. Ionization efficiency was .% for fg loadings. Problems of isobaric interferences from organic species were identified and the preferred sample size was > fg with a minimum of fg. Modest changes to separation procedures for the isolation of Pb and U from minerals with high concentrations of Fe have improved substantially ionization efficiencies for U.The changes exploited the difference in elution behaviour of Fe and U in HNO,. Sample solutions were loaded on anion- exchange columns in . mol I-' HCl and the Fe and U eluted with mol -l HBr. The residue was redissolved in mol -' HNO and loaded on another column of anion exchanger. After thorough washing with mol -' HNO to remove Fe the U was eluted with water. Strong signals for U were achieved quickly in analysis without the need for time- consuming preheating procedures. A novel method for the extraction of lead from geological samples was based on the use of a resin comprising of a . mol -' solution of the macrocyclic polyether bis-,' ' - [ tert-but ylcyclo hexano] - -crown- in isodecanol supported on an inert polymeric substrate.This resin had originally been based on a lower molecular weight alcohol octan- for the separation of Sr. The material retained Pb efficiently and selectively over a wide range of HNO strengths and could be recovered by a variety of complexing agents. Although not a very effective stripper . mol -' ammonium carbonate was chosen for the recovery of Pb because it can be obtained in high purity and sublimes at a low temperature. Recoveries were in the range -%. The same crown ether in octan- has also been shown to separate Ra efficiently from Ba in the measurement of Ra isotopes in volcanic rocks. Ionization efficiency of Ra decreased strongly for Ba:Ra ratios > so an elimination of >.% of barium was required. Separation was achieved by elution with mol -' HNO and recovery of Ra at the pg level was >%. In comparison with alpha or gamma count- ingTIMS analysis involved a shorter analytical time improve- ment in precision YO compared to -% and a reduction in sample requirement < pg compared to - pg . Nanogram amounts of% have been extracted from magnesium-rich samples using a combination of cation- exchange chromatographies in the H + form and the pyridinium form complexed with ,-diaminocyclohexanetetraacetic acid DCTA . Very small volumes of resins ml and . ml respectively were used and resulted in a total elution volume of only ml. Using single V-shaped tungsten filaments with tantalum oxide as ionization enhancer and an "Sr' ion beam intensity > . x A the isotopic composition of to ng of Sr separated from to mg of ultramafic rock could be determined with a precision of <.% and an accuracy of < .%. Potential interferences were eliminated by removal of Ca and Mg during the chemical preparation and of Rb by the tantalum oxide. A procedure reported in a Chinese language paper for the clean separation of Sr from Ca involved cation exchange chromatography in . mol I-' citric acid-. moll-' NHH and elution of Sr with mol -I HCl. Problems of relatively high rhenium blanks in the commonly used filament materials have prevented the accurate determi- nation of rhenium isotope ratios particularly in small samples which are important in the Re Os method in geochronology. Low rhenium blanks of < pg have been achieved by coating nickel filaments with V before degassing under high vacuum at °C. Rhenium emission was probably inhibited by formation of a vanadium-nickel oxide layer on the surface of the filament. Rhenium isotopes could be meas- ured with a precision of .% for a ng load and using pg Ba [as Ba OH ,] as enhancer of negative ions. Analysis of spiked samples highlighted a possible mass fractionation of oxygen in the measured ReO,- which was the only intense rhenium ion in the spectrum. Although oxygen bleeding had no noticeable effect on ReO,- ion intensity it could be used to stabilize an unstable ion beam. A report on the negative ionization method for the determi- nation of boron isotopic composition was noteworthy for the degree of detail presented. Boron was isolated from geological materials by anion exchange chromatography on a boron-specific resin in microcolumns with the flow rate con- trolled by a peristaltic pump. Low losses due to volatilization during sample preparation resulted from the use of very low evaporation rates . ml h-' at about "C during drying of acid solutions. Blanks were minimized by use of zone- refined rhenium filaments and mass fractionation during analy- sis was reduced by loading the samples on to the filaments at pH < so that boron was in the B OH form only. Steep fractionation resulted from the addition of simple salts as ionization enhancers but not from more complicated matrices such as sea-water or CaCO dissolved in HCl. Suppression of ionization was observed to occur in the presence of Fe silica gel or graphite.The filament temperature during analysis was strictly maintained at "C to achieve reproducible results. Lower temperatures resulted in lower ratios. A problem of focusing the ion beam due to the acceleration of electrons was eliminated by the addition of a small magnet close to the ionization filament. An isobaric interference by cyanogen was identified but no successful method could be found for its elimination. Consequently data were only accepted when the absence of cyanogen was confirmed by the lack of a signal at m z .Taking these points into account a precision of .% could be achieved for ng of B. A method for the precise determination of chlorine isotope ratios in natural samples with low concentrations gave a precision of .% for the C:C ratio in pg C. Chlorine was extracted from silicate samples by pyrohydro- lysis using induction heating and water vapour as carrier.The volatalized C was condensed in aqueous solution. Atmospheric aerosols were collected on filters and dissolved in water. Sulfate was removed from solution by precipitation as BaSO and fluoride as CaF and organic matter was extracted with activated carbon. Chlorine was converted to the stoichiometric CsCl by cation exchange and the isotope ratios determined by measurement of the Cs,Cl+ ions. AlthoughTIMS is not generally associated with on-line measurements a feasibility study has been reported for the continuous measurement of iodine found in the atmos- phere close to a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. Real-time R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. analysis was considered feasible using a rhenium filament coated with CaC,-SrC,-CaCO which gave a sensitivity some . times greater than that of the conventional method for iodine analysis using a LaB emitter.The use of -hydroxyquinoline to precipitate magnesium has been evaluated as a method for preparing biological fluids containing enriched isotopes. Although the total Mg recovered from different matrices varied considerably and was as low as % from serum samples without addition of precipitation reagents recovery was sufficient for analysis using the silica gel-phosphoric acid technique. Urine samples required additional purification on cation exchange membrane filters prior to precipitation.The authors used two unperturbed isotopes to correct for fractionation even though the use of enriched isotopes could perturb all the ratios.The data gave no evidence for isotopic fractionation either in the chrom- atographic separation or the MS analysis. An improved method for the isotopic analysis of iron gave precisions and accuracies of better than .% on the major isotopes for . to pg filament loadings. Iron isolated from samples by anion-exchange chromatography was loaded in . mol I-' HCl on to high-purity platinum filaments with a silica gel-boric acid :l mixture. Very high backgrounds observed initially in the spectra were reduced substantially by replacement of the stainless-steel filament posts with platinum posts in a high density ceramic insulator. Source stability and ion focusing were improved by use of a dimpled filament design. Consistency in loading of samples on to filaments was achieved through use of a microsample loader which reproducibly loaded nl drops on very small almost point source spots.This method has allowed the first obser- vation of terrestrial isotopic fractionation of iron in both geological and biological materials. Interferences from the minor isotopes of chromium resulted in corrections of -% on the m z signal in the determination of V in the NIST SRM a Tomato Leaves . Vanadium was isolated for analysis by chromatogra- phy on Chelex and cation-exchange resin and was loaded on to rhenium filaments with a graphite layer on top of the sample. The graphite promoted the reduction of oxides and the volatilization of V. Corrections made for Cr and Ti using the Cr and Ti lines were not entirely adequate and regression analysis was used to apply a second order correction for the interferences.This improved the precision of analysis from . to .%. Neither of the strategies to reduce the effect of interferences separation procedures and mathematical cor- rections was completely satisfactory in that they introduced the potential for contamination or added uncertainty respectively. Two papers on the determination of chromium have appeared together in the same journal. A comparison of single and triple filament procedures found limits of detection of and ng respectively. Stable signals depended on the purity of the sample and attention was placed mainly on developing reliable met hods based on anion-exchange chromatography for separation of Cr from the matrix. Samples were loaded either on to a single filament in the sequence silica gel sample and boric acid or on to the side filament of a triple filament.The single filament procedure was adopted for reasons of economy and gave a precision of about .% for real samples with a detection limit of about . pg -l. The separation procedure was also critical in an IDMS study by Nusko and Heumann of chromium speciation . After spiking of the sample CrV' was separated from Cr"' on a liquid anion exchanger and re-extracted with ammonia solution. The chro- mium was finally purified by electrolytic deposition. Chromium was analysed following deposition on single rhenium filaments with silica gel and boric acid and additional admixture of AlCl,. Very low detection limits of . and . ng g-' were achieved for Cr"' and Crvl respectively and the accuracy of the method was established from interlaboratory comparisons. A procedure based on solvent extraction with . mol I-' bis -ethylhexyl hydrogen phosphate in cyclohexane and anion-exchange chromatography was used for the separation of Mo from rock samples and meteorites prior to precise determination of the Mo isotopic composition.The Mo was loaded with p saturated aqueous solution of boric acid and pl of mol - HNO on to a side filament of zone- refined rhenium in a triple filament assembly. A Mo ion beam with an intensity of x A and stable for h was achieved with the relatively high loading of pg of Mo. Although there were no significant interferences mass fraction- ation was observed which was dependent on the heating of the side filament and on whether atomic or molecular vaporiz- ation occurred. No variation in Mo isotopic composition was found in the samples analysed. A new value for the relative atomic mass of Mo more precise than that accepted by IUPAC was proposed. An IDMS procedure for the determination of the REE involved extensive separation procedures based on two stages of cation-exchange chromatography to prepare pure solutions of each element.The first stage removed the major which would seriously affect the ionization efficiency for the REE and the second separated the REE elements from each other to avoid isobaric interference of one REE on another. A mixed spike containing all ten multi-isotopic REE elements was added to the sample solution before the separa- tion procedure. All elements were analysed on rhenium fila- ments except Yb which was loaded on to Ta filaments. Whereas Eu Lu and Yb were measured as their metal ions the remaining elements Ce Dy Er Gd La Nd Sm were measured as their oxides. A cold finger in the source chamber reduced the oxygen partial pressure and oxygen was introduced into the source chamber to enhance oxide emission. A nor- malization procedure to correct for fractionation was possible for Dy Er Gd Nd Sm and Yb but not for Ce Eu La and Lu. Conditions were controlled strictly to minimize fraction- ation effects for the second group of elements. Precisions for all the elements were better than .%. Other interesting methodologies for the separation of REE elements have been reported in Chinese language papers but little information was available for assessment.The four elements Dy Eu Gd and Sm were separated from the other REE in LiOH samples by chromatography on the P resin and their isotopic compositions were determined simultaneously on one filament. Precisions were in the range -lO%.Trace levels of REEs in samples of Eu were determined by IDMS following separation from the matrix by chromatography using zinc powder and P col- umns. After elution from the columns the Zn was separated from the REEs by precipitation with NHH. Further treat- ment involving solvent extraction and acid digestion to remove organic compounds was required. Details have been given for the determination of traces of heavy metals in high-purity cobalt. The metals Cd Fe T U and Zn were separated as their anionic chlorocomplexes from the cobalt matrix which is present in a cationic form and from each other by an anion-exchange procedure. In addition iron was separated from the U fraction by extraction in diethylether. A separate anion-exchange procedure was used to isolateTh. Cadmium Fe T and Zn were analysed on single rhenium filaments using the silica gel procedure with either phosphoric acid or boric acid. In the case of Fe pg of A in the form of AlC was also added to the filament. Thorium and U were analysed on double filaments with a thin layer of graphite on the evaporation filament to enhance and stabilize the ion currents. Precision of .-% were obtained for concentrations above ng g-'. It was considered that the low detection limits pg g-’ necessary in the analysis of microelectronic materials could be achieved for Th T and U. Uncertainties in the calculation of relative atomic masses and isotopic abundances arise mainly from uncertainties in the ratios measurements. De Bikvre and colleagues have described a method based on classical error propagation laws and matrix calculation methods for calculating these uncer- tainties.The equations for the calculations were given in the paper and a programme using Microsoft Excel version . or later was available for computing relative atomic masses and uncertainties. ... Applications The Th-U TIMS method of dating has been tested on two young corals which had sclerochronological ages of - and - BP respectively. The TIMS ages of f and f BP respectively were close to the true ages but not in complete agreement. Comparison with AMS C data showed that C ages were systematically lower than true ages over most of the C application range. Gabler and Heumann reported a system of specificall y-prepared filters for the determination of atmospheric iodine species. Particulate iodine was collected by a particle filter HI and I by a NaOH-impregnated filter HOI by a tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxideTBAH -impregnated filter and organoiodine by a filter loaded with activated charcoal. The long-lived radioisotope I’I was used as spike and isotope ratios were measured by quadrupole TIMS in the negative ionization mode using La NO pg as ionization enhancer on double filaments. Detection limits for sample volumes of m air were in the range .-. ng rn- I. The measurement by IDMS of element concentrations in SRMs continues to be an application of importance. The halogen Br C and I contents of igneous rock SRMs from the Geological Survey of Japan have been established by both RNAA andTIMS. Each of the halogens was precipi- tated as its silver salt from digestions of the rock materials and was analysed by negative-ionization MS on rhenium filaments. A method reported previously for the IDMS determi- nation of sulfur has been used to determine concentrations in a diesel fuel oil NIST SRM and in petroleum and coal RMs . The method involved combustion of samples in sealed tubes conversion to HS trapping in ammonia solution containing As and precipi- tation as AsS by acidification. A solution of the precipitate containing . pg S was loaded on single rhenium filaments using the silica gel-phosphoric acid method and the sA~S+ and A~S+ ion currents monitored at a filament temperature of °C. The total uncertainty was about .% and -% for the oils and coals respectively. .. Other Methods . .. Electrospray MS Agnes and Horlick have presented details of improve- ments to their electrospray MS system based on a converted ICP-MS and an assessment of its use for elemental analysis. Modifications which included application of bias to the skim- mer and changing the ion extractor from a solid disc to a cylinder improved the signal intensity by a factor of about . With certain gas flows of . and . mine’ for singly charged and doubly charged solution ions respectively all the ions could be detected as singly charged atomic ions regardless of their charge state in solution.The observed matrix effects in which the over-all solution composition could have a profound effect on the signal for a metallic analyte ion were exploited by intentionally introducing a second ion chosen to match the solution ionization state of the ion of interest at moderately high concentrations in order to establish stable and quantitat- ive electrospray conditions for the trace component.This addition was also necessary to achieve the minimum level of ionized electrolyte in the solvent required to effect electrospray conditions. Linear calibration curves could be established over a concentration dynamic range of at least four orders of magnitude if the analyte signal were ratioed to the signal for the constant amount of added electrolyte which acted as internal standard. The same set up was also investigated for determin- ing the composition of the sample solution. The instrument could be operated in three modes. Use of higher voltages the “metal-ion” mode described in the preceding paragraph resulted in dissociation of the ion-solvent clusters and a mass spectrum similar to that obtained in ICP-MS. At lower volt- ages the “ ion-cluster” mode allowed the ion-solvent clusters to remain intact and gave information on the species present in solution.The mass spectra in this mode could be quite complex but allowed the solution valence state to be deter- mined. The ‘intermediate’ mode gave information of both types. It was also demonstrated that the system could be run with the electrospray tip at negative potential to form anionic species for example the halides and metallic oxyanions. The electrospray system clearly has great potential but still needs much development to bring it into competition with established procedures. . .. Electrothermal vaporization mass spectrometry ETVMS Although MS has been used in a limited number of studies to investigate the atomization processes occurring in ETAAS very few attempts have been made to couple an ETV source directly to an MS instrument for analysis. In general ETV sources have been coupled to MS instruments via the ICP interface. Scheie and Holcombe have reported a system the atom-trapping technique of ETAAS in which a second surface cooled tantalum was used to trap and concen- trate the analytes.The tantalum surface was introduced into a vacuum chamber through a series of differentially pumped seals and positioned under a quadrupole mass analyser. Analytes vaporized by heating were ionized by electron impact. In comparison to the ICP-MS procedure this approach eliminated many of the chemical and spectroscopic interferences because matrix components and dissociation products were not trapped. Detection limits were in the low ng range.The procedure was also shown C to benefit from matrix modifiers commonly used in ETAAS. The basic concepts of an ETV source coupled to TOF-MS have been discussed and under optimum conditions the limits of detection should be comparable to those obtained by ICP-MS. . .. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry GC-MS Aggarwal and co-workers continue to be prolific in the develop- ment of GC-MS procedures for the determination of enriched isotope ratios in metal elements used in human nutrition experiments. They have reported the use of the Pb Fc,H and Te FCH derivatives in the measurement of Pb andTe isotope ratios respectively. These derivatives were prepared by reaction with Grignard reagent from the fluorodiethyldithiocarbamate derivatives which had proven unsuitable as derivatives for GC-MS analysis because of strong memory effects. Over-all precisions of .-.% and .-. % were obtained for isotope ratio measurements of Pb and Te respectively. The other group active in the use of GC-MS that of Veillon and colleagues has reported methods for the measurement of Cr isotope ratios in urine and blood . Use of the trifluoroacetylacetone derivative which was thermally R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. stable and exhibited no memory effects gave a detection limit in urine of . ng g-' which was necessary for determination of Cr in the low concentration ranges .- ng g-' normally found in biological materials. Use of stable isotopes of Cr gave the same results for the determination of blood volume as the widely used radiotracer method and allowed the procedure to be used safely for pregnant women and in children. . .. Recoil ion and Penning trap mass spectrometriesThe principle of the Penning trap MS is to determine the cyclotron frequency a,=- b of an ion with charge q and mass m in a homogenous magnetic field B. Light ions can be generated within the trap but heavier isotopes need to be collected usually from a nuclear accelerator facility. A new tandem trap ISOLTRAP at ISOLDE CERN consisted of two main parts. The first Penning trap connected to the ISOLDE beam line acted as an ion cooler and buncher while the second high-precision trap made the mass determination. Unstable ions delivered by the beam were collected on a rhenium foil in the first trap. Ions released by heating of the foil were first captured in the first trap and cooled by collisions with a buffer gas and then ejected and transported to the second trap. Ions were detected after excitation byTOF through a magnetic field gradient. The high resolving power allowed the isomeric and ground states of a nucleus mRb and gRb to be resolved for the first time by MS. Improvements planned included a new collection system to replace the current one which can only be used for those elements which can be surface ionized. A control system for a fragment mass analyser stabilized magnetic fields carried out high-voltage conditioning of the electric dipoles positioned targets and detectors and monitored vacuum conditions.The system was easy to operate and proved to be stable and reliable. The linear combined trap which is a superposition of the conventional Paul and Penning traps in one device has been proposed for on-line spectroscopy. The device would use rf fields in a quadrupole configuration dc electric fields and a dc magnetic field to confine particles for extended periods of time. Advantages over conventional traps would be more space for reduction of the large initial energy of heavy- ion reaction products and when combined with proper stop- ping potentials or with the transfer gas cell a trapping efficiency approaching unity. Ions would be guided from one section to another by the closed race-track construction several meters in circumference and by the superimposed magnetic field. Mass spectrometry would be effected by employing cyclotron fre- quency excitation in the Penning trap section followed byTOF detection. A proposed system for the accelerator facility at Chalk River could be used for both stable and unstable nuclides with a precision of lo-*. Unstable nuclides resulting from heavy ion reactions would be collected using an He-jet transport system loaded with NaCl aerosols. The nuclei would become attached to the aerosols and be carried by the gas through a capillary tube to their destination a tape from which the He gas would be pumped away. The nuclides of interest would then be desorbed by an intense pulse of light from a Nd-YAG laser and ionized resonantly by a second pulse of UV light.The ions would be collected and accumulated in a Paul trap cooled by He buffer gas in the trap and injected into the Penning trap for precise mass analysis. The extremely high sensitivity that can be achieved with the Penning trap has been demonstrated. Relative systematic errors of < lob' were obtained in the measurement of the mass ratio M CO+ :M N+ which was quoted to decimal places. Similar performance was reported for m measurement of atomic masses for all the H and He ions. An initial problem experienced was large variations in magnetic field and therefore instrument stability owing to changes in atmospheric pressure associated with the weather or the open- ing of the laboratory door. It was necessary to pressurize the magnet to remove this effect but a period of at least h was required to stabilize the field fully after pressurization. In addition the instrument was sensitive to changes in the Earth's magnetic field corresponding to the position of a lift in close proximity.The first use of negatiue ion target beams has been reported . A crossed-beam apparatus incorporating a quadru- pole MS and coupled to the mass-selective negative ion injection system of an accelerator was used to study the slow multiply charged recoil ions produced in collisions of C- C- -and Si- ions with neutral beams of Ar and Kr atoms at impact energies in the range - keV. For a fixed impact energy the mass spectra appeared to be dependent on the species of projectile used. The mechanisms involved in negative ion impact reactions were distinctly different from those which dominate positive ion impact experiments. . .. Spark source mass spectrometry Only one paper of note in the English language can be reported for SSMS in this review year. Jochum et al. continue to apply their effective ID-SSMS technique and have determined the concentrations of trace elements in the United States Geological Survey USGS SRM BIR-. About -mg of the rock powder was mixed with ultrapure graphite containing spike isotopes and was pressed into elec- trodes for analysis. Eleven elements Ba Cu Hf K Nd Pb Sn Sr U Yb Zr were determined directly by ID whereas the remainder were determined indirectly using the first group of elements as internal standards. Detection limits were in the range <.-. pg g-' and precisions between and %. Replicate analyses gave no evidence for inhomogeneity of the sample.The results were compared with a compilation of literature data which showed a wide range of values.The continued use of SSMS was shown by a number of reports in foreign language journals mainly of restricted circu- lation or availability. A German review outlined the general principles of the technique in particular ion formation problems of interferences and calibration. Russian reports included the use of a ballast resistor in the discharge circuit to help control ion formation and to reduce errors in the analysis of metals and the analysis of low-melting-metals by a combination of presparking to melt the sample and high voltage to vaporize and ionize the liquid . In a Chinese study trace impurity elements were deter- mined in high-purity scandium following removal of the scan- dium matrix by adsorption of Sc complex ions on alkaline strong anion exchanger. . X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY In this centenary year of the discovery of X-rays by RiSlntgen it is pleasing to note the continued growth of the literature of X-ray fluorescence XRF spectrometry.This discovery has already led to the use of X-rays and detection of X-rays in fields as diverse as XRF analysis; X-ray diffractometry; medical X-ray radiography and imaging; airport baggage security systems; X-ray astronomy; X-ray non-destructive analysis and semiconductor device fabrication to name but a few. The growth in the area of X-ray techniques in analytical science is likely to continue and we may look forward to yet greater things by the time in we celebrate the centenary of the application of X-rays in elemental analysis by Moseley.The sound growth of X-ray spectroscopy and XRF spectrometry is demonstrated in the past year by the opening of the ESRF Synchrotron at Grenoble. .. Reviews The biennial bibliographic review of X-ray Spectrometry by Torok and Van Grieken provides a ‘panoramic’ review of the literature of XRF up to the end of . The scope of the review is wide and in addition to XRF the fields of X-ray emission in its broadest sense and X-ray absorption received coverage. Stoev investigated the application of the so-called technique of ‘scientometrics’ to the literature of XRF in the period -. The aim of the study was to investigate if such a technique could identify key areas and trends in XRF. The specific sub-fields of PIXETXRF and SRXRF were identified and studied by means of the INSPEC database. Interestingly the study revealed a % decline in PIXE publications and substantial growth by a factor of ten in the TXRF literature thus identifying TXRF as a growth area despite the low number of TXRF papers in the database. The total number of XRF papers increased by about % per annum over the period studied. Using CD-ROM versions of Analytical Abstracts and Science Citation Index covering the period - Braun and Zsindely identified XRF and AA as the most frequently used analytical techniques in geochemical analysis. In his comprehensive review of the problems and trends in sub-pg trace analysis for the elements Tolg con- sidered TXRF MS and laser spectroscopy to be the most promising techniques.The author clearly stated the need to consider carefully each and every step in the over-all analysis scheme. Once each stage was optimized and controlled the author recommended that the sample treatment steps e.g. digestion and preconcentration are followed as closely as possible by the actual spectroscopic measurement. Volume of Advances in X-ray Analysis which are the most-recent proceedings of the Denver X-ray Conference as always remain essential reading for all who wish to be familiar with the latest developments as presented at this the premier annual conference of XRF spectrometry. A brief review of the state o f t h e art of XRF analysis was presented by Uhlig and C . This author described the nature of a modern WDXRF spectrometer using details from a specific instrument manufacturer and showed the benefits in terms of increased sample throughput and high precision and reproducibility.The previous year’s XRF ASU may be consulted for details of the review period up to March . .. Instrumentation For those readers who are unaware of the book Handbook of X-ray Spectrometry. Methods and Techniques which was noted briefly in last year’s Update it is perhaps timely to draw attention to the chapters on ‘Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence’ by Helsen and Kuczomow ‘Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Analysis using X-ray Tube Excitation’ by Jaklevic and Giauque ‘Radioisotope X-ray Analysis’ by Watt and ‘Polarized Beam X-ray Fluorescence’ by Ryon and Zahrt . A brief review of XRF instrumentation was given by Quisefit in which he updated information about commercially available instrumentation and advances in the two years since his last review.The author noted the growth in interest of on-line instrumentation and applications quoting S in organic liquids as an important example. A novel WDXRF instrument incorporating an XRD channel was described by Adamson and colleagues C . Quantitative or semi-quantitative XRF analysis results were combined with XRD phase data to provide a more complete analysis of solid materials. This approach was shown to be advantageous in the complete analyses and discrimination of the titanium-containing minerals rutile anatase and illmenite. This new instrument was the subject of a patent application by Yellepeddi and colleagues . Details of a conven- tional WDXRF system factory-configured for use in cement plant process control applications was described by Van Eenbergen . A new sequential WDXRF spectrometer was introduced in which all components were claimed to have been carefully optimized.The system included a new close-coupled X-ray tube improved detector geometry and was claimed to permit light element determinations down to and including Be. Frenk and colleagues obtained a patent for a multi-crystal sequential WDXRF spectrometer in which the Oj drives were independent. The pos- itions were calibrated using standard samples and stored to allow rapid setting of crystal and detector angles. It should be noted that sequential WDXRF spectrometers employing inde- pendent positioning of crystal and detector have been commer- cially available for some y although the type of positioning mechanism may well have changed. Kohno and Arai described recent developments in WDXRF instrumentation for the determination of light elements.The authors highlighted X-ray refractive index effects at angles encountered with dispersion devices used for the long wavelength lines+specially those of B and Be. Measured line profiles for B and Be Kcr X-rays produced by a number of LSM dispersion devices were presented. The ability of such instrumentation to determine Be in beryllium-copper alloys was demonstrated. Bertucci used a commercially available sequential WDXRF instrument equipped with LSM dispersion devices for the quantitative determination of C F N and in ceramic powders and catalyst supports. Sensibly this author commented on the need for optimizing each and every stage of the analysis for these light elements. Problems arising from inadequate sample preparation and spectrometer vacuum systems were just two of the important stages which the author reminded us must be controlled carefully if reliable quantitative analyses are to be obtained.The variation in difracted peak intensity of crystals of several different types LiF Ge PET and LSM was investigated by Dubrawski and Turner . Peak profiles were recorded for each crystal type to obtain a measure of apparent crystalline size and mosaic spread. In general the LiF crystals showed the least and PET the greatest variability of diffracted intensity. The benefits in terms of improved detection limit which can be obtained in an SEM by incorporating a ‘transmission target’ X-ray excitation attachment were rediscovered by Barna et al. .These authors used a pm thick germanium target foil and incident electron beam potential of kV and a pm Mo target with operation at kV. Detection limits s in the range .