摘要:

APPLIED SPECTROSCOPE A MOST FOR ACADEMIC INDUSTRIAL AND GOVERNMENT INFORMIION. GET YOUR SUBSCRIPTION TODN! Applied Spectroscopy is the leading scientific journal in its field and the official publication of the Society for Applied Spectroscopy. Content includes peer-reviewed original contributions covering the theory and practice of all areas of spectroscopy including absorption emission fluorescence and scattering. In addition to optical spectroscopy x-ray NMR EPR microwave electron and mass spectrometry research are covered. Applied Spectroscopy is a tool for those who wish to remain informed of today's technology and research and a must for those providing quality resource mat eria Is. Number of Issues per Year 12 Frequency Monthly Months of Publication Jan.-Dec. ISSN 0003-7028 Applied Spectroscopy 201 B Broadway Street Frederick MD.21 701-6501 Phone (301) 694-8122 Fax (301) 694-6860 E-m a i I Tin a Ksas@ aol . co m D 1996 RATES Subscriptions are entered for the calendar year. Subscription U.S.A. Canada & Mexico Aaent Discount M icrofi I m Surface $275.00 $31 5.00 $4.00 $2 50.00 Per Issue $ 25.00 $ 30.00 Other Countries Aaent Discount M ircrofi Im Air Freight $355.00 $4.00 $300.00 Air Mail $390.00 $4.00 Per Issue $ 35.00 Advanced payment in US. Dollars drawn on a US. Bank is required. If your Business or University does not have a subscription to Applied Spectroscopy please encourage them to subscribe. The wealth of knowledge and the resources it provides can be shared with all coworkers and colleagues. Let us provide you with the tool to greater scientific awareness so you may achieve professional growth. Call fax or E-mail us at the numbers above or fill out the form below. 2 Yes we want a library subscription to Applied Spectroscopy! R CHECK ENCLOSED BILL MY INSTITUTION NAME ADDRESS Pub Add2.Lib PHONE FAX:CONFERENCE ANNOUNCEMENT 199 5 FIRST MEDITERRANEAN BASIN CONFERENCE ON ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Cordoba Spain 5-10 November 1995 In order to promote collaboration among analytical scientists of the whole Mediterranean Basin the 1995 First Mediterranean Basin Conference on Analytical Chemistry will provide an adequate forum for reporting and thoroughly discussing the latest research results in basic and instrumental developments in Analytical Chemistry. Other aims of this Conference are - To promote new opportunities for young scientists in the Mediterranean Sea area (particularly for those in the Southern Bank) to attend international meetings in countries of the region to attend training workshops on new analytical techniques to attend short courses on new techniques and trends in Analytical Chemistry and to establish new links for research in/or other countries of the region.- To stimulate the progress of Analytical Chemistry as a whole by solving analytical problems affecting the Mediterranean Area. The program has been designed to attract participants from industry universities and research centers. The program will comprise invited plenary and key-note lecturers contributed oral papers and posters distributed in several Symposia covering the following topics Education of Analytical Chemistry Environmental Analytical Chemistry Agriculture and Food Analysis Geoanalytical Chemistry and Benefitiation of Minerals Biomedical Analysis Archeometry and Art Objects Preservation Quality Assurance and Harmonization of Procedures.A few Short Courses Special Sessions on "hot" topics and an E,xhibition of Instrumentation has also been arranged. Invited lecturers who have already confirmed their contribution include M. Valciircel I.B. Brenner D. Barcelo S. Caroli A. Laachach. O.X.F. Donnard M. M. Khater H. Muntau J. Albaiges B.Y. Meklati P. Quevauviller etc. CALL FOR PAPERS Titles of submitted oral or poster presentations are solicited with the preliminary registration card by 30 May 1995. Submission of final Conference Abstracts are requested not later than 30 June 1995.SOCIAL ACTIVITIES Varied social activities including a visit to Granada are being planned. FURTHER INFORMATION For further information and pre-registration forms please contact Prof. Alfred0 Sanz-Medel (Chairman) Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry University of Oviedo C/ Julian Claveria s/n 33006Oviedo SPAIN Phone 3 4 - 8 - 5 1 0 3 4 8 0 o 3 4 - 8 - 5 1 0 3 4 7 4 FAX 3 4 - 8 - 5 1031251996 Winter Conference on Name Organization Address city Plasma Spectrochemistry Fort Lauderdale Florida January 8 - 7 3 7 996 The 1996 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry ninth in a series of biennial meetings sponsored by the ICP lnformation Newsletter features developments in plasma spectrochemical analysis by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) dc plasma (DCP) microwave plasma (MIP) and glow discharge (GDL HCL) sources.The meeting will be held Monday January 8 through Saturday January 13 1996 at the Bonaventure World Conference Center in Fort Lauderdale Florida. Continuing education short courses