- ppm were obtained from measure- ments on the NIST SRM Glass Standard. One benefit of the approach was that individual particles such as SRM Glass Spheres of pm diameter could be analysed successfully. A similar technique but using PIXE equipment was investi- gated by Zeng et al. . This PIXE-XRF or ‘external PIXE’ technique has benefits in that selective EDXRF exci- tation techniques can be employed by suitable choice of target and particle beam damage to the sample is minimized. The authors found a transmission target geometry to yield two orders of magnitude greater sensitivity than reflection target geometry permitting sub-ppm detection limits to be achieved for both thin and thick samples. A similar approach was adopted by Castiglioni and co-workers at the Ispra facility in Italy.The authors reported lamentably poor detec- tion limits of -% m m for constituents of alloys but ‘envis- R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. aged substantial improvement’. Such ‘detection limits’ belong to a bygone era and would have been noteworthy in Moseley’s day but hardly seem appropriate for such a modern international high-energy facility. Tolokonnikov et al. claimed a patent for an XRF liquid sample holder which was claimed to offer an improvement in detection limits by reducing spectral background. It is fascinating to note that according to the abstract the material from which the cell was fabricated ‘doesn’t absorb X-rays or moisture’. Further patents were claimed by Okashita for a variable incidence and takeoff angle XRF method; Anisovich and Litinskij for an XRF spectrometer for analysing elongated samples andTani and Chiba for a mono- chromator both on its own and in conjunction with a second monochromator a solid-state detector and X-ray tube arranged as an X-ray reflectometer. ... Excitation Of great interest at the Denver X-ray Conference was the presentation by Das Gupta in which he described the character- istics of X-ray lasers with emission energies in the range suitable for XRF measurements. The characteristics of these X-ray lasers emitting Cu Ka and Ni Ka radiation were also published in by Das Gupta.These devices depend upon X-ray resonance pumping of K-shell electrons at Cu or Ni crystal surfaces and were claimed to produce Kal X-ray laser output of an unusually high count rate. If these findings can be reproduced elsewhere then the wide availability of the required instrument compo- nents may offer some interesting excitation opportunities for laboratory XRF spectrometry. Using far more exotic compo- nents Steinbach described a novel compact tuneable source of monochromatic highly directional X-rays. The so-called LUXUS laser undulator X-ray source device was claimed to offer the potential of providing X-ray radiation whose energy was continuously tuneable over the range eV- keV. The proposed device comprised a high current A electron accelerator ring operated in the range -MeV a Fabry-Perot resonator cavity and a W Nd:YAG laser. Such a device could offer very high brightness and invaluable tuneability but unfortunately we must wait an unknown time for its physical realization and probably a very long time for deployment in a laboratory XRF system! Despite the fact that X-ray tubes have now been with us for a century they remain of immense and increasing interest and utility to practitioners of X-ray spectrometry. A novel new X-ray tube was described by Armstrong et al. in which quasi-monochromaticTa K radiation was generated from an internal conical tantalum secondary target. Output intensity from the tube was measured to be . x lo photon s-l sr-l mm- which compared favourably with the almost monochromatic output from a radioisotope source but not with that available from a conventional high-power X-ray tube whose output was monochromatized using a germanium curved crystal.The authors claimed that the tube already had sufficiently monochromatic output to find extensive use for materials characterization despite it not having been fully optimized. Sat and co-workers described in detail the principles construction and radiographic charac- teristics of a novel mercury anode flash X-ray tube. The tube envelope was continuously pumped by a turbomolecular pump and comprised a mercury anode a rod-shaped graphite cath- ode a copper wire trigger electrode and a . mm thick poly ethyene terephthalate exit window. In operation a . nF ceramic capacitor was charged to kV then X-ray emission was triggered to provide radiation whose maximum energy was equivalent to that of the charging capacitor and whose pulse width was between and ns at an output current claimed to be in the region of kA. Radu et al. described a pulsed X-ray tube comprising a conical tungsten anode and a thin aluminium window.The tube was capable of delivering ps pulses at a repetition rate of Hz and with a maximum voltage of kV. The two X-ray tube systems described above are aimed primarily at medical radiography and imaging applications whilst the patent appli- cation from Buchman described an X-ray tube with or more discrete electron guns which could be independently controlled and focused at the same location on the anode and is perhaps of more immediate interest for X-ray spectrometry. Feldman described in detail the characteristics of diamond-like carbon films which make them suitable for X-ray tube exit windows.The author indicated some of the problems associated with films produced by chemical vapour deposition but showed how new polishing techniques were minimizing problems of surface roughness and how recent advances in fabrication held the promise of large optics made from single crystal diamond. Watanabe and Yoshida each claimed patents for improved X-ray tube window assemblies. An X-ray collimator assembly described in a patent claimed by Takashima may be of interest for safe and convenient alignment of external X-ray beams in systems used for XRF analysis of large irregular objects such as those encountered in museum artifacts. The collimator incorporated a pilot light for visual alignment of the X-ray beam. Ozaki and co-workers investigated the uariation ofX-ray tube voltage waveform when tube current was rapidly varied over a wide range.The process was modelled and experiments were performed in which it was confirmed that using their excitation system the output X-ray spectrum changed very little. This knowledge was used to minimise analysis times using an in-house EDXRF system in which both tube current and the diameter of the collimator on the germanium ED detector were adjusted. The group at the University of Bremen have continued their investigation into the use of polarised X-rays in EDXRF analysis. Kangiesser et al. described a specially designed EDXRF system which could be operated in three modes of excitation. The device was fitted with either a secondary target Mo or Sn a graphite Barkla scatterer or a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite HOPG Bragg reflector. Data from a NIST RM showed that polarized X-ray fluores- cence analysis using the Barkla scatterer gave the best detection limits.The requirement for and selection of the optimum Bragg reflector crystals of the considered for polarized X-ray EDXRF analysis were presented by Beckhoff et al. . Beckhoff and Laursen reported their study of bent and flat HOPG Bragg polarizing crystals. The selection of this type of crystal was based upon the criteria described in the previous communication but this second study was particularly concerned with the increased intensity expected from bent HOPG polarizers. The relationships between colli- mation crystal curvature and mosaic spread were evaluated and data were presented which showed an increase by up to % from sagittally bent crystals against only % from meridionally bent crystals. Detection limits for thin filter specimens were in the range Br - ppb Cr using HOPG polarized MoKa excitation. Lewis reported his com- prehensive study of the use of polarized X-ray XRF for in-vivo measurements of Pt by K series XRF.The author developed a computer program for Monte Carlo MC simulation of the system which incorporated a kV mA X-ray tube and an aluminium or copper scatterer. Good agreement was reported between the MC simulation and experimental spectra collected with an HPGe detector in a system employing three-axis Cartesian geometry to make best use of the spectrum Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. R background reduction available from the use of polarized X-ray excitation.The detection limits achievable with the two scatterer materials were equal but the copper polarizer was preferred to aluminium on account of the former’s reduced intensity of lower energy photons which contributed nothing to the analytical sensitivity added to the signal processing overhead and increased the X-ray dose received by the patient. Agrawal et al. made use of selective excitation with a KBr secondary target for the difficult determination of low concentrations -.% m m of hafnia in zirconia. The Br K lines were well suited for the excitation of the Hf L series lines without exciting the Zr K lines from the matrix and a detection limit of ppm was obtained in a measurement live- time of s using an in-house EDXRF instrument fitted with a tungsten target X-ray tube. La Brecque constructed a simple secondary target EDXRF instrument employing an W X-ray tube.The performance of this instrument was compared with that of a conventional radioisotope-excited IoCd system. Bernasconi et al. at the IAEA Siebersdorf labora- tory investigated problems associated with the use of funda- mental parameter FP quantitative analysis calculations on radioisotope-excited EDXRF instruments. In particular prob- lems associated with the highly divergent incident and takeoff angles were investigated by means of an MC simulation which enabled the authors to investigate various instrument con- figurations and to determine the ‘effective’ incident and takeoff angles for use in FP calculations. The MC code developed by the authors also allowed investigation of how ‘effective’ angles changed with matrix and of how excitation-detection efficiency varied from region to region within the sample.This latter feature was found useful in the study of the expected XRF response from inhomogenous samples. Smolniakov investigated a number of instrument configurations for the EDXRF analysis of heavy element traces in matrices causing substantial spectrum and matrix inter- ferences. For the determination of .-ppm Re in copper-lead polymetallic ores and concentrates selective exci- tation and detection techniques were employed. The output from a low-power W silver anode X-ray tube was ‘mon- chromatized’ by means of Ross filters and a pyrolytic graph- ite monochromator and the fluorescence radiation from the sample was passed through an LSM toroidal ‘monochromator’ an energy range selector rather than a narrow band mono- chromator before being detected by means of a . mm Si Li detector.The detection limit s livetime of . ppm Re was predicted to be reduced to . ppm if a high-power X-ray tube and a large area Si Li detector were used. In the second part of this study the keV gamma ray from a IoCd radioisotope source was used to excite the K series lines of W and Pb. Excitation geometry was selected to minimize inter- ference from the source backscatter peak which was then used to correct for matrix effects in the determination of W in steel and Pb in bronze. Using an HPGe detector and s livetime the detection limit for W was ppm using the W Ka lines and ppm for Pb using the Pb Kfi doublet. In the final part of the study the tube and radioisotope modes of excitation were compared for the determination of REE using K series XRF. Using a novel geometry in which the annular IoCd source was arranged with a very low incidence angle a detection limit lo s livetime in the region of ppm was claimed.The tube-excited EDXRF instrumentation with unspecified geometry gave detection limits around ppm which the author expected to be improved by means of an energy selector as used in the Re study-despite the much higher energies of the REE K lines. ... Detectors Despite the technological maturity and widespread use of Si Li semiconductor ED detectors there are still improvements to be made in some of its characteristics. One of its drawbacks is the need to operate it at liquid nitrogen temperatures and two solutions to this problem are evident in the review period. In the first example Lowe et al. claimed a patent for a Stirling Cycle detector cooling device capable of produc- ing liquid nitrogen temperatures with no requirement for liquid nitrogen and no loss in energy resolution which is often experienced with electrical cooling devices. Barkan and Gurvich C on the other hand used a version of the commonly used thermoelectric Peltier effect cooler resulting in an achievable detector energy resolution of eV FWHM at Mn Ka .The authors reported detection limits s livetime in pulp papers of - ppm for elements in the range << when the detector was used in conjunction with secondary target excitation. Kalinka investigated the silicon dead layer and incomplete charge collection region on the front surface of Si Li detectors. A special detector was fabricated in which an artificially thick pm dead layer was created in order to enhance the dead layer effect. Detector bias was adjusted over the range - V and spectrum characteristics such as tailing and the low-energy ‘shelf’ were measured. Four detector regions were identified separately the gold contact layer which contributed to the ‘shelf ’; an absolute silicon dead layer which produced no events other than an Si K internal fluorescence peak; an incomplete charge collection ICC region which contributed to both tail and shelf events; and finally the main sensitive volume which contributed the full energy photopeaks Si K escape events and a shelf component. A model was developed by the author to explain the effects of dead layer thickness on the observed spectrum features. Lund reviewed the current state of the art in Si Li detector entrance windows and described some of the newer materials with improved mechanical and low-energy X-ray transmission properties. A patent was claimed by Ebisu for a beryllium window assembly in which the <lo pm foil was first joined with a gas-tight seal to a beryllium annulus before being mounted in the final assembly. Yakushiji and co-workers investigated the problem inTXRF analysis of beryllium window contaminant elements-this is discussed further in theTXRF section in the present update. Sareen reviewed briefly the development and application of germanium semiconductor detectors and Darken and Cox comprehensively reviewed the production and technology of germanium detectors and discussed in detail the effects of hole trapping on detector characteristics.Thin and thick targets in an external-PIXE PIXE-XRF arrange- ment were used by Kallithrakas-Kontos and Katsanos for the efficiency calibration of an HPGe detector in the - keV range. Results were in good agreement with those from a calculation model which took into account a germanium dead layer of effective thickness - pg cm- in the energy range - keV. The dead layer thickness was derived from measurements of incomplete charge collection tailing on the calibration photopeaks. The authors reported no difference between the use of thin and thick calibration targets and suggested that it was adequate to use only nominal values of the beryllium window and gold contact layers in the efficiency calculations. Dabrowski Iwanczyk and co-workers remain in the van- guard of developments in mercuric iodide detectors. Dabrowski et al. reviewed recent developments and noted the benefits of mercuric iodide detectors which have led to their increasing use in field portable XRF spectrometers. Iwanczyk presented a detailed review of the recent develop- ments in mercuric iodide detector systems for space appli- cations. Details were provided of how the challenges of minimizing size mass and power consumption had been met R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. at the same time as retaining or more often improving spectroscopic performance. Further investigations of an XRF instrument based upon a mercuric iodide detector were reported by Wang and Iwanczyk in which they studied the effect of vacuum helium and nitrogen atmospheres on spectrometer performance. Such studies of the effect of changes in ambient temperature pressure and atmospheric composition are particularly important for understanding how such instruments will withstand the vagaries of planetary exploration in space.Terrestrial rock samples were used in the analytical assessment of instrument performance. A new type of mercuric iodide strip detector was reported by Grassi et al. for use as a high-efficiency position-sensitive detector for a Bragg X-ray spectrometer operating with X-ray energy up to keV.The authors claimed a spatial resolution of pm for the device which used a novel analogue readout technique. The important subject of escape peak intensities in mercuric iodide detectors was addressed by Liu-Xu et al. .The authors developed a mathematical model for estimation of the relative intensities of the escape peaks since these intensities could not be based on two assumptions typically used for Si Li or planar Ge detectors. The first assumption which was valid for their device of . mm active area and thickness pm was that thickness was much smaller than the overall diameter of the crystal. The second that the thickness was small in comparison to the length over which detected X-rays were absorbed was not satisfied when considering the high-energy K lines from high Z elements e.g. Pb . As the second assumption could not be met in many analytical circumstances the authors extended the model to account accurately for the real depth distribution of detector material ionization. Experimental results for the intensity of iodine K escape peaks for the K lines of Ce Dy and Pb were in the range .-.% and showed good agreement always within .% absolute with those predicted by the authors' model. An additional benefit of the model was that it could be 'reversed' to allow calculation of the effective detector thickness from measured escape peak intensity ratios. Butler et al. investigated the performance of Peltier-cooled cadmium zinc telluride Cdo.s Zno.Te detectors formed as cubes of mm side. The FET was also cooled by the Peltier stack and pulsed optical charge restoration was used. Energy resolutions of and eV FWHM at Mn Ka . keV were obtained at -°C and -O"C respectively. Further work by the authors was expected to lead to obtainable resolutions less than eV which may encour- age the application of these devices in instruments where mercuric iodide is currently the detector material of choice.The detector performance at room-temperature of cadmium telluride doped with Ce V and Zn alone and in different combinations was studied by Steer et al. . The method of growing the crystals travelling heater or Bridgman method was found to have a strong influence on the suitability of the crystal for use as an X-ray detector. In a similar study of gallium arsenide crystals Grant et al. also found that the method of crystal growth strongly influenced detector performance. Detector crystals grown by the LPE process had full charge collection and an energy resolution measured at room temperature which was in good agreement with predictions based upon the capacitance and leakage current of the device. Crystals fabricated using the vertical Bridgman or Czochralski processes made poor detec- tors and the measured response was found to be consistent with poor charge carrier transport properties. Building on these findings Sumner et al. of the same group reported on the suitability of pm thick gallium arsenide detectors for X-ray astrophysical applications.These authors considered that the new devices had an energy resolution which approached that needed for practical use in high energy X-ray astrophysics. Based on their findings however the performance fell well short of that attainable from silicon germanium mercuric iodide or cadmium telluride detectors and seems unlikely to find use in XRF instruments for the foreseeable future. Interest in superconducting tunnel junction STJ detectors continued during the review period.The status and develop- ment of STJ devices was reviewed by de Corte who considered in detail the current state of knowledge of the various quasiparticle and phonon loss processes and their effects on detector performance. Recent work on increasing detector areas by means of STJ detector arrays was presented. Kurakado who has been associated with STJ detectors throughout their development reviewed the subject in Japanese. Kraus et al. also reviewed STJ characteristics and included details of device fabrication and a model of electronic noise in STJ devices. Rando et al. presented experimental results which showed that their STJ detectors had a linear energy response over the range .-. keV.These observations are at odds with previous models which generally predicted non-linear effects due to large quasiparticle densities and short carrier recombination times. Kraus et al. reviewed the application of STJ detectors to X-ray astronomy in the <keV range. Devices were described which exhibited energy resolution of better than eV FWHM at . keV combined with a position resolution of better than pm over a detector absorber length of pm. Finally Morohashi claimed a patent for an STJ device for use as an X-ray detector. Room temperature or Peltier-cooled silicon photodiode detec- tors are now becoming commercially available and remain the subject of some research. Ban et al. used such devices for SR X-ray measurements in the energy range - keV. At energies above keV the accuracy of intensity measurements deteriorated to about % relative owing to interference from backscattered radiation from the backing material of the device. Cimpoca et al. evaluated mm active area silicon photodiode detectors in the energy range - keV. A % production yield was obtained for devices made by a straightforward and inexpensive fabrication process. A new ultra-low noise charge preamplifier was used by Bertuccio et al. in conjunction with a silicon photodiode at room temperature. Further work on this detector- preamplifier combination was expected to reduce electronic noise at room temperature down to that currently obtained at K. Silicon detectors were fabricated by Li and Kramer from high resistivity silicon which was exposed to MeV neutrons at a fluence of -x l neutron cm-. Detectors of . cm area and pm thickness were fully depleted at V and exhibited an energy resolution of eV FWHM at . keV .The group at LLNL Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore CA reported impressive resolution figures for detectors based on silicon microcalorimeters . A large area device was developed with a % quantum efficiency at keV and an impressive energy reso- lution of eV FWHM at . keV but only at a lowly input countrate of - counts s-'. A smaller device had an energy resolution of only eV and a practical detection system which was incorporated into a compact portable cryogenic refrigeration unit was described. Svensson et al. studied the fundamental mechan- ism of argon- krypton- and xenon-filled gas proportional detectors using SR X-ray excitation andTOF-MS to determine the average ionic charge created. Calculations were performed to predict the degree of electron multiplication expected from inelastic collisions at atmospheric pressure. Agreement was good between the calculations and experimental results at the energy of the Ni K absorption edge and the authors reported Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. R unsurprisingly that xenon was the preferred gas fill for this energy. Sood and Manchanda extended their work on ultra-high pressure gas proportional counters to study xenon gas fills.Their work showed that the mobility of positive ions was affected by gas pressure thereby changing the anode pulse shape. Ito et al. studied gas gain as a function of the radial distance between the anode wire and the point of primary ionization.Their results were presented for keV incident X-rays and argon + % methane gas fill pressures of up to atm. Conde and Santos claimed a patent for gas proportional scintillation counters which they have been developing throughout the past decade. The detector energy resolution was claimed to be as low as % at . keV. Hugo et al. claimed that the analytical results from a radioisotope excited EDXRF spectrometer using an Am source and lmm thick sodium iodide scintillation detector fitted with absorption filters were equivalent to those obtained with a semiconductor detector. Whilst this may be the case in specific applications with detector filters carefully selected for each analyte in each matrix the requirement for many filter combinations and changes is unlikely to supplant the use of semiconductor detectors except for very specific and fixed applications. Although CCD detector systems are sensitive in the energy region of interest to XRF spectrometry these devices are mainly being investigated for X-ray imaging in X-ray astronomy applications. Sweedler comprehensively reviewed the topic of CCD detectors in chemical analysis and documented their development over the past two decades. A new CCD with channels of parallel readout which overcomes one of the limitations of CCD in practical applications that of slow serial readout rate was evaluated by Huang et al. . Although results were limited to a kHz readout rate the device had the potential for clocking at MHz which will offer an impressive readout time of only . ms for the whole array. Developments in CCD technology for use in the X-ray Multi Mirror satellite mission were described by Braeuninger et al. and Holland et al. . Sigg reported work using CCDs in the energy range .- keV and the development of a new pattern recognition algorithm designed to extract data for very rare X-ray events from the bulk of background events. Using this new algorithm an improvement in peak-to-background ratio of almost an order of magnitude was reported. .. X-ray Microfluorescence XRMF Janssens et al. presented a comprehensive review of the status of XRMF including tube excited and synchrotron radiation SR techniques. Particular attention was drawn to the analysis of geological samples and to the analytical capabili- ties of the X-ray microprobes installed on the third generation storage ring at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility ESRF Grenoble. Although not an XRMF technique in the normal sense Kamezaki et al. made a patent application for inspecting very small surface defects cracks micropores in metals ceramics plastics etc.The method involved staining the surface with a dye by rapid drying whereby the dye delineated the surface defect.The specific use of dyes that could be detected by X-ray fluorescence was discussed. Another unusual application of microfluorescence was described by Isaacs et al. who used an EDXRF system to measure the composition of metal ions in solution formed during localized corrosion. Concentration gradients were measured by XRF in an artificial pit formed in a thin foil of stainless steel constructed to form part of an electrochemical cell. Ryon and Warburton discussed the possibility of using standard X-ray tubes to obtain scanning X-ray micro- Juoresence images of samples to a spatial resolution of - pm. Mirror optics in the Kirkpatrick-Baez configuration were investigated using multilayer mirrors for Cu Ka tube lines and silicon wafers for the higher energy Ag Ka excitation. In order to increase the surface area of multilayers capable of reflecting X-rays at the Bragg angle the multilayer was designed with the spacing between layers graded along the optical axis to compensate for the changing angle of incidence. In the case of silicon wafers similar compensation was achieved by placing the device on a specially designed lever arm which was bent into a long spiral by applying a force at one end. Le et al. undertook microbeam scanning measurements on the three dimensional intensity distribution of Fey Mn Pb and Zn in manganese sulfide ore using an EDXRF instrument fitted with a collimator aperture of . rnm diameter which offered a spatial resolution of . mm FWHM . Pella and Feng described the XRMF spectrometer fabricated at NIST and discussed some applications in the analysis of automotive catalyst using X-ray beam sizes of pm. ... Glass capillary X-ray waveguides Interest in XRMF analysis using glass capillary waveguides continues both in the design and optimization of instrumen- tation and its application particularly in XRF mapping. MacDonald et al. undertook development work on the polycapillary X-ray optical system proposed by Kumakhov by measuring the effect of length bending radius X-ray source position and X-ray energy - keV on the X-ray trans- mission properties and exit divergence. Point source and synchrotron source beams were also investigated to evaluate the effect of source divergence.The data agreed in general with Monte Carlo geometrical simulations. A glass capillary concentrator incorporating several hundred capillaries was used by Kantsyrev et al. to study a compact plasma source of soft X-rays intended for X-ray microscopy and to examine the influence of soft X-rays on the surface of solid materials. Several theoretical and instrumental studies on single glass capillaries were presented in the current review period.The transmission properties of single glass capillaries were modelled theoretically by Charnley et al. using a ray-tracing program. Results were used to predict both the optimum source-capillary-sample geometries for parallel bore capillaries and the multiband divergence of the beam transmitted by tapered bore capillaries.Thiel et al. described a method for characterizing tapered capillaries which were pro- duced by a gravity-based capillary puller. A device was described for measuring the uniformity of the taper and bending of the capillary and its X-ray transmission properties. A simple XRF microscope which incorporated these devices was tested and was found to resolve successfully the pm separation between pm wide bands of gold on a test sample when coupled to an X-ray beam at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source CHESS .This paper included some inter- esting diagrams of the distortions and non-uniformities found in real tapered glass capillaries available for experimentation a problem that has often been overlooked by other workers in the field. In a report from the same group Bilderback et al. claimed a spatial resolution of nm using this synchrotron-tapered glass capillary facility while imaging a lithographically prepared gold pattern with X-rays in the range - keV the highest resolution scanning X-ray image observed to date with 'hard' X-rays. Using a nm beam Laue X-ray diffraction was observed from a sample volume of x lov pm claimed to be the smallest sample ever probed by XRD. Chang and Wittry presented calculations R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. of X-ray fluorescence intensities for convergent X-ray beams incorporating mean incident angle and divergence angle of the incident beam derived for both primary and secondary fluores- cence.These formulae were applied to a study of divergent beam effects in Cr-Fe and Ni-Fe alloys. Capillary-optics instrumentation used in specijic applications included the work of Fukumoto et al. who described an instrument with a spatial resolution of better than pm based on a specially formed glass guide tube which was used to ‘focus’ X-rays from a commercially available copper target XRD X-ray tube. Fluorescence X-rays were detected with two Si Li detectors and instrumentation was used to map the distribution of Mn in a living birds-foot trefoil leaf as well as K Ca and Mn in similar leaves exposed to artificial acid rain and severe X-ray radiation. Carpenter and Martin described a laboratory-based X-ray microprobe used for exam- ining both cracks in alumina cylinders which contain Zr and teeth to determine the calcium phosphate hydroxylapatite ratio as well as the trace element content. Bernasconi et al. described applications of a capillary-based microfluorescence system with a spatial resolution of pm used for the micro- analysis and X-ray mapping of geological samples individual particles and fused glass discs which could be used as reference materials for microanalysis . Standzenieks et al. developed an X-ray spectrometer for studying spot-shaped particulate deposits from a multi-orifice low pressure Berner impactor. Hosokawa et al. C developed a scanning X-ray analytical microscope for high precision element analysis using a compact X-ray generator an X-ray waveguide with a ‘rotated-parabolic’ inner wall used for two-dimensional analy- sis of small regions under pm.The ‘rotated-parabolic’ shape allowed the parallel component of the X-ray beam generated in the X-ray tube to be focused on the surface of the sample. .. Synchrotron Radiation SR ... Optics Most of the developments in X-ray optics in this year’s review are aimed at the focusing of synchrotron beams for use in microprobe analysis and indeed a conference uolume covering papers presented at the ‘X-ray Optics and Microanalysis ’ conference was published. In the area of focusing synchrotron beams Erko et al. described the performance of elliptical multilayer Bragg-Fresnel lenses used for the two-dimensional focusing of a white SR beam at LURE Orsay France . A spot size of pm was claimed for two fixed beam energies of and . keV. Chrzas et al. also used Fresnel zone plates as the focusing optic for a - keV X-ray microscopy.These zone plates depended on constructive interference effects based on the phase modulation of the incident X-ray beam and focused -% of the incident photons to < pm focal spot. Preferred materials for construction were Al Au Cu and Ni and the optimization of performance was discussed. Kuznetsov et al. tested an X-ray microprobe fitted with a linear Bragg-Fresnel lens at the ESRF Grenoble . At a photon energy of . keV a focal line width of . pm was observed and Wiener filtering with fast Fourier transformation was used to evaluate the size of the probe from X-ray fluorescence data.The use of phase zone plates was discussed by Lai et al. for focusing -keV X-rays and a microprobe based on these devices was tested. Focusing efficiency of c % at keV and spatial resolution depending on geometric demagnification factors of - pm was obtained routinely . pm with an aperture to restrict the effective source size . Muramatsu and Oshima made a patent claim for the design of an XRMF instrument which incorporated a zone plate. Macgowan et al. investigated the damage that can be caused to multilayer optics and how to reduce it by high peak fluxes of X-rays encountered for example when these devices are used as cavity optics for short-wavelength X-ray lasers. Nagata claimed a patent for a multilayed film X-ray mirror comprising alternate layers of Cr or Cr-Ni high atomic number material and VOS Si or C low atomic number material suited for use in X-ray microscopy telescope laser or lithography equipment. Multilayered ‘supermirror’ structures were described by Joensen et al. for ‘hard’ X-ray synchrotron and astrophysics instrumentation.The ‘supermirrors’ of interest comprised multilayers in which the thickness of layers was varied down through the structure to produce a wide band reflector. In the - keV range these authors claimed that reflectivities of -% could be achieved and measurements and modelling results were reported for the reflectivity of Ni C Mo Si and W Si supermirrors at energies of - keV. Charbonnier and Romand discussed the use of multilayer mirrors for the dispersion of soft X-rays in the .- keV region. Jenichen et al. investigated gallium arsenide aluminium arsenide multilayer systems grown by molecular beam epitaxy using double crystal top- ography and diffractometry to identify residual stress and defects in the multilayer structure. Ishii et al. investi- gated the soft X-ray reflectivities and the effects of thermal annealing on both reflectivity and the layered structure of molybdenum-based multilayers. Results suggested that Mo B,C and Mo SiC were superior to Mo Si in terms of thermal stability . Fraser et al. discussed multichannel plate X-ray optics emphasizing the importance of fabricating devices with channels of square cross section and for ‘slumping’ channels to a spherical format.The application of interest was X-ray astronomy and results for a device with approximately OOO channels mm in diameter recording the .-. keV X-ray spectrum were reported. Komarov et al. presented results for the propa- gation of characteristic Mo and Re X-rays through a planar waueguide; it was reported that if the number of reflections in the waveguide channel was sufficiently large account must be taken of the scattering of the beam by the roughness of the channel walls to understand the angular dispersion of radiation at the exit of the waveguide.The waveguide studied comprised alternate layers ofTa and Al. ... Beamlines and instrumentation Because of the much higher photon flux available at third generation synchrotron facilities there continues to be con- siderable interest in the effect of and dissipation of heat from optical elements in SR microprobe instruments. Several of these contributions originate from the US Argonne National Laboratory. Macrander et al. simulated the high heat load performance of an inclined crystal monochromator measuring the thermal distortions of a silicon crystal expected when the device is used for a . m undulator at the Advanced Photon Source APS Argonne.The crystal was uniformly cooled with liquid gallium and only weak broadening of the crystal rocking curve was detected. Rogers et al. described methods used to calculate the thermally induced deformations in monochromator crystals in standard con- figuration using finite element analysis results being compared with recent experiments using a high-performance gallium- cooled crystal at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source CHESS . Mills summarized the various approaches currently being applied to the thermal management of high heat flux components in third-generation synchrotrons. Knapp et al. described a new design for a cryogenically cooled monochromator for use with an undulator at the APS.The design was based on machining two opposing narrow Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. R channels in a large indirectly cooled block of a silicon crystal leaving a thin -. mm strip of silicon which only absorbs a fraction of the incident beam power. By operating in the range where the crystal has both a high thermal conductivity and a small negative thermal expansion coefficient the crystal surface illuminated by the X-ray beam is always under tension so avoiding buckling. In a further contribution from the Argonne National Laboratory Khounsary et al. described the use of diamond in place of silicon as the diffracting element in monochromator applications required to handle the high heat load of modern third generation synchrotrons and in a second contribution described how it was possible to use modern vapour deposition technol- ogy to produce free-standing diamond foils for use as windows in high heat-load SR beam lines.The optimization of mirror focusing of SR X-ray sources was discussed by Wulff with respect to maximizing the brilliance in the focus but minimizing the heat load on a beamline at the ESRF Grenoble. It was shown that an insertion device on the border between a wiggler and an undulator gave the highest possible brilliance of the focus over the energy range -keV at a modest over-all heat load. Matsushita et al. undertook work at the Photon Factory Japan to analyse the thermal distortion of a directly water-cooled silicon crystal monochromator used on a multi- pole wiggler beam line.Thermal distortion data modelled using a finite element analysis program were in fairly good agreement with experimental measurements. Stability tests were undertaken by Yanagihara et al. on soft X-ray multilayers Mo BN W BN Mo B,C W B,C exposed to X-ray radiation generated by a multipole wiggler. As judged by the soft X-ray reflectance at " Mo BN was found to be best the observed reduction in reflectance for Mo BN and W BN being attributed to a radiation-induced effect on the BN layers. ... Microprobe facilities Cantwell reviewed the last twenty years of develop- ments at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory SSRL placing particular emphasis on a new spherical grating monochromator and a multi-undulator beam line among other new facilities. Chavanne et al. reviewed the develop- ment of insertion devices for generating hard X-ray beams at the ESRF. Weber and Hulbert developed a computer program for calculating the flux central intensity and bright- ness from bending magnets undulators and wigglers at several US synchrotron sources and showed that these codes could be used to calculate these parameters for any storage ring. Jones reviewed the theory and practice of SR induced X-ray emission in a chapter contributed to the Handbook of X-ray Spectrometry . Doing et al. reviewed the capabilities of a wiggler station at CHESS which was capable of producing tuneable doubly-focused monochromatic radiation as well as unfocused white radiation. Janssens et al. reviewed the perfomance of SR X-ray microanalysis in relation to electron microprobe and micro-PIXE techniques comparisons being made of peak-to-background ratios and detection limits in the analysis of glass microspheres. And finally Smith C emphasized the new scientific poten- tial of third generation SR sources including sub-pg g-' detection limits crystal structure determinations on pm-sized single crystals and the quantification of the electronic state and chemical co-ordination in amorphous as well as in crystalline states. Various applications demonstrating these capabilities were summarized. Other theoretical developments were described by Fernandez and Molinari who discussed the theory of transport of X-ray photons in condensed media pointing out that the effect of polarization requires four parameters to describe the X-ray beam in place of a single intensity for models without polarization a further complication being that the state of polarization changes after each scattering event.These factors were used to develop a system of transport equations to describe the diffusion of X-ray photons including polarization effects in a medium. ... Applications .... Geological samples. One of the more popular appli- cations of the SR microprobe is in the analysis of geological samples. Sutton et aE. reviewed applications such as volatile element contents of micro-meteorites oxidation state heterogeneity of uranium in contaminated sediments elemental composition and speciation of fly ash particles and the com- position of hydrothermal fluids based on the analysis of inclusions all undertaken at the National Synchrotron Light Source NSLS Brookhaven. Further work from that group was summarized by Rivers et al. emphasizing EXAFS and XANES studies as well as SR microprobe determinations of the REE using WD spectrometry and other geological applications.The Brookhaven group also assisted in the determination of truce elements in geological and synthetic samples specifically the REE using the NSLS facility as reported by Chen et al. . Measurements were made on the REE K lines between and keV to detection limits of pg g-' La and pg g-' Lu for a s count on a pm thick sample with a pm diameter beam.Trace elements in various silicate minerals from a basalt granite and an ore-associated sample from Poland Central Europe were reported by Przybylowicz et al. using the keV SR microprobe at the SRS Daresbury. An et a!. measured elemental distributions in garnet and Li et al. reported the results of measurements of trace elements in petroleum geological samples both these sets of workers using Chinese SR facilities. And finallyTreiman and Sutton analysed the Zagami meteorite both by SR XRF microprobe Cu Ga Ni and Zn and by electron microprobe in a study of its petrogenesis. .... Biological samples.The non-destructive nature of SR microprobe analysis is particularly of value in the analysis ofbiological samples as demonstrated by the work of Valkovic and Moschini in the determination of trace elements in biomedical samples and Chinese applications in the analysis of human hair by Wu et al. and an ox liver reference sample by An et al. . .... Industrial chemical and structural applications.The SR microprobe technique has been applied to a surprisingly wide range of other applications including the work of Kaplan et al. who combined SR with ED electron micro- probe measurements to identify contaminants Cr Cu Ni Pb on clusters of suspended colloids in groundwater samples from North Carolina. Iron and Fe-Ti oxides were found to have an especially strong affinity for sorbing these contaminant metals. Lehr et al. described how the requirements of industrial production and industry-related analysis of the environment were influencing the design of the hard X-ray SR light source proposed at Mainz particularly in providing radiation for deep X-ray lithography and for analysis and diagnostic purposes in materials research and micro- technology. Muramatsu et al. described an SR EXAFS study of some gold and palladium cluster compounds. Fadley described the rather specialized techniques of diffraction and holography using photoelectrons and fluo- rescence X-rays for the study of surface structures where SR sources of the highest brightness and energy resolution as well R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. as variable polarization were crucial if these techniques were to be exploited fully. Zschech et al. used SR to study the valence state and site symmetry ofTi ions in titania-yttria- stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals using XANES observing the substitution of Zr+ ions forTi+ ions. Wen et al. used SR microprobe analysis to determine Ge as a doping element in silicon semiconductor material taking advantage of the non-destructive X-ray mapping capability to measure the distribution of Ge. Muramatsu et al. reported the challenging determination of B in silicon doped with a high dosage of BF+ using the soft X-ray emission detection of B Ka fluorescence and XANES measure- ments. Environmental particulate matter from lignite-fired power stations was analysed using the NSLS SR microprobe byTorok et al. Mossbauer spectroscopy being used as a complementary technique for determining the compounds present in iron-containing fly ash particles. Results were pre- sented for trace element concentrations and oxidation states using XANES. ....Thin films. In a manner similar toTXRF SR microbeam facilities may be used for thinjlm measurements as described by Noma and Iida using the grazing-exit condition for the fluorescence X-ray detection to attain the required surface sensitivity. The technique was applied to a layered electrode with Cr Ni and Ti films which was analysed in two different modes. In the point mode the analysis position was fixed but the exit angle was changed. In the scanning mode the exit angle was fixed while the sample was scanned. Results gave information on the lateral and depth distribution of the element of interest. Grazing incidence XRF using SR was reviewed in a second contribution by Iida who showed that the technique could be used to measure elemental distributions above on or below the material surface.Trounova et al. described the use of SR XRF analysis in one of the more popular thin film applications namely the analysis of high-temperature superconductors where the interest was in characterizing layers which varied in thickness down from a few hundred micrometres to atomic layers. In this study the relative contents of elements in films of the Y-Ba-Cu- system were analysed to detection limits of x lOI atoms cm-. Schmitt et al. measured centroid depths by ‘angle- resolved self-ratio XRF spectrometry’ using SR in the analysis of ion implants of P in silicon wafers at the atoms cm- level. .. Total Reflection XRF TXRF Spectrometry This year sees a hiatus in TXRF publications which is almost certainly due to the fact that we are in the year between the publication of the Proceedings of the BiennialTXRF Workshop. A comprehensive review was presented by Schwenke and Knoth in their chapter on ‘Total Reflection XRF’ in the Handbook of X-ray Spectrometry . Prange and Schwenke also considered all aspects of TXRF in their review whilst Michaelis Pepelnik and Prange reviewed the application of TXRF in environmental reseach. As an indication of the wide interest in TXRF and its use throughout the world reviews were presented in German by Prange ; in Japanese by Taniguchi ; in Chinese by Chen and in Russian by Losev et al. . The thesis by Mukhtar was published entitled Fundamental Analytical Studies into Total Reflectance X-ray Fluorescence. Peplnik et al. at GKSS carried out a comprehensive study of multi-element detemination using TXRF spectrometry ICP-MS and NAA.The comparison was based upon parallel analyses of spinach cabbage and domestic sewage sludge samples in which elemental concentrations were in the range ng g-’- mg g Krivan et al. employed TXRF spectrometry ICP-MS NAA and AAS in the multi-element charaterization of cigarette smoke condensates. The most toxicologically-relevant elements were found to be As Cd and Pb. Suzuki and Hasegawa carried out a theoretical study of the angle dependence of fluorescence X-ray intensities in TXRF spectrometry. The authors considered a monatomic layer deposited on a perfect surface and concluded that the four-fold increase in detected fluorescence X-ray intensity at the critical angle was due to the in-phase interference of the direct and the fluorescence X-ray emission from the sample atom itself totally reflected from the substrate surface. Ladisich et a . at Atominstitut in Vienna used fundamental parameter FP calculations to simplify the analyt- ical calibration of theirTXRF system. In order to simplify the FP calculations the authors used a kW molybdenum anode X-ray tube whose output was monochromatized Mo Ka using an LSM. Not only did the use of monochromatized excitation simplify the FP calculations but it also substantially improved P:B ratios and therefore detection limits for elements whose K lines were close in energy to the Mo Ka lines. In the case of Sr the detection limit was improved by a factor of . compared with direct excitation. Full details of the gold contact layer and silicon dead layer of the mm Si Li detector were used to determine the detection efficiency.The calculated relative sensitivity values showed very good agreement with experimental values from measurements on single and multi-element standards. In % of cases the sensitivities agreed within % and % within %. Using this calculation approach the need for calibration of all individual element sensitivities can be avoided. Once the relative sensi- tivity factors are determined for the instrument configuration all that is necessary is to use a single internal standard element V in the authors’ case to permit fully quantitative analysis. One of the limitations when using the LSM monochromator included in this study was that even with maximum current mA applied to the X-ray tube the ED counting electronics were still only % dead. This limitation was addressed in another study at the Atominstitut in which a kW rotating anode X-ray tube was used to compensate the intensity losses in the monochromator . Interestingly the detection limit for Mn using direct excitation was fg whereas it was fg using monchromatic radiation in this study. Streli et al. took the opportunity of investigating the combined benefits for light-elementTXRF analysis of SR and an HPGe detector equipped with a special ultra-thin diamond-like carbon window on Beam Line - at SSRL Stanford CT USA . Using a keV cutoff mirror a detection limit of some hundreds offg was obtained for Mg. Boron could be detected using SR monochromatized with a double LSM monochromator. A process of electrodeposition onto a polished Si OO crystal coated with aluminium on the sample side and titanium and mercury on the obverse side was found by Fan and Gohshi to enhanceTXRF sensitivity by a factor approaching . Part of this improvement was attributed to reduction in spectrum background and part was due to the use of a rotating molybdenum anode X-ray tube. A patent was claimed by Kohno for a TXRF instrument in which two measurements were made for each sample. Each of these measurements used a different primary beam filter. Wakizaka et al. claimed a patent for a TXRF instrument which incorporated two independent X-ray sources sounding remarkably similar to the EXTRA instru- ment which has been commercially available for a decade now. Further patents have been claimed for a TXRF instrument with a reduced pressure chamber and for a TXRF sample preparation method . Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. I R ... Chemical analysis As mentioned at the beginning of theTXRF section the number of TXRF references available for this year's Update is relatively small. This is particularly the case in the area of chemical analysis though not as will be seen later in the case of surface analysis. Reus et al. determined trace elements in river water and suspended solids. The centrifuged river water was acidified and treated with Y internal standard prior to drying followed by TXRF analysis. In the case of the separated suspended solids these were freeze dried homogenized then digested with nitric-hydrofluoric acid mixture for h at "C. The resulting solution was treated with Sc internal standard and dried onto a boron nitride carrier forTXRF analysis. The accuracy of the suspended solid analysis was confirmed by analysis of CRM samples of Coal Fly Ash and Tomato Leaves which had been subject to the same preparation procedure. Hegedus and Winkler used TXRF for the difficult determination of U in natural water samples and Egorov et al. used a special curved high-energy cutoff mirror to improve the detection limits of their TXRF instrument for trace elements in environmental water samples. The high sensitivity of TXRF spectrometry is valuable in the microanalysis of biological and medical materials. This feature was exploited to good effect by von Bohlen et al. in a study of mercury mobilization from amalgam fillings by dental plaque. Microgram quantities of dental plaque were collected from healthy and filled teeth during routine dental inspections and freeze dried for safe storage and trans- portation.The thawed material was transferred to TXRF sample carriers then dried at room temperature to minimize loss of Hg which was of particular concern. Elemental analysis results for the more than samples were converted to arbitrary units by ratioing intensities to the Cu K line which was present in all samples. In cases where sufficient sample > pg was available to permit its weighing a Co internal standard was used to allow fully quantitative results in units of pgkg-' to be obtained. In the case of Hg concentration values in the plaque samples from teeth with amalgam fillings were as high as mg kg-'. Samples of moss were analysed by TXRF spectrometry in a study by Markert et al. who measured elements and found the mosses to provide a useful indicator of atmospheric pollution by heavy metals. Nakai et al. usedTXRF analysis to determine As in the digested tissues of mice which had been administered with acutely toxic amounts of sodium arsenite. The highest As levels were found in the liver with lesser amounts in the lung and kidney and only very small amounts in the brain. Hahn and Jaschke used TXRF spectrometry to determine Ca Co Cr Cu Fe K Ni and Zn in cutting oils used in metal-working processes. Detection limits were ppm for Co and Ni and ppm for Ca and K performance which is readily achievable with conventional EDXRF instruments. A further application making good use of the microana- lytical multi-element capability of TXRF spectrometry is the analysis of artists' pigments from works of art. Moens et al. reviewed the use ofTXRF in this interesting appli- cation and gave examples where its application had been successful and perhaps more importantly where art historians and conservators had accepted its use on priceless works! De Boer and colleagues con- tinued their work on glancing-incidence X-ray Analysis GIXA . This technique combines TXRF analysis with X-ray reflectivity diffuse scattering and diffraction data and is particularly useful for the study of surface thin films and multilayer systems especially in the semiconductor fabrication industry. Data from measurements carried out at various incidence angles allowed thin film composition and thickness to be determined and permitted depth profiles of multilayer systems to be carried out. Schwenke et al. described the use ofTXRF for thin layer analysis using as an example the characterization of a nm thick Cr-Fe-Ni layer on a silicon substrate. The authors described the effect of the X-ray standing waves set up in thin surface layers and how the data could be used to determine elemental composition layer density and thickness. ... Surface analysis Interest continued during the review period in the use of TXRF for surface analysis where the technique is primarily used for assessing surface and near-surface contamination of silicon wafers. Kojima reviewed the use of TXRF spec- trometry in contamination control applications and reported detection limits s livetime for a commercially available instrument to be . . . and . x lo atoms cm- for Cu Ni Co and Cr respectively using an X-ray tube operated at kV and mA. A group working at the SSRL used SR radiation excitation either directly or in conjunction with a crystal monochromator or a wide bandpass LSM mirror.The authors considered that conventional X-ray tube excitation was insufficiently intense or tuneable to satisfy the need for higher sensitivity expected to be required in the next stage of develop- ment in VLSI circuit manufacturing. Using a specially con- structed TXRF chamber and a modified SR beam line the authors reported significant improvements in detection limits for the First Transition Series elements and aluminium. The detection limit for aluminium was reported by the group to be improved to x lo atoms cm- from -' atoms cm- using conventional TXRF. In contradiction of this claim that conventional X-ray tube excitation was inad- equate Utaka et al. used a rotating anode X-ray tube and an LSM monochromator to achieve detection limits better than lo atomscm- for elements of the FirstTransition Series. Torcheux et al. prepared calibration standards for Ni on silicon wafers and standardized them using Rutherford back-scattering RBS measurements. The standards were designed to have less than a monolayer surface coverage in order to minimize matrix effects and changes in substrate refractive index. Calibrations were linear over the range x " to x lOI atomscm- and detection limits were around x " atoms cm-. The authors commented upon the limi- tations posed by RBS measurements in extending accurate calibrations below x lo-'' atoms cm-. From the work of the authors it may be better to useTXRF measurements to prepare standards for RBS rather than the other way round. Sugihara et al. prepared TXRF calibration standards by spin coating wafers with standard solutions of metals followed by drying in dry oxygen for three hours at °C. Fam et al. avoided the need for construction of a calibration curve by means of theoretical calculation of sensitiv- ties. Results obtained were in good agreement with SIMS measurements. The improvement in detection limits for TXRF analysis of wafers brings with it ever more stringent need for spectrometer manufacturers to reduce the instrument blank. One of the sources of an instrument blank for the First Transition Series elements is the semiconductor detector beryllium entrance window. Yakushiji and colleagues and ident- ified the detector window as a significant source of Fe and Ni blank in their measurements.These trace contaminant elements in the beryllium are strongly excited by the backscattered W L radiation and this group investigated the effect of varying spectrometer settings on the observed peak intensities in a third contribution . The authors used ICP-MS to R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. determine impurity levels in the beryllium window of pg -l and pg -l for Fe and Ni respectively. Other First Transition Series elements were estimated to be < pg -l. These findings are entirely in agreement with the expected values for IF- grade beryllium which is most com- monly used for detector windows. As world-wide stocks of IF- become further depleted contamination levels will inevi- tably increase and it will become necessary to investigate much higher purity material such as that produced by vapour deposition methods. In order to satisfy the future needs of improved detection limits it would perhaps be prudent to investigate other window materials whose impurity levels can be more closely controlled and reduced. Liang et al. usedTXRF analysis to investigate silicon wafer contamination at each stage in the process of preparing sub-micrometre VLSI devices. Detection limits for Ni were . x lo-’* atoms cm- and precision from day to day was found to be % relative. Hossain and Pas used TXRF analysis throughout their study of the effectiveness of several post ash-cleaning processes. Finally Ohsugi and Kyoto made use of the TXRF instrument in their silicon wafer fabrication plant to investigate cleaniness of the plant’s clean rooms. Once again this demon- strates the wide applicability ofTXRF spectrometry where multi-element ultra-trace analysis is required. .. Portable XRF systems Rather surprisingly most of the contributions available for review this year were presented at the Pittcon conference where environmental Pb was a topic of interest as shown by the work of Grosser C who reviewed sources of exposure to environmental lead and the methods available for analysis including hand-held XRF for in situ determinations and other techniques that could be used in a conventional or transportable laboratory. Liabastre C described qual- ity systems appropriate for the determination of lead in environmental samples to meet the USA EPA requirements and in particular the US Environmental Lead Laboratory Accreditation Program.The availability of NIST reference materials for the determination of Pb in lead-based paint samples was described by Kane C and in particular SRM a a powdered paint prepared for the laboratory analysis of paint removed from housing sites and SRM prepared for the verification of field XRF analyses where samples are analysed as thin films. Driscoll et al. described a simple analysis method for Pb in paint and soils which used a sample preparation step. Unusually for a field portable device their instrument used a cryogenically cooled high resolution semiconductor detector. A report by Hardison et al. described the evaluation of portable XRF spectrometers which were commercially available in for the determination of Pb in paint. Instruments were all supplied pre-calibrated by the manufacturers and test samples were prepared on plaster board wood concrete and metal sub- strates. Instruments which made Pb K line measurements had a typical linear range of .- mg cm- Pb with a bias in the range -. to +. at mg cmP Pb coverage. Instruments using Pb L lines for measurements were rather susceptible to analytical errors arising from multiple paint layers typical of older houses. Other contributions to the Pittcon conference were made by Robbart C who described a preconcentration method for the detection of inorganic contaminants As Cd Cr Pb by field portable XRF designed to extend detection limits to the sub pg g-’ range.The method involved a microwave digestion of soil or water followed by an ion- exchange extraction. Alloy sorting by XRF was the subject of a contribution by Le Blanc and Heilveil C using a gas-filled proportional counter radioisotope excitation and a fast pattern recognition algorithm. Willis and Chase C described a new EDXRF ‘object’ analyser for use in conservation incorporating a Si Li detector designed to operate at K by Peltier cooling instead of K with liquid nitrogen cooling without excessive loss in resolution and a lower power X-ray tube.This semi-portable instrument was used to analyse ancient Chinese bronze objects which should not contain Zn above trace concentrations and the thickness and composition of the gilding layer on such samples [which were found to contain surprisingly high % concentrations of Hg]. Potts et al. C presented the results of their work on the application of field-portable XRF to geochemical analy- sis.The instrument employed was equipped with a high resolution room temperature mercuric iodide detector and two radioisotope sources loCd and Am . In a preliminary laboratory study using pressed pellet samples detection limits s for the geochemically important trace elements Ba Nb Rb Sr Y and Zr in the range - pg -l were obtained and for the major elements precision was better than % and accuracy was claimed to be excellent. On the basis of such studies the authors intended to use the instrument for field analysis and outlined potential problems in both geochemical and archaeological field usage. Zhang et al. investigated the use of portable XRF to determine the grade of ore in three Sn Pb-Zn and Mo ore deposits in China.The new technique involved a double-beam source probe to measure the ratio of the characteristic to scattered radiation. Optimization of the technique involved correcting for i matrix effects using a mathematical model to relate elemental concentrations to the measured ratio ii geometric effects overcome by using an optimal source to sample distance measured experimentally for a variety of mineral deposits and iii the effect of uneven mineralization. This paper is clearly of importance to anyone who wishes to quantify data from solid samples that are not flat using this technique. Xu described the use of a Chinese portable XRF analyser for the determination of Cu in powdered ores core samples and mine gallery walls. .. On-line There are many on-line XRF systems working successfully in a number of industry sectors but their characteristics and performance are seldom reported in the literature.This situ- ation may arise from the proprietary nature of many of the processes in which such instruments are deployed and the inevitable commercial pressures which limit publication in such cases. That said Gunning provided a general review of applications of EDXRF technology to on-line analysis citing examples using equipment from a specific manufacturer. Davidson et al. added a custom-designed flow-cell to a portable EDXRF analyser for the on-line determination of As Cu and S in solutions from a lab-scale copper electrolyte purification cell. The analyser used two radioisotope sources Fe and Cm and required no sample pre-treatment.The interference of sulfur on Cu was successfully compensated by a straightforward mathematical procedure. An on-line sulfur analyser suitable for use with refinery process streams of naphtha kerosene and both light and heavy oils was described by Saeki and Sakai . The flow cell had a beryllium window and the analytical range was .-% m m S. Finally Tschudin et al. reported the use of a prompt gamma NAA on-line analyser for blending control in a cement plant. Although clearly not an XRF instrument results from this new instrument were compared with those Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. R from the more commonly used XRF and whilst the repeat- ability of the NAA unit was acceptable it showed some bias in the determination of some elements in comparison to the XRF equipment. Despite these discrepancies the authors con- sidered the NAA system to have benefits which may foretell its wider use in the future. .. Calibration and Data ProcessingThe review by De Vries and Vrebos in the Handbook of X-ray spectrometry addressed the subject of XRF quantitative analysis of infinitely thick samples. Not only did the review consider the wide diversity of matrix correction procedures but it also reminded readers of the importance of the precursor stages to matrix correction of careful sample preparation and peak intensity gathering. Vrebos and Kuiperes reviewed the factors that affect light element analysis including instrumental considerations in addition to ident- ifying areas in which more-accurate values of the fundamental parameters mass absorption coefficients fluorescence yields etc. would yield analytical improvements. Automatic qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis has been the subject of a number of studies reported during the review period. In the first of two papers by Wegscheider’s group in Graz on the application of chemometric techniques to qualitat- ive analysis of WDXRF spectra Arnold et al. described in considerable detail a prototype expert system for the interpretation of WDXRF spectra.The system comprised a pre-processor written in BASIC and an inference engine written in PROLOG. The rule base consisted of rules encompassing X-ray line data and dependencies upon instru- ment settings e.g. detector type tube kV . Both parts of the system relied heavily on fuzzy set theory in an attempt to accommodate incomplete and uncertain information from the original smoothed spectra. A function diagram showing pro- gram flow of the pre-processor was presented and details of the authors use of Bayesian probability to check for presence of all the emission lines of an element were given. Examples of system performance in the qualitative analysis of metallic alloys were presented and the major sources of error were identified as incorrect filtering and derivation of the initial spectrum.The inference engine was considered to be highly reliable and further improvements were expected to concentrate on the pre-processor and the provision of explanatory output of results to the user. In the second contribution Walczak et al. extended the fuzzy logic system by implementing the reasoning process on a neural network.The network consisted of seven units corresponding to the number of X-ray lines considered in the reasoning process. Two of the units were used for the most intense lines Ka and La whilst the rest were used for the remaining minor lines. Details of the learning algorithm were presented and after assessment of the net’s performance it was found that some rules could be eliminated by a process of pruning and re-learning as they contributed nothing to element identification. Performance of the net for identification of elements in five high temperature super-alloys was indistinguishable from that of a human expert. Abbott et al. compared a method of simple parallel matching of lines in a sample spectrum with data from an X-ray line database with a rule-based expert system which used a structured heuristic match.The latter process performed better less false negatives and false positives and was found to be more acceptable to users not only because of its improved performance but also because it implemented the same strategy as a human expert. A rule-based expert system for qualitative WDXRF analysis developed by Wang et al. was claimed to have an ‘accuracy’ of % which compared favour- ably with results from their human expert. It is not clear which of the experts would profit from further developments in this case. Warren et al. at ICI Wilton UK made a comparison of their in-house program for automated qualitat- ive and semi-quantitative analysis with three commercially available packages. Although their in-house program had been expensive to develop and did not perform as well as the newer programs it still had some valuable features which the later packages lacked and had provided valuable analyses before these newer packages were available.The authors made a plea for more realistic estimates of detection limits by the newer commercially available packages. One of the packages investi- gated by Warren was also applied by Platbrood and Opdenacker to the semi-quantitative analysis of materials in their laboratory serving the electricity generation industry. The authors reported the ability to perform semi- quantitative analysis in min and on only mg of chips as attractive benefits. A new sequential WDXRF spectrometer was described by Kataoka et al. which had new software providing for rapid min qualitative and semi- quantitative analysis of all elements in the range =-. Semi-quantitative analysis made use of an internal sensitivity library and was claimed to have accuracy in the region of % relative for major elements and a limit of determination between . and .% m m depending upon the element. Comprehensive details of the advanced background and peak- fitting algorithms were presented and results from the analysis of metals and a glass standard were presented to demonstrate the accuracy of their approach.The semi-quantitative calcu- lations were also suitable for the analysis of thin-films on a specified substrate. Boger and Karpas also used a neural network to process data from ion-mobility and XRF spectrometry. The training process was complete in min and the system was able to perform quantitative determinations of Ir Os Pt and Re at ppm concentrations in a polyethylene matrix.This method obviated the need for a conventional calibration curve and produced a standard error of a few pg -l. The chapter by Van Espen and Janssens in the Handbook of X-ray Spectrometry reviewed various methods for the processing of EDXRF spectra to extract the correct peak intensities. Smolniakov and Koltun used peak profiles obtained from spectra of pure element samples in their procedure which used linear least squares fitting of these profiles to spectra from unknown samples. Background suppression was achieved using a zero area top- hat digital filter and results for spectra of Fe+Co Rb+Y and Ba+La+Ce+Pr+Nd were shown to be better than those obtained using AXIL or EDXRF based on Schamber’s orig- inal work . Digital filtering and least squares fitting were also used by Szymczyk for spectrum processing in a scheme used for automatic EDXRF qualitative analysis. In the difficult analysis of REE mixtures found in high temperature superconductors Kondurov et al. used the K lines and improved the least squares spectrum processing procedure by fixing the position and relative intensity of many of the spectral lines. Sera and Futatsugawa investigated the effects on spectrum processing of pileup and escape peaks and not surprisingly considered it essential for improved spectrum processing accuracy to use some form of tail function in addition to the simple Gaussian peak model. Sahin et al. used two peak shape functions for processing of spectra from a Ge Li detector and were able to model the energy dependence of low-energy peak tailing using least squares fitting to measured spectra of known materials.The oft-forgotten radiative Auger peaks in EDXRF spectra were measured for CaTi and Fe K lines in a study by Maeda and Kawai . The intensity of these lines in relation to the parent lines was in the . to .% range which prompted the authors to remind us that omitting them can lead to errors in trace element analysis. A complete in-house program for R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. EDXRF spectrum manipulation and processing 'least squares deconvolution' followed by concentration calculations was described by Yager and Quick . Using the Kulenkampff-Kramers formula Gruffat was able to make an improved calculation of the background under K series fluorescence peaks emitted by high Z elements excited using a rhodium anode X-ray tube operated at kV. Root mean square calibration errors for Ba Ce Cs and La were . . . and . ppm respectively when the new background correction was applied which was a substantial improvement over values of ,.,. and . ppm respect- ively for a conventional linear background correction procedure. Klimasara made a mathematical comparison of the LaChanceTraill matrix correction equation with statistical multiple regression methods and concluded that the former could be derived from the latter. On the basis of this assessment the author concluded that the LaChance Traill model was justifiable mathematically as well as physically from the XRF equations. The ability to determine the alpha coefficients from multiple linear regression coefficients was expected by the author to simplify algorithms which implement the LaChanceTraill model. In a continuation of their work on the limit dilution method LDM for fusion bead analysis Bosch Reig and colleagues devised a simple mathematical model for the calcu- lation of the LDM correction factors. Once measurement of an analyte's XRF intensity was made at two different dilutions application of the proposed model allowed the analyte XRF intensity at any dilution to be calculated. On the basis of this method the authors were able to calculate the optimum dilution factor for analysis and to calculate the minimum dilution content with a chosen accuracy whilst maximizing sensitivity for analytes at low concentrations in the sample. Sanchez and Sartori used Monte Carlo simulation to investigate the influence of geometry on contribution made by scattered excitation radiation to measured XRF line inten- sity. Pure samples of Ni Si and Zr were used and calculations of XRF enhancement due to scattering effects were carried out over all possible incident and take-off angles for the case of monochromatic kV excitation.The authors' results showed that scattering effects never contributed more that % to the observed XRF intensity for the elements studied. Although the scattering contribution may need to be accounted for in some analysis schemes using typical conventional geometries or for example the authors claimed that the scattering contribution could be eliminated with no loss of primary fluorescence intensity by moving the propagation plane as close as possible to n . A new fundamental parameter program was described by Mori and Mantler in which the enhancement due to both scattered primary incident and scattered secondary radiation was included.These additional corrections were considered by the authors to be particularly important for analysis using high energy K lines from medium to high Z elements in samples with a high proportion of light elements. The contribution made by photoelectron and Auger electron excitation to the observed XRF K series line intensities for low atomic number elements was investigated by Pavlinsky and Dukhanin . Calculations were made for elements in the range - and for a variety of X-ray tube anode materials applied voltages and beryllium window thicknesses. As expected the XRF contribution from electron excitation within the sample increased with decreasing atomic number and was shown to be as high as % in some systems. In the case of an iron-rich meteorite sample containing .% m m carbon only % of the C K XRF intensity was a result of primary photon excitation in comparison with .% from excitation by Auger electrons resulting from photoionization of the atoms in the sample which contained .% m m oxygen. With the increasing interest being shown in XRMF and the inevitable efforts to improve analytical accuracy in XRF micro- probe analysis the report by Chang and Wittry on the calculation of XRF intensities for convergent beams is particularly timely.The authors extended the Shiraiwa and Fujino equations which are only usually employed for the nearly parallel beam case to account for the highly divergent beams used in their XRF microprobe.The extended equations were applied to the analysis of CrFe and NiFe alloys for which deviations of up to % were found from the parallel beam case for mean incidence angles in the range -" and divergence angles within the sample of -'. The authors also showed the effect on the divergence factor that the primary excitation energy exerts. The inaccuracy and lack of validity of the log I C uersus log E calibration relationship were presented by Yap and Hua . A new linear relationship In I Ipure C uersus In E was proposed by the authors as being better and more widely applicable than the original. In many cases the pure element intensities can be measured from pure thick targets but that is not always the case as shown by the same authors and . Where pure elements were unavailable the authors described an experimental method in which pure oxides could be measured and numeric conversions performed to obtain the pure element intensity for use in their new calibration method. Agreement between the pure element intensities based on oxides and pure metal foils was generally better than .%.The original relationship was used success- fully by Kaneko et al. to determine impurities in refractory compounds of Hf Ti and Zr. A simplijied calibration scheme for thin film analysis using only one standard was described by Coetzee and Bloem . A thin film standard for these elements was prepared by evaporating OOpl of an aqueous solution containing < pg - of the three elements in total plus pl of % m v poly viny alcohol solution onto a Mylar support film.This standard was used to normalize the theoretically calcu- lated slope of the calibration curves for all the elements in the range - inclusive. These theoretically derived calibration slopes were found to agree closely with those from experimen- tally derived calibrations using several thin film standards. The effects of particle size on the XRF analysis of pitch was investigated by Feret who found as might be expected a clear decrease of Si K intensity with increasing SiOz particle size. Theoretical calculations of the change of Si K intensity from SiOz particles with particle size in the range .