at introductory and advanced levels will be offered Friday through Sunday January 5 - 7. Spectroscopic instrumentation and accessories will be shown during a three-day exhibition. Objectives and Program The continued growth in popularity of plasma sources for atomization and excitation in atomic spectroscopy and ionization in mass spectrometry and the need to discuss recent developments of these discharges in spectrochemical analysis stimulated the organization of this meeting.The Conference will bring together international scientists experienced in applications instrumentation and theory in an informal setting to examine recent progress in the field. Approximately 500 participants from 25 countries are expected to attend. Approximately 300 papers describing applications fundamentals and instrumental developments with plasma sources are expected to be presented in lecture and poster sessions by more than 200 authors. Symposia organized and chaired by recognized experts will include the following topics 1) Sample introduction and transport phenomena 2) Flow injection spectrochemical analysis 3) Elemental speciation with plasma/chromatographic techniques 4) Plasma instrumentation including chemometrics expert systems on-line analysis software and remote-system automation 5) Sample preparation treatment and automation 6) Excitation mechanisms and plasma phenomena 7) Spectroscopic standards and reference materials 8) Plasma source mass spectrometry 9) Glow discharge atomic and mass spectrometry 10) Applications of stable isotope analyses and 1 1 ) Laser-assisted plasma Spectrometry.Six plenary and 18 invited lectures will highlight advances in these areas. Afternoon poster sessions will feature applications automation and new instrumentation. Five panel discussions will address critical development areas in sample introduction instrumentation elemental speciation plasma source mass spectrometry and novel software and hardware directions.Plenary invited and submitted papers will be published in Fall 1996 after peer review as the official Conference proceedings. Schedule of Activities Preliminary Title and 50-Word Abstract Due for Contributed Papers Exhibitor Booth Reservation and Pre-Registration Deadline Conference Pre-Registration October 13 1995 Hotel Pre-Reservation October 13 1995 Late Pre-Registration Deadline December 8,1995 1996 Winter Conference Short Courses January 5 - 7,1996 1 996 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry January 8 - 13,1996 July 3 1995 September 11 1995 Further Information For further information return this form to 1996 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry %ICP Information Nowslottor Department of Chemistry Lederle GRC Towers University of Massachusetts Box 34510 Amherst MA 010034510 USA.ATTN Dr. Ramon Barnes Conference Chairman Telephone (41 3) 545-2294 Telefax (41 3) 545-4490. b 0 Send further information. 0 I plan to attend accompanied by 0 I plan to present a paper (n oral 0 poster 0 computer poster). Title 1996 WINTER CONFERENCE ON PLASMA SPECTROCHEMISTRY State/Country Telefax Title Date ZlPIPostal Code EMAlLICP Informat ion NEWSLETTER Ramon M. Barnes Editor Department of Chemistry LGRC Towers University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003-0035 Telephone (413) 545-2294 fax 545-4490 Objective The ICP INFORMATlON NEWSLETTER is a monthly journal published by the Plasma Research Group at the University of Massachusetts and is devoted exclusively to the rapid and impartial dissemination of news and literature information re- lated to the development and applications of plasma sources for spectrochemical analysis.Background ICP stands for inductively coupled plasma discharge which during the past decade has become the leading spectrochemi- cal excitation source for atomic emission spectroscopy. ICP discharges also are applied commercially as an ion source for mass spectrometry and as an atom and ion cell in atomic fluo- rescence spectrometry. The popularity of this source and the need to collect in a single literature reference all of the pertinent data on ICP stimulated the publication of the ICP INFOR- MAT/ON NEWSLErrER in 1975. Other popular plasma sources Le. microwave induced plasmas direct current plasmas and glow discharges also are included in the scope of the ICP IN- FORMATION NEWSLETTER.Scope As the only authoritative monthly journal of its type the ICP lNFORMATION NEWSLETTER is read in more than 40 coun- tries by scientists actively applying or planning to use the ICP or other types of plasma spectroscopy. For the novice in the field the C P INFORMATION NEWSLETTER provides a mndse and systematic source of information and background material needed for the selection of instrumentation or the development of methodology. For the experienced scientist it offers a sin- gle-source reference to current developments and literature. Editorial The ICP INFORMATION NEWSLETTER is edited by Dr. Ramon M. Barnes Professor of Chemistry University of Mas- sachusetts at Amherst with the assistance of a 20-member Board of National Correspondents composed of leading plasma spectroscopists.The Board members from around the world report news viewpoints and developments. Or. Barnes has been conducting plasma research on ICP and other dis- charges since 1968. He also serves as chairman of the Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry sponsored by the ICP INFORMATION NEWSLETTER. Regular Features .Original submitted and invited research articles by ICP and .Complete bibliography of all major ICP publications. .Abstracts of all ICP papers presented at major US and inter- .First-hand accounts of world-wide ICP developments. .Special reports on dcp microwave glow discharge and other .Calendar and advanced programs of plasma meetings. .Technical translations and reprints of critical foreign-lan- guage ICP papers..Critical reviews of plasma-related books and software. Conference Activities The /CP /NFORMAT/ON NEWSLETTER has sponsored seven international meetings on developments in atomic plasma spectrochemical analysis since 1980 in San Juan Orlando San Diego St. Petersburg and Kailua-Kona. Meeting pro- ceedings have appeared as Developments in Atomic Plasma Spectrochemical Analysis (Wiley) Plasma Spectrochemistry and Plasma Spectrochemistry I/-IV (Pergamon Press) as well as in special issues of Spectrochimica Acta Part €3 and Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry. The 1994 Winter Confer- ence on Plasma Spectrochemistry will be held in San Diego California January 10 - 15 1994; its proceedings will be published by Fall 1994. Subscription Information Subscriptions are available for 1 2 issues on either an annual or volume basis.The first issue of each volume begins in June and the last issue is published in May. For example Volume 18 runsfrom June 1992 through May 1993. Back issues beginning with Volume 1 May 1975 also are available. To begin a subscription complete the form below and submit it with prepayment or purchase information. For additional inforrna- tion please call (41 3) 545-2294 fax (41 3) 545-4490 or contact the Editor. Credit cards accepted. plasma experts. national meetings. plasma progress. To order complete this section and send it to ICP Information Newsletter %Dr. Ramon M. Barnes Depart- ment of Chemistry Lederle GRC Towers University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01 003-0035 USA. Start a subscription for the following issue 0 Volume(s)- (June 19- - May 19- ) or D 19 (January - December). Enclosed 0 Prepayment 0 Check or money order OVlSA 0 MasterCard Account No. (All 13 or 16 digits) ) or 13 Send invoice. Date Cardholder Name Expiration date Cardholder Signature .Amount Due $ Mail to Name Organization Address Telephone Note For each credit-card transaction a 4 % service charge will be added reflecting our bank charges. Current subscription rates are $60 (North America) $85 (Europe South America) or $94 (Africa Asia Indian/Pacific Ocean Areas Middle East and Russia). Back issue rates available on request. All payments should be made with US dollars by draft on a US bank by international money order or by credit card. Foreign bank checks are not accepted. 0 Purchase order (No. State/Country ZI P/Postalcode Telewfax city

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA99510BP008

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (Including Atomic Spectrometry Updates) JAAS Editorial Board Chairman B. L. Sharp (Loughborough UK) J. M. Gordon (Cambridge UK) S. J. Haswell (Hull UK) S. J. Hill (Plymouth UK) R. C. Hutton (Winsford UK) D. Littlejohn (Glasgow UK) J. Marshall (Middlesbrough UK) A. T. Ellis (Abingdon U K ) A. Sanz-Medel (Oviedo Spain) JAAS Advisory Board F. C. Adams (Antwerp Belgium) R. M. Barnes (Amherst MA USA) L. Bezur (Budapest Hungary) M. W. Blades (Vancouver Canada) R. F. Browner (Atlanta GA USA) S. Caroli (Rome Italy) A. J. Curtius (Florianopolis Brazil) J. B. Dawson (Leeds UK) M. T. C. de Loos-Vollebregt (Delft The Nether L. Ebdon (Plymouth UK) M. S. Epstein (Gaithersburg MD USA) Fang Zhao-lun (Shenyang China) W. Frech (Umes Sweden) A. L. Gray (Egham UK) S.Greenfield (Loughborough UK) G. M. Hieftje (Bloomington IN USA) 6. V. L'vov (St. Petersburg Russia) R. K. Marcus (Clemson SC USA) J. M. Mermet (Villeurbanne France) T. Nakahara (Osaka Japan) Ni Zhe-ming (Beuing China) N. Omenetto (Ispra M y ) C. J. Park (Taejon Korea) R. E. Sturgeon (Ottawa Canada) V. Sychra (Prague Czech Republic) R. Van Grieken (Antwerp Belgium) A. Walsh ..K. B. (Victoria Australia) 6. Welz (Uberlingen Germany) *lands) Atomic Spectrometry Updates Editorial Board Chairman *A. T. Ellis (Abingdon UK) J. Armstrong (Edinburgh UK) J. R. Bacon (Aberdeen UK) C. Barnard (Glasgow U K ) R. M. Barnes (Amherst MA USA) S. Branch (High Wycombe UK) R. Bye (Oslo Norway) J. Carroll (Middlesbrough UK) M. R. Cave (Keyworth UK) S. Chenery (Keyworth UK) *J.M. Cook (Keyworth UK) *M. S. Cresser (Aberdeen UK) H. M. Crews (Norwich UK) J. S. Crighton (Sunbury-on-Thames