- pm were shown to be in good agreement with meas- ured values. The use of synthetic standards with very small particle size is common for the XRF calibration of Si in pitch and this methodology can be expected to lead to substantial errors in the analysis of real pitch samples unless particle size corrections are carried out.To avoid these corrections the author recommended calibrations based upon natural pitch samples where these errors can be regarded as practically insignificant. Lankosz et al. extended their Monte Carlo MC simulation work to the quantitative analysis by XRMF of individual particles. The extensions included studies of higher Z elements non-spherical particles and of Compton scattering within and from spherical and irregular particles. Lankosz and Pella and further extended the MC code to include 'edge effects' in XRMF where a particle under study had a different chemical composition to the surrounding matrix. Examples were shown of zinc sulfide in calcium carbonate and arsenopyrite in serpentine where a % increase in measured XRF intensity was observed near the particle boundary. An algorithm was developed to correct these edge effects and XRMF analysis results obtained Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. R using it demonstrated its success in this important new field of XRF analysis. An empirical addition to the use of FP calculations was proposed by Karmanov and Zagorodny for the correction of non-homogeneity effects in the analysis of minerals and welding fluxes. Methods for the quantitative analysis of samples ofintermedi- ate thickness were reviewed in detail by Markowicz and Van Grieken in the Handbook of X-ray Spectrometry . Zhang et al. described matrix correction procedures for an intermediate thickness sample and presented results which showed the achievable accuracy for quantitative analysis for this class of sample to be better than % relative. A program to calculate the critical sample thickness needed for the analysis of catalyst samples presented as bulk infinite thickness targets was described by Kunz and Belitz .The program took into account the mean sample density and the various excitation strategies used in the authors’ laboratory. Stoev and Dlouhy published details of a computer program EXFIT used for analysis of up to elements in thin film environmental samples.The program allowed spectra from three different excitation conditions to be combined and corrected for escape peaks sum peaks and blanks.The spec- trum processing involved a two-stage background correction based upon a measured blank and a generated background followed by an iterative peak deconvolution. Calibration was by means of thin film standards and an empirical model. Finally patents have been claimed for an XRF method for the analysis of platinum catalysts on a support ; determination of contaminant elements on a silicon wafer including details of the data processing scheme ; a method for complete spectrum processing and analysis of EDXRF spectra and a method for XRF analysis using fusion beads . It is not clear to this writer to what extent these patents embody existing XRF methodology but there does seem a continuing but thankfully small trend towards patenting XRF methodology and not just items of instrumentation. ... Corrections using scattered radiationThe use in quantitative XRF analysis of correction procedures which employ the backscattered source radiation is already extensive yet has seen further development during the review period. Giauque proposed a nouel method which used backscatter intensities both to determine sample mass thickness and to carry out matrix corrections. The method used the relative intensities of two incoherent and one coherent exci- tation backscatter peaks to determine sample mass thickness and the photoelectric cross section of the sample for the excitation radiation. This latter value was used for matrix correction and one of the incoherent backscatter peaks was also used as an internal standard for all trace cZc and four major Ca Fe K andTi elements in the samples analysed. Results based on a single measurement of s duration from unweighed samples of three NIST environmen- tal CRMs with mass thickness in the range .-.g cm- were impressive. The intensity of the Rh K Compton scatter peak was used by Hua and Yap for simultaneous background and matrix correction in the WDXRF determination of trace elements ~ in geological samples. The Rh K Compton peak intensity was used to determine the variable matrix dependent background under analyte peaks without the need for conventional off-peak measurements of background. A set of geological samples was prepared as pressed pellets using g sample and . g microcrystalline cellulose then used for calibration of the sequential WDXRF instrument for the elements Co Nb Ni Pb Rb SrTh U Y Zn and Zr. Results from analyses of a large number of Geological Survey of Japan GSJ and Chinese CRMs showed the method to be simple accurate and reliable. Smolniakov proposed an FP calculation procedure which also combined a semi-empirical simplification which made use of the Compton scatter peak. Although the author claimed the new procedure to have many benefits such as being applicable to all matrix types and not requiring the sum of all analyte to be loo% there were no data presented to support this assertion. Stoev and Dlouhy described a semi-empirical model which combined concentration correction equations and a backscatter correction. An interesting extension of the backscatter fundamental parameter BFP method was reported by Arthur and Sanders in which they combined data for low element Si-K from a sequential WDXRF spectrometer with those from a secondary target EDXRF instrument.The EDXRF instrument was used to collect four spectra using each of Ti Zr Ag and Gd secondary targets and a total spectrum acqui- sition time in excess of s. The WDXRF scans from four crystals were converted to ‘pseudo-spectra’ and all data were then consolidated by in-house software before being passed to the BFP program running on the EDXRF system which then carried out all the matrix corrections and final concentration calculations. Data for the Zr backscatter peaks alone were used to estimate the ‘dark matrix’ element of the BFP calcu- lation. Although light element data were substantially improved through use of the WDXRF data the remaining elements were not markedly improved over the already good data from the EDXRF-only BFP analysis. ... Fundamental parameter F P analysisThe group at TU Vienna studied the features of transmission target X-ray tubes and the benefits they offered tofundamental parameter FP analysis. The equations relating to target emission were modified on the assumption that there was negligible penetration of electrons compared with the anode thickness of typically pm. In the case of a molyb- denum anode X-ray tube operated at kV the emitted spectrum was restricted to the energy range - keV which resulted in a simplification of the FP calculation procedures. Marchut used FP calculations to determine Ba Ca Fe S and Zn in hydrocarbon oils. Surprisingly an improvement in accuracy of only -% was obtained through the use of aqueous standards compared with the use of no standards. When solid standards were used the average deviation between known and measured values was YO relative. Results reported by Sugiyama et al. for the FP analysis of low-alloy steels and GSJ geological CRMs were in good agreement with known values and those from empirical coefficient XRF cali- bration methods which prompted the authors to recommend the FP method as a useful convenient tool for quantitative analysis of complex materials.This will be received with relief by those who have been routinely using FP methods for a decade or more. Much work on the determination ofthe values offundamental parameters is again evident during the current review period. Hubbell et al. presented a comprehensive review which brings up to date X-ray fluorescence yield data for K L and M shells.This important publication includes tabu- lations bibliography and parameterizations and may be regarded as the current definitive source of fluorescence yield data. Balakrishna et al. reported K fluorescence yield measurements for REE Ag Cd Cu Mo Pb Sn Ta Th U and W. A useful parameterization of mass absorption coefficients for all elements in the energy range - kV based upon the rather dated Viegele tables was described by Braziewicz et al. . Agrawal and Jha investi- R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. gated the relative intensities of the La Lp and Lp lines of gold under excitation conditions of very low overpotential. Results using a tungsten and a molybdenum anode X-ray tube operated at kV steps from to kV were presented and the large differences between the observed and calculated intensities were attributed to the inability of the modified Kramers’ law adequately to model the Bremsstrahlung output of the X-ray tube operated in this manner. Mann et al. made a careful study of Ll La Lp and Ly X-ray production cross-section for elements in the Z range - inclusive. Errors in calculated values were up to % due to errors in the parameters used in the calculations and where experimental values are available they are to be preferred as their error is typically within -%. Kaur and Singh also considered the effect on accuracy of L X-ray cross-section calculations for elements in the Z range - inclusive resulting from errors attributable to the choice of atomic parameters. Measured L series cross-section values were pre- sented by Rao Cesareo and Gigante for Au and Pb measured using secondary target excitation in the energy range . to . keV and and for Ag Cd In Pd Sb and Sn using . . and .keV photons . Simsek et al. measured La Lp intensity ratios forTh and U at four energies in the range - keV.The same group also presented KP:Ka intensity ratios for Zr and Nb measured at the same energies and on the same equipment ; intra-series K line intensity ratios for elements < Z < using radio-isotope excitation and ; and KP:Ka intensity ratios for Ba Cr Cs Fe and Mn . In the latter case the authors claimed the mode of excitation to have some effect on the measured Kp Ka intensity ratio. Dhal and Padhi found alloying to have no measurable effect on the K ?:Ka intensity ratio for Ag Cd Cu Ga Ge Mn Ni Sb and Sn excited using an Am radio-isotope source. Only the data for Ag and Sb showed any deviation from the Scofield tabulation. Rao Cesareo and Gigante used secondary target exci- tation for their measurement of KP Ka fluorescence cross- sections from thin film - pgcmP of compounds of Fe Ga Ni Sr and Zr. Evidence for double K-photoionization in C K and P was presented by Sanchez and colleagues .The authors used highly monochromatized SR for this study. Sanchez and Rubio used an extension of their work on geometric effects on XRF intensities in a new method used to determine the K-shell cross-sections for Cr Fe and Ni. Puri et al. made measurements of the K to L shell vacancy transition probability for elements in the Z range - inclusive. L-shell yields were measured after excitation by . and . keV photons.The dearth of reliable M series XRF data was offset slightly by data presented by Puri et al. on M cross-sections and fluorescence yields for elements in the Z range - inclusive excited by . keV photons. Kahlon et al. contributed data on the angular distribution of Th M X-rays excited by . keV photons. Finally the interesting anomalous M X-ray absorp- tion in REE spectra was investigated by Labar who described an experimental procedure which allowed the independent determination of the normal and anomalous mass absorption coefficients. An extended empirical model of the absorption process was proposed which accounted for the observed anomalous effects. .. Applications ... Sample preparation It is not easy developing new methods of sample preparation for the direct analysis of materials by XRF and some of the contributions available for review this year have an element of re-inventing the wheel about them. However perhaps one of the most valuable contributions in this area was a review of sample preparation procedures by Injuk and Van Grieken covering options for both solid and liquid samples.The manufacture of an oxide standard sample for XRF was the subject of a patent claim by Kaneko et al. . The sample was designed for the determination of impurities e.g. - pg g-’ of Cr Fe Mn in high melting point inorganic compounds including carbides nitrides borides oxides for manufacturing semiconductors and other industrial oxides. The method of preparation involved acid dissolution of the high melting point matrix followed by the addition of a given volume of standard solution of the impurity elements of interest.The mixture was then evaporated to dryness and heated to a specified temperature prior to XRF analysis. Two further patent applications claimed by Oda and Sugyama described the preparation of powder pellets of Sb and Bi respectively and involved pressing the sample and binder in a mould at - tonne for - s. From the summary of these applications it is difficult to identify any innovation compared with standard practice. In a more specialized application Volodin and Uvarov claimed a Russian patent for the preparation of lead-containing ‘pulp’ samples involving mixing with boric acid neutralization and use of poly vinyacetate as binder. Buemi et al. investigated the effect of different conditions for grinding and sieving a basaltic rock in prep- aration for XRF analysis.The influence of particle size on the analysis was assessed and although commendable in ident- ifying limitations in XRF analysis caused by the nature of the sample many laboratories would discourage sieving silicate rocks owing to possible contamination and mineral fraction- ation effects. Smagunova et al. reported that the intensity of fluorescence radiation from powder pellets pre- pared by compressing silicate samples and iron ores increased with increasing pressure an effect that became more pro- nounced with longer wavelengths and larger particle sizes. It is well known from earlier work e.g. Togel Zerstorungsfreie Materialprufung R. Oldenburg Munich that this increase in intensity tends to reach a limiting value at pressures in the - tonne range. Rao and Govil C and Analyst Cambridge U K described the merits of using Ba as a heavy absorber in the analysis of rock samples for the major elements in glass beads by XRF.The advantages claimed were that for the conventional absorber La is expensive and causes a spectrum overlap interference with Na. However the authors point out that spectral interferences from the Ba L-lines cause some spectral interference in the determination of Ti and Mn and in any case many laboratories no longer use heavy absorber fluxes at all in this application since the main advantage in reducing differences in the mean matrix mass attenuation coefficient between samples is no longer such an important consideration taking into account improvements in the reliability of modern matrix correction programs. Other developments in sample preparation procedures included the work of Coedo et al. who studied different sample preparation procedures for the XRF analysis of ferroalloys.The methods were i remelting in an induction furnace after dilution with iron ii preparation of a pellet by the direct compaction of powdered material and iii prep- aration of glass discs after alkali fusion of the pre-oxidized sample. Over-all the glass disc method gave better precision than the other methods. These conclusions differed from those in a similar study reported in last year’s review . For the analysis of iron ores Fink et al. used a mixture of the ground sample . g lithium carbonate g and ammonium nitrate . g which were fused in a Pt Au crucible at “C for min. Martin and Richardson described the options for Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. R the rapid and efficient preparation of glass discs in the analysis of silicate rocks and reviewed the effect of variations in LiB LiB flux composition the addition of lithium nitrate lithium fluoride lithium carbonate and the benefit of preliminary roasting of S- C- and F-bearing samples to avoid damage to platinum crucibles. ... Preconcentration techniques As in previous years a range of papers are available for review which describe XRF applications involving dissolution of a sample followed by some form of preconcentration or absorp- tion of the analyte. Such applications often involve a degree of chemical ingenuity and it is interesting to note that a significant proportion of contributions though not all orig- inate from Chinese laboratories possibly because alternative instrumentation based on ICP techniques is not readily available. Indeed this area of endeavour appears to be ignored by workers in many Western laboratories who may therefore be overlooking some important applications of XRF. Not withstanding these observations two British Standard methods of analysis were published and for the determination of the metallic elements in hard metals by XRF. In the case of BS EN a powdered metal sample was dissolved by heating with HNO and HF treated with HS and evaporated to dryness and ignited to °C to remove all SO,.The residue was then fused with sodium tetraboratebarium peroxide or barium carbonate to form a melt which was poured into a pre-heated ring main- tained at - "C. After cooling the resultant disc was ground and analysed by XRF for Co Cr Fe Mn Mo NbTi V and Zr KC^,,^ lines andTa W La lines . In the case of BS EN carbide or hard metal was crushed sieved mm and an aliquot of the crushed sample dissolved by heating with HF-HNO,. After cooling and treat- ing with tartaric acid the filtered solution was analysed directly by XRF for Co Fe Mn Mo Nb Ni Ti V and Zr Kal lines and Ta W La lines . One area that has seen a significant number of contributions is in the truce element analysis of geological samples. Zhang and Ma described a method for the determination of Hf Nb Ta and Zr all elements with 'difficult' solution chemistries .These elements were coprecipitated from an HC solution . mol l-' with tannin and methyl violet. The precipitate was collected on a filter paper for direct determi- nation by XRF. Detection limits were reported to be in the range .-. pg. Mao et ul. determined individual REE in ion adsorptive ore samples by shaking samples with ammonium sulfate solution centrifuging and applying a few microlitres of the resultant solution onto the centre of a filter paper for XRF analysis. Detection limits were reported to be in the range .-. pg with recoveries in the range -.%. Jiang et al. also determined the REE in geological samples in this case after HF dissolution to remove Si followed by NaOH fusion. Analytes in buffered solutions were chelated with 'chlorophosphonazo-p-Cl' and the complex was adsorbed on anion-exchange fibre in the presence of masking agents. After dissolution of the fibre the REE were determined by XRF. Recoveries were reported to be -% and detection limits to be in the range .-. pg m-I. Guan described a rapid method for the XRF analysis of 'intermediate samples' in REE extraction in which . ml of sample solution was spotted onto a filter paper. After drying this filter paper was covered with a second filter paper pressed for s at tonne prior to direct XRF analysis for REE with detection limits of . mg rn-I. Jurczyk et al. determined Cd Cr Cu Ga In Se and Zn in spinels by XRF after a HCl-HNO digestion. Detection limits were reported to be . mg ml-' for each element in the final solution. Labanov et al. determined Au in rocks after extrac- tion with melts of mixtures of aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with various additives. Various preconcentration procedures were also developed for the XRF analysis of waters. Edwards et al. described a preliminary investigation into the use of ion- exchange membranes for monitoring river water by comparing their use with results from conventional water sampling.They concluded that the ion-exchange method might be useful in providing general fingerprinting-type information of a river system and that the direct multi-element analysis of resin strips by XRF avoids potential errors caused by storage or contami- nation. Civici described a method for the EDXRF determination of trace metals in sea-waters off the Albanian coast. After filtering the sea-water - ml was treated with Mo . mg and acidified to pH .The precipitate formed after adding ammonium pyrrolidine-carbodithionate -ml of % solution was filtered and dried.The sample on the filter membrane was then analysed directly by Mo secondary target EDXRF using the K-lines of the elements Z = K to Sr as well as the Pb U and Th L lines. Detection limits varied from ngcm- Br to ngcm- Ca . Lui et al. described a method for the simul- taneous determination of Cu Fe Mn Pb and Zn in water after precipitation with 'DDTC' and 'PAN'. Tsizin et al. measured toxic elements in waters by XRF after preconcentration on sorption filters impregnated with amino- carboxylic acid and dithiocarbaminate. Qui et al. used an ion-exchange technique to preconcentrate Cr"' and CrV' in natural lake and waste water samples buffered with sodium acetate acetic acid solution. After standing in the sample solution for two days the ion-exchange film a mm diameter disc was analysed by XRF. Preconcentration procedures were also used by Vazquex in the determination of metal contaminants in water and by Chacharkar et al. in the determination of some rare elements in groundwaters from a region of India. Other preconcentration procedures were described by Peraeniemi et al. who presented the optimization of a method based on zirconium-loaded activated charcoal as absorbent in the determination of As Hg and Se from aqueous solution. An adsorption method was also used by Qadeer et al. for the determination of U this time using charcoal impregnated with the metals Co Cu Ni Zn .The impreg- nation was found to reduce the adsorption of U. Arsenic II and Sb"' were preconcentrated on 'sulfhydryl' paper by Qiu and Zhao prior to determination by XRF to detec- tion limits of . and . pg g-' respectively. In a second contribution Zhao and Qiu described a preconcen- tration method for distinguishing As"' from AsV.To determine As"' the sample solution acidified with HCl was filtered ten times through a mercaptocellulose paper which was then washed dried and analysed by XRF. The filtrate containing AsV was heated with potassium iodide and thiohydroxyl- ammonium chloride at °C and the resultant AS ''' determined as before. Detection limits were claimed to be . pg. A chemical separation procedure was described by Shayakhmetova et al. also for the determination of As. Ammonium molybdate was added to the aqueous solution to convert the analyte to molybdoarsenic heteropoly acid which was extracted by tri-n-octylamine into molten stearic acid at "C in the presence of oxalic acid to mask excess Mo. Solidified stearic acid was pressed into pellets and analysed by XRF for As and Mo offering detection limits of . pg -I As. Ravindra et al. described a WDXRF method for the determination ofTe in selenium used as electrophoto- graphic photoreceptors in xerography. After acid digestion of the sample a portion of the resulting solution ml was analysed directly by XRF offering linear calibrations over the R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. range .-% Te. And finally Eu was determined in aqueous solution by Saleem et al. by the direct analysis of solutions in polyethylene bottles matrix effects being compensated using matching standards. ... Geological XRF continues to serve as one of the work-horse techniques for the analysis of geological samples. Some of the contri- butions in this section involve relatively routine analytical conditions e.g. but others include some innovation in schemes for the routine analysis of silicates. Couture et al. undertook a detailed assessment of accuracy and precision of routine XRF analysis of silicate rocks using a lithium tetraborate fusion to prepare glass discs from samples that had been ignited at °C for min. Lithium bromide was added to the mixture before fusion as a non-wetting agent. A least squares minimization calibration procedure was used in which data were weighted to take account of compositional and counting statistical uncertainties. Hanif and Hanif used an EDXRF technique to measure the major elements in aluminosilicate clay samples and tabulated mass attenuation coefficients and fluorescence yields of matrix elements.Tahboub used a standard additions pro- cedure to determine the major and minor elements in granite samples prepared as a powder pellet. A fused glass disc technique was used by Li et al. to determine both trace and major elements. Orihashi et al. analysed silicate rocks prepared as powder pellets using an unusual combination of X-ray tubes a chromium anode tube for Ga and a gold anode tube for Ba Ce Co Cr and V the elements Ba and Ce being determined from the K lines. Elsenboek C described an XRF facility designed for the analysis of regional geochemical samples capable of a daily throughput of samples using simultaneous XRF instrumentation with twenty-six fixed channels and two scanning channels. Hua and Yap presented an interesting investi- gation of the use of Compton scatter radiation for the simul- taneous correction of matrix absorption efects and spectral background.This method is widely used for matrix corrections but the authors investigated the simultaneous correction of background which offered the advantage of reducing analysis times by avoiding the necessity to count background intensities. Furthermore in the analysis of samples with complex spectra the difficulty in locating an interference-free background was avoided.This technique was applied to the analysis of a large number of geological reference materials good agreement being reported between analysed data and recommended values. Kirshnamurthy et al. investigated the determi- nation of Y in a wide variety of geological materials and benefaction products.The concentration range of interest extended from a few tens of pg g-’ to the % level found in fairly pure xenotime concentrates. To provide calibration stan- dards up to these high concentrations hematite dolomite mafic rock and apatite were spiked with spectrographically pure Y. Kierzek and Przetakiewicz avoided spectral inter- ferences associated with the determination of La Ce Pr and Nd in normal schemes of analysis based on measurement of the L lines by using an Am radioisotope excitation source to excite the K line spectrum. Bassari and Kumru also used an Am source as well as a Pu source coupled to HPGe and Si Li detectors respectively to analyse soil samples fromTurkey. Samples were prepared sufficiently thin to reduce matrix effects by pelleting a mixture of soil mg and cellulose mg . Results were quantified using the fundamental parameters method. Reviews of the XRF analysis of geological samples were published in Japanese by Marumo . ... Environmental XRF continues to play an important part in the analysis of environmental samples with a large number of contributions in the current review period on- the analysis of dusts and aerosols related to air pollution studies. EDXRF together with INAA was used to analyse such samples obtained from San Paulo to identify the sources of aerosol particles ocean resuspended soil fuel-oil combustion phosphate rocks refuse incineration and residual high temperature processes . Similar studies were undertaken on samples from Easton Pennsylvania ; Charlotte North Carolina adjacent to two incinerator sites Kenya where a strong correlation between Pb and Br suggested a source from leaded gasoline Aswan Egypt and Nigeria . Leaderer et al. used XRF to analyse indoor and outdoor samples collected from homes in New York State with particular interest in correlating results with cigarette smoking kerosene heaters and wood burning and gas stoves of which cigarette smoke and to a less extent kerosene heaters were the most important. Bennett et al. and used WDXRF to analyse fine particle samples < . pm collected from the ‘Fine Particulate Network’ of sites in the USA.The main interest was in the determination of S and the correlation of results with acid rain. In a contribution to technique development De Chateaubourg et al. reported that ‘vitrified LiB’ beads doped with known amounts of elements could be used both to compensate for between run drift and for the recali- bration of instrumentation. Chlorine could not be determined in this way because C was found to be unstable at the bead preparation temperature. Quisefit et al. expanded on this idea by investigating the quantitative analysis of aerosol filters by WDXRF using borate glass discs as ‘bulky filter equivalents’ and demonstrated good agreement when data obtained by calibrating in this way were compared with results obtained using both standard filters and ‘external analyses’. Swarmy et al. developed a WDXRF technique for the analysis of dust and weld fumes collected on filter paper using calibration samples prepared by mixing a sample of each analyte with boric acid and pelleting.The average standard deviation of the method was %. Pella et al. described NIST SRM a reference material comprising a thin film of zinc sulfide sputter deposited on a polycarbonate substrate and designed for the XRF calibration of air particu- late or similar material collected on filter media.The atmospheric deposition of particulate material within and around three Nigerian cement factories was reported by Adejumo et al. using a combination of EDXRF and INAA. High enrichment of a range of toxic elements as well as Ca P and S was found compared with a control site with Ca a cement marker element decreasing exponentially with distance from the factories. In a second contribution from the same University Oluyemi et al. used a statistical analysis of WDXRF and AAS data to identify the source of coarse and fine fractions of particulate material deposited at a site close to an industrial estate in Lagos Nigeria.The sources identified included re-entrained soil sea salt industry regional sulfate and automobile exhausts. A statistics-based analysis procedure called ‘Potential Source Contribution Function Analysis’ using results obtained by XRF AAS ion chromatog- raphy and colorimetry analysis was used by Gao et al. to identify the origin of particulate material collected during the Southern Californian Air Quality Survey. There was generally good agreement between source areas Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. R identified by this analysis procedure and emission inventory maps for NH SO and NO,. A monitor for the determination of noxious pollutants in ambient air including SO NO SO HS NH and Cl was described in two Japanese patent applications.The port- able monitor comprised either a metal strip made of silver and or copper or a smooth silicon wafer sputtered with aluminium copper or iron . XRF could be used to determine the contents of noxious pollutants on the exposed base plate. Other pollution studies were described by Cooper who reported two recent advances in the sampling and analysis of flue gases for toxic compounds emitted from coal-Bred power plants. These advances were a ‘plume simulating dilution sampling system’ which can be configured to simulate a variety of dilution aging and sampling schemes and a hazardous element ‘sampling train’ in which activated charcoal- impregnated filters were analysed by XRF to determine all the elements including Hg on the EPA hazardous air pollutant list except Be. Stropnik et al. used EDXRF to analyse airborne particles from various sources collected at a monitoring station at a power plant in Slovenia.The use of pollen from the honey bee as a medium to monitor for heavy metal pollution in the environment was described by Turecek et al. . Marques et aE. used a Mo secondary target EDXRF system to analyse leaves of the plant Nerium oleander to measure contamination of Br Cu Fe Mn Pb Sr Ti Zn around Lisbon Portugal. Detection limits for elements were generally in the range .-. pg g-’. A standard additions calibration technique was used by Koplitz et al. to determine lead in sediments by XRF analysis using the Lp line.This technique was preferred because it offered a fast turnround was non-destructive and avoided the necessity for an acid digestion. XRF was one of a range of techniques used by Igwe et al. to identify the bonding binding properties of lead in contaminated soil with a view to identifying remediation technologies. Complementary studies using a selective extraction procedure showed that about % of the Pb was present as ion-exchangeable specifically adsorbed i.e. displaced by silver and carbonate species. Results from the comprehensive analysis of three NIST refer- ence materials representing soil samples contaminated to vari- ous degrees with metals NIST SRM were reported by Wilson et al. using WDXRF and ICP- AES techniques.The analytical data showed good agreement with NIST certified values. Renault and McKee C reported an XRF technique for the determination of Pb in environmental samples using thin film procedure in which the powdered samples was applied to adhesive tape. Radioisotope XRF was used by Frank and Harangozo to measure Cr and Ni and other heauy metals in waste water from an engineering plant before and after chemical treatment using root tip cells of Allium cepa to evaluate toxic effects. Reviews of these and other applications in this area of study are available in the companion ASU review of environmental analysis . A more specialized review of the use of a range of techniques including EDXRF TXRF and SRXRF in the environmental monitoring in the nuclear and nuclear- related fields has been presented by Sansoni . ... Archaeological and forensic XRF was one of the techniques selected to analyse the elemen- tal content of ash deposits in peat bogs by Goerres . In this study of human settlement from the Neolithic Age onwards in the Starnberger Lake region of Bavaria Germany the elements Al Ba Cu Pb Si andTi which are generally immobile in peat layers were correlated with anthropogenic influences specifically Pb with Roman lead smelting and the observed decrease in Ti deposition with the effect of reforestation after the Middle Ages. In a provenance study of ancient Japanese ceramics Sueki ware by EDXRF Mitsuji found that Ca K Rb and Sr were the most useful elements for identifying the kiln used for manufacture. Carbo et al. investigated a method for correcting the intensity of X-ray fluorescence the limit dilution method in the analysis of ceramic materials of archae- ological interest.They measured Al Ca Fe K Mg Na Si Ti in different ceramic samples and used a statistical cluster analysis procedure to classify samples. EDXRF incorporating a Am excitation source and a mercury iodide detector was used to analyse pre-Hispanic gold objects by Cesareo et al. . Samples comprised jewellery from several regions of Mexico. EDXRF was also used to analyse coins from the Kushan period AD recovered from the Handwara region of South Kashmir India by Bhat et al. . Data indicated that craftsmen of that era were skilled in metallurgical processes. Hoffmann used EDXRF and WDXRF as well as XRD for the non-destructive analysis of glass in this case prehistoric glass beads from graves mainly containing female remains excavated in the Gross-Gerau Pleidelsheim and Weingarten regions of Germany.The high contents of coloured compounds indicated that these samples were of low glass quality and XRD measurements indicated that coloured com- pounds at the surface could be characterized as PbSnSb,.s yellow beads and Cu ochre beads . The contents of a glass kohl bottle excavated from a stratum corresponding to the th-th centuries at al-Tur South Sinai Egypt were analysed by Satoh et al. . The contents were reported to be mainly phosgenite and laurionite. The analysis of small glass fragments is a standard application in forensic science and the advantages and disadvantages of the various tech- niques available for such analyses including EDXRF were reviewed by Buscaglia . An encapsulation technique for the XRF analysis of forensic samples was described by Shcherbakov and Gimel’farb . Finely divided material was mixed together with stearin or paraffin wax at °C and allowed to cool. Liquids or suspensions in concentrated HCl were mixed with a pigment and poured onto the surface of stearin or paraffin wax before XRF analysis. Yu investigated an EDXRF method for dis- tinguishing synthetic and natural rubies.The elements of interest included Cr Cu Fe Mn Mo Ti V Zr data for which were used to distinguish natural rubies originating from Vietnam Africa Sri Lanka and Thailand from synthetic rubies from various manufacturers. As a contribution to the forensic examination of coloured polyethylene bags often used in drug abuse Nir-El used XRF to measure the inorganic element content and concluded that the probability of an incorrect matching of two very similar yellow bags batches was --.Transparent bags were found to contain . & . pg g-’ Zn. ... Industrial The important contribution which XRF makes to the analysis of materials in the industrial sector is demonstrated by the large number of papers that have been published during the current review period. XRF is one of the techniques used in the analysis of coal for heavy metals and the technique was applied by Garcia et al. to evaluate the effectiveness of froth flotation in the removal of heavy metal contaminants from Spanish coals. Vogt et al. used XRF as one of a range of techniques to analyse the heavy metal content of brown coals and some liquefaction products. Font et al. evaluated the R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. pollution potential of coals using XRF and ICP-AES tech- niques. Davidson reviewed the determination of sulfur in coal by a range of techniques including XRF and Kowalska and Urbanski discussed the limitations of a simple XRF-based ‘radiometric’ technique in this application. Dos Santos and Conde discussed the performance of gas proportional scintillation counters for the EDXRF analysis of S in coal and Ayala et al. used a radioisotope EDXRF technique for estimating the ash and sulfur content of Spanish coals. Lui described an XRF method for the determination of Ga in ‘stone’ coal by XRF using a pressed pellet technique and reported detection limits An XRF technique for the analysis of rock salt and salt solutions was described by Knipping and de Jongh . After grinding solid samples were pressed into a disc salt solutions after digestion were poured into a sample cup and analysed directly. Results were considered to be ‘semi’- quantitative-to-quantitative above about pg of element per gram of sample. XRF has been widely used for the analysis of ores and ore processing samples.Two Chinese publications described the determination of Cu Pb Zn +Fe Mn in this type of sample. In one case a thin film technique was used. After the sample had been taken into solution using an acid attack vanadium solution was added as an internal standard and a test portion of this solution was spotted onto a mylar mem- brane dried and analysed by XRF. Detection limits of .% m m were reported although these values seem rather disap- pointing considering the complexity of the sample preparation procedure. In the second paper samples were pre- pared as powder pellets and an ‘empirical coefficient’ method was used to correct matrix effects. Mitarai et al. claimed that XRF offered equivalent accuracy but was much more rapid than wet chemical analysis in the determination of Cu for measuring the end-point of the slag-making stage in a copper converter. Metz and Davey reported the analysis of process control samples from a lead smelter investigating both pressed powder and borate fusion methods in the determination in order of importance of Pb Zn Cu S As and the flux components FeO MnO A CaO MgO and Si . Samples prepared by borate fusion were found to show better precision .- % relative compared with .-% for powder pellet analysis better accuracy and were stable over time. A fused glass disc method was also used by Spangenberg et al. for the analysis of base metal sulfide ores and iron-manganese oxide ores. Synthetic glass disc samples were used for calibration in view of the scarcity of suitable reference materials. Glass discs were prepared from a mixture of one part of calcined sample to ten of lithium tetraborate flux a relatively high dilution to reduce matrix effects. A small amount of ammonium iodide was added as releasing agent. An intensity-based correction method was used for the correction of all elements and a peak-to- background method for the minor and trace elements. In the characterization of other industrial minerals Ochsenkuhn-Petropulu et al. described the direct determination of lanthanides Sc and Y in bauxites and red mud from alumina production and compared ICP-AES measurements on solutions with the direct XRF analysis of solid samples. Interference-free analytical lines for selected light REE were listed together with detection limits of - pg g-’. Feret reviewed the application of XRF for the analysis of a full range of samples in the aluminium industry. Zamojska et a . employed EDXRF for the determi- nation of total C in chrysotile fibres a form of asbestos using either a standard additions procedure on ground fibres pg -l detection limit or a standardless procedure on six different fibres pg g-’ detection limit . Results were of . pg g-l. compared with data by ion exchange chromatography and a colorimetric method. Based on the XRF determination of Fe Chinchon et al. proposed a method for calculating the cement content of concretes made with aluminous cement and Price reviewed the application of XRF in quality control analysis in the cement industry. Randolph considered techniques including XRF for the determination of the platinum group elements in samples derived from ores concentrates plant intermediates and refining products a particular requirement being the avail- ability of a range of techniques capable of making measure- ments from the ngg-l to .% level. Methods for concentrating the platinum group elements for further treat- ment were considered. Eddy et al. contributed a review of the current performance and application of analytical techniques including XRF in this field. WDXRF was used by Radha Krishna et al. for the determination ofTa in the range .-.% m m in titanium-tantalum alloys used in the nuclear industry.The technique involved an HF-HN dissolution of the sample followed by neutralization of residual HF acid with saturated boric acid solution. Solutions were then analysed directly using a helium flush facility. Presumably this method was developed to avoid large matrix corrections that would occur if the alloy was analysed directly or possibly because only small amounts of material were available for analysis. XRF continues to play an important role in the analysis of metallurgical samples with a rash of Chinese contributions in the area of XRF analysis ofsteels ; A in steels ; As Pb Sb andTi in bearing steel and various trace elements in cast iron perhaps indicating the more widespread adoption of XRF techniques in that country. Wariwoda et al. used XRF to determine the graphite content of cast steels and reported that the C Ka intensity varied not only with the amount of graphite but also with the diameter of the spherulites and for a given total carbon content the graphite cementite ratio. In another contribution from the same laboratory Weber et al. prepared a set of reference samples of low alloy steels tool steels and graphite and reported on the quality and nature of the polished surface finish secondary enhancement effects by Fe K and L lines and other matrix elements on the accuracy of the XRF determination of C. Particular concern was expressed about the possibility that graphite particles could be plucked out of the surface during polishing and the remaining holes partially covered with carbon or filled with polishing residues.The effect of variations in carbon content ranging up to % m m on the XRF analysis offerromanganese for Mn was investigated by Coedo and Dorado who prepared a series of samples by melting together selected ferromanganese samples diluted with pure iron in varying proportions in an open induction furnace.The correlation between the carbon content and the intensity of the Mn Ka line was determined for a series of samples of constant manganese content and varying carbon content and a correction factor calculated. After application of this correction factor a single calibration graph was obtained with all samples with the same Mn content though varying C agreeing to an RSD of .%. Accuracy was evaluated by analysing four ferromanganese reference materials. In a complementary study from the same laboratory equivalent measurements were made of the effect of carbon content on the intensity of the Cr Ka line rather than the Mn Ka line and XRF results were compared with indepen- dent measurements made by spark ablation ICP-AES where the influence of carbon content on the amount of spark aerosol produced was investigated. Connolly reported on work to develop an auto- mated on-line method for the determination of Fe and S in Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. R particulate corrosion products in the water circuits of power plants so avoiding difficulties and delays in the independent sampling and analysis of corrosion products.The apparatus included a flow cell incorporating a particle filter positioned in the sample chamber of an XRF spectrometer. Accumulated waterborne particulates were continuously irradiated by the X-ray beam. Water was periodically evacuated from the sample chamber to enhance the XRF measurement.The system was designed to alternate between these modes of sample collection and XRF analysis until the particulate loading on the filter was sufficiently high to trigger a filter change.The instrument was configured for the simultaneous determination of Fe and S corrosion products although simultaneous multi-element determination was planned for the future. In a similar field Isaacs reviewed the use of X-ray absorption and XRF techniques for the in situ chemical study of passivity and localized corrosion in particular rapidly grown oxides coatings on Al Cr and Fe Cr alloys and the dissolution behaviour of Cr incorporated into these oxide layers. In an unusual application Nir-E reported the use of XRF in characterizing the lead content of US dollar paper currency containing lead-based ink driers and noted a progress- ive and significant decrease in the lead content over the last twenty years. Other industrial applications of XRF presented during the current review period included the patent claim of Gilmour et al. for the analysis of drilling fluids containing solids suspended in the liquid phase oil or brine which involved XRF. Olajire and Oderinde used EDXRF to determine various elements in crude petroleum and heavy residual oils. Hutchinson described the use of a state- of-the-art 'hybrid' XRF spectrometer configured for light element detection for the determination of catalyst residues and additives in polyolefins. Sieber measured the concentrations of additive elements in grease by WD and EDXRF to check manufacturing specifications.To avoid difficulties with the uniform and reproducible filling of sample cups and the outgassing of greases when analysed in neat form Sieber used an absorbent powder as a binder so ensuring reproducible sample presentation for analysis.Tisdale C showed that EDXRF offered several advantages over other techniques in the analysis ofTi mixed iron oxides and talc in cosmetic products including sun-screen cream. Khouadja et al. used XRF to measure the penetration and retention of chromated copper arsenate pre- servative in southern pine plywood. Sun et al. deter- mined twelve elements in colour 'kinescope' glass by XRF using synthetic glass discs as calibration samples prepared by fusing oxides of known composition with lithium borate flux. Slangen et al. checked the retention of Cr in dichro- mated gelatin coated plates by XRF and Morse determined Cl in photographic developer solutions by WDXRF to study the contamination of C- developer solu- tions by municipal water supplies.The technique was applied over the - mg -' Cl concentration range using cadmium as an internal standard. Mudher et al. used XRF as one of the techniques for characterizing the composition of Rb,U S a compound which has been proposed as a uranium standard. Esche made a patent claim for the determination of Cr or Zr in leather by what appears from an abstract to be an unexceptional XRF technique. Mondal et al. used XRF and EPMA to analyse waste sludge from a fertilizer factory in Bangladesh and found that the waste contained no less than about at.% m m As. Reassuringly the abstract notes that the appropriate authority has taken steps to ensure the proper disposal of this waste. In the characterization of radioactive samples X-ray spec- trometry together with gamma measurements was proposed by Dragnev as a method of determining the Pu content of a sample.The Pu K X-rays are excited by the radioactive material's own radiations and the proposed method involved ratioing the count rates of Pu K X-rays to "'Pu y-rays which with appropriate correction and calibration could be used as a measure of the sample's Pu concentration. McMahon examined various analytical methods based on X-ray spectroscopy for the determination of low levels of radionuclides. As a result of a practical inter- comparison X-ray methods were considered to be relatively insensitive compared with MS techniques but suitable for the determination of long lived nuclides such asTh and U.These and other industrial applications were reviewed in the latest relevant ASU topic review . ... Clinical and biological Considerable interest continues in the determination of lead in bone and other organs by in vivo XRF measurements. Two interesting applications investigated the use in vivo of mTc as an excitation source. In one Mountford et al. investigated the use of an internal mT~ labelled bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical for the determination of tibia lead. Measurements were made on phantoms containing known amounts of lead and detection limits standard deviations were estimated to be equivalent to - pg Pb g-' bone mineral based on counts from the Ka peak . However radiation doses to the individual were much higher than when using an external radiation source except where measurements were made as an adjunct for a patient undergoing a bone scan and experimental procedures for reducing exposures were discussed. A second application of mTc was investigated byTodd et al. who conducted a pilot study using a mTc excitation source in a 'backscatter' geometry to test the hypothesis that cisplatin a chemotherapeutic drug could mobilize skeletal lead. The XRF measurement of Pb and Pt in the kidney of chemotherapy patients were inconclusive as lead could not be detected in the kidney of the majority of patients taking into account the sensitivity of the technique. Rosen et al. used more conventional external excitation and L line XRF to determine bone Pb concentrations in a US suburban population which had previously been exposed to emissions from an adjacent factory.The mean bone lead pg g-' of the highly exposed group was three times that of a control group. These bone lead measurements were much more informative than blood leads which only indicated recent exposure during the previous - d . Somervaille considered the application of XRF to the determi- nation of Pb in human bone in relation to environmental pollution public health and industrial hygiene. Nilsson and Skerfving discussed in vivo measurements of Cd in kidney by neutron activation and XRF and Pb in human bone by XRF. Elnimr and Moharram investigated human exposure to environmental lead inTanta Egypt by the EDXRF analysis of blood water grains roadside vegetation and soil. Zaichick discussed a range of analytical techniques including XRF and neutron and charged particle activation for the analysis of bone in clinical and experimental medicine the emphasis being on a multi-element capability. Other clinical-related applications of XRF were reported by Suzuki who investigated metal allergies in the field of dentistry using an X-ray fluorescence 'spectroscope' particu- lar interest being shown in the elements Ag Au Cu Hg Pd Sn and Zn. Valkovic et al. investigated various techniques PIXE XRFTXRF and NAA for the multi- element analysis of biopsy samples. XRF was found to offer better sensitivity than PIXE for heavier elements but care was required to account for a C interference from Formvar used as the sample supporting membrane. Hurst et al. used a WDXRF method for the determination of Br in whole R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. blood pl of which was pipetted onto a filter paper disc for analysis. A standard additions procedure was used for calibrat- ing samples with Br concentrations of mg -I. The study was designed to assess workers occupationally exposed to methyl bromide and detection limits were reported to be . mg -I. Contiero and Folin used both XRF and AAS to determine Cu and Zn in human hair in a study of the trace element nutritional status. In the field of animal experiments Mariolani et al. used XRF as well as radiography techniques to measure the release of materials from stainless-steel plugs coated with A Nb andTiO inserted into canine femur. Shenberg et al. used an XRF method to analyse kidneys from tumour-bearing mice to evaluate the effect of drug treatment with cis-DDP used with and without selenite and selenocystam- ine. Interest was in the elements Cu Fe K Pt Se and Zn. Mice were also the study subject of Tariq and Preiss who determined As Br Cu Fe Rb and Zn by radioisotope excited XRF to evaluate the effect of selenite and selenate supplements on the disease murine hepatoma. Other studies include the use of XRF AAS colorimetry and XRD by Takano et al. to measure the As and Hg content of the Chinese patent medicine ‘Bezoar antifebrile pills’ some samples of which contained - mg of cinnabar HgS and - mg of realgar ASS per g pill. Nas et al. were interested in the Ca and K content of tea leaves XRF results being compared with those by AES techniques. Interest continues in the use of XRF to measure the total glucosinolate content of oil seed rape and other Brassica oil seeds by XRF analysis of sulphur. Pinkerton et al. used a method based on fully oxidized sulfur S’ and claimed that determinations based on the S+ content correlated more closely with the glucosinolate content than total S measure- ments. Schnug et al. used a sample preparation method involving embedding a single rape seed in wax as well as a thin film method using ground rapeseed and also compared the performance of EDXRF with that of WDXRF in this application . Although the EDXRF method gave a two-fold higher standard error than WDXRF this technique was considered to be a viable alternative to IR spectroscopy. Further work from this laboratory reported favour- ably on the use of XRF for high quality S determinations in fatty and non-fatty plant materials. Biological materials were studied by several groups including Calliari et al. who used EDXRF secondary target to analyse the leaves and roots of barley seedlings grown on sewage sludge for trace elements particularly Cr. Samples were analysed as a thin film after microwave digestion. Mesjasz- Przybylowicz et al. studied the process of Ni accumu- lation and tolerance of Asteraceae plants grown on serpentine- rich soils in a region of theTransvaal. PIXE was used to measure the lateral distribution of Ni whereas EDXRF was used as a rapid screening technique to select metal-rich plants for further study.These and other related studies are considered further in the latest relevant ASU review . ...ThinJiEms The principles applications and limitations of XRF spec- trometry in the coatings and paint industry were presented in a comprehensive ASTM review by Snider . Romand et aE. reviewed recent developments in thin film analysis using low-energy electron-induced X-ray spectrometry LEEIXS a technique whose development these authors have been associated with since its inception. Examples of how LEEIXS can be employed for surface treatment and thin film deposition processes were presented. Sensitivity of the tech- nique down to the sub-monolayer range was shown. In a combination of XRF instrumentationTakeda et al. used a microfocus X-ray beam < pm set near the angle for total reflection for the analysis of gold or stainless- steel layers sputtered on to silicon wafer substrates. The authors were able to use the technique for multi-layer thin film analysis of liquid crystal displays and results agreed well with their computer simulations of this interesting equipment. Grazing incidence and variable take off angle XRF analysis are particularly well-suited to the investigation of thin-film systems. Hideki et al. used a grazing incidence SRXRF technique to investigate a titanium layer and a carbon titanium bilayer sputtered onto a silicon wafer. Combination of X-ray reflection and fluorescence intensity profiles showed that annealing of the wafer transformed a high density surface layer to a thick homogenous layer. Hayakawa Sasaki and Gohshi investigated the take-off angle dependence of Cr K intensities from Cr films in the thickness range from less than . to several hundred nanometers. Rather unsurpris- ingly the authors confirmed that the analysed depth depends upon the observed X-ray energy even with identical take-off angles and for lines close in energy e.g. from the same K series.The authors concluded with a discussion of the potential of variable takeoff angle XRF analysis for depth-profiling studies. The Vienna group used monochromatized incident X-ray radiation and variation of both incidence and take-off angles to non-destructively depth profile multilayer systems without comparison to reference samples. For the study of thin Al,Ga,,-,,As layers on gallium arsenide substrates a silicon secondary target excitation was employed. Measurements were performed down to layer thickness of -Onm with x in the range .-.. A second system comprising zinc coatings on steel was studied in which the Fe K lines from Fe in the substrate were excited by means of Cu Ka radiation whilst excitation of Zn Ka from the Zn in the coating was achieved using a germanium secondary target.The scatter of the observed results was confirmed by careful micro-measurement < mm beam spot at fixed geometry and electron microscopy to be a consequence of lateral non- homogeneity of the thickness of the surface film. Tsuji and Hirokawa found good agreement between their calculations and measurements for Au and Ni multi-layer thin film systems on silicon substrate Urbanski applied the statistical techniques of principal components analysis PCA and partial least squares PLS to the calibration of an XRF thickness gauge whose instrumentation consisted of a Am radioisotope source and proportional counter detection system. Despite the low detec- tor energy resolution the two methods were effective for the analysis of Sn-Pb layers on printed circuit boards.Tin content was determined with an accuracy of % absolute in the range -% Sn and film thickness measurement achieved an accuracy of . pm over the thickness range .- pm. In the case of Ni films on steel the accuracy of Ni thickness determi- nations was . pm in the range - pm Ni. A mixture of theoretical calculation and thin film mono-element calibration was used by Coetzee and Bloem . Slopes of calibration lines for a number of elements in thin films were calculated for a range of elements and then one or two measurements were made on real single elements standards to normalize the calculated values to the experimental system.This approach substantially reduces the need for obtaining and measuring one or more standards for each element of interest as cali- bration slopes can be safely interpolated across a range of elements. The authors used polychromatic excitation which was modelled for the sensitivity calculations using Kramer’s law. A straightforward ratio calibration method film line-to- substrate line was adopted by Liang and Ma for Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. R the determination of metal plating films. A method combining fundamental parameter calculations and a prior knowledge of the thin layer system was described .The author claimed the technique to be conceptually similar to the use of theoretical alphas in bulk analysis and showed it to be successful providing the analyst has substantial knowledge and only one parameter thickness or composition to deter- mine. A fundamental parameter method for the analysis of metal oxide thin film samples of magnetic recording tape was developed by workers at Konica . The C values had to be entered into the calculations following determination by a wet chemical technique as the Cl became depleted as a result of X-ray exposure during the XRF measurement. In order to simplify the calibration process by only considering monochro- matic excitation Moore and Elsahlli assembled an EDXRF instrument comprising a Am radioisotope used in conjunction with a molybdenum secondary target and employing a Si Li detector.The instrument was calibrated using thin sol-gel films which the authors prepared from calibration solutions. Measured calibration coefficients were in good agreement with those predicted from theory assuming monochromatic excitation and negligible absorption- enhancement effects in the thin film sample. Results from the XRF analysis of thin pg ern- films containing Bi Cu and Sr sputtered onto a magnesium oxide substrate agreed closely with the MeV Rutherford RBS results and were far less expensive and complicated to obtain. In one of a number of instrumentation developments Kohno described a new optics system used in a WDXRF silicon wafer analyser. An impressive precision of % relative was achieved for the direct analysis of % m m B layers greater than nm thickness. Results for a Si W layer showed precision better than .% relative. An EDXRF instrument was described byTamura et aE. in which a pro- portional counter detector was employed. The combination of secondary beam filters with new software was essential to extract the peak intensities from the spectra which exhibited a high degree of peak overlap due to the poor energy resolution of the detection system. Once the spectrum data were extracted FP calculation methods were used to determine successfully the composition and thickness of several types of alloy platings. Ochi et al. also used FP calculations for the analysis of multi-layer and multi-element thin films.The method was applied to coated steels and polymers where surface coverage was < pg ern-,. Piltz claimed a patent for a cali- bration method used in a thin film analyser. Neumaier described a fully automated XRF analyser which was developed in-house for the determination of plating film thickness of electroplated components. Finally Blau reviewed the application of several SR X-ray techniques to a number of materials analysis problems including thin-film characterization. ... Chemical state analysis Quantitative elemental and phase analysis has been available for very many years by combining the data available from XRF and XRD measurement respectively. With the develop- ment of new materials and the growing need to characterize materials more fully particularly in terms of speciation or chemical state high resolution XRF is finding increasing use. An overview of the papers available for review demonstrates a clear domination by Japanese contributors in studies of the bonding environments of atoms from shifts in the wavelength and intensity of X-ray fluorescence lines. Of particular note is the continuing dedication of Kawai at the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN inTokyo who along with a number of co-workers continues to investigate chemical state effects on the XRF spectrum of a wide variety of compounds. In the development ofinstrumentation Konishi et al. described a gearless two-crystal X-ray spectrometer employing a ball-screw and slide mechanism rather than gears to obtain a scanning range of -".The high resolution precision and stability of this instrument was demonstrated by measure- ments of the Ka lines of the first row transition metals using Si as analyser crystal and a study of chemical effects on Ni Ka and Ka,. Line shifts and changes in line widths and intensities were studied in the X-ray emission spectra of a range of compounds including the C and F emission spectra of methane and fluoromethanes by Glans et al. . Dipole-forbidden electronic transitions observed in the emission spectra of CF were assigned to vibronic coupling i.e. where intensity is borrowed from dipole-allowed transitions . Kawai studied the shape of XRF L lines of covalent and ionic compounds of Cu" showing that the LP:La ratio changes with concentration of the analyte as well as its chemical state. In a second contribution Kawai discussed the theoretical simulation of chemical effects on multi-vacancy satellite charge transfer satellite and molecular orbital MO splitting satellite X-ray emission lines for XRF and with more complication for PIXE.The nature of line shifts in the X-ray emission spectra of Co and Fe was interpreted from calculated data by Nemoshkalenko et al. . Okura et al. meas- ured the KP spectra of Si in several silicates and silicophos- phates using a high resolution XRF spectrometer incorporating two InSb crystals. Spectral shifts caused by different co-ordination states octahedral and tetrahedral were noted and from MO calculations energy shifts in Si KP were discussed in terms of changes in the electronegativity of the second-nearest neighbour P atoms and its affect on the stability of the Si- bond. Uda et al. undertook calculations of the S KP X-ray spectrum based on MO theory and obtained good agreement with experimental spectra reported in the literature. Zirconium oxide compounds were studied by Maruyama et al. using XPS and high resolution XRF to examine some kinds of stabilized zirconia. No simple relationship was found between the energy shifts of Zr d spectra or Zr La spectra so co-ordination analysis using either of these techniques was not possible. And finally Kawai reviewed the origin and interpretation of satellite spectra originating from multi-vacancy charge-transfer and MO splitting effects. Kawai Uda and Uda reported their caEculations based upon the discrete variational D V Hartree-Fock-Slater Xa method for the four-and six-fold co-ordination oxides of Al Mg S and Si.The complex shapes of the Kfi spectra of these compounds were studied in considerable detail and the observed data were interpreted and assigned then confirmed by the DV-Xa calculations. High resolutionTi Ka spectra taken from two types of double crystal WDXRF spectrometer were investigated in another study . The order of the Ti Ka and Ka peak shift was found to be similar to that of the effective charges on the Ti atom determined from co-ordination numbers and electronegativity of the neighbour- ing atoms. The Ka line widths were found to be highest .-. eV for Ti and Ti S and lowest ml. eV for TIC and TiB,. The interpretation of the peak width changes was more tenuous than for the peak shift observations. It was suggested that the Ka line width was mainly determined by the exchange interactions between the p' hole and d valence electron but detailed confirmation of all the observed effects was found not to be possible but the origin of many of the effects was successfully clarified by DV-Xa calculations. Part of the line width change was found to be due to electron shake-off effects which manifested themselves as radiative R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. Auger satellite peaks occurring within the natural line width of the main spectroscopic line. Chemical effects on theTi Ka radiative Auger satellite line which occurs at an energy slightly less than that of the Ti KP main line were reported by Kawai et al. .The Ti Kq intensity measured from titanium-aluminium alloys and titanium compounds was found to be independent of the Ti concentration which led the authors to conclude that the peak was due to the radioactive Auger and not the X-ray Raman effect. The measured KqKB ratio was found to increase in the order metal <fluoride < boride < carbide < nitride < oxides. On the subject of Ti KP peaks and Ti co-ordination Kawai entered into a polemic exchange in which he sup- ported the earlier conclusion that the co-ordination number of titanium oxides can be determined from measurement of the chemical shift of the Ti Kp line. In addition to the extensive work on Ti spectra Kawai et al. made a careful study of the Sc K spectrum. As is the case ofTi the Sc KP line was found not to be due to the electric quadrupole transition from d to s but was assigned to electric dipole transition from valence molecular orbitals to the s-I hole. Extensive use was made of DV -Xu calculations in combination with measurements using a double-crystal WDXRF spectrometer to provide as complete as possible a description of the chemical effects on all the lines in the Sc K spectrum. Kawai reviewed the theoretical interpretation and experimental results for the XRF spectra of First Transition Elements. The author described the characteristics of the instrumentation and emphasized the importance of the charge- transfer effect for interpretation of the observed peak shifts and changes in line shape for the late Transition elements. Example spectra showing the clearly observable peak shift were presented. Barinskii and Kulikova reported experimental studies ofTi Ka V Ka and Nb La lines in anti-ferromagnetic compounds. Shifts in peak position and FWHM were measured and correlations between these data co-ordination and magnetic properties were studied for a variety of complex oxides. A single crystal spectrometer was used by Yoichi for the study of second-order K series spectra of Co and Fe compounds. Despite the instrumentation limitations compared to the use of a two-crystal system the author confirmed that the peak energy and width were system- atically changed by the oxidation state or spin state of the metal ion in the compound. Over-all peak shape changes were shown to be dependent on the ligand and in octahedral complexes of Co" and Fe"' were explained by the strength of the ligand field. The Ni L spectrum of nickel metal and Ni,Mo was calculated using a number of models and approxi- mations . The agreement with measured L spectra was found to be better in the case of Ni,Mo and for the Ni spectrum all calibration models resulted in an emission spec- trum about . eV broader than the measured spectrum. Sigiura used a two-crystal vacuum spectrometer equipped with beryl crystals to measure the Cu La spectrum for a selection of copper compounds and alloys. The measured spectra were grouped into three classes. The first class exhibited a single broad band similar to that of copper metal; the second a prominent peak with high- and low-energy structure charac- teristic of monovalent compounds and the third showed a strong peak with a dip and lumps on the high-energy side which was characteristic of divalent compounds. Urch briefly reviewed the use of electron-excited soft X-ray emission for the study of speciation in surface layers < pm . With careful choice of incident energy and detected X-ray energy some degree of depth profiling can be achieved. Large changes in Si KP peak position FWHM and intensity in spectra from soda glasses were reported by Iihara et al. . These changes were closely correlated to the Na content of the glass and the changes in intensity were confirmed by means of Xa calculations. Okura et al. also used Xa calculations and measurements from a high-resolution double-crystal XRF spectrometer to study Si KP peak shifts in several industrially important phosphorus-containing sili- cates. The magnitude of the energy shift increased with P concentration and was attributed to the changes in the effective charge on the Si atom due to the presence of second-nearest- neighbour P atoms. Moving finally to studies of higher systems Acharys and Sakthivel investigated the K and L XRF spectra of molybdenum carbide boride nitride silicide and silicocarbide. Spectra showing the substantial changes in the L series intensity ratios for these materials were presented and the chemical shift data led the authors to conclude that the bonding in these compounds was covalent. Satellite lines in both the K and L series spectra were found to contribute to the changes in shape of the observed series. Unusually for such a high element the authors investigated the K spectrum and measured Ka,:Ka line ratios which showed substantial variation in these molybdenum compounds and which was explained on the basis of multi-hole configuration electron shake-off radiat- ive Auger effect and Coster-Kronig processes. Iihara et al. studied chemical effects on the L spectra of com- pounds of I and Sb using a double crystal WDXRF spec- trometer. Various intra-series line ratios showed dramatic changes through the range of compounds studied and the magnitude of the energy shift of the I Ly line increased with increasing oxidation number. Studies of chemical effects on the L series XRF spectra were carried out on Se in Ga,Se by Khan ; whilst Genchev studied L spectra from com- pounds of Sr and Ag . LOCATION OF REFERENCES The full list of references cited in this Update have been published as follows -j J. Anal. At. Spectrom. R-R. -j J. Anal. At. Spectrom. S R-R. - J. Anal. At. Spectrom. lo R-R. - J. Anal. At. Spectrom. l R-R. - C J. Anal. At. Spectrom. R-R. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October Vol. R - J. Anal. At. Spectrom. l R-R. - J. Anal. At. Spectrom. R-R. - C J. Anal. At. Spectrom. R-R. - J. Anal. At. Spectrom. R-R. - J. Anal. At. Spectrom. R-R. - C J. Anal. At. Spectrom. R-R. - J. Anal. At. Spectrom. R-R. - J. Anal. At. Spectrom. lo R-R. and will be published in the November issue. Abbreviated forms of the literature references quoted excluding those to Conference Proceedings are given on the following pages for the convenience of the readers. The full references names and addresses of the authors and details of the Conference presentations can be found in the appropriate issues of JAAS cited above. Abbreviated List of References Cited in Update Handbook of X-ray Spectrometry. Methods and Techniques.

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA995100253R

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Glossary of Abbreviations Whenever suitable elements may be referred to by their chemical symbols and compounds by their formulae. The following abbreviations are used extensively in the Atomic Spectrometry Updates. ac AA AAS AE AES AF AFS AOAC APDC ASV BCR CCP CMP CRM cv cw dc DCP DDC DMF DNA ECD EDL EDTA EDXRF EIE EPMA ETA ETAAS ETV EXAFS FAAS FAB FAES FAFS FANES FAPES FI FPD FT FTMS GC GD GDL GDMS Ge( Li) HCL hf HG HPGe HPLC IAEA IBMK ICP ICP-MS alternating current atomic absorption atomic absorption spectrometry atomic emission atomic emission spectrometry atomic fluorescence atomic fluorescence spectrometry Association of Official Analytical Chemists ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate anodic-s tripping volt amme try Community Bureau of Reference capacitively coupled plasma capacitively coupled microwave plasma certified reference material cold vapour continuous wave direct current d.c.plasma diethyldithiocarbamate N N-dimethylformamide deoxyribonucleic acid electron capture detection electrodeless discharge lamp e th ylenediamine te t raace tic acid energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence easily ionizable element electron probe microanalysis electrothermal atomization electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry electrothermal vaporization extended X-ray absorption fine structure flame AAS fast atom bombardment flame AES flame AFS furnace atomic non-thermal excitation spectrometry furnace atomization plasma excitation spectrometry flow injection flame photometric detector Fourier transform Fourier transform mass spectrometry gas chromatography glow discharge glow discharge lamp glow discharge mass spectrometry lithium-drifted germanium hollow cathode lamp high frequency hydride generation high-purity germanium high-performance liquid chromatography International Atomic Energy Agency isobutyl methyl ketone (4-methylpentan-2-one) inductively coupled plasma inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ammonium pyrrolidin-1-yl dithioformate) spectroscopy ID IR IUPAC LA LC LEAFS LEI LMMS LOD LTE MECA MIP MS NAA NaDDC NIES NIST NTA OES PIGE PIXE PMT PPm PTFE rf REE(s) RIMS RM RSD SEC SEM SFC Si(Li) SIMAAC SIMS SR SRM SSMS STPF TCA TIMS TLC TMAH TOP0 TXRF uhf uv VDU vuv WDXRF XRF PPb QC S/B S/N isotope dilution infrared International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry laser ablation liquid chromatography laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry laser-enhanced ionization laser-microprobe mass spectrometry limit of detection local thermal equilibrium molecular emission cavity analysis microwave-induced plasma mass spectrometry neutron activation analysis sodium diethyldithiocarbamate National Institute for Environmental Studies National Institute of Standards and Technology nitrilo triace tic acid optical emission spectrometry particle-induced gamma-ray emission particle-induced X-ray emission photomultiplier tube parts per billion parts per million polytetrafluoroeth ylene quality control radiofrequency rare earth element(s) resonance ionization mass spectrometry reference material relative standard deviation signal to background ratio size-exclusion chromatography scanning electron microscopy supercritical fluid chromatography lithium-drifted silicon simultaneous multi-element analysis with a continuum source secondary ion mass spectrometry signal to noise ratio synchrotron radiation Standard Reference Material spark source mass spectrometry stabilized temperature platform furnace trichloroacetic acid thermal ionization mass spectrometry thin-layer chromatography tetramethylammonium hydroxide trioctylphosphine oxide total reflection X-ray fluorescence ultra-high frequency ultraviolet visual display unit vacuum ultraviolet wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence X-ray fluorescence 31 0 R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October 1995 Vol.10

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA995100310R

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

95/C2892 95/C2893 95/C2894 95/C2895 95/C2896 95/C2897 95/C2898 95/C2899 9 5/C29oO 95/C2901 95/C2902 McWilliams J. S. McWilliams R. A. Hogan J. D. Identification and quantitation of metallic species in inert semiconductor process gases by laser desorption atomization atomic emission detection. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Texas Instruments Inc. P.O. Box 650311 M/S 301 Dallas TX 75265 USA). Sasaki K.-I. Pacey G. E. Ozone as a possible alternative to conventional digestives for organomer- cury in automated( FIA)/non-automated cold vapour AAS. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Natural Sci. Fac. Gen. Educ. Rikkyo Univ. 3 Nishi-Ikebukuro Toshima- ku Tokyo 171 Japan). Sutton R. L. Investigation of ICP-MS instrument variability on the calculaton of limits of detection. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Electr. Dev.Facility BOC Gases P.O. Box 12338 Research Triangle Park NC Schrader D. Vanclay E. Determination of mercury and the hydride elements by vapour generation using a Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spec- trometer (GFAAS). Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10,1995 (Varian Optical Instruments 201 Hansen Ct. Ste. 108 Wood Dale IL 60191 USA). Stockwell P. B. Corns W. T. Poling J. On-line digestion and mercury analysis of aqueous samples by cold vapour AA and atomic fluorescence. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (PS Analytical Ltd. B4 Chaucer Business Pk.Watery La. Kemsing Sevenoaks Kent UK TN15 6QY). Becotte-Haigh P. Tyson J. F. Denoyer E. Hinds M. Determination of arsenic by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. Box 34510 Univ. Massachusetts Amherst MA Ososkov V. Kebbekus B. Chesbro D. Preconcentration speciation and solid phase graphite furnace atomic absorbance determination of chromium in environmental samples. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. Eng. Chem. and Environ. Sci. New Jersey Inst. Technol. Newark NJ 07102 USA). Ptak F. L. Is acid digestion on TCLP leaching really necessary for metals determination by ICP. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Gascoyne Labs.Inc. 2101 Van Deman St. Baltimore ML 21224 USA). Sneddon J. Deval A. Smith M. V. Indurthy S. Lee Y.4. Direct determination of metals in air by impaction- multi-element furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon ' 9 5 ) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. McNeese State Univ. Lake Charles LA 70609 USA). Telliard W. A. Riddick L. Goeglein J. Rushneck D. R. Sampling and quality assurance of part-per-trillion trace metals determinations to support water quality- based regulations. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Eng. and Anal. Div. (4303) Office Sci. and Technol. US Environmental Protection Agency 401 M. St. SW Washington DC 20460 USA).Lillemoen C. M. Hassett D. J. Universal digestion method for the determination of selenium. Pittsburgh 27709-2338 USA). 01063-4510 USA). 95/C2903 95/C2904 95/C2905 95/C2906 95/C2907 95/C2908 9 5/C2909 9 5/C29 10 95/C2911 95/C2912 Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Energy & Environ. Res. Centre Univ. North Dakota PO Box 9018 Grand Forks ND Tang X. Cacini W. Tepperman K. Dorsey J. G. Elder R. C. Separation and identification of cisplatin and its biotransformation products in rat urine. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10,1995 (Dept. Chem. Univ. Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221-0172 USA). Carnrick G. Simultaneous multi-element analysis of environmental samples by graphite furnace AAS. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Perkin-Elmer Corp.761 Main Ave. Norwalk CT 06859-0219 USA). Bautista P. A. Altenau J. L. Automated speciation of organotin compounds in biological and environmental samples by hydride generation-flame photometric detec- tion. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Morton Int. Inc. 2000 West St. Cincinnati OH 45215 USA). Pergantis S. A. Heithmar E. M. Hinners T. A. ICP-MS determination of arsenic animal-feed additives following their separation on conventional and micro- HPLC C-18 columns. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Environ. Monitoring Systems Lab. US Environmental Protection Agency P.O. Box 93478 Las Vegas NV Sundin N. G. Tyson J. F. McIntosh S.A. Hanna C. P. Determination of selenium in urine by flow injection hydride trapping atomic absorption spectrometry. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. Univ. Massachusetts Box 34510 Amherst MA 01003-4510 USA). Handy R. W. Goldberg M. M. Lang M. McNeill G. Collins B. J. Determination of indium in biological samples. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Research Triangle Inst. P.O. Box 12194 Research Triangle Pk. NC 27709 USA). Zong Y. Y. Parsons P. J. Slavin W. Zeeman overcorrection errors in the determination of lead in bone by graphite furnace atomic absorption spec- trometry. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Wadsworth Centre New York State Dept.Health Albany NY 12201 USA). Parsons P. J. Aldous K. M. Mills E. Qiao HA. Low cost electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometer for blood lead measurements. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Wadsworth Centre New York State Dept. Health Albany NY 12201 USA). Rock P. E. Booth P. K. Novel approach to matrix modification and background correction in the determi- nation of selenium by GFAAS. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (AT1 Unicam York St. Cambridge UK CB1 2PX). Shrader D. Sanders J. Effect of instrument perform- ance factors on the determination of selenium in serum by Zeeman GFAAS. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10,1995 (Varian Optical Instruments 201 Hansen Ct.Ste. 108 Wood Dale IL 60191 USA). 58202-9018 USA). 89193-3478 USA). Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October 1995 Vol. 10 31 1 R95/C2913 95/c29 14 95fC2915 95/C2916 95/C2917 95/c29 18 95/c2919 95/c2920 95/c292 1 95fC2922 95/C2923 95/c2924 312R Comtois R. R. Almquist P. New analytical tool for the quick certification of the gold content of jewellery and gold alloys. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (ASOMA Instruments Inc. 11675 Jollyville Rd. Austin TX 78759 USA). Bonvin D. Yellepeddi R. Adamson B. W. Optimization of instrumental parameters in sequential XRF analysis to meet future analytical requirements. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5- 10 1995 (ARL/Fisons Instruments En Vallaire Ouest C 1024 Ecublens Switzerland).Pohl M. C. Sulfur measurement requirements under new reformulated gasoline regulations. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Horiba Instruments Inc. Irvine CA 92714 USA). Buman A. I. Anzelmo J. A. ASTM D-2622 analysis of sulfur in petroleum products by WDXRF. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Fisons Instruments/ARL 15300 Rotunda Drive Ste. 301 Dearbon MI 48120 USA). Quimby B. D. Sullivan J. J. Dryden P. C. Automated element ratio and quantitation method for screening unknowns using GC-AED. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Hewlett-Packard Little Falls Site 2850 Centerville Rd. Wilmington DE 19808 USA).Barkan S. Rogers S. K. Davidson M. J. Improved window for low energy X-ray transmission. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Kevex Instruments 24911 Ave. Stanford Valencia CA 91355 USA). Chau Y. K. Yang F. Brown M. Maguire R. J. Speciation of organometallic compounds in environ- mental samples by GC-AED. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Natl. Water Res. Inst. Environ. Canada 867 Lakeshore Rd. Burlington Ontario Canada L7R 4A6). Robbat A. Jr. Zapata A. Jansen K. Development of a microwave-induced plasma system for field detection of metals by atomic emission or mass spectrometry. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Centre Field Anal. Studies and Technol.Tufts Univ. 62 Talbot Ave. Medford MA USA). Liu Y. Lopez-Avila V. Alcaraz M. Beckert W. F. Inter-laboratory evaluation of an SFE and a GC-AED method for the determination and speciation of organotin compounds in soil and sediment samples. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Midwest Res. Inst. California Operations 625-B Clyde Ave. Mountain View CA 94043 USA). Behlke M. K. Shantz M. M. Wise S. A. Uden P. C. Organomercury speciation in marine reference materials by gas chromatography with atomic emission detection. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Chem. Dept. Univ. Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA). Cai X.-J. Uden P. C. Adam R. Sullivan J. J. Quimby B. D. Speciation of trace organoselenium and other organometallic compounds in foods and the aqueous environment by GC-AED.Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. Univ. Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA). Sverko E. Scott B. F. Maguire R. J. Analysis of heteroatom compounds (S P N and C1) by GC-AED from aqueous extracts collected from the Lower Great Lakes. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Novamann (Ont.) Inc. 5540 McAdam Rd. Mississauga Ontario Canada). 95/c2925 95/C2926 95/c2927 95/C2928 95 JC2929 9 5/c29 30 95/C2931 95fC2932 95/c2933 95/c2934 95/c2935 95/C29 36 Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October 1995 Vol. 10 Hunter Daughtrey E. Jr. Oliver K. D. Adams J. R. McClenny W. A. Atomic emission detection as a diagnostic tool for characterization of preconcentrators for analysis of volatile organic compounds in air by gas chromatography.Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (ManTech Environmental Technology Inc. P.O. Box 12313 Research Triangle Pk. NC 27709 USA). Koncar G. J. Chao S. S. Determination of halocarbons in landfill gas by GC with atomic emission detection. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Inst. Gas Technol. 1700 S. Mt. Prospect Rd. Des Plaines IL 60018 USA). Rao V. M. Hari Haran A. V. L. N. S. H. Treatment of tannery effluents for recovery of chromium - a solvent extraction study. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Phys. and Nucl.Chem. and Chem. Oceanogr. Andhra Univ. Waltair 530 003 India). Davidowski L. J. Grosser Z. A. Atomic spectroscopy techniques for the determination of lead in various sources of environmental exposure. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Perkin-Elmer Corp. 50 Danbury Rd. Wilton CT 06897-0259 USA). Buckley B. Skorupsky S. Legg J. Hamell S. Using sequential aqueous extractions for approximating the bio-available fraction of heavy metals in soils and sediment. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Rutgers Univ. EOHSI 68 1 Frelinghuysen Rd. Piscataway Mr& D. BrQlC D. Lo B. Mkranger J.-C. Speciation of aluminium in drinking water methods and signifi- cance. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Environ.Health Directorate Health Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada K1A OL2). Fumal E. A. Heiter J. E. Small-scale acid digestion of environmental biological samples for metal analysis. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Environ. Res. Inst. Univ. Connecticut Route 44 Longley Building Storrs CT McKiernan J. W. Vela N. P. Olson K. Caruso J. A. Detection and speciation of metallic dyes using ICP- AES. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Univ. Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221-0172 USA). Zoorob G. K. Tomlinson M. J. Wang J. Caruso J. A. Elemental analysis using a direct injection nebulizer( DIN) with ICP-MS detection. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Univ.Cincinnati Cincinnati OH Yehi P. M. Tyson J. F. Application of ICP atomic fluorescence spectrometry for metal speciation in soils. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. Univ. Masssachusetts Box 34510 Amherst MA Alvarado J. S. Erickson M. D. Actinide analysis using electrothermal vaporization sample introduction into an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Environ. Res. Div. Argonne Natl. Lab. 9700 South Cass Ave. Argonne IL 60439 USA). Reitznerova E. Barnes R. M. Jassie L. B. Microwave fusions for sample preparation in spectrochemical analysis. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept.Chem. Univ. Massachusetts Lederle GRC Tower Box 34510 Amherst MA 01003-4510 USA). NJ 08855-1179 USA). 06269-3210 USA). 45221-0172 USA). 01003-34510 USA).95/c2937 95/C2938 95jC2939 95/c2940 95/c2941 95/c2942 95/c2943 95/c2944 95jC2945 95/C2946 95/c2947 95/C2948 Poling J. Moshiri B. Moses M. Stopped flow automation of closed-vessel microwave digestion tech- niques. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Questron Corp. 4044 Quakerbridge Rd Mercerville NJ 08619 USA). Moshiri B. Moses M. Poling J. Microwave digestion of large organic and difficult inorganic samples using high pressure with adaptive control. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10,1995 (Questron Corp. 4044 Quakerbridge Rd.Mercerville NJ 08619 USA). Fidler B. Littau S. Using an advanced high pressure digestion vessel as a new approach to microwave sample preparation of reactive sample types. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (CEM Corp. P.O. Box 200 Matthews NC 28106-0200 USA). Grooms W. Safety considerations when using micro- wave sample preparation. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (CEM Corp. 3100 Smith Farm Rd. Matthews NC 28105 USA). Ramendik G. I. Kinayeva I. V. Quantitative mass spectrometric element analysis without reference mate- rials using several internal standards. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Kurnakov Inst. Gen. and Inorg. Chem. 31 Leninsky Prospekt GSP-1 Moscow 117907 Russia).Jiang Z.-c. Ji H.-n. Liao Z.-h. Determination of trace non-rare earth elements in high purity europium oxide by ICP-AES with preconcentration on active carbon-silica gel microcolumn in a flow injection system. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. Wuhan Univ. Wuhan 430072 China). Brenner I. B. Zander A. Kim S. Holloway C. Multi- element analysis of geolocial and related non- conducting materials using spark ablation ICP-AES and a sequential spectrometer. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Ginzton Res. Centre Varian Assoc. Inc. 3075 Hansen Way Palo Alto CA 94304 USA). Brenner I. B. Mermet J.-M. Mermet M. Segal I. Depressive effects of nitric acid on rare earth element (REE) intensities in ICP-AES.Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Geol. Surv. Israel 30 Malkhe Israel St. 95501 Jerusalem Israel). Alavosus T. J. Gower G. H. O'Boyle M. J. Walton S. W. Zirconium challenge a real test for ICP-AE spectrometry. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Fisons Instruments Elemental Analysis Ion Path Road Three Winsford Cheshire UK CW7 3BX). Crippen K. Chao S. S. Determination of'total arsenic in gas by atomic spectroscopy with sorbent preconcen- tration. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Inst. of Gas Technol. 1700 S. Mount Prospect Rd. Des Plaines IL Heitkemper D. T. Zimmer B. S. Kaine L. A. Forensic comparison of lye samples using trace element composi- tion as determined by ICP-AES. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Food and Drug Admin.Natl. Forensic Chem. Centre Cincinnati OH 45202 USA). Barnes B. S. Gaston C. M. Wold K. A. Determination of titanium in finished pharmaceutical products by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry using microwave digestion sample preparation. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Natl. Forensic Chem. Centre 60018-1804 USA). 95jC2949 95jC2950 95/C2951 95jC2952 95jC2953 95/C2954 95JC295 5 95jC2956 95/c2957 95/C2958 95/c2959 95/C2960 US Food and Drug Admin. 1141 Central Pkwy. Cincinnati OH 45202 USA). Dorn S. B. Skelly Frame F. M. HPLC-ICP in the industrial research laboratory.Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Characterization Lab. GE Corp. Res. and Dev. Schenectady NY 12301 USA). Brenner I. B. Zander A. Shkolnik J. Zhu J. Application of a tandem nltrasonic nebulizer - mem- brane separator interface for analysis of volatile organic solvents and metal-organic compounds using ICP- AES. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Ginzton Res. Center Varian Assoc. Inc. 3075 Hansen Way Palo Alto CA 94304 USA). Buckley B. Fang W. Johnson W. Speciation of environmental mercury and chromium contaminants using ion chromatography coupled with ICP-MS. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Rutgers Univ. EOHSI 681 Frelinghuysen Rd. Piscataway NJ 08855-1 179 USA).Deraed C. Samuel 0. Ultratrace element characteriz- ation with an ICP-AES a real alternative to ICP-MS and GFAAS. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Instruments S.A. Div. Jobin Yvon 16/18 Rue du Canal 91165 Longjumeau France). Wang P.-x. Grillo A. C. Simultaneous analysis of 1 1 elements by atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Varsal Instrum. Inc. 60 Castlewood Dr. Chalfont PA 18914 USA). Engelhart W. G. Blauvelt T. M. Grunberg T. New technique for the separation and analysis of organomer- cury compounds HPLC-PCO-CVAAS. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10,1995 (Thermo Separation Products 45757 Northport Loop West Fremont CA 94537,).Wang P.-x. Grillo A. C. Simultaneous analysis of enviromental samples for Hg Bi As and Sb at ng/ml-' and pg/ml-' levels. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Varsal Instruments Inc. 60 Castlewood Dr. Chalfont PA 18914 USA). Gilchrist G. Rettberg T. Determination of Th U and Pu in environmental matrices. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Fisons Instruments Inc. 55 Cherry Hill Dr. Beverly MA 01915 USA). McIntosh S. Hanna C. Braasner J. Analysis of environmental mercury using on-line microwave diges- tion with a dedicated flow injection system. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Perkin-Elmer Corp. 761 Main Ave. Norwalk CT 06859-0219 USA). Hassett D.J. Crocker C. R. Development of an improved gold trap for use in trace level mercury determination. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '99 New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Energy and Environ. Res. Centre Univ. North Dakota Box 9018 Grand Forks ND 58202 USA). Olson L. K. Giglio J. J. Caruso J. A. Determination of organometallic compounds using gas chromatogra- phy coupled with rf glow discharge mass spectrometry. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10,1995 (Dept. Chem. Univ. Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221-0172 USA). Erickson M. D. Aldstadt J. H. Alvarado J. S. Crain J. S. Orlandini K. A. Smith L. L. Methods for environmental radionuclides. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Environ. Res. Div.and Chem. Technol. Div. Argonne Natl. Lab. 9700 South Cass Ave. Argonne IL 60439 USA). Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October 1995 Vol. 10 31 3 R95/C2961 Hang W. Yang P.-y. Wang X.-r. Yang C.4 Su Y .-x. Huang B.4. Microsecond pulsed glow discharge time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. Xiamen Univ. Xiamen 3610005 China). 95/C2962 Cable P. R. Beals D. M. Glow discharge device as a complementary source for an ICP mass spectrometer. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Environ. Technol. Sect. Westinghouse Savannah River Co. Savannah River Technol. Center P.O. Box 616 Aiken SC 29802 USA). 95/C2963 Clemons P. S. Praphairaksit N. Houk R. S.Attenuation of metal oxide signals using a plasma inserted graphite injector. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '99 New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Ames Lab. Dept. Chem. Iowa State Univ. Ames IA 50011 USA). 95/C2964 Dziewatkoski M. P. Olesik J. W. Fundamental investigations into the ion sampling process chemical matrix effects and oxide formation in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Lab. Plasma Spectrochem. Laser Spectrosc. and Mass Spectrom. Dept. Geol. Sci. Ohio State Univ. Scott Hall 1090 Carmack Rd. Columbus OH 43210 USA). 95/C2965 Bakowska E. Hedrick J. L. Potter D. Evaluation of different methods of analysis of organic solutions by ICP-MS. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10,1995 (Hewlett-Packard Co.AMC 2850 Centerville Rd. Wilmington DE 19808 USA). 95/C2966 Potter D. Hedrick J. P. Bakowska E. Zhu J. Performance and design characteristics of a new benchtop laser ablation ICP-MS system. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Hewlett Packard Co. 2850 Centerville Rd. Wilmington DE 19808 USA). 95/C2967 Allen L. A. Pang H.-m. Warren A. R. Houk R. S. Determination of ion ratios with transient sample introduction using a twin quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Ames Lab. Dept. Chem. Iowa State Univ. Ames IA 50011 USA). 95/C2968 Plfaum R. C. Young S. M. M. Lead isotope ratios by ICP-MS standardization and application to archae- ology.Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10,1995 (Dept. Earth and Planetary Sci. Harvard Univ. 20 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138 USA). 95/C2969 Deraed C. Le Marchand A. Programmable very high resolution for improved limits of detection precision accuracy and speed of analysis with ICP-AES. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Instruments S.A. Div. Jobin- Yvon 16/18 Rue du Canal 91165 Longjumeau France). 95/C2970 Yang P.-y. Zhang Z.-g. Wang X.-r. Zhuang Z.-x. Huang BA. Li B. Evaluation of a sequential ICP spectrometer retrofitted with a high resolution grating for rare earth analysis. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept.Chem. Xiamen Univ. Xiamen 361005 China). 95/C2971 Baldwin D. P. Zamzow D. S. D'Silva A. P. AOTF- Fabry-Perot interferometer for high resolution spec- trometry of actinides in ICP-AES. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Ames Lab. Spedding Hall Iowa State Univ. Ames IA 50011 USA). 95/C2972 van der Hoeff A. Hu K. Kunselman G. Sotera J. Use of ICP-AES and ICP-MS in one instrument POEMS (plasma optical emission and mass spec- trometer). Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Thermo Jarrell Ash Corp. 8E Forge Parkway Franklin MA 02038 USA). 95/C2973 Nygaard D. D. Bulman F. D. Practical applications of ICP-OES with axial observation. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Baird Corp.125 Middlesex Turnpike Bedford MA 01 730 USA). 95/C2974 Milburn J. W. Yates D. Comparison of axial and radial viewed ICP. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Perkin- Elmer San Jose Technical Center San Jose CA USA). 95/C2975 Olesik J. W. Dziewatkoski M. P. Bryden T. End-on viewing of inductively coupled plasma optical emission using an echelle spectrometer with segmented-array charge coupled device detector. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Geol. Sci. Ohio State Univ. 1090 Carnack Rd. Columbus OH 43210 USA). 95/C2976 Falk H. Wolf S. Optical interface for axial ICP/ emission. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Spectro Analytical Instruments Boschstr.10 47533 Kleve Germany). 95/C2977 Krupa R. J. Owen E. E. Tocci C. S. Mickel E. W. ICP-AES array detector spectrometer. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Baird Corp. 125 Middlesex Turnpike Bedford MA 01730-1468 USA). 95/C2978 Yates D. A. Koirtyohann S. R. Effects of saturation on charge transfer detectors. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Perkin-Elmer Corp. ). 95/C2979 Hensman C. E. Rayson G. D. Sample introduction methods applied to inductively coupled argon plasma axial viewing absorption technique. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. and Biochem. New Mexico State Univ. Box 30001 Dept. 3C Las Cruces 95/C2980 Strathearn G.Field applications of EU-155 XRF for environmental investigations. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Isotope Products Labs. Burbank CA 91504 USA). NM 88003-0001 USA). 95/C2981 Jakubowski E. M. Burman J. A. Paul D. G. Mehta U. J. Lattin F. G. Analysis of lewisite by GC-MS and GC-AED after derivatization with sulfur mustard degradation products and related compounds. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Scitech Services Inc. 1311 Continental Dr. Suite G Abingdon MD 21009 USA). 95/C2982 Helfrich J. P. Wingerd M. Quick furnace method and workstation for the analysis of lead in whole blood. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Thermo Jarrell Ash Corp. 8E Forge Parkway Franklin MA 01038 USA).95/C2983 Tucker A. Wang L.-q. Browner R. F. Optimization of an innovative sample introduction system the oscillating capillary nebulizer. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Sch. Chem. and Biochem. Georgia Inst. Technol. Atlanta GA 30332-0400 USA). 95/C2984 Conver T. S. McDaniel S. R. Koropchak J. A. New approaches to desolvation for high performance sample introduction to ICP-AES. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. and Biochem. Southern Illinois Univ. Carbondale IL 62901 USA). 95/C2985 Flajnik C. Vanclay E. Design and application of an improved peristaltic pump for atomic spectroscopy. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA 31 4 R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October 1995 Vol.109 5/C2986 95/C2987 95/C2988 95/C2989 95/C2990 95/C299 1 95/C2992 95/c2993 95fC2994 95/C2995 95/C2996 95/C2997 9 5/C299 8 USA March 5-10 1995 (Varian Optical Spectroscopy Instruments 201 Hansen Ct. Ste. 108 Wood Dale IL 60191 USA). You J.-z. Depalma P. A. Jr. Marcus R. K. Particle beam interface for liquid sample analysis by hollow cathode atomic emission. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. Clemson Univ. Clemson SC McGowan G. J. Olesik J. W. Investigation of matrix effects on vaporization and ionization in inductively coupled plasmas using an on-demand monodisperse droplet generator. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept.Geol. Sci. Ohio State Univ. Scott Hall 1090 Carmack Rd. Columbus OH 43210 USA). Shanks K. Sesi N. N. Hieftje G. M. Study of ICP matrix effects. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. Indiana Univ. Bloomington IN 47405 USA). Zhang H. Nam S.-h. Montaser A. Fundamental characterization of helium inductively coupled plasma for mass spectrometry. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. George Washington Univ. Washington DC 20052 USA). Chen X.-s. Houk R. S. Spatially resolved measurements of ion density behind the skimmer of an ICP mass spectrometer. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Ames Lab. Dept. Chem. Iowa State Univ. Ames IA 50011 USA).Yan X.-w. Hernandez H. A. New total sulfur analyser for trace level analysis by oxidative/reductive pyrolysis and chemiluminescence detection. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10,1995 (Antek Instruments Inc. 300 Bammel Westfield Rd. Houston TX 77090 USA). Nam S.-h. Montaser A. Cromwell E. F. Exploration of helium inductively coupled plasma with a multi- channel Mattauch-Herzog mass spectrometer. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. George Washington Univ. Washington DC 20052 USA). Evans L. 111 Casay G. A. Czuppon T. Patonay G. Effects of toxic metal ions with near-infrared fluores- cence compounds lifetime measurements. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Georgia State Univ.Univ. Plaza Atlanta GA 30303 USA). Caughlin B. L. Blain L. Analysis of geological materials using a segmented array charge coupled ICP spectrometer. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Chemex Labs. Ltd. 212 Brooksbank Ave. N. Vancouver British Columbia Canada V7J 2C1). Berger T. A. Comparison of ceramic and rubidium glass elements for nitrogen and phosphorus detection. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Hewlett-Packard Co. 2850 Centerville Rd. Wilmington DE 19808 USA). Meng C.-k. Castelli P. Kaplun Y. White R. Optimizing the nitrogen phosphorus detector behaviour through statistically designed flowspace experiments. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Hewlett-Packard Co.2850 Centerville Rd. Wilmington DE 19808 USA). Wichems D. N. Jones B. T. ICP source for atomic absorption spectrometry. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. Wake Forest Univ. P.O. Box 7486 Winston-Salem NC 27109 USA). Jones B. J. Sandford C. L. Thomas S. E. Inexpensive portable dedicated lead detector. Pittsburgh Conference 29634-1905 USA). (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. Wake Forest Univ. Winston-Salem NC 27109 USA). 95/C2999 Rayson G. D. Baker T. R. Use of humic acid for the preconcentration of metals for subsequent detection by ETAAS. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. and Biochem. New Mexico State Univ.Box 30001 Dept. 3C Las Cruces NM 88003 USA). 95/C3000 Moseley R. Ballantyne R. Ballantyne K. New instru- ment for automated cold vapour analysis of mercury. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Thermo Jarrell Ash Corp. 8E Forge Parkway Franklin MA 02038 USA). 95/C3001 Riley J. T. Wang B.q. Renfrow M. B. Riley J. M. ICP-AES analysis of solids/water slurries. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Centre Coal Sci. and Dept. Chem. Western Kentucky Univ. Bowling Green KY 42101 USA). 95/C3002 Byrdy F. A. Olson L. K. Caruso J. A. Evaluation of electrospray mass spectrometry for elemental analysis. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10,1995 (Dept. Chem. Univ.Cincinnati P.O. Box 210172 Cincinnati OH 45221-0172 USA). 95/C3003 Hunault P. Nelis T. Le Marchand A. Marcus R. K. Enhanced detector system for depth profile analysis by GD-RF. Full dynamic range on-the-fly. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Instruments S.A. Div. Jobin-Yvon 16/18 rue du canal 91165 Longjumeau France). 95/C3004 Depalma P. A Jr. You J.-z. Marcus R. K. Willoughby R. C. Sheehan E. W. LC-MS with a combination of particle beam sample introduction and a glow discharge ionization source. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. Clemson Univ. Clemson SC 29634-1905 USA). 95/C3005 Marcus R. K. Harville T. R. Radio frequency glow discharge optical emission analysis of simulated nuclear waste glasses.Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. Howard L. Hunter Chem. Lab. Clemson Univ. Clemson SC 29634-1905 USA). 95/C3006 Parker M. Marcus R. K. Radio-frequency glow discharge atomic emission spectroscopy for the analysis of layered materials. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. Howard L. Hunter Chem. Lab. Clemson Univ. Clemson SC 29634-1905 USA). 95/C3007 Golloch A. Moormann A. Seidel T. Siegmund D. Sliding spark spectroscopy - fundamentals and appli- cations. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Gerhard- Mercator Univ. GH Duisburg FB 6-Instrum. Anal. Lotharstr. 1 MF 147 D-47048 Duisburg Germany). 95/C3008 Ye Y.-c.Marcus R. K. Application of a tuned Langmuir probe to the measurement of the charged particle parameters in an rf-glow discharge. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. Howard L. Hunter Chem. Labs. Clemson Univ. Clemson SC 95/C3009 Brandl P. G. Carnahan J. W. Investigation of the charge transfer process for an argon-doped analytical helium plasma. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. Northern Illinois Univ. DeKalb IL 601 15 USA). 95/C3010 Thiem T. L. Anastasiou A. Melville H. S. Melville J. Kotyuk A. Ulanovskiy M. Study of factors influencing elemental analysis by laser-induced break- down spectroscopy (LIBS). Pittsburgh Conference 29634-1905 USA). Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October 1995 Vol.10 31 5R95/C3011 95/C30 12 95/C3013 95/C3014 95/C3015 95/C3016 95/C3017 95/C3018 95/C3019 95/C3020 9 5/C 302 1 95/C3022 95/C3023 316R (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. US Air Force Acad. Colorado Springs CO 80840 USA). Pack B. W. Hieftje G. M. Double-modulated ICP-MIP tandem source for atomic emission spec- troscopy. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. Indiana Univ. Bloomington IN 47405 USA). Coker W. L. 111 Boss C. B. Analytical applications for Langmuir type probes in an atmospheric pressure MIP. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. North Carolina State Univ. Box 8204 Raleigh NC Johnson S. K. Gwizdala A.B. Houk R. S. Rapid measurement of radionuclides and trace elements by capillary electrophoresis-electrospray mass spec- trometry. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Ames Lab. Dept. Chem. Iowa State Univ. Ames IA 50011 USA). Simon A. S. Wreen J. E. Toxic metals in paint chip samples. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10,1995 (US Army Centre Health Promotion and Preventive Med. (Prov) Direct Support Activity-South Bldg. 180 Fort McPherson Madabushi J. V. Stearns S. D. Wentworth W. E. Compact atomic emission detector for gas chromatogra- phy. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Valco Instruments Co. Inc. P.O. Box 55603 Houston TX 77255 USA). Driscoll J. N. Atwood E.S. Spittler T. Development of field screening procedures for the preparation of lead in soil standards. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (HNU Systems Inc. 160 Charlemont St. Newton MA 02161 USA). Caruso J. A. Plasma MS for chromatographic detec- tion an important departure in the land of opportunity. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10,1995 (Dept. Chem. Univ. Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221 USA). Winefordner J. D. Single atom detection. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. Univ. Florida Gainesville FL 3261 1-7200 USA). Holcombe J. A. Autry H. Wang X.-g. Anderson B. Immobilized biomolecules for selective preconcen- tration of trace metals. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept.Chem. and Biochem. Univ. Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA). Houk R. S. Allen L. A. Pang H.-m. Warren A. R. Duan R. Future of atomic mass spectrometry. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Ames Lab Dept. Chem. Iowa State Univ. Ames IA 50011 USA). Delles F. Vanclay E. Achieving custom manipulation of sample data using dynamic data exchange in atomic spectroscopy. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Varian Optical Spectroscopy Instruments 201 Hansen Ct. Ste. 108 Wood Dale IL 60191 USA). Boschmann W. Kupka H.d. Large dynamic range in elemental analysis with the dynamic separation method. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH Donaustr.7 D-63452 Hanau Germany). Sbrader D. Moffett J. Vanclay E. Improved high intensity boosted discharge hollow cathode lamp for analysis of environmental samples. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA 27695-8204 USA). GA 30330-5000 USA). 9 5/C3024 95/C3025 95/C3026 95/C3027 95/C3028 95/C3029 95/C3030 9 5/C303 1 95/C3032 95/C3033 95/C3034 95/C303 5 9 5/C303 6 Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October 1995 Vol. 10 I I March 5-10 1995 (Varian Optical Spectroscopy Instruments 201 Hansen Ct. Ste. 108 Wood Dale IL 60191 USA). Ryerson T. B. Karst U. Schaefer J. D. Sievers R. E. Atomic absorption spectrometry with supercritical fluid-assisted nebulization. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept.Chem. and Biochem. Univ. Colorado Boulder CO 80309 USA). Butcher D. J. Fender M. A. Determination of fluoride chloride and bromide by graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry with Smith-Hieftje back- ground correction. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. and Phys. Western Carolina Univ. Cullowhee NC 27823 USA). Harnly J. M. Smith C. M. M. Improving GFAAS detection limits by an order of magnitude with pressure atomization and continuum source-array detection. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Food Composition Lab. USDA ARS BHNRC Bldg. 161 BARC-East Beltsville MD 20705 USA). Harnly J. M. Smith C. M. M. Ivaldi J.Lundberg P. Radziuk. B. Use of a segmented array CCD detector for continuum source GF-AAS. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Food Composition Lab. USDA ARS BHNRC Bldg. 161 BARC-East Beltsville MD 20705 USA). Dulude G. Moseley R. Martin S. Selection of element groups for simultaneous GFAAS. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Thermo Jarrell Ash Corp. 8E Forge Parkway Franklin MA 01038 USA). Miller-Mi N. J. Ultrasonic slurry GFAAS a user- friendly technique. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Food Composition Lab. USDA ARS BHNRC Bldg. 161 BARC-East Beltsville MD 20705 USA). Bollinger D. Schleisman A. Improvements in the analysis of ultrapure semiconductor chemicals by GFAA.Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Texas Instruments Inc. P.O. Box 655012 TX 75265 USA). Hieftje G. M. Limitations of sequential scanning in ICP-MS. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. Indiana Univ. Bloomington IN 47405 USA). Schleisman A. Bollinger D. Determination of silicon in ultrapure acids by GFAA. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Texas Instruments P.O. Box 655012 Dallas TX 75265 USA). Olesik J. W. Problems caused by aerosol droplets and particles in ICP-MS. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Geol. Sci. Ohio State Univ. 1090 Carmack Rd. Columbus OH 43210 USA). Tanner S. D.Matrix effects in ICP-MS. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (SCIEX 55 Glencameron Rd. Thornhill Ontario Canada L3T 1P2). Houk R. S. Clemons P. S. Praphairaksit N. Minnich M. G. Spectral interferences in ICP-MS. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Ames Lab Dept. Chem. Iowa State Univ. Ames IA 50011 USA). Horlick G. Sample treatment complications and limi- tations of the ICP as ion source. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. Univ. Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada T6G 2G2).95/C3037 95/C3038 95jC3039 95/C3040 95/C3041 95lC3042 95/c3043 951c3044 95/C3045 95jC3046 9 5/C3047 9 5/C 3048 95/c3049 Kahr M. S. Loge G. W. Olivares J. A Abney K. D. Kinkead S.Rugged portable field mass spectro- metric system for anlaysis of actinides. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Chem. Sci. Technol. Div. Los Alamos Natl Lab. Los Alamos NM 87545 USA). Fleming R. R. Jefferson J. D. Comtois R. R. New generation ED-XRF bench top analyser for improved light element performance. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (ASOMA Instruments Inc. 11675 Jollyville Rd. Austin TX 78759 USA). Denoyer E. R. Cousins L. M. Daynes T. J. Garand A. Hunter K. New approach to extending dynamic range in ICP-MS. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '99 New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Perkin- Elmer Corp. 761 Main Ave. Norwalk CT Cleland S. L. Cleland T. J. Olson L. K. Caruso J. A.Evaluation of a modified ion-lens system for the ICP-MS. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Chem. Univ. Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221-0172 USA). Kawabata K. Nagaoka S. Kishi Y. Yamanaka K. Analysis of difficult samples by ICP-MS with micro concentric nebulizer. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Res. and Dev. Yokogawa Anal. Sys. Inc. 2-11-19 Naka-cho Musashino-shi 180 Tokyo Japan). Mahoney P. P. Li G.q. Myers D. P. Hieftje G. M. Simultaneous multi-element analysis of transient signals with a plasmas source time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Chem. Dept. Indiana Univ. Bloomington IN 47405 USA). Ge H.-h. Tyson J. F.Denoyer E. Recirculating loop FI manifold for sample and standard dilution for ICP-MS. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Chem. Dept. Univ. Massachusetts Box 34510 Amherst MA Tillotson B. D. Schleisman T. Preparation and analysis of high purity semiconductor chemicals by DIN- ICP-MS at the part-per-quadrillion level. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10,1995 (Texas Instruments P.O. Box 655012 Dallas TX 75265 USA). Burns D. A. Yoshida T. M. Huff C. M. Improved sample introduction for ICP-MS. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10,1995 (Los Alamos Natl Lab. Los Alamos NM 87545 USA). Hutton R. C. Reed N. M. Performance of programm- able resolution ICP-MS spectrometer for the analysis of small sample volumes.Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (FI Elemental Analysis Ion Path Road Three Winsford Cheshire UK CW7 3BX). Fonseca R. W. Miller-Ihli N. J. Transport efficiency studies for ETV-ICP-MS and ETV-ICP-AES. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (US Dept. Agric. Beltsville Human Nutr. Res. Center Bldg. 161 BARC-East Beltsville MD 20705 USA). Pergantis S. A. Heithmar E. M. Nocerino J. M. Hinners T. A. Characterization and optimization of arsenic signal-to-noise ratios in ICP-MS coupled with liquid chromatography. Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (US Environmental Protection Agency P.O. Box 93478 Las Vegas NV 89193-3478 USA). Hutton R.C. Mennie D. Sigsworth P. Chromatography with ICP-MS the next steps. 06859-0215 USA). 01003-4510 USA). Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '99 New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (FI Elemental Analysis Ion Path Road Three Winsford Cheshire UK CW7 3BX). 95/C3050 Giinther D. Jackson S. E. Forsythe L. Longerich H. 951305 1 9513052 95/3053 9513054 95/3055 9 5/3 05 6 9513057 9513058 95/3059 95/3060 9513061 P. Solution nebulization and laser ablation microprobe (LAM) sample introduction with a new ultra-high sensitivity inductively coupled plasma mass spec- trometer (ICP-MS). Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon '95) New Orleans LA USA March 5-10 1995 (Dept. Earth Sci. and Centre Earth Resour. Res. Memorial Univ. Newfoundland St. John's Newfoundland Canada A1B 3x5). Radziuk B. Riidel G.Zeither M. Mizung S. Yamamoto K. Solid-state detector for simultaneous multielement electrothermal atomic absorption spec- trometry with Zeeman effect background correction. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 415. (Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer GmbH D-88662 Uberlingen Germany). Deaker M. Maher W. Determination of selenium in seleno compounds and marine biological tissues using electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spec- trometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 423. (Centre Environ. Anal. Chem. Fac. Appl. Sci. Univ. Canberra P.O. Box 1 Belconnen ACT 2616 Australia). Taddia M. Bellini A. Fornari R. Determination of tellurium in indium phosphide by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and ultraviolet-visible spectro- photometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom.1995,10 433. (Dept. Chem. Univ. Bologna Via Selmi 2 1-40126 Bologna Italy). Imai S. Nishiyama Y. Tanaka T. Hayasbi Y. Investigations of pyrolysed ascorbic acid in an electro- thermal graphite furnace by inductively coupled argon plasma mass spectrometry and Raman spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 439. (Dept. Chem. Joetsu Univ. Educ. Joetsu Nigata 943 Japan). Creed J. T. Martin T. D. Brockhoff C. A. Ultrasonic nebulization and arsenic valence state considerations prior to determination via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 443. (Chem. Res. Div. Environ. Monitoring Systems Lab. Cincinnati OH 45268 USA). Coedo A. G. Dorado T. Determination of trace elements in unalloyed steels by flow injection inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 449. (CENIM (CSIC) Gregorio del Amo 8 28040 Madrid Spain). Qin Y.-c. Jiang Z.-c. Zeng Y. Hu B. Effect of particle size in the analysis of botanical samples by slurry sampling and fluorination - electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma atomic emis- sion spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrorn. 1995 10 455. (Dept. Chem. Wuhan Univ. Wuhan 430072 Chna). Ybanez N. Velez D. Tejedor W. Montoro R. Optimization of the extraction clean-up and determi- nation of arsenobetaine in manufactured seafood prod- ucts by coupling liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spec- trometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrorn. 1995 10 459. (Inst. Agroquimica Technol. Alimentos (CSIC) Jaine Roig 11 46010 Valencia Spain). Nakamura S.Evidence for the distribution of iron atoms in argon inductively coupled plasmas according to the Boltzmann population. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 467. (Natl. Inst. Mater. and Chem. Res. 1-1 Higashi Tsukuba 305 Japan). Sharp B. L. Chenery S. Jowitt R. Fisher A. Sparkes S. T. Atomic spectrometry update-atomic emission spectrometry. J. And. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 139R. (Chem. Dept. Loughborough Univ Technol. Loughborough Leics. UK LE11 3TU). Kumamaru T. Uchida M. Fujiwara K. Okamoto Y. Fujiwara K. Solid-phase hydride generation of Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October 1995 Vol. 10 31 7R9513062 9513063 9513064 9513065 9513066 9513067 9513068 9513069 9513070 9513071 9513072 9513073 9513074 9513075 31 8R silane for determination of silicate by ICP-AES.Appl. Spectrosc. 1995 49 76. (Dept. Chem. Fac. Sci. Hiroshima Univ. Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima 724 Japan). Coedo A. G. Dorado M. T. Use of flow injection inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for the determination of niobium vanadium and titanium in micro-alloyed steels. Appl. Spectrosc. 1995 49 115. (Centro Nacl. Invest. Metal. (CSIC) 28040 Madrid Spain). Heintz M. J. Mifflin K. Broekaert J. A. C. Hieftje G. M. Investigations of a magnetically enhanced Grimm-type glow discharge source. Appl. Spectrosc. 1995 49 241. (Dept. Chem. Indiana Univ. Bloomington IN 47405 USA). Giglio J. J. Wang J.-s. Caruso J. A. Evaluation of a direct-injection nebulizer (DIN) for liquid sample introduction in helium microwave-induced plasma mass spectrometry (MIP-MS). Appl.Spectrosc. 1995 49 314. (Dept. Chem. Univ. Cincinnati Cincinnati OH Agnes G. R. Horlick G. Effect of operating parameters on analyte signals in elemental electrospray mass spectrometry. Appl. Spectrosc. 1995 49 324. (Dept. Chem. Univ. Alberta Edmonton Canada Alberta T6G 2G2). Green A. E. S. Vitali J. A. Walter D. E. Kibert C. J. Middle ultraviolet spectroscopy of suppressant- flame interactions. Appl. Opt. 1995 34 1606. (Clean Combust. Technol. Lab. Univ. Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA). Loewen E. Maystre D. Popov E. Tsonev L. EBchelles scalar electromagnetic and real-groove properties. Appl. Opt. 1995 34 1707. (Milton Roy Company Rochester NY 14625 USA). Cash W. Far-ultraviolet spectrographs the impact of holographic grating design.Appl. Opt. 1995 34 2241. (Center Astrophys. and Space Astron. Univ. Colorado Boulder CO 80309-0389 USA). Benerofe S. J. Ahn C. H. Wang M. M. Kihlstrom K. E. Do K. B. Arnason S. B. Fejer M. M. Geballe T. H. Beasley M. R. Hammond R. H. Dual beam atomic absorption spectroscopy for controlling thin film deposition rates. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1994 12 1217. (Edward L. Ginzton Lab. Stanford Univ. Stanford CA 94305 USA). Beale D. F. Wendt A. E. Mahoney L. J. Spatially resolved optical emission for characterization of a planar radiofrequency inductively coupled discharge. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 1994 12 2775. (Dept. Elec. Computer Eng. Univ. Wisconsin Madison WI 53706 USA). Morgan W. L. Larsen J. T. Goldstein W. H. Use of artificial neural networks in plasma spectroscopy.J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 1994 51 247. (Kinema Res. Monument CO 80132 USA). Thiem T. L. Watson L. R. Dressler R. A. Salter R. H. Murad E. Fast metal-atom generation by laser vaporization of Cu Zn and Ni compounds. J. Phys. Chem. 1994,98 11931. (Spacecraft Interactions Branch Phillips Lab. Hanscom AFB MA 017831 USA). Tino G. M. de Angelis M. Marin F. Inguscio M. Semiconductor diode lasers in atomic spectroscopy. NATO ASI Ser. Ser. B 1993 317 287. (Dipt. Sci. Fis. Univ. Napoli 1-80125 Naples Italy). Voronov A. M. Goryachev V. L. Zhuravlev V. N. Spectroscopic diagnostics for a pulsed high-pressure arc. Pis’ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 1993 19 35. (Inst. Probl. Elektrofxz. St.-Petersburg Russia). Jotov T. Zeeman correction for background in atomic absorption spectroscopy-a transverse or longitudinal effect?. Anal.Lab. 1993 2 127. (Bulgaria). 45221-0172 USA). 9513076 9513077 9513078 9513079 9513080 951308 1 9513082 9 513 08 3 9513084 9513085 9513086 9513087 9513088 9513089 9513090 Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October 1995 Vol. 10 Thomas L. Jauberteau J. L. Aubreton J. Catherinot A. De Souza A. R. Cinelli M. J. Characterization of a microwave plasma jet containing an Ar-CH gas mixture. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1994 64 2643. (UER Sci. CNRS 87060 Limoges France). Chernyakov S. V. Belousov V. I. Decrease of the limit of detection of gas-forming impurities by laser mass spectrometry. Vysokochist. Veshchestua 1994 3 114. (Russia). Hiiber D. Smith B. W. Madden S. Winefordner J. D. Argon flouride laser-excited atomic fluorescence of arsenic in a H2-air flame and in an Ar ICP.Appl. Spectrosc. 1994 48 1213. (Dept Chem. Univ. Florida Gainesville FL 3261 1 USA). Nekipelov S. V. Sivkov V. N. Spectral dependences of the absorption cross section for X-rays by metallic titanium in the energy levels of 240-1500 eV. Fiz. Tuerd. Tela (S.-Peterburg) 1994 36 2769. (Syktivkar. Gos. Univ. Russia). Sten Y. Theory of atomic emission intensity. Int. J. Theor. Phys. 1994,33 1479. (Swedish Inst. Space Phys. S-981 28 Kiruna Sweden). Chelouah A. Marode E. Hartmann G. Achat S. New method for temperature evaluation in a nitrogen discharge. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 1994 27 940. (Lab. Phys. Decharges Ecole Super. d’Electr. 91 192 Gif-sur- Yvette France). Neger T. Optical tomography of plasmas by spectra interferometry.J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 1995 28 47. (Inst. Experimentalphys. Tech. Univ. Graz A-8010 Graz Austria). Sassi M. Pierre L. Benard J. Cahen C. Computation and measurement of a plasma temperature using the emission lines of copper. J. Phys. 111 1994 4 123. (Dept. Retour d’Experience Electr. de France 93206 Saint Denis 03 France). Okino A. Nomura Y. Ishizuka H. Mino K. Shimada R. Generation of toroidal plasma. Atmospheric Ar gas insulated plasma source with quartz and metallic discharge tube. Symp. Plasma Sci. Muter. 1993 6 265. (Res. Lab. Nucl. React. Tokyo Inst. Technol. Tokyo Japan 152). Goldstein W. H. X-ray spectroscopy of laboratory plasmas U V X-Ray Spectrosc. Astrophys. Lab. Plasmas Proc. Int. Colloq. IOth 1992. Cambridge University Press Cambridge UK 1993.15-31. Farrell R. C. Hornsby J. J. Inductively coupled plasma spectrometers and radiofrequency power supply for them. U.S. US 5,383,019 (Cl. 356-316;GOlJ3/30) 17 Jan 1995 US Appl. 497,598,23 Mar 1990; 9 pp. (Fisons Ombaba J. M. Investigation of an alternating current plasma as an element selective atomic emission detector for high-resolution capillary gas chromatography and as a source for atomic absorption and atomic emission spectrometry. Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1993 53 6268. (Univ. Massachusetts Lowell MA USA). Gatin M. R. Spectroelectrochemical analysis of self- assembled monolayers on gold. Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1993 53 3440. (Virginia Polytech. Inst. and State Univ. Blacksburg VA USA). Gilchrist G. F. R. Studies on atom formation and loss processes of some elements in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1993 53 4068. (Carleton Unvi. Ottawa Ontario Canada). Valle Fuentes F. J. del Barrio Martin S. Determination of trace amounts of phosphorus in silicate materials by simultaneous inductively coupled plasma atomic emis- sion spectrometry. Analyst (Cambridge UK) 1995,120 85. (Inst. Ceramica y Vidrio CSIC Arganda del Rey 28500 Madrid Spain). Plc ).951309 1 9513092 9513093 9513094 9513095 9513096 9513097 9513098 95/3099 9513100 9513101 95/3102 Saraswati R. Vetter T. W. Watters R. L. Jr. Comparison of reflux and microwave oven digestion for the determination of arsenic and selenium in sludge reference material using flow injection hydride gener- ation and atomic absorption spectrometry. Analyst (Cambridge UK) 1995 120 95.(Inorg. Anal. Res. Div. Chem. Sci. and Technol. Lab. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA). Robards K. Antolovich M. Methods for assessing the authenticity of organge juice. Analyst (Cambridge UK) 1995 120 1. (Sch. Sci. and Technol. Charles Sturt Univ. P.O. Box 588 Wagga Wagga 2678 Australia). Calos N. Kennard C. H. L. Bekessy L. K. Mineral analysis using X-ray powder data. Analyst (Cambridge UK) 1995 120,211. (Dept. Chem. and Dept. Min. and Metall. Eng. Univ. Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia). de la Fuente M. A. Juarez M. Rapid determination of calcium magnesium sodium and potassium in milk by flame atomic spectrometry after microwave oven digestion. Analyst (Cambridge UK) 1995 120 107.(Inst. Frio (CSIC) Ciudad Univ. s/n 28040 Madrid Spain). Yaman M. Gucer S. Determination of cadmium and lead in vegetables after activated-carbon enrichment by atomic absorption spectrometry. Analyst (Cambridge UK) 1995 120 101. (Sci. and Arts Fac. Dept. Chem. Firat Univ. Elazig Turkey). Nakamura T. Noike Y. Koizumi Y. Sato J. Atomic absorption spectrometric determination of copper and lead in silicon nitride and silicon carbide by direct atomization. Analyst (Cambridge UK) 1995 120 89. (Dept. Ind. Chem. Meiji Univ. Higashimita Tama-ku Kawasaki 214 Japan). Emteborg H. Baxter D. C. Sharp M. Frech W. Evaluation mechanism and application of solid-phase extraction using a dithiocarbamate resin for the sam- pling and determination of mercury species in humic- rich natural waters.Analyst (Cambridge UK) 1995 120 69. (Dept. Anal. Chem. Umea Univ. S-901 87 Umea Sweden). Woodhead J. D. Volker F. McCulloch M. T. Routine lead isotope determinations using a lead-207-lead-204 double spike a long-term assessment of analytical precision and accuracy. Analyst (Cambridge UK) 1995 120 35. (Res. Sch. Earth Sci. Australian Natl. Univ. Canberra ACT 0200 Australia). Sarradin P. M. Leguille F. Astruc A. Pinel R. Astruc M. Optimization of atomization parameters in the speciation of organotin compounds by hydride generation-gas chromatographyyelectrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Analyst (Cambridge UK) 1995 120 79. (Lab. Chim. Anal. CURS Univ. de Pau et des Pays de Adour 64000 Pau France). Araujo P. W. Kavianpour K. Brereton R. G.Development of a novel methodology in the determi- nation of magnesium from chlorophyll a by atomic absorption spectrometry using chemometric experimen- tal design. Analyst (Cambridge UK) 1995 120 295. (Sch. Chem. Univ. Bristol Bristol UK BS8 1TS). Williams C. A. Abou-Shakra F. R. Ward N. I. Investigations into the use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the determination of gold in plant materials. Analyst (Cambridge UK) 1995 120 341. (ICP-MS Fac. Chem. Dept. Univ. Surrey Guildford Surrey UK GU2 5XH). Saxena R. Singh A. K. Rathore D. P. S. Salicyclic acid functionalized polystyrene sorbent amberlite XAD-2. Synthesis and applications as a preconcentrator in the determination of zinc(I1) and lead@) by using atomic absorption spectrometry. Analyst (Cambridge UK) 1995 120 403.(Dept. Chem. Indian Inst. Technol. New Delhi 110 016 India). 9513103 95/3104 9513 105 9513106 95/3 107 9513108 9513 109 9513 110 9513111 9513 112 9513113 95/31 14 95/3115 Rozanska B. Atomic absorption spectrometric determi- nation of platinum and rhodium in cobalt oxide catalyst. Analyst (Cambridge UK) 1995 120 407. (Dept. Anal. Chem. Warsaw Univ. Technol. Naokowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland). Lamble K. Hill S. J. Determination of trace metals in tea using both microwave digestion at atmospheric pressure and inductively coupled plasma atomic emis- sion spectrometry. Analyst (Cambridge UK) 1995,120 413. (Dept. Environ. Sci. Univ. Plymouth Drake Circus Plymouth UK PL4 8AA). Hempel M. Chau Y. K. Dutka B. J. McInnis R. Kwan K. K. Liu D.Toxicity of organomercury compounds bioassay results as a basis for risk assess- ment. Analyst (Cambridge UK) 1995,120 721. (GKSS Res. Centre Inst. Chem. Max-Planck-Str. D-21502 Gees t hacht Germany). Enger J. Malmsten Y. Ljungberg P. Axner 0. Laser-induced fluorescence in a graphite furnace as a sensitive technique for assessment of traces in North Arctic atmospheric aerosol samples. Analyst (Cambridge UK) 1995 120 635. (Dept. Phys. Chalmers Univ. Technol. and Goteborg Univ. S-412 96 Goteborg Sweden). Cordos E. A. Frentiu T. RUSU A.-M. Vatca G. Elemental speciation of lead zinc and copper in sedimented dust and soil using a capacitively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer as detector. Analyst (Cambridge U K ) 1995,120,725. (Dept. Chem. and Res. Centre Anal.Instrum. Univ. Cluj 3400 Cluj- Napoca Romania). Tomlinson M. J. Li L. Caruso J. A. Plasma mass spectrometry as a detector for chemical speciation studies. Analyst (Cambridge UK) 1995 120 583. (Dept. Chem. Univ. Cincinnati Cincinnati OH Owen L. M. W. Crews H. M. Massey R. C. Bishop N. J. Determination of copper zinc and aluminium from dietary sources in the femur brain and kidney of guinea pigs and a study of some elements in in vito intestinal digesta by size-exclusion chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Analyst (Cambridge UK) 1995 120 705. (Min. Agric. Fish. and Food CSL Food Sci. Lab. Norwich Res. Park Colney Norwich UK NR4 7UQ). Cargnello J. A. Powell J. J. Thompson P. H. Crocker P. R. Watt F. Elemental hair analysis using nuclear microscopy and X-ray energy dispersive spec- troscopy.Analyst (Cambridge UK) 1995 120 783. (Gastrointestinal Lab. Rayne Inst. St. Thomas’ Hospital London UK SE1 7EH). Nowak B. Sequential extraction of metal forms in the soil near a roadway in southern Poland. Analyst (Cambridge UK) 1995 120 737. (Dept. Toxicol. Silesian Univ. Med. Jagielloska 4 41-200 Sosnowiec Poland). Jambers W. De Bock L. Van Grieken R. Recent advances in the analysis of individual environmental particles. Analyst (Cambridge UK) 1995 120 681. (MiTAC Dept. Chem. Univ. Antwerp (UIA) Universiteitsplein 1 B-26 10 Antwerpen-Wilrijk Belgium). Winograd N. Burnham J. Xu C. Chemically induced surface structural rearrangements studied by shadow- cone-enhanced SIMS. Acc. Chem. Res. 1994 27 37. (Dept. Chem.Pennsylvania State Unvi. University Park PA 16802 USA). Fearey B. L. Miller C. M. Nogar N. S. Resonance ionization mass spectrometry for geochemical appli- cations. Adv. Anal. Geochem. 1993 1 115. (Isotope Nucl. Chem. Div. Los Alamos Natl. Lab. Los Alamos NM USA). Chia V. K. F. Blieler R. J. Sams D. B. Jones C. M. Odom R. W. Bauer W. F. Gianotto A. K. 45221-0172 USA). Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October 1995 Vol. 10 31 9R95/3116 9513117 9513 11 8 9513119 9513 120 9513121 9513 122 9513 123 9513 124 9513125 9513126 9513 127 9513128 320 R Swartz C. D. Weidner J. P. Quantification of boron in biological tissue by secondary ion mass spectrometry. Adv. Neutron Capture Ther. [Proc. Int. Symp.] 5th 1992 1993 409. (Charles Evans and Assoc. Redwood City CA 94063 USA).Fukushima K. Kanke Y. Morishita T. Time-of-fight mass spectroscopic studies on laser ablation process. Adv. Supercond. V Proc. Int. Symp. Supercond. 5th 1992 1993 979. (Supercond. Res. Lab. ISTEC Tokyo 135 Japan). Miller J. C. Brief history of laser ablation. AIP Con$ Proc. 1993 288 619. (Chem. Phys. Sect. Oak Ridge Natl. Lab. Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA). Lehto S. Soininen P. Niinisto L. Characterization of doped strontium sulfide thin films by secondary ion mass spectrometry Rutherford backscattering spec- trometry and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Analyst (London) 1994 119 1725. (Lab. Inorg. Anal. Chem. Helsinki Univ. Technol. FIN-02150 Espoo Finland). Li J.-x. Gardella J. A. Jr. Quantitative static secondary ion mass spectrometry of pH effects on octadecylamine monolayer Langmuir-Blodgett films.Anal. Chem. 1994 66 1032. (Dept. Chem. State Univ. New York at Buffalo Buffalo NY 14214-3094 USA). Hinz K.-P. Kaufmann R. Spengler B. Laser induced mass analysis of single particles in the airborne state. Anal. Chem. 1994 66 2071. (Inst. Laser Med. Univ. Dusseldorf D-40001 Dusseldorf Germany). Tissue B. M. Pickett D. A. Fearey B. L. Measurement of high-dynamic-range thorium iostopic ratios using continuous wave resonance ionization mass spec- trometry. Anal. Chem. 1994 66 1286. (Isotope Sci. Group Los Alamos Natl. Lab. Los Alamos NM 87545 USA). Spiegel D. R. Calaway W. F. Curlee G. A. Davis A. M. Lewis R. S. Pellin M. J. Gruen D. M. Clayton R. N. Three colour and 1 + 1 resonance ionization mass spectrometry of zirconium sputtered from refractory carbides.Anal. Chem. 1994 66 2647. (Dept. Phys. Trinity Univ. San Antonio TX Dale J. M. Yang M. Whitten W. B. Ramsey J. M. Chemical characterization of single particles by laser ablation/desorption in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. Anal. Chem. 1994,66 3431. (Anal. Chem. Div. Oak Ridge Natl. Lab. Oak Ridge TN Salter V. J. M. 176Hf/’77Hf determination in small samples by a high temperature SIMS technique. Anal. Chem. 1994 66 4186. (Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Columbia Univ. Palisades NY 10964 USA). Bock W. Gnaser H. Ochsner H. Secondary-neutral and secondary-ion mass spectrometry analysis of TiN- based hard coatings an assessment of quantification procedures. Anal. Chim. Acta 1994 297 277. (Fachbereich Phys. and Inst.Oberilachen Schichtanal. Univ. Kaiserslautern D-67663 Kaiserslautern Germany). Benninghoven A. Chemical analysis of inorganic and organic surfaces and thin films using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Angew. Chem. 1994 106 1075. (Phys. Inst. Univ. Munster D-48149 Miinster Germany). van Dort M. J. Lifka H. Zalm P. C. de Boer W. B. Woerlee P. H. Slotboom J. W. Cowern N. E. B. New technique for measuring two-dimensional oxi- dation-enhanced diffusion in silicon at low tempera- tures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1994 64 2130. (Philips Res. Lab. 5656 AA Eindhoven Netherlands). Higashi Y. Maruo T. Homma Y. Kodate J. Miyake M. Laser-induced sputtered neutral mass spectrometry 78212-7200 USA). 37831-6142 USA). 9513129 9513 130 9513 13 1 9513 132 9513133 9513 134 9513135 9513 136 9513 137 9513 138 9513139 9513140 9513141 9513142 9513143 9513144 Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October 1995 VoE.10 study of arsenic concentration profiles in a polycrystal- line silicon/single-crystal silicon system. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1994 64 2391. (NTT Interdisciplin. Res. Lab Tokyo 180 Japan). De Young R. J. Wen S.-t. Laser elemental mass analysis at large distances. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1994 64 2943. (Langley Res. Centre NASA Hampton VA Ressel P. Strusny H. Trapp M. Krautle H. Fritzsche D. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy study of Zn or Cd implanted and rapid thermally annealed Pd/Ge contacts to p-Ino~,,Gao~s7As. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1994 65 1174. (Ferdinand-Braun-Inst. Hoechstfrequenztech. D-12489 Berlin Germany). Kubiak G.D. Review of potential X-ray laser appli- cations in materials science and chemistry. Appl. X-Ray Lasers Proc. Workshop 1992 1992 134. (Sandia Natl. Lab. Livermore CA 94551-0969 USA). De Yound R. J. Wen S.-t. Elemental mass spectroscopy of remote surfaces from laser-induced plasmas. Appl. Spectrosc. 1994,48 1297. (Langley Res. Centre NASA Hampton VA 23681-0001 USA). Odom R. W. Secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging. Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 1994 29 67. (Charles Evans & Assoc. Redwood City CA USA). Zhang F.-j. Sag B.-s. Li B.-j. AES and SIMS analyses of a low-resistance ohmic contact layer of Gap. Appl. SUT$ Sci. 1994 78 71. (Dept. Phys. Lanzhou Univ. Lanzhou 730001 China). Torrisi A. Scandurra A. Licciardello A. Evaluation of matrix effects in SIMS quantification of AlxGa,-xAs/GaAs heterostructures a SNMS approach.Appl. Surf Sci. 1994 81 259. (Dept. Sci. Chim. Univ. Degli Studi di Catania Viale A. Doria 6 95125 Catania Italy). Breelle E. Rigo S. Kilner J. A. Ganem J.-j. SIMS study of rapid thermal nitridation of silicon dioxide thick films in ammonia ambient. Appl. Surf. Sci. 1994 81 127. (Dept. Mater. Imperial Coll. Sci. Technol. and Med. Prince Consort Rd. London UK SW7 2BP). Caccavale F. Brusatin G. Kleps I. Combined use of SIMS and RBS techniques for the investigation of Sic and SiCN films. Appl. Surf. Sci. 1994 81 443. (Dept. Fis. Univ. Padova via Marzolo 8,35131 Padova Italy). Kropochev V. V. Ojovan M. I. Sobolev I. A. Laser mass spectrometric analysis of vitrified radioactive wastes during long-term storage.At. Energ. 1994 77 129. (MosNPO “Radon” Russia). Chen Y. Fan C.-z. SIMS quantitative analysis of zinc- implanted gallium arsenide. Bandaoti Xuebao 1992 13 600. (Lanzhou Inst. Phys. Lanzhou 73oo00 China). Tsugoshi T. Furuya K. Environmental samples. Bunseki 1993 10 817. (Grad. Sch. Tokyo Riga Univ. Tokyo Japan). Becker J. S. Briier U. Holzbrecher H. Dietze H.-J. Trace and surface analysis using SIMS and SNMS. Ber. Forschungszent. Jiilich JUEL-2867 1994 79. (Forschungszent. Jiilich GmbH Germany). Schwarz S. A. Novel applications of secondary ion mass spectrometry in optoelectronic materials studies. Braz. J. Phys. 1994 24 450. (Bellcore NJ 07701-7040 USA). Grimblot J. Abon M. Secondary ion mass spec- trometry (for catalyst characterization) Catal. Charact.. Plenum New York NY USA 1994.291. Schulz R. L. Clark D. E. Lodding A. R. Friesel M. Tipton A. W. Wicks G. G. Comparison of US and international glasslmetal interactions after five years burial in salt. Ceram. Trans. 1994 39 441. (Dept. Mater. Sci. & Eng. Univ. Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA). 23681-0001 USA).9513145 9513146 9513147 9513148 9513149 9513150 9513 15 1 9513 152 9513 153 9513 154 9513 155 9513 156 9 513 1 57 9513 158 9513159 95/3160 Kocanda J. Fesic V. Krajcik P. Sramek J. Reconstruction of a secondary-ion mass spectrometer into an ion microprobe. Cesk. Cas. Fyz. 1993 43 33. (EF STU Bratislava 812 19 Slovakia). Hutter H. Grasserbauer M. Chemometrics for surface analysis. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 1994 24 99. (Inst. Anal. Chem. Vienna Univ. Technol.Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Wien Austria). Van Vaeck L. Van Roy W. Giojbes R. Adams F. Laser in mass spectrometry organic and inorganic instrumentation. Chem. Anal. ( N . Y.) 1993 124 7. (Dept. Chem. Univ. Antwerp Antwerp Belgium). Phipps C. R. Dreyfus R. W. High laser irradiance regime. A. Laser ablation and plasma formation. Chem. Anal. ( N . Y.) 1993 124 369. (Chem. Laser Sci. Div. Los Alamos Natl. Lab. Los Alamos NM USA). Managadze G. G. Shutyaev I. Yu. Exotic instruments and applications of laser ionization mass spectrometry in space research. Chem. Anal. ( N . Y.) 1993 124 505. (Space Res. Inst. Moscow Russia). Eiden G. C. Nogar N. S. Two-photon spectrum of iron and silicon detected by resonant laser ablation. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1994 226 509. (Los Alamos Natl.Lab. Los Alamos NM 87545 USA). Cattania M. G. Review of methods for study of surfaces by ion and electron spectroscopy. Chim. Ind. (Milan) 1994 76 568. (CSRSRC-CNR Univ. Milan Italy). Brass A. M. Chene J. Boutry-Forveille A. SIMS analysis of deuterium distribution in palladium coatings on pure iron. Corros. Sci. 1994 36 707 (Lab. Metall. Struct. Univ. Paris-Sud 91405 Orsay France). Lu Q. Hultquist G. Comparison of the initial reaction of pure Fe Cr and A1 in H2'60/H,'80/0 gas mixtures at 300-730 K studied in situ with SIMS. Corros. Sci. 1994 36 927. (Dept. Mater. Sci. Eng. R. Inst. Technol. S-100 44 Stockholm Sweden). Schwedler R. Brueggemann F. Wolter K. Jaekel Ch. Kersting R. Kohl A. Leo K. Kurz H. Optical properties of shallow In,-,Ga,As/In '-,,Ga,,As superlat- tices for optoelectronic applications Con$ Proc.-Int.Con$ Indium Phosphide Relat. Mater. 5th. IEEE New York NY USA 1993. 656. Quadakkers W. J. Elschner A. Zheng N. Nickel H. SNMS studies on the oxidation behaviour of titanium aluminides. Corros. Control Low-Cost Reliab. Proc.- Int. Corros. Congr. 12th 1993 5 3842. (Res. Centre Julich Inst. React. Mater. 5170 Julich Germany). Hussey R. J. Sproule G. I. Mitchell D. F. Graham M. J. 180/SIMS study of oxygen transport in thermal oxide films formed on silicon. Corros. Control Low- Cost Reliab. Proc.-Int. Corros. Congr. 12th 1993 5 3831. (Inst. Microstruct. Sci. Natl. Res. Council Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada K1A OR9). Prescott R. Mitchell D. F. Graham M. J. Study of the growth of u-A1,03 scales using high-resolution imaging secondary ion mass spectrometry.Corrosion (Houston) 1994 50 62. (Sherritt Technol. Sherritt Gordon Ltd. For Saskatchewan Alberta Canada T8L 3W4). Cytermann C. Brener R. Kalish R. Search for diffusion of Li implants in natural and polycrystalline CVD diamond. Diamond Relat. Mater. 1994 3 677. (Solid State Inst. Technion-Israel Inst. Technol. 32 000 Haifa Israel). McConville P. Development of a laser probe for argon isotope studies. (Volumes I and 11). Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1992 53 1437. (Univ. Sheffield Sheffield UK). Finch J. W. Selective mass spectrometry by single- photon ionization from a molecular hydrogen laser source. Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1993 53 3439. (Univ. Arizona Tucson AZ USA). 9513161 9513 162 9513163 95/3164 9513165 9513166 9513 167 95/3168 9513 169 95/3 170 9513171 9513172 9513 173 9513174 9513 175 9513176 Lovell M.A. Quantitation and use of laser microprobe mass spectrometry (LMMS) in the evaluation of the toxic element hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease. Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1993 53 3442. (Univ. Kentucky Lexington KY USA). Li Q. Resonant ionization mass spectroscopy (RIMS) as a tool for non-linear spectroscopy in atomic calcium under strong optical fields. Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1993 53 3545. (Univ. Maryland College Park MD USA). Lee J. J. Advances in molecular and three-dimensional visualization aspects of secondary-ion mass spec- trometry. Diss. Abstr. Int. By 1993 53 5682. (Univ. North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA). Adriaens A. G. Isotopic analyses with the ion micro- probe reproducibility aspects and applications. Diss.Abstr. Int. B 1993 54 1929. (Univ. Instelling Antwerpen Belgium). Pecore J. A. Lead isotope ratio and quantitative trace element analysis of individual coal fly ash particles using SIMS. Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1994,54 3592. (Arizona State Univ. Tempe AZ USA). Elst K. G. Analyses of Si-based structures with secondary-ion mass spectrometry physical aspects related to the use of oxygen bombardment. Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1994 55 548. (Univ. Instelling Antwerpen Belgium). Shao Y.-x. Chen L. Study on atomic binding intensity of artificial diamondlmetal film interface by SIMS. Fenxi Ceshi Tongbao 1992 11(6) 43. (Inst. Met. Res. Acad. Sin. Shenyang China). Liu ZA. Chen L. Shao Y.-x. SIMS study on hydrogen release behaviour of maraging martensitic steel during plastic deformation. Fenxi Ceshi Tongbao 1993 12(1) 6.(Inst. Met. Res. Acad. Sin. Shenyang 110015 China). Sun Z.-y. SIMS quantitative analysis of iodine in deposit carbonatefluorine apatites. Fenxi Ceshi Tongbao 1993 12(6) 25. (Mater. Res. Test. Centre Wuhan Univ. Technol. 430070 China). Barbashev S. V. Quantitative element analysis of solids by secondary-ion mass spectrometry. Fiz.-Khim. Struktur i Emis. Svoistva Tonk. Plenok i Poverkhnosti Tverd. Tela Kiev. Gos. Un-t Kiev 1992 312. (Russia). Fichtner M. Goschnick J. Ache H. J. Identification of nitrates and sulfates with dynamic SIMS. Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 1994 348 201. (Inst. Radiochem. Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe D-76021 Karlsruhe Germany). He Z.-q. Borchardt G. Wegener W. Ionic space charge phenomena during SIMS analysis of ceramic materials.Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 1994 348 264. (AG Elektron. Mater. Sonderforschungsbereich Tech. Univ. Clausthal D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany). Zenobi R. Modern laser mass spectrometry. Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 1994 348 506. (LPAS Ec. Polytech. Fed. CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland). Oswald S. Quadakkers W. J. Quantification of SIMS depth profiles of ODS-superalloys by using cluster ion formation from reactive primary ions. Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 1994 349 140. (Inst. fur Festkoerper- und Werkstofforschung e.V. D-01171 Dresden Germany). Kretzer O. Lenk G. Wesch W. Gunst U. SIMS characterization of ultra shallow boron profiles after BF2+ and B + low-energy implantation in silicon. Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 1994 349 184.(Inst. Fesktoerperphys. FSU Jena D-07743 Jena Germany). Ritter M. Hutter H. Grasserbauer M. Maximum entropy deconvolution of secondary-ion mass spectra with a measured response. Fresenius ' J. Anal. Chem. 1994 349 186. (Inst. Anal. Chem. Vienna Univ. Technol. A-1060 Vienna Austria). Journal of Analytical ltomic Spectrometry October 1995 VoE. 10 321 R9513 177 9513 178 9513179 9513 180 9513 181 9513 182 9513183 9513 184 9513185 9513186 9513187 9513188 9513 189 9513 190 9513191 322 R Boehmig S. D. Reichl B. M. Stoeri H. Hutter H. Automatic matching of SAM SIMS and EPMA images. Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem. 1994 349 197. (Inst. Allgemeine Phys. Tech. Univ. Wien A-1040 Vienna Austria). Dietrich R. Grobe J. Meyer K. Hagenhoff B. Benninghoven A. TOF-SIMS and FT-IR investigations of surface modified silicon wafers - porous silicon.Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem. 1994,349,221. (Anorg. Chem. Phys. Inst. Univ. Munster D-48149 Munster Germany). Goschnick J. Schuricht J. Ache H. J. Calibration of depth profiles of microparticles measured with plasma- based secondary neutral mass spectrometry. Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem. 1994 349 203. (Inst. Radiochem. Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH D-76021 Karlsruhe Germany). Kluge H.-J. Bushaw B. A Passler G. Wendt K. Trautmann N. Resonance ionization spectroscopy for trace analysis and fundamental research. Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem. 1994 350 323. (Inst. Phys. Univ. Mainz D-55099 Mainz Germany). Matus I,. Seufert H. M. Jochurn K. P. Microanalysis of geological samples by laser plasma ionization mass spectrometry (LIMS).Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem. 1994 350 330. (Max-Planck-Inst. Chem. D-55020 Mainz Germany). Beaudoin G. Taylor B. E. High precision and spatial resolution sulfur isotope analysis using MILES laser microprobe. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1994,58 5055. (Geol. Surv. Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada K1A OE8). Makishima A. Nakamura E. Review in zirconology. 111. Rare earth element geochemistry of zircon. Ganko 1994 89 1. (Inst. Study Earth’s Interior Okayama Univ. Tottori 682-01 Japan). Cloutier P. A. Krarner L. Taylor H. A. Jr. Observations of the nightside Venus ionosphere final encounter of the Pioneer Venus Orbiter ion mass spectrometer. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1993,20 2731. (Dept. Space Phys. Astron. Rice Univ. Houston TX USA). Grebowsky J. M. Hartle R.E. Kar J. Cloutier P. A. Taylor H. A. Jr. Brace L. H. Ion measurements during Pioneer Venus re-entry implications for solar cycle variation of ion composition and dynamics. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1993 20 2735. (Goddard Space Flight Centre NASA MD USA). Okamoto M. Tamura S. Wakisaka T. Analysis of surface chemical species by using SIMS. Hyomen Kagaku 1993 14 278. (Chem. Lab. Kao Co. Wakayama 640 Japan). Eddy B. T. Robert R. V. D. Russell G. M. Analysis of precious metals a review Int. Congr. Appl. Mineral. CSIR Pretoria South Africa 1991. 13 pp. Smith S. M. Wilson R. C. Vickerman J. C. New ion optical system for SIMS and SNMS. Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1993,130,411. (Chem. Dept. UMIST Manchester UK M60 1QD). Wonders J. H. A. M. Houweling S. De Bont F. A. J. Van Leeuwen H.P. Eeckhaoudt S. M. Van Griecken R. E. Characterization of aerosol-associated lead by DPASV and LAMMA. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 1994 56 193. (Dept. Phys. and Colloid Chem. Wageningen Agric. Univ. 6703 HB Wageningen Netherlands). Buryakov I. A. Krylov E. V. Nazarov E. G. Rasulev U. Kh. New method of separation of multi-atomic ions by mobility at atmospheric pressure using a high- frequency amplitude-asymmetric strong electric field. Int. J. Muss Spectrom. lon Processes 1993 128 143. (Arifov Inst. Electron. Tashkent N. Z. 700143 Russia). Mamyrin B. A. Laser assisted reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Int. J. Muss Spectrom. Ion Processes 9513192 9.513193 9513194 9513195 9513196 9513197 9513 198 9513199 9513200 9513201 9513202 9513203 9513204 95/3205 Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October 1995 Vol. 10 1994,131,l.(A.F. Ioffe Phys. Tech. Inst. St. Petersburg 194021 Russia). Boesl U. Weinkauf R. Weickhardt C. Schlag E. W. Laser ion sources for time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Int. J. Muss Spectrom. Ion Processes 1994 131 87. (Inst. Phys. Theor. Chem. Tech. Univ. Munchen 85747 Garching Germany). Perera I. K. Lyon 1. C. Turner G. Van Lierde P. Continuous wave laser resonance ionization mass spectrometric analysis of strontium. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 1994 132 225. (Dept. Geol. Univ. Manchester Manchester UK M13 9PL). Trautmann N. Accurate determination of the first ionization potential of actinides by laser spectroscopy. J. Alloys Compd. 1994 213 28. (Inst. Kernchem. Univ. Mainz D-55099 Mainz Germany).Sheu M. S. Hoffman A. S. Ratner B. D. Feijen J. Static secondary ion mass spectrometric investigaion of the glow-discharge-treated surfaces. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. Appl. Polym. Symp. 1994 54 29. (Center Bioeng. Univ. Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA). Fukushirna K. Kanke Y. Morishita T. Time-of-flight spectroscopic studies on the laser ablation process. J . Appl. Phys. 1993 74 6948. (Supercond. Res. Lab. ISTEC Tokyo 135 Japan). Schiitze M. Trappe C. Kurz H. Experimental proof of saturation in non-resonant multiple-photon ioniz- ation. J. Appl. Phys. 1994 76 1314. (Inst. Semiconductor Electr. RWTH Aachen D-52056 Aachen Germany). Hilliard J. Andsager D. Abu Hassan L. Nayfeh H. M. Nayfeh M. H. Infrared spectroscopy and second- ary-ion mass spectrometry of luminescent non- luminescent and metal quenched porous silicon.J . Appl. Phys. 1994 76 2423. (Dept. Phys. Univ. Illinois Urbana IL 61801 USA). Gillen G. Hues S. M. Doped gelatin films as a model matrix for molecular secondary-ion mass spectrometry studies of biological soft tissue. J. Am. SOC. Muss Spectrom. 1993 4 419. (Surf. Microanal. Sci. Div. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Gaithersburg MD USA). Short R. T. McMahon J. M. Holland W. M. Todd P. J. Charge compensation for imaging large insulating samples by using secondary-ion tandem mass spec- trometry. J. Am. SOC. Muss Spectrom. 