UK *J. B. Dawson (Leeds UK) J. R. Dean (Newcastle upon Tyne UK) *E. H. Evans (Plymouth UK) J. Fazakas (Budapest Hungary) A. Fisher (Plymouth UK) *J. M. Gordon (Cambridge UK) D. J. Halls (Glasgow UK) *S. J. Hill (flymouth UK) K. W. Jackson (Albany NY USA) R. Jowitt (Middlesbrough UK) K. Kitagawa (Nagoya Japan) J. Kubova (Bratislava Slovak Republic) *J. Marshall (Middlesbrough UK) H. Matusiewicz (Poznan Poland) A. W. McMahon (Manchester UK) J. M. Mermet (Villeurbanne France) R. G. Michel (Storrs CT USA) *D. L. Miles (Keyworth UK) T. Nakahara (Osaka Japan) Ni Zhe-ming (Beijing China) P. R. Poole (Hamilton New Zealand) P. J. Potts (Milton Keynes UK) W.J. Price (Budleigh Salterton UK) C. J. Rademeyer (Pretoria South Africa) *M. H. Ramsey (London UK) P. G. Riby (Greenwich UK) A. Sanz-Medel (Oviedo Spain) *B. L. Sharp (Loughborough UK) 1. L. Shuttler (Uberlingen Germany) S. T. Sparkes (Plymouth UK) R. Stephens (Halifax Canada) J. Stupar (Ljubljana Slovenia) R. E. Sturgeon (Ottawa Canada) *A. Taylor (Guildford UK) G. C. Turk (Gaithersburg MD USA) J. F. Tyson (Amherst MA USA) P. Watkins (London UK) B. Welz (Uberlingen Germany) J. Williams (Egham U K ) J. B. Willis (Victoria Australia) *Members of the ASU Executive Committee Editor JAAS Janice M. Gordon The Royal Society of Chemistry Thomas Graham House Science Park Milton Road Cambridge CB4 4WF UK. Telephone + 44 (0) 1223 420066. Fax + 44 (0) 1223 420247. E-mail RSCl @RSC.ORG (Internet) Senior Assistant Editor Brenda Holliday Editorial Secretary Lesley Turney US Associate Editor JAAS Dr.J. M. Harnly US Department of Agriculture Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center Beltsville MD 20705 USA. Telephone 301 -504-8569 Assistant Editor Ziva W hiteloc k Advertisements Advertisement Department The Royal Society of Chemistry Burlington House Piccadilly London W1 V OBN UK. Telephone +44 (0) 171 -287 3091. Fax +44 (0) 171 -494 11 34. Information for Authors Full details of how to submit materials for publi- cation in JAAS are given in the Instructions to Authors in Issue 1. Separate copies are available on request. The Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (JAAS) is an international journal for the publi- cation of original research papers communi- cations and letters concerned with the development and analytical application of atomic spectrometric techniques.The journal is pub- lished twelve times a year including comprehen- sive reviews of specific topics of interest to practising atomic spectroscopists and incorpor- ates the literature reviews which were previously published in Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy (ARAAS). Manuscripts intended for publication must describe original work related to atomic spectro- metric analysis. Papers on all aspects of the sub- ject will be accepted including fundamental studies novel instrument developments and prac- tical analytical applications. As well as AAS AES and AFS papers will be welcomed on atomic mass spectrometry X-ray fluorescence/emission spectrometry and secondary emission spec- trometry.Papers describing the measurement of molecular species where these relate to the characterization of sources normally used for the production of atoms or are concerned for example with indirect methods of analysis will also be acceptable for publication. Papers describing the development and applications of hybrid techniques (e.g. GC-coupled AAS and HPLC-ICP) will be particularly welcome. Manuscripts on other subjects of direct interest to atomic spectroscopists including sample prep- aration and dissolution and analyte pre-concen- tration procedures as well as the statistical interpretation and use of atomic spectrometric data will also be acceptable for publication. There is no page charge.The following types of papers will be considered. Full papers describing original work. Communications which must be on an urgent matter and be of obvious scientific importance. Communications receive priority and are usually published within 2-3 months of receipt. They are intended for brief descriptions of work that has progressed to a stage at which it is likely to be valuable to workers faced with similar problems. Reviews which must be a critical evaluation of the existing state of knowledge on a particular facet of analytical spectrometry. Every paper (except Communications) will be submitted to at least two referees by whose advice the Editorial Board of JAAS will be guided as to its acceptance or rejection. Papers that are accepted must not be published elsewhere except by permission.Submission of a manuscript will be regarded as an undertaking that the same material is not being considered for publication by another journal. Manuscripts (three copies typed in double spacing) should be sent to Janice M. Gordon Editor JAAS or Dr. J. M. Harnly US Associate Editor JAAS. All queries relating to the presentation and sub- mission of papers and any correspondence regarding accepted papers and proofs should be directed to the Editor or US Editor (addresses as above). Members of the JAAS Editorial Board (who may be contacted directly or via the Editorial Office) would welcome comments suggestions and advice on general policy matters concerning JAAS. Fifty reprints are supplied free of charge. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (JAAS) (ISSN 0267-9477) is published monthly by The Royal Society of Chemistry Thomas Graham House Science Park Milton Road Cambridge CB4 4WF UK.All orders accompanied with payment should be sent directly to The Royal Society of Chemistry Turpin Distribution Services Ltd. Blackhorse Road Letchworth Herts. SG6 lHN UK Tel. +44 (0) 1462 672555; Telex 825372 Turpin G; Fax +44 (0) 1462 480947. Turpin Distribution Services Ltd. is wholly owned by The Royal Society of Chemistry. 1995 Annual subscription rate EEA €512.00 USA $941 SO Canada €538.00 (+ GST) Rest of World €538.00. Customers should make payments by cheque in sterling payable on a UK clearing bank or in US dollars payable on a US clearing bank. Air freight and mailing in the USA by Publications Expediting Inc.200 Meacham Avenue Elmont NY 11003. USA Postmaster send address changes to Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (JAAS) Publications Expediting Inc. 200 Meacham Avenue Elmont NY 11 003. Postage paid at Jamaica NY 11431. All other despatches outside the UK by Bulk Airmail within Europe Accelerated Surface Post outside Europe. PRINTED IN THE UK. @The Royal Society of Chemistry 1995. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic mechanical photographic recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publishers,Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (Including Atomic Spectrometry Updates) JAAS Editorial Board Chairman B.L. Sharp (Loughborough U K ) A. T. Ellis (Abingdon U K ) J M. Gordon (Cambridge U K ) S. J. Haswell (Hull U K ) S. J. Hill (Plymouth U K ) R. C. Hutton (Winsford U K ) D. Littlejohn (Glasgow UK) J. Marshall (Middlesbrough U K ) A. Sanz-Medel (Oviedo Spain) JAAS Advisory Board F. C. Adams (Antwerp. Belgium) R. M. Barnes (Amherst MA USA) L. Bezur (Budapest Hungary) M. W. Blades (Vancouver Canada) R. F. Browner (Atlanta GA. USA) S. Caroli (Rome Italy) A. J. Curtius (Norianopolis Brazil) J. B. Dawson (Leeds U K ) M. T. C. de Loos-Vollebregt (Delft The L. Ebdon (Plymouth U K ) M. S. Epstein (Gaithersburg MD USA) Fang Zhao-lun (Shenyang. China) W. Frech (UmeA Sweden) A. L. Gray (Egham U K ) S. Greenfield (Loughborough UK) G. M. Hieftje (Bloornington IN USA) B. V.L'vov (St. Petsrsburg Russia) R. K. Marcus (Clemson SC USA) J. M. Mermet (Villeurbanne France) T. Nakahara (Osaka Japan) Ni Zhe-ming (Beijing China) N. Omenetto (lspra Italy) C. J. Park (Taejon Korea) R. E. Sturgeon (Ottawa Canada) V. Sychra (Prague Czech Republic) R. Van Grieken (Antwerp Belgium) A. Walsh ,,K. B. (Victoria Australia) B. Welz (Uberlingen Germany) Netherlands) Atomic Spectrometry Updates Editorial Board Chairman *A. T. Ellis (Abingdon UK) J. Armstrong (Edinburgh UK) *J. R. Bacon (Aberdeen U K ) C. Barnard (Glasgow U K ) R. M. Barnes (Amherst MA USA) S. Branch (High Wycombe UK) R. Bye (Oslo Norway) J. Carroll (Middlesbrough UK) M. R. Cave (Keyworth UK) S. Chenery (Keyworth UK) *J. M. Cook (Keyworth U K ) *M. S. Cresser (Aberdeen UK) H. M. Crews (Norwich U K ) J.S. Crighton (Sunbury-on-Thames U K ) *J. 8. Dawson (Leeds UK) J. R . Dean (Newcastle upon Tyne U K ) *E. H. Evans (Plymouth UK) J. Fazakas (Budapest Hungary) A. Fisher (Plymouth U K ) *J. M. Gordon (Cambridge U K ) D. J. Halls (Glasgow U K ) *S. J. Hill (Plymouth UK) K. W. Jackson (Albany NY USA) R. Jowitt (Middlesbrough U K ) K. Kitagawa (Nagoya Japan) J. Kubova (Bratislava Slovak Republic) *J. Marshall (Middlesbrough UK) H. Matusiewicz (Poznan Poland) A. W. McMahon (Manchester UK) J. M. Mermet (Villeurbanne France) R. G. Michel (Storrs CT USA) *D. L. Miles (Keyworth UK) T. Nakahara (Osaka Japan) Ni Zhe-ming (Beving Chiria) P. R. Poole (Hamilton New Zealand) P. J. Potts (Milton Keynes UK) W. J. Price (Budleigh Salterton UK) C. J. Rademeyer (Pretoria South Africa) *M.H. Ramsey (London U K ) P. G. Riby (Greenwich UK) A. Sanz-Medel (Oviedo Spain) *B. L. Sharp (Loughborough U K ) I. L. Shuttler (Uberlingen Germany) S. T. Sparkes (Plymouth LIK) R. Stephens (Halifax Canada) J. Stupar (Ljubljana Slovenia) R. E. Sturgeon (Ottawa Canada) *A. Taylor (Guildford UK) G. C. Turk (Gaithersburg MD USA) J. F. Tyson (Amherst MA USA) P. Watkins (London UK) B. Welz (Uberlingen Germny) J. Williams (Egharn UK) J. B. Willis (Victoria Australia) *Members of the ASU Executive Committee Editor JAAS Janice M. Gordon The Royal Society of Chemistry Thomas Graham House Science Park Milton Road Cambridge CB4 4WF UK. Telephone + 44 (0) 1223 420066. Fax +44 (0) 1223 420247. E-mail RSCl @RSC.ORG (Internet) Senior Assistant Editor Brenda Holliday Editorial Secretary Lesley Turney US Associate Editor JAAS Dr.J. M. Harnly US Department of Agriculture Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center Beltsville MD 20705 USA. Telephone 301 -504-8569 Assistant Editor Ziva Whitelock Advertisements Advertisement Department The Royal Society of Chemistry Burlington House Piccadilly London W1V OBN UK. Telephone +44 (0) 171 -287 3091. Fax + 44 (0) 171 -494 11 34. Information for Authors Full details of how to submit materials for publi- cation in JAAS are given in the Instructions to Authors in Issue 1. Separate copies are available on request. The Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (JAAS) is an international journal for the publi- cation of original research papers communi- cations and letters concerned with the development and analytical application of atomic spectrometric techniques.The journal is pub- lished twelve times a year including comprehen- sive reviews of specific topics of interest to practising atomic spectroscopists and incorpor- ates the literature reviews which were previously published in Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy (ARAAS). Manuscripts intended for publication must describe original work related to atomic spectro- metric analysis. Papers on all aspects of the sub- ject will be accepted including fundamental studies novel instrument developments and prac- tical analytical applications. As well as AAS AES and AFS papers will be welcomed on atomic mass spectrometry X-ray fluorescence/emission spectrometry and secondary emission spec- trometry.Papers describing the measurement of molecular species where these relate to the characterization of sources normally used for the production of atoms or are concerned for example with indirect methods of analysis will also be acceptable for publication. Papers describing the development and applications of hybrid techniques (e.g. GC-coupled AAS and HPLC-ICP) will be particularly welcome. Manuscripts on other subjects of direct interest to atomic spectroscopists including sample prep- aration and dissolution and analyte pre-concen- tration procedures as well as the statistical interpretation and use of atomic spectrometric data will also be acceptable for publication. There is no page charge. The following types of papers will be considered.Full papers describing original work. Communications which must be on an urgent matter and be of obvious scientific importance. Communications receive priority and are usually published within 2-3 months of receipt. They are intended for brief descriptions of work that has progressed to a stage at which it is likely to be valuable to workers faced with similar problems. Reviews which must be a critical evaluation of the existing state of knowledge on a particular facet of analytical spectrometry. Every paper (except Communications) will be submitted to at least two referees by whose advice the Editorial Board of JAAS will be guided as to its acceptance or rejection. Papers that are accepted must not be published elsewhere except by permission. Submission of a manuscript will be regarded as an undertaking that the same material is not being considered for publication by another journal. Manuscripts (three copies typed in double spacing) should be sent to Janice M.Gordon Editor JAAS or Dr. J. M. Harnly US Associate Editor JAAS. All queries relating to the presentation and sub- mission of papers and any correspondence regarding accepted papers and proofs should be directed to the Editor or US Editor (addresses as above). Members of the JAAS Editorial Board (who may be contacted directly or via the Editorial Office) would welcome comments suggestions and advice on general policy matters concerning JAAS. Fifty reprints are supplied free of charge. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (JAAS) (ISSN 0267-9477) is published monthly by 1 ..J Royal Society of Chemistry Thomas Graham House Science Park Milton Road Cambridge CB4 4WF UK. All orders accompanied with payment should be sent directly to The Royal Society of Chemistry Turpin Distribution Services Ltd. Blackhorse Road Letchworth Herts. SG6 1 HN UK Tel. +44 (0) 1462 672555; Telex 825372 Turpin G; Fax +44 (0) 1462 480947. Turpin Distribution Services Ltd. is wholly owned by The Royal Society of Chemistry. 1995 Annual subscription rate EEA f512.00 USA $941 50 Canada f538.00 ( + GST) Rest of World f538.00. Customers should make payments by cheque in sterling payable on a UK clearing bank or in US dollars payable on a US clearing bank. Air freight and mailing in the USA by Publications Expediting Inc. 200 Meacham Avenue Elmont NY 11003. USA Postmaster send address changes to Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (JAAS) Publications Expediting Inc. 200 Meacham Avenue Elmont NY 11003. Postage paid at Jamaica NY 11431. All other despatches outside the UK by Bulk Airmail within Europe Accelerated Surface Post outside Europe. PRINTED IN THE UK. @The Royal Society of Chemistry 1995. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic mechanical photographic recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publishers.

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA99510FX025

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Journal of I Analytical .....I-..-"..- ........ - Ill IllllNIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Atomic Spectrometry CONTENTS ~~ NEWS PAGES Conference Report Janice Gordon and Catherine Cowey Benedetti-Pichler Award Diary of Conferences and Courses Future Issues PAPERS Solid-State Detector for Simultaneous Multi-element Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with Zeeman-effect Background Correction Bernard Radziuk Gunther Rodel Michael Zeiher Seiichiro Mizuno Kouei Yamamoto Determination of Selenium in Seleno Compounds and Marine Biological Tissues Using Electrothermal Atomization Atomic Absorption Spectrometry M. Deaker W. Maher Determination of Tellurium in Indium Phosphide by Elepothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry Marco Taddia Alessandra Bellini Roberto Fornari Investigations of Pyrolysed Ascorbic Acid in an Electrothermal Graphite Furnace by Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Raman Spectrometry Shoji Imai Yasuko Nishiyama Toshiyuki Tanaka Yasuhisa Hayashi Ultrasonic Nebulization and Arsenic Valence State Considerations Prior to Determination via Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry John T.Creed Theodore D. Martin Carol A. Brockhoff Determination of Trace Elements in Unalloyed Steels by Flow Injection Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Aurora G. Coedo Teresa Dorado Effect of Particle Size in the Analysis of Botanical Samples by Slurry Sampling and Fluorination-Electrothermal Vaporization Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry Qin Yongchao Jiang Zucheng Zeng Yun'e Hu Bin Optimization of the Extraction Clean-up and Determination of Arsenobetaine in Manufactured Seafood Products by Coupling Liquid Chromatography with Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry Nieves YbAfiez Dinoraz Velez Wedleys Tejedor Rosa Montoro Evidence for the Distribution of Iron Atoms in Argon Inductively Coupled Plasmas According to the Boltzmann Population Susumu Nakamura CUMULATIVE AUTHOR INDEX COPYRIGHT LICENCE ' 37N 39N 40N 42N 41 5 423 433 439 443 449 455 459 467 47 1 473 ATOM I c s P ECT RO M ETRY u P DAT ES Atomic Emission Spectrometry References 139R 155R 0267 -9L77 C 1995 I6 1 - Y Typeset printed and bound by The Charlesworth Group Huddersfield England 01484 5170776th Surrey Conference on Plasma Source Spectrometry St.Helier Jersey UK 17-20 September 1995 Invited Lecturers Dr N Walsh (Royal Holloway) Dr C Gregoire (Geological Survey Canada) Professor R Barnes (University of Massachusetts) and Dr A Gray (Imperial College) Call for Papers Papers (oral and poster presentations) on topics associated with all aspects of plasma source mass spectrometry and on ICP-AES and ICP-MS studies in the Earth Sciences. Three copies of abstracts must be submitted before July 28 1995 Social Programme A n informal reception will take place on the Sunday and a conference dinner on Wednesday evening. A n accompanying persons’ package is available. Registration The residential package covers all meals coffee tea accommodation in single rooms and registration fee. A reduced fee is available for all bona f i d e students Further Details Dr Kym Jarvis NERC ICP-MS Facility CARE Silwood Park Ascot Berks UK SL5 7TE. Tel +44 (0)1344 294517/6; Fax +44 (0)1344 873997

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA99510BX027

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Atomic Spectrometry Updates Board Meeting The annual ASU Board meeting was held at Bristol University the day before the scientific meeting run jointly with the Atomic Spectroscopy Group of the Royal Society of Chemistry (see following report). The glorious weather and the picturesque setting of the university provided the perfect opportunity to photograph such a large number of Board members together. The meeting marked the end of the chairmanship of Doug Miles who first joined the editorial board of ARAAS (the predecessor of the ASU) in I 98 I becoming Chairman of ASU in 1988. Under his leadership the organization Analytical Atomic Spectrometry has become financially secure the Updates have been reorganized to reflect changes in the field many new members have been recruited to the Board and the system for handling the abstracts has been fundamentally changed.Doug’s successful chairmanship at a sumptuous dinner in Colley’s Supper Rooms that evening. The in-coming The Board showed its appreciation of Chairman Andy Ellis presented Doug were also made to Ragnar Bye and Ralph Sturgeon the overseas invited with a silver ice bucket. presentations The retiring Doug (L) receiving his leaving gift from the in-coming chairman Andy Ellis. speakers fof the scientific meeting the following day. Editor JANICE GORDON Atomic Spectrometry Updates Board members. L to R Adam McMahon David Halls Andrew Fisher Simon Branch Jeffrey Bacon Louise Gardener James Crighton Andrew Taylor John Dean Janet Armstrong Philip Potts Jennifer Cook John Carroll Ragnat Bye Andrew Ellis Ian Shuttler Douglas Miles Ralph Sturgeon Helen Crews Janice Gordon Hywel Evans Simon Sparkes Barry Sharp Simon Chenery John Price Julian Tyson John Dawson Brenda Holliday John Marshall Bill Scattergood Mark Cave Steven Hill John Williams.Atomic Spectroscopy Group Meeting Application of Atomic Spectroscopy in Trace Element Speciation. Bristol UK 30 March 1995 Our Supercritical Fluids (SCF) group from Leeds was fortunate enough to be able to send five delegates to this year’s Atomic Spectrometry Updates (ASU)/Atomic Spectroscopy Group (ASG) meeting. We intrepidly travelled down to the conference venue of Bristol University the night before so as to give us the chance to get our bearings before the meeting commenced the next day. The chairman Les Ebdon opened up the meeting and introduced the first lecture which was given by Ralph Sturgeon (Institute for Environmental Research and Technology Ottawa Canada). He explained how the monitoring of pollutants depends on the availability and proper use of certified reference materials (CRMs) and which CRMs are currently available.He then showed us the project that the National Research Council of Canada (NRCC) is funding for the development of a number of unique CRMs from carp and shellfish tissues. This first lecture gave us a taste Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry Juhe 1995 Vol. 10 37 NInvited lecturers Ralph Sturgeon (L) and Ragnar Bye (R) receiving their gifts at the dinner. of the international flavour of the conference and whetted our appetites for what was to come.Glasgow) proceeded with a talk on heavy metal speciation in soils and sediments by selective extraction. He explained how the speciation of trace metals in solid samples such as oils or sediments is very difficult to effect and that a wider definition of the term speciation is required for it to be applied to such materials. He then reviewed the current methods for heavy metal speciation in soils and sequential extraction procedures being used. Analysis Cheshire) gave a stimulating presentation on new sample introduction techniques for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). He explained how new on-line sample preparation procedures have been developed to incorporate matrix elimination and analyte enrichment techniques prior to analysis by ICP-MS which leads to much lower levels of detection than those offered by conventional ICP-MS.This was applied to his own work using a solid-phase chelation sample preparation system for analyte preconcentration and elimination of matrix elements prior to determination by ICP-MS. session was given by Norman Roberts (Royal Liverpool University Hospital) giving an insight into the importance of trace element speciation in clinical chemistry understanding of how such elements are utilized in cellular Allan Ure (University of Strathclyde Paul Sigsworth (FI Elemental The last lecture of the morning processes and what the functional chemical species are. He enlightened us on how difficult it is to follow the path of one metal through the body as it is constantly changing oxidation state in the biological pathwiiiys in which metals are incorporated.The afternoon sess’ion was opened by Ragnar Bye (University of Olso Norway) with a brief historical introduction to the a,tomic spectroscopic activities in Scandinavia before 1960. Followed by a personalized perspective on the development and present status of atomic spectroscopy research activities in the Scandinavian countries. This also involved a useful definition of what the Scandinavian and Nordic countries actually are. Cameron McLeod (Sheffield Hallam University) was unable to present his own lecture on field sampling and flow injection strategies for trace element speciation. Instead Marie-Helen Mena (one of his research students) gave it for him.She gave a very clear and interesting presentation on results from her thesis work looking at the analysis of water samples from the Manchester canal containing chromium mercury and selenium and the problems she had to overcome when trying to preserve the natural speciation state of the fresh sample up to the point of analysis. Helen Crews (CSI Food Science Laboratory Norwich) had a tough act to follow but kept us all enthralled with her presentation entitled ‘Speciation and isotope ratio measurement for selenium studies in a human?’ The human being herself. After shocking us with the effects of selenium deficiency and excess selenium in the body she then went on to show us her experiments which involved taking large quantities of selenium into her body and measuring how quickly the body then managed to get rid of the excess selenium by monitoring blood and urine samples at timed periods. The amount of selenium present was measured by flow injection hydride generation ICP-MS.The afternoon was rounded-off by Barry Sharp (Loughborough University of Technology) who enlightened us with the coupling of capillary electrophoresis (CE) to ICP-MS to overcome the Our reporter Catherine Cowey a post- graduate student in Professor Keith Bartle’s group at Leeds University. 38N Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10problem of poor concentration sensitivity with UV absorbance detection that is encountered by using CE alone. This year’s meeting offered a chance for people from a wide variety of backgrounds to come together and share their ideas in an informal and friendly atmosphere. Interesting and diverse topics were presented ranging from oceanography studies in N. America the history of Scandinavian atomic absorption spectroscopy industry’s view of ICP-MS and of course research work from European universities. See you next year. CATHERINE COWEY University of Leeds Leeds West Yorkshire UK LS2 9 J T Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10 39N

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA995100037N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

DIARY OF CONFERENCES AND COURSES 1995 Details can be found in J. Anal. At. For further details contact Mrs. S. J. Maddison Department of Chemistry Telephone (01509) 222575,222563; Fax (01509) 233163. SAC 95 Short Course. High-Performance Liquid ‘pectrom. 1995 8N. Chromatography July 3-7 University of Technology July 9-15 Loughborough UK Loughborough Leics. LE11 3TU. Hull UK Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10 39NDetails can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 13N. For further information contact The Secretary Analytical Division The Royal Society of Chemistry Burlington House Piccadilly London W 1V OBN UK. Vth COMTOX Symposium on Toxicology and Clinical Chemistry of Metals July 10-13 University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada Details can be found in J.Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 26N. For further information contact F. William Sunderman Jr. MD Department of Laboratory Medicine University of Connecticut Medical School Room C-2050 263 Farmington CT 06030-2225 USA. Telephone 203-679-2328. 13th Australian Symposium on Analytical Chemistry. In conjunction with 4th Environment Chemistry Conference - Chemistry in Tropical and Temperate Environments July 9-14 Darwin Northern Territory Australia Details can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 19N. For further information contact Dr. Brian Salter-Duke Secretary 13AC/4EC Organizing Committee RACI GPO Box 363 Darwin NT 0801 Australia. 41st International Conference on Analytical Sciences and Spectroscopy Windsor Ontario Canada Details can be found in J.Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 23N. For more information contact Dr William E. Jones. Telephone (519) 253 4232 ext 2001; Fax (519) 973 7098. August 14- 16 The Third Asian Conference on Analytical Sciences ASIANALYSIS I n August 20-24 Seoul Korea Details can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 18N. For further details contact Prof. Hasuck Kim (Secretariat) ASIANALYIS 111 Department of Chemistry College of Natural Sciences Seoul National University Seoul 15 1