1994 5 37. (Oak Ridge Natl. Lab. Oak Ridge TN 37831-6365 USA). Zhou Y. Wood M. C. Winograd N. Time-of-flight SIMS study of the chemical nature of highly dispersed Pt on alumina. J.Catal. 1994 146 82. (Dept. Chem. Pennsylvania State Univ. University Park PA 16802 USA). Ling Y. C. Microanalysis using secondary-ion mass spectrometry. J. Chin. Chem. SOC. (Taipei) 1994 41 329. (Dept. Chem. Natl. Tsing Hua Univ. Hsinchu 30043 Taiwan). Chen W. L. Munns G. O. Davis L. Bhattacharya P. K. Haddad G. I. Growth of resonant tunneling hot electron transistors using chemical beam expitaxy. J. Cryst. Growth 1994,136,50. (Center High Frequency Microelectr. Solid-state Electr. Lab. Dept. Electr. Eng. and Computer Sci. Univ. Michigan Ann Arbor MI Albers P. Deller K. Despeyroux B. M. Prescher G. Schaefer A. Seifold K. SIMS/XPS investigations on activated carbon catalyst supports. J . Catal. 1994 150 368. (Degussa AG D-63403 Hanau Germany). Sneh O. George S.M. Xenon diffusion on a stepped Pt(11,11,9) surface. J. Chem. Phys. 1994 101 3287. (Dept. Chem. Biochem. Univ. Colorado Boulder CO 48 109-2122 USA). 80309-0215 USA).9513206 9513207 9513208 9513209 9513210 951321 1 9513212 9513213 9513214 9513215 9513216 9513217 95/3218 95/32 19 9 513 220 Yurimoto H. Mori Y. Negative and positive metal- ion source for SIMS. KEK Proc. 1994 93 101. (Inst. Geosci. Univ. Tsukuba Tsukuba 305 Japan). Seyama H. Soma Y. Soma M. Takao S. Sakurai T. Tagami S. Nakamura M. Asbestos analysis by secondary-ion mass spectrometry. Kokuritsu Kunkyo Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku 1993 131 13. (Environ. Chem. Div. Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud. Tsukuba 305 Japan). Miyahara H. Ogi K. SIMS analysis of interfacial reactions between molten aluminium alloy and alumina.Kyushu Duiguku Chuo Bunseki Sentu Hokoku 1993,11 41. (Fac. Eng. Kyushu Univ. Fukuoka 812 Japan). Nishikawa H. Kanai M. Kawai T. Kawai S. Laser- ablation mechanism of Sr metal investigated by time- of-flight mass spectroscopy. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 2 1994 33 1090. (Inst. Sci. Ind. Res. Osaka Univ. Osaka 567 Japan). Katakuse I. SIMS experiment on clusters. J. Mass Spectrom. SOC. Jpn. 1994 42 67. (Fac. Sci. Osaka Univ. Toyonaka 560 Japan). Daolio S. Bacchin B. Pagura C. Battisti A. Barbieri A Kristol J. Characterization of Ru0,-based film electrodes by secondary-ion mass spectrometry. J . Muter. Chem. 1994 4 1255. (Inst. Polarogr. Elettrochim. Prep. Consiglio Nazl. Ric. 1-35020 Padua Italy). Jiang H. Wang J. Ding B. Song Q.-h. SIMS studies of trace diffusion of aluminium in thin film nanocrystal- line copper.J. Muter. Sci. Technol. 1993 9 297. (Inst. Met. Res. Acad. Sin. Shenyang 110015 China). Lancin M. Ponthieu C. Marhic C. Miloche M. SIMS EDX EELS AES XPS study of interphases in nicalon fibre-LAS glass matrix composites. Part I. Composition of the interphases. J. Muter. Sci. 1994,29 3759. (Phys. Cristalline IMN 44072 Nantes France). Wee A. T. S. Huan C. H. A. Tan K. L. Tan R. S. K. Investigation of the Ar + ion-enhanced reaction of CCL4 on Si( 100) by secondary-ion mass spectrometry. J. Muter. Sci. 1994 29 4037. (Dept. Phys. Natl. Univ. Singapore Singapore 05 11 Singapore). Ponthieu C. Marhic C. Lancin M. Herbots N. SIMS EDX EELS AES XPS study of interphases of nicalon fibre-LAS glass matrix composites. Part 11.Chemistry of the interphases. J. Muter. Sci. 1994 29 4535. (Centre Natl. Rech. Sci. 92195 Meudon France). Zou H. Hood G. M. Roy J. A. Schultz R. J. Jackman J. A. Solid solubility of Fe in a-Zr a secondary-ion mass spectrometry study. J. Nucl. Muter. 1994 210 239. (Reactor Mater. Res. Branch Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. Chalk River Labs. Chalk River Ontario Canada). Xu C.-b. Xu X.-y. Huang W. Xue M. Chen D.-y. Rydberg and auto-ionizing states of neutral ytterbium. J. Phys. B At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 1994 27 3905. (Dept. Modern Appl. Phys. Tsinghua Univ. Beijing China). Aucouturier M. Grattepain Ch. Tromson-Carli A. Barbe M. Cohen-Solal G. Marfaing Y. Chewier F. Gall H. Le. Imhoff D. Analysis of layers or multilayers by SIMS interpretation of the profile at interfaces.J. Phys. IV 1993 3 803. (Lab. Meudon-Bellevue CNRS 92195 Meudon France). Januneau A. Pariot C. Verdus M. C. Ripoll C. SIMS imaging of alkaline and alkaline-earth cations in flax seeds. J. Trace Microprobe Tech. 1994 12 51. (Fac. Sci. Tech. Univ. Rouen F 76821 Mont-Saint- hgnan France). Dang T. A. Clinton H. Factors influencing the quantitative compositional analysis of powders in sputtered neutral mass spectrometry. J. Vuc. Sci. Technol. A 1994 12 2348. (Osram Sylvania Inc. Towanda PA 18848 USA). 9 51322 1 9 513 222 9513223 9513224 9513225 9513226 9513227 9513228 9513229 9513230 951323 1 9513232 9513233 9513234 Journal of Analytical A Becker C. H. Hovis J. S. Surface analysis by photo- ionization at very high laser intenties. J. Vuc. Sci. Technol. A 1994,12,2352.(Molecular Phys. Lab. SRI Int. Menlo Park CA 94025 USA). Stevie F. A. Moore J. L. Merchant S. M. Bollinger C. A. Dein E. A. Secondary-ion mass spectrometry analysis of a three-level metal structure using sample rotation. J. Vuc. Sci. Technol. A 1994 12,2363. (AT&T Bell Lab. Allentown PA 18103 USA). Wilson R. G. Stevie F. A. Chryssoulis S. L. Irwin R. B. Secondary-ion mass spectrometry relative sensi- tivity factors for Ru Rh Pr Eu Tm Lu Re 0 s and Ir. J. Vuc. Sci. Technol. A 1994 12 2415. (Hughes Res. Lab. Malibu CA 90265 USA). Kurz E. A. Becker C. H. Wu K. J. Becker O. Sommer B. Investigation of the core-clad interface of coherent fibre optic devices using secondary-ion mass spectrometry surface analysis by laser ionization and transmission electron microscopy.J. Vuc. Sci. Technol. A 1994,12 2431. (Schott Fiber Opt. Southbridge MA 01550 USA). Bieck W. Gnaser H. Ochsner H. Analytical perform- ance of a secondary-neutral microprobe with electron- gas positionization and magnetic-sector mass spec- trometer. J. Vuc. Sci. Technol. A 1994 12 2537. (Inst. Oberflachen Schichtanal. Univ. Kaiserslautern D-67663 Kaiserslautern Germany) Matsuura Y. Shichi H. Mitsui Y. Surface roughness formation in Si during Cs' ion bombardment. J. Vuc. Sci. Technol. A 1994 12 2641. (Cent. Res. Lab. Hitachi Ltd. Tokyo 185 Japan). Kiu X. Goodwin-Johansson S. Jacobson J. D. Ray M. A. McGuire G. E. On the spatial resolution of two-dimensional doping profiles as measured using secondary-ion mass spectrometry tomography. J Vuc. Sci. Technol.B 1994 12 116. (Centre Microelectr. MCNC Res. Triangle Park NC 27709 USA). Dowsett M. G. Barlow R. D. Allen P. N. Secondary- ion mass spectrometry analysis of ultrathin impurity layers in semiconductors and their use in quantification instrumental assessment and fundamental measure- ments. J. Vuc. Sci. Technol. B 1994 12 186. (Dept. Phys. Univ. Warwick Coventry UK CV4 7AL). Banerjee I. Kuzminov D. Nitrogen redistribution in SiOz under ion bombardment. J. Vuc. Sci. Technol. B 1994 12 205. (Intel Corp. Santa Clara CA 95052 USA). Bennett J. Dagata J. A. Ultra-shallow depth profiling with time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry. J. Vuc. Sci. Technol. B 1994 12 214. (Surface Microanal. Sci. Div. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA). Mohadjeri B.Svensson B. G. Secondary-ion mass spectrometry measurements of shallow boron profiles in cobalt silicon and cobalt disilicide. J. Vuc. Sci. Technol. B 1994 12 209. (R. Inst. Technol. S-164 28 Kista-Stockholm Sweden). Tsai J. Y. Canovai C. Osburn C. M. Wang Q. F. Rose J. Cowen A. Denker M. S. Solid source diffusion from agglomerating silicide sources. I. Measurement and modelling. J. Vuc. Sci. Technol. B 1994 12 219. (Dept. Electr. Comput. Eng. North Caroline State Univ. Raleigh NC 27695-791 1 USA). von Criegern R. Jahnel F. Bianco M. Lange-Gieseler R. Method for the measurement of the lateral dose distribution of dopants at implantation or diffusion mask edges (lateral SIMS). J. Vuc. Sci. Technol. B 1994 12 234. (Corp. Res. Dev. Siemens AG D-81730 Munich Germany). Cooke G.A Dowsett M. G. Hill C. Pearson P. J. Walton A. J. Comparison between computer simulation and direct secondary-ion mass spectrometry measure- ltomic Spectrometry October 1995 Vol. 10 323 R9513 23 5 9513236 9 513 23 7 9 51323 8 9513239 9513240 9513241 9513242 9 513 243 9513244 9513 245 95/3246 9513247 9513248 9513249 324 R ment of lateral dopant distributions. J. Vuc. Sci. Technol. B 1994 12 243. (Univ. Warwick UK). Goodwin-Johansson S. Liu X.-f. Ray M. Two- dimensional doping profiles from experimentally meas- ured one-dimensional secondary-ion mass spectroscopy data. J. Vuc. Sci. Technol. 23 1994 12 247. (Center Microelectr. Syst. Technol. MCNC Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA). Wittmaack K. Secondary-ion mass spectrometry depth profiling of boron and antimony deltas in silicon comparison of the resolution functions using oxygen bombardment at different energies and impact angles.J. Vuc. Sci. Technol. B 1994 12 258. (ATOMIKA Anal. GmbH D-85764 Oberschleissheim Germany). Moriya N. Feldman L. C. Luftman H. S. King C. A. Electrical and structural characterization of boron- doped Si,-xGex strained layers. J. Vuc. Sci. Technol. B 1994 12 383. (AT&T Bell Lab. Murray Hill NJ 07974 USA). Ciriin E. H. Vajo J. J. Hasenberg T. C. Limiting factors for secondary-ion mass spectrometry profiling. J. Vuc. Sci. Technol. B 1994 12 269. (Hughes Res. Lab. Malibu CA 90265 USA). Isbida E. Sigmon T. W. Weiner K. H. Frost M. R. Ultra-shallow boxlike profiles fabricated by pulsed ultraviolet-laser doping process. J. Vuc.Sci. Technol. B 1994 12 399. (Stanford Univ. Stanford CA 94305 USA). Stevie F. A. Wilson R. G. Simons D. S. Current M. I. Zalrn P. C. Review of secondary-ion mass spectrometry characterization of contamination associ- ated with ion implantation. J. Vuc. Sci. Technol. B 1994 12 2263. (AT&T Bell Labs. Allentown PA 18103 USA). Arlinghaus H. F. Spaar M. T. Tanigaki T. McMahon A. W. Holloway P. H. Sputter-initiated resonance ionization spectroscopy an analytical technique for quantitative and sensitive measurements of impurities and ultra-shallow doping profiles in semiconductors. J. Vuc. Sci. Technol. B 1994 12 263. (At. Sci. Oak Ridge TN 37830 USA). Offord D. A. John C. M. Griffin J. H. Contact angle goniometry ellipsometry XPS and TOF-SIMS analysis of gold-supported mixed self-assembled monolayers formed from mixed dialkyl disulfides.Lungmuir 1994 10 761. (Dept. Chem. Stanford Univ. Stanford CA Khan P. A. A. Paul A. J. Surface stude of laser welded stainless steels using secondary-ion mass spectrometry. Laser Inst. Am. [Publ.] 1994 77 729. (Manuf. and Mater. Div. Concurrent Technol. Corp. Johnstown PA 15904 USA). Trautmann N. Laser resonance ionization mass spec- trometry for trace analysis. Los Alumos Natl. Lab. [Rep.] LA (US) LA-l2522-C 1993 203. (USA). Takeshita H. T. Suzuki R. O. Ono K. SIMS analysis for light elements in the metals. Muteriu 1994 33 356. (Kyoto Univ. Kyoto 606-01 Japan). Okuno K. Analysis for impurities in the materials by SIMS. Muteriu 1994 33 362 (Toray Res. Cent. Inc. Otsu 520 Japan). Zhang X.-k Stuart J.O. Clarson S. J. Sabata A. Beaucage G. Time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spec- trometry of deuterated linear poly(dimethylsi1oxane). Macromolecules 1994 27 5229. (Dept. Mater. Sci. and Eng. Univ. Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221-0012 USA). Chu P. K. SIMS and micro-electronics. Muter. Chem. Phys. 1994 38 203 (Evans Asia Ltd. Redwood City CA 94063 USA). Arora P. S. Netting A. K. O. Smart R. St. C. Surface analysis using XPS Auger and SIMS studies of 94305-5080 USA). 9513250 9513251 9513252 9 513 2 53 9513254 9513255 9513256 9513257 9513258 9513259 9513260 9513261 9513262 9513263 Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October 1995 Vol. 10 corrosion coatings and protective layers. Muter. Forum 1993 17 293. (Surf. Technol. Centre Univ. South Australia The Levels 5095 Australia).Wee A. T. S. Huan A. C. H. Thian W. H. Tan K. L. Hogan R. Investigation of titanium silicide forma- tion using secondary-ion mass spectrometry. Muter. Res. SOC. Symp. Proc. 1994 342 117. (Dept. Phys. Natl. Univ. Singapore Singapore). Alstrin A. L. Kunz A. K. Strupp P. G. Leone S. R. Single photon laser ionization as an in-situ diagnostic for MBE growth. Muter. Res. SOC. Symp. Proc. 1994 324 359. (Dept. Chem. and Biochem. Univ. Colorado Boulder CO 80309-0440 USA). Raman R. K. Tyagi A. K. Secondary-ion mass spectrometry and surface profilometry characterization of oxide scales developed over various regions of weldments of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel. Muter. Sci. Eng. A 1994 185 97. (Metall. Mater. Group Indira Gandhi Centre Atomic Res. Kalpakkam 603 102 India).Raman R. K. S. Tyagi A. K. Secondary-ion mass spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy analysis of grain boundary oxides in 9Cr-1Mo steel and influence of grain size on scale spalling. Muter. Sci. Technol. 1994 10 27. (Metall. Mater. Prog. Indira Gandhi Centre Atomic Res. Kalpakkam India). Aries L. Roy J. Secondary-ion mass spectrometry and multireflection infrared analyses of conversion coatings on Fe-Cr-A1 stainless steels for catalysis study of thermal stability. Muter. Sci. Technol. 1994 10 359. (Lab. Mater. Ecole Natl. Superieure de Chim. de Toulouse Toulouse France). Raman R. K. S. Tyagi A. K. Krishan K. Gnanamoorthy J. B. Secondary-ion mass spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy characterization of grain boundary oxide ridges in 9Cr-1 Mo steels having different silicon contents and influence of grain size on scale spalling.Muter. Sci. Technol. 1994 10 592. (Metall. Mater. Group Indira Gandhi Centre Atomic Res. Kalpakkam India). Asher S. E. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (in microanalysis of solids) Microunul. Solids. Plenum New York NY USA 1994. 149. Tolstogouzov A. B. Kitaeva T. I. Volkov S. S. SIMS imaging apparatus and applications. Mikrochim. Actu 1994 114 505. (Sci. Res. Technol. Inst. Ryazan 39001 1 Russia). Werner H. Quantitative analysis of films by ion microbeam methods. 11 SIMS. Mikrochim. Actu 1994 114 107. (Inst. Allgemeine Phys. Tech. Univ. Wien A-1040 Vienna Austria). Tass Z. Josepovits K. V. SIMS and auger investigation of oxygen adsorption on polycrystalline nickel surface.Mikrochim. Actu 1994 114,481. (Dept. At. Phys. Tech. Univ. Budapest 11 11 Budapest Hungary). Willich P. Wang M. Wittmaack K. Quantitative analysis of W-C:H coatings by EPMA RBS (ERD) and SIMS. Mikrochirn. Actu 1994 114 525. (Fraunhofer Inst. Schicht- Oberflaechentech. D-22527 Hamburg Germany). Yamaguchi S. Yokoyama T. Nomizu T. Kawaguchi H. Determination of trace elements in microlitre samples by secondary-ion mass spectrometry. Microchem. J. 1994 49 150. (Dept. Mater. Sci. Eng. Nagoya Univ. Nagoya 464-01 Japan). Simons D. S. Thompson P. E. Godbey D. J. Assessment of silicon wafer cleaning procedure by secondary-ion mass spectrometry. Microbeurn Anal. 1993 2 S91. (US Dept. Commer. Technol. Admin. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Gaithersburg MD USA). Lazof D. B.Goldsmith J. G. Rufty T. W. Linton R. W. SIMS determination of metal contamination and nutrient tracers in freeze-dried cryosections of plant9513264 9513265 9513266 9513267 9513268 9513269 9513270 9513271 9513272 9513273 9 513 2 74 9513275 95/3276 95/3277 roots. Microbeam Anal. 1993 2 S114. (USDA-ARS Oxford NC 27665 USA). Soni K. K. Chabala J. M. Levi-Setti R. Tseng M. W. Williams D. B. SIMS analysis of aerospace composite materials. Microbeam Anal. 1993 2 S 144. (Enrico Fermi Inst. Univ. Chicago IL 60637 USA). Tsugoshi T. Hiroi H. Kikuchi T. Furuya K. Environmental application of laser microprobe mass spectrometry for stone deterioration. Microbeam Anal. 1993 2 289. (Fac. Sci. Sci. Univ. Tokyo Shinjuku 162 Japan). Hayashi S.4 Hashiguchi Y. Quantitative depth profi- ling of stainless steel by non-resonant laser postioniz- ation SNMS.Microbeam Anal. 1993 2 151. (Adv. Mater. and Technol. Lab. Nippon Steel Corp. Kawasaki 211 Japan). Fragu P. Briancon C. Fourre C. Clerc J. Jeusset J. Halpern S. How can SIMS microscopy be used in biomedicine? Microbeam Anal. 1993 2 199. (INSERM U66 Equipe de Microsc. Ionique Inst. Gustave-Roussy 94805 Villejuif France). Schroder H. Wagner M. Kaesdorf S. Materials analysis based on quantitative laser ionization. NATO ASI Ser. Ser. E 1994 265 153. (MPI Quantenoptik 85748 Garching Germany). Adriaens A. Adams F. Mass peak calibration pro- cedure for reproducible isotopic ratio measurements in secondary-ion mass spectrometry. Nucleotecnica 1993 13(25) 29. (Dept. Quim. Univ. Antwerp B-2610 Wilrijk Belgium).Eremina E. A. Rebane J. A Tret'yakov Yu. D. Secondary-ion mass spectrometry and neutral-particle mass spectrometry in study of superconducting cuprates. Neorg. Mater. 1994,30,867. (Mosk. Gos. Univ. Russia). Kilner J. A. Beyer G. P. Chater R. J. Oxygen-18 studies of altered layers formed in Si and SiOz by ion bombardment. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Rex Sect. B 1994 84 176. (Dept. Mater. Imp. Coll. Sci. Technol. Med. London UK SW7 2BP). Calvo L. Perez-Rodriguez A. Romano-Rodriguez A. Morante J. R. Montserrat J. Structural analysis of buried AIN thin films formed by nitrogen implantation into micro-electronics grade aluminium. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 84 214. (Dept. Fis. Appl. Electr. Univ. Barcelona Barcelona 08028 USA). Frey L.Pichler P. Kasko I. Thies I. Lipp S. Streckfuss N. Gong L. Ryssel H. Practical aspects of ion beam analysis of semi-conductor structures. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 85 356. (Fraunhofer Inst. Integrierte Schaltungen Artilleriestr. 12 91052 Erlangen Germany). Svensson B. G. Linnarsson M. K. Mohadjeri B. Pertravic M. Williams J. S. SIMS and depth profiling of semiconductor structures. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 85 363. (Solid State Electronics Royal Inst. Technol. P.O. Box 1298 S-164 28 Kista-Stockholm Sweden). Dupuy J. C. Prudon G. Dubois C. Warren P. Dutartre D. Depth resolution in SIMS study of boron &doping in epitaxial silicon. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 85 379. (Lab. Phys. Matier. URA CNRS 358 INSA Lyon 69621 Villeurbanne France).Sharma V. K. M. McPhail D. S. Hsu C. M. Faby M. R. Method of improving the SIMS analysis for Si in GaAs by monitoring SiO ions at oblique angles of bombardment. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 85 391. (Dept. Mater. Imp. Coll. London UK SW7 2BP). Linnarsson M. K. Svensson B. G. Paska 2. F. Borglind J. Influence of layer thickness and primary ion on profile broadening during sputtering of 9513278 9513279 9513280 951328 1 9513282 9513283 9513284 9513285 9513286 9513287 9513 28 8 9513289 9513290 Al,.,Ga,.,As/GaAs structures. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 85 395. (Solid State Electronics Royal Inst. Technol. P.O. Box 1298 S-164 28 Kista-Stockholm Sweden). Tomita M. Takahashi F. Homma Y. SIMS study on the secondary-ion yield in boron implanted silicon using a low energy primary oxygen beam. Nucl.Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 85 399. (Res. and Dev. Centre Toshiba Corp. Kawasaki Japan). Tawara H. Tonuma T. Kumagai H. Matsuo T. Secondary ions produced from condensed rare gas targets under highly charged MeVIamu heavy ion bombardment. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 86 135. (Natl. Inst. Fusion Sci. Nagoya 464-01 Japan). van der Heide P. A. W. Inverse velocity trends in secondary-ion mass spectrometry; a new method for quantification? Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 86 373. (Surface Sci. Western Western Sci. Centre Univ. Western Ontario London Ontario Canada N6A 5B7). Allen G. C. Brown I T. Harris S. J. Matrix dependence of ion emission from uranium oxides.Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 88 170. (Interface Anal. Centre Univ. Bristol St. Michael's Hill Bristol UK BS2 8BS). Szymczak W. Wittmaack K. Evidence for strongly enhanced yields of negative molecular secondary ions due to bombardment with SFn cluster ions. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 88 149. (GSF Inst. Strahlenschutz Neuherberg D-85758 Oberschleissheim Germany). Wong S. P. Lo V. C. Lam Y. W. SIMS study of implantation-induced boron redistribution in silicon. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 90 487. (Dept. Electr. Eng. and Mater. Technol. Res. Centre Chinese Univ. of Hong Kong Hong Kong). Kaercher R. G. da Silveira E. F. Barros Leite C. V. Schweikert E. A. Simultaneous detection of secondary ions and photons produced by the impact ofkeV polyatomic ions.Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 94 207. (Centre Chem. Characterization and Anal. Texas A & M Univ. College Station TX Beyer G. P. Patel S. B. Kilner J. A. SIMS study of the altered layer in Si using '*OZ primaries at various angles of incidence. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 85 370. (Dept. Mater. Imperial Coll. Sci. Tech. and Med. Prince Consort Rd. London UK SW7 2BP). Villinger J. Federer W. Lubich M. Weissnicht A. Sandstrom G. SIMS 500 - rapid low energy secondary-ion mass spectrometer for in-line analysis of gaseous compounds - technology and applications. Organohalogen Compd. 1993 11 121. (V&F Analyse- und Messtechnik GmbH 6067 Absam Austria).Hurst G. S. Letokhov V. S. Resonance ionization spectroscopy. Phys. Today 1994 47 38. (Inst. Resonance Ionization Spectrosc. Univ. Knoxville TN USA). Simard B. Kowalczyk P. James A. M. First ionization potential of tantalum by mass selected double-resonance field-ionization spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. A At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 1994 50 846. (Steacie Inst. Mol. Sci. Natl. Res. Council Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada K1A OR6). Sorensen S. L. Aaberg T. Tulkki J. Racblew-Kaellne E. Sundstrom G. Kirm M. Argon 3s autoionization resonances. Phys. Rev. A At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 1994 50 1218. (Dept. Phys. 1 Royal Inst. Technol. S-100 44 Stockholm Sweden). van Druten N. J. Trainham R. Muller H. G. Multiphoton ionization of magnesium via an autoioniz- 77843-3144 USA). Journal of Analytical Qtomic Spectrometry October 1995 Vol.10 325 R9513291 9513292 9 51329 3 9513294 9513295 9513296 9513297 9513298 9513299 9513300 95/3301 9513302 9513303 9513304 326 R ing state. Phys. Rev. A At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 1994 50 1593. (FOM-Inst. At. Mol. Phys. 1098 SJ AMsterdam Netherlands). Wynands H. A. Malta D. M. Fox B. A. von Windheim J. A. Fleurial J. P. Irvine D. Vandersande J. Impurity-characterization agreement in type-IIb single-crystal diamond by high-temperature Hall-effect capacitance-voltage and secondary-ion mass spec- troscopy measurements. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter 1994 49 5745. (Electron. Mater. Centre Kobe Steel USA Inc. Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA). Tolstoguzov A. B. Kitaeva T. I. Depth profile analysis of thin-film samples by SIMS with additional recording of the sample current.Pis’ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 1994 20 37. (Nauchno-Issled. Tekh. Inst. Ryazan Russia). Lazof D. B. Goldsmith J. G. Rufty T. W. Linton R. W. Rapid uptake of aluminium into cells of intact soybean root tips. A microanalytical study using secondary-ion mass spectrometry. Plant Physiol. 1994 106 1107. (US Dept. Agric. North Carolina State Univ. Raleigh NC 27695 USA). Volkov S. S. Kitaeva T. I. Tolstogouzov A. B. Imaging SIMS in-depth profiling analysis in the semiconductors. Pouerkhnost 1993 64. (Naucho-Issled. Tekhnol. Inst. Ryazan Russia). Tolstogouzov A. B. Local microanalysis by the method of secondary-ion mass spectrometry. Pouerkhnost 1994 5. (Naucho-Issled Tekhnol. Inst. Ryazan Russia). Simakin S. G. Smirnov V. K. Zhokhov A.V. N,+ SIMS application for quantitative depth profiling of oxygen in silicon over a wide concentration range. Pouerkhnost 1994 58. (Inst. Mikroelektron. Yaroslovol Russia). Dyukov V. G. Kibalov D. S. Ratchkov I. P. Smirnov V. K. Faifer V. N. SEM photovoltage imaging and SIMS technique for studying localized implants in silicon. Poverkhnost 1994 110. (Inst. Mikroelektron. Yaroslave Russia). Lee C. C. Deal M. D. Bravman J. C. Effect of ion energy and dose on the diffusion of silicon implanted into gallium arsenide. Proc.-Electrochem. SOC. 1993 309. (Dept. Mater. Sci. Eng. Stanford Univ. Stanford Lee J. J. Odom R. Characterization of stainless-steel tubing using TOF-SIMS. Proc.-Electrochem. SOC. 1994 330. (Charles Evans & Assoc. Redwood City CA 94063 USA).Schueler B. Hockett R. S. High sensitivity surface analysis of silicon wafers by time-of-flight secondary- ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Proc.- Electrochem. SOC. 1994 554. (Charles Evans & Assoc. Redwood City CA 94063 USA). Frost M. R. On the use of quadrupole SIMS for the measurement of surface metallic contamination. Proc.- Electrochem. SOC. 1994 339. (Evans East Plainsboro NJ 08536 USA). Ledingham K. W. D. Resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS). Proc. Scott. Univ. Summer Sch. Phys. 1992 40 431. (Univ. Glasgow UK). Khan P. A. A. Paul A. J. Surface study of laser welded stainless steels using secondary-ion mass spectrometry. Proc. SPIE-Int. SOC. Opt. Eng. 1994 2306 729. (Manuf. and Mater. Div. Concurrent Technol. Corp. Johnstown PA 15904 USA). Leggett G.J. Davies M. C. Jackson D. E. Tendler S. J. B. Studies of self-assembled monolayers by secondary ion mass spectrometry mechanisms of ion production. Polym. Prepr. Am. Chem. SOC. Div. Polym. Chem. 1993 34(2) 54. (Dept. Pharm. Sci. Univ. Nottingham Nottingham UK NG7 2RD). CA 94305-2205 USA). 9513305 9513306 9513307 9513308 9 513 3 09 95/33 10 951331 1 9513312 95/33 13 9513314 9513315 9513316 95/33 17 95/33 18 95/3319 Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October 1995 Vol. 10 Odom R. W. Secondary-ion mass spectrometry imag- ing. Pract. Spectrosc. 1993,16 345. (Charles Evans and Assoc. Redwood City CA 94063 USA). Trautman N. Ultratrace analysis for technetium. Radiochim. Acta 1993 63 37. (Inst. Kernchem. Univ. Mainz D-55099 Mainz Germany). Marto J. A. Guan S.Marshall A. G. Wide mass range axialization for high-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry of externally generated ions. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 1994 8 615. (Dept. Chem. Ohio State Univ. Columbus OH USA). Daoli S. Facchin B. Pagura C. De Battisti A. Barbieri A. Secondary-ion mass spectrometry method- ology and surface chemistry of mixed oxide electrodes modifications induced by noble-metal content. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 1994 8 659. (Inst. Polarogr. Elettrochim. Preparativa Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche 1-35020 Padua Italy). Lyon I C. Saxton J. M. Turner G. Isotopic fractionation in secondary ionization mass spec- trometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 1994 8 837. (Dept. Geol. Univ. Manchester Manchester UK M13 9PL). Gilmour J.D. Lyon I. C. Johnston W. A. Turner G. RELAX an ultrasensitive resonance ionization mass spectrometer for xenon. Reu. Sci. Instrum. 1994 65 617. (Geol. Dept. Univ. Manchester Manchester UK M13 9PL). Payne M. G. Deng L. Thonnard N. Applications of resonance ionization mass spectrometry. Reu. Sci. Instrum. 1994,65,2433. (Phys. Dept. Georgia Southern Univ. Statesboro GA 30460 USA). Mori Y. Compact and intense negative heavy ion source. Reu. Sci. Instrum. 1994 65 1148. (Natl. Lab. High Energy Phys. Tsukuba Japan). Umemura K. Shichi H. Nomura S. Caesium liquid metal ion source for secondary-ion mass spectrometry. Reu. Sci. Instrum. 1994 65 2276. (Central Res. Lab. Hitachi Lab. Kokubuji 185 Japan). Yamauchi N. Tamaki S. Quantitative analysis of stainless and low-alloy steels by SIMS (secondary-ion mass spectrometry).Sangyo Gijutsu Sogo Kenkyusho Hokoku 1994 7 1. (Osaka Prefect. Ind. Technol. Res. Inst. Osaka 550 Japan). Levi-Setti R. Chabala J. M. Gavrilov J. L. Mogilevsky R. Soni K. K. Imaging-SIMS (secondary- ion mass spectroscopy) studies of advanced materials. Scanning Microsc. 1993 7 1161. (Enrico Fermi Inst. Univ. Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA). Josepovits V. K. Reti F. Perczel I. V. Study of interface compounds in metallic sandwich structures. Second. Ion Mass Spectrom. SIMS 8 Proc. Int. Conf. 8th 1991 1992 749. (Dept. At. Phys. Tech. Univ. Budapest Hungary). Lee J. J. Gray K. H. Lin W. J. Hunter J. L. Jr. Linton R. W. Three-dimensional visualization of secondary-ion images. Second. Ion Mass Spectrom.SIMS 8 Proc. Int. Conf. 8th 1991 1992 505. (Dept. Chem. Univ. North Carolina Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA). McIntyre N. S. Taylor K. F. Mount G. R. Weisener C. G. Interpretation of image data from SIMS three- dimensional depth profiles. Second. Ion Mass Spectrom. SIMS 8 Proc. Int. Con. 8th 1991 1992 513. (West. Sci. Centre Univ. West Ontario London Ontario Canada N6A 5B7). Hagenhoff B. Stoppek-Langner K. Grobe J. Benninghoven A. Characterization of molecularly modi- fied silica surfaces by TOF-SIMS. Second. Ion Mass Spectrom. SIMS 8 Proc. Int. Conf. 8th 1991 1992 835. (Phys. Inst. Univ. Miinster D-4400 Miinster Germany).9513320 9513321 9513322 9 513 323 9513324 9513325 95/3326 9513327 9513328 9 513 329 9513330 9513331 9513332 9513 333 Taylor S. J. Beaumont B. Guillaume J.C. Secondary- ion mass spectroscopy study of the diffusion of Zn in Ga,.,,In,~,,As. Semicond. Sci. Technol. 1993 8 2193. (Lab. Phys. Solide Energ. Sol. CNRS 06560 Valbonne France). Varhegyi E. B. Perczel I. V. Gerblinger J. Fleischer M. Meixner H. Giber J. Auger and SIMS study of segregation and corrosion behaviour of some semicond- ucting oxide gas-sensor materials. Sens. Actuators B 1994 19 569. (Dept. At. Phys. TU Budapest Budafoki ut 8 H-1111 Budapest Hungary). Sekine S. Kokubun K. Ichimura S. Kurokawa A. Shimizu H. Mass dependence of detection efficiency in a time-of-flight mass spectroscopic analysis by laser ionization. Shinku 1994 37 285. (Electrotech. Lab. Tsukuba 305 Japan). Pischow K. A. Korhonen A. S. Ristolainen E. 0. STM and SIMS analysis of the interfaces and intermediate layers of TiN-Ti-substrate systems.Spec. Pub1.-R. SOC. Chem. 1993 128 193. (Lab. Process Heat Treatment Mater. Helsinki Univ. Technol. 021 50 Espoo Finland). Sykes D. E. Surface analysis techniques and their role in the study of coatings and surface modification. Spec. Pub1.-R. SOC. Chem. 1993 128 243. (Inst. Surf. Sci. Technol. Univ. Technol. Loughborough UK LEll 3TU). Saloman E. B. Resonance ionization spectroscopy/ resonance ionization mass spectrometry data service. V-data sheets for Ga Mn Sc and TI. Spectrochim. Acta Part B 1994 49 251. (Electron Opt. Phys. Div. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA). van der Heide P. A. W. Secondary-ion inverse velocity plots from a Cameca IMS-3f SIMS instrument. Surf Sci.1994 302 L312. (Surface Sci. Western Western Sci. Centre Univ. Western Ontario London Ontario Canada). To H. Niino Y. Arita M. Analysis for trace elements in salt crystals by secondary-ion mass spectrometry. Symp. Salt [Proc.] 1993 7th 555. (Sea Water Sci. Res. Lab. Japan Tobacco Inc. Odawarashi Japan). Shichi H. Ogawa T. Kurosawa S. Homma Y. Kubota Y. Nakamura Y. Nomura K. Shibata M. Takashi J. et al. Secondary-ion mass spectrometry round-robin study of impurity analysis in Gallium arsenide using uniformly doped standard gallium arsenide specimens. Surf. Interface Anal. 1994 21 23. (Central Res. Lab Hitachi Ltd. Kokubunji 185 Japan). Sykes D. E. Chew A. Hall D. D. Crapper P. A. Grant I. R. Lamb M. S. M. Lunn M. Brozel M. R. Davies P. Identification and quantification of Cu contamination on GaAs surfaces. Surf.Interface Anal. 1994 21 51. (Inst. Surf. Sci. Technol. Univ. Technol. Loughborough Leics. UK LEll 3TU). Lu S. F. Mount G. R. McIntyre N. S. Fenster A. Use of image depth profiling SIMS for the study of tinplate corrosion. Surf Interface Anal. 1994 21 177. (West. Sci. Centre Univ. Western Ontario London Ontario Canada N6A 5B7). Allen P. N. Dowsett M. G. Maximum entropy quantification of SIMS depth profiles - behaviour as a function of primary-ion energy. Surf. Interface Anal. 1994 21 206. (Dept. Phys. Univ. Warwick Coventry UK CV4 7AL). Quaranta A. Gonella F. Caccavale F. C. SIMS-RBS depth profiling of silver-diffused glass systems. Surf. Interface Anal. 1994 21 210. (Dipt. Fis. Univ. Padova 1-35131 Padua Italy).Sykes D. E. Chew A. SIMS depth profiling with sample rotation in a Cameca IMS 3f. Surf. Interface Anal. 1994 21 231. (Inst. Surf. Sci. Technol. Univ. Technol. Loughborough UK LEll 3TU). 9513334 9513335 9513336 9513 337 951333 8 9513339 9513340 951334 1 9513342 9513343 9 513 344 9513345 9513346 9513347 95/3348 Journal of Analytical ' A Dowsett M. G. Rowlands G. Allen P. N. Barlow R. D. Analytic form for the SIMS response function measured from ultra-thin impurity layers. Surf. Interface Anal. 1994 21 310. (Dept. Phys. Univ. Warwick Coventry UK CV4 7AL). Ervin M. H. Winograd N. Surface characterization with ion-induced desorption and multiphoton reson- ance ionization. Sud. Interface Anal. 1994 21 298 (Dept. Chem. Pennsylvania State Univ. University Park PA USA).Weng L. T. Bertrand P. Stone-Masui J. H. Stone W. E. E. ToF SIMS study of the desorption of emulsifiers from polystyrene latexes. Surf Interface Anal. 1994 21 387. (Univ. Phys.-Chim. Phys. Mater. Univ. Catholique Louvain 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium). Petrat F. M. Wolany D. Schwede B. C. Wiedmann L. Benninghoven A. Comparative in situ TOF- SIMSIXPS study of polystyrene modified by argon oxygen and nitrogen plasma. Surf Interface Anal. 1994 21 402. (Phys. Inst. Univ. Munster D-48149 Miinster Germany). Bayly A. R. Wolstenholme J. Petts C. R. E-beams SNMS a complementary surface analysis technique. Surf Interface Anal. 1994 21 414. (Fison Instruments Plc East Grinstead W. Sussex UK RH19 1UB). Zehnpfenning J. Niehuis E. Rulle H. Benninghoven A. Effect of Gaf backscattering in static SIMS.Surf. Interface Anal. 1994 21 566. (Phys. Inst. Univ. Miinster D-48 149 Miinster Germany). Galuska A. A. Surface characterization of EVA copoly- mers and blends using XPS and TOF-SIMS. Surf. Interface Anal. 1994 21 703. (Exxon Chem. Co. Baytown TX 77522 USA). Hultquist G. Mathieu H. J. Gopalakrishnan R. Younes C. Lu Q. Secondary-ion mass s ectrometry Surf. Interface Anal. 1994 21 800. (Div. Corrosion Sci. Royal Institute Technol. S-100 44 Stockholm Sweden). Albers Th. Neumann M. Lipinsky D. Wiedmann L. Benninghoven A. Combined depth profile analysis with SNMS SIMS and XPS preferential sputtering and oxygen transport in binary metal oxide multilayer systems. Surf Interface Anal. 1994 22 9. (FB Phys. Univ. Osnabruck D-49069 Osnabriick Germany). Fitzgerald A.G. Watton H. L. L. Storey B. E. Colligon J. S. Kheyrandish H. Computer programs for surface analysis by SIMS and SNMS. Surf. Interface Anal. 1994 22 69. (Dept. Appl. Phys. Electr. Manuf. Eng. Univ. Dundee Dundee UK DD1 4HN). Sakamoto T. Tomiyasu B. Owari M. Nihei Y. Ambient oxygen effect in Ga + FIB-SIMS. Surf. Interface Anal. 1994,22 106. (Inst. Ind. Sci. Univ. Tokyo Tokyo 106 Japan). Adriaens A. Adams F. Investigation of instrumental and sample parameters as potential sources for affecting the reproducibility of isotopic ratio measurements in secondary-ion mass spectrometry. Surf Interface Anal. 1994 22 300. (Dept. Chem. Univ. Antwerp B-2610 Wilrijk Belgium). Herion J. Siekmann H. Voigtlander B. Vescan L. Secondary-ion mass spectrometry of SiGe structures grown by surfactant-mediated epitaxy and by low pressure chemical vapour deposition.Surf. Interface Anal. 1994 22 342. (Inst. Thin Film and Ion Technol. Res. Centre Julich D-52425 Jiilich Germany). Gerardi C. Giannini C. Tapfer L. Fischer A. Ploog K. H. SIMS and X-ray diffraction characterization of carbon-doped GaAs Al,Ga,-,As films grown by MBE. Surf Interface Anal. 1994 22 367. (Central Nazl. Ricerca Sviluppo Mater. 1-72100 Brindisi Italy). Fan C. Jiang N. Qian W. Semi-theoretical calculation of quantitative SIMS analysis under oxygen exposure. analysis of iron oxides with known "O/' I? 0 contents. [tomic Spectrometry October 1995 Vol. 10 327 RZhenkong Kexue Yu Jishu 1992 12 431. (Lanzhou Inst. Phys. 730000 China). 95/3349 Chen X. Chen C.-h. Wang Y.-x.Local thermal equilibrium model of secondary-ion emission and its application in GaAs analysis. Zhenkong Kexue Yu Jishu 1994 14 107. (Surf. Phys. Lab. Chin. Acad. Sci. Beijing China). 95/3350 Badheka R. Van den Berg J. A. Armour D. G. Wadsworth M. Theoretical calculations of the broaden- ing of dilute silicon aluminium and beryllium doped A layers in gallium arsenide during SIMS depth profiling. Vucuurn 1993 44 1073. (Dept. Electron. Electr. Eng. Univ. Salford Salford UK M5 4WT). 95/3351 Teodoro 0. M. N. D. Maneira M. J. P. Moutinho A. M. C. Energy analysis in positive SIMS with caesium ion (1+) beams. Vucuurn 1994 45 15. (Fac. Cienc. Tecnol. Univ. Lisboa Monte de Caparica 2825 Portugal). 95/3352 Wang H. Van Espen P. Resolution enhancement of secondary-ion micro-probe images using Fourier decon- volution.Vucuum 1994 45 447. (Dept. Chem. Univ. Antwerp B-2610 Wilrijk Belgium). 95/3353 Chew A. Sykes D. E. Sample rotation during SIMS depth profiling in a Cameca IMS3F. Vucuum 1994,45 535. (Inst. Surf. Sci. Technol. Univ. Technol. Loughborough UK LE11 3TU). 95/3354 Fesic V. Vesely M. Take-off angle dependence of secondary-ion signal intensity. Vacuum 1994 45 627. (Dept. Microelectron. Slovak Tech. Univ. Bratislava 812 19 Slovakia). 95/3355 Zalm P. C. Secondary-ion mass spectrometry. Vucuum 1994 45 753. (Philips Res. Lab. 5656AA Eindhoven Netherlands). Blanco J. M. Serrano J. J. Jimenez-Leube F. J. Rodriguez T. Wolters H. Determination of iridium silicides using matrix effects in SIMS. Vucuurn 1994 45 1121. (Dept. Technol. Electron. Bioingen. ETSI Telecommunicacion Madrid 28040 Spain).Aleksandrov 0. V. Kovarskii A. P. Secondary-ion mass spectrometry method for analysis of Al,Ga,-,As/GaAs heterostructures. Vuk. Tekh. Tekhnol. 1991 1 37. (Russia). Umemura K. Shichi H. Caesium 1iq.-metal ion source for secondary-ion mass spectrometers and ion-beam apparatus therefor. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 05,275,039 [93,275,039] (CL. H01 J38/08) 22 Oct 1993 Appl. 92/66,915 25 Mar 1992; 14pp. (Hitachi Ltd. Japan). Titov V. N. Evgrafova N. N. Method for analysing dielectrics. U.S.S.R. SU 1,800,338 (Cl. G01N23/225) 07 Mar 1993 Appl. 4,923,774 13 Feb. 1991. (Scientific Res. Inst. Technol. and Organization Motors Manuf. Samara Russia). Weickhardt C. Boesl U. Schlag E. W. Method and apparatus for calibrating strongly fluctuating measuring signals for quantitative analysis of gas mixtures by resonant laser mass spectrometry.Ger. Offen. DE 4,305,981 (Cl. G01N27/62) 01 Sep 1994 Appl. 26 Feb 1993; 14 pp. (Bruker-Franzen Analytik GmbH Germany). Mullock. S. J. Ion gun and mass spectrometer employing it. PCT Int. Appl. WO 94 20,978 (Cl. H01J49/40) 15 Sep 1994 GB Appl. 93/4,462 04 Mar 1993; 48pp. (Kore Technol. Ltd. UK). 95/3356 95/3357 95/3358 95/3359 95/3360 95/3361 328R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry October 1995 Vol. 10

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA995100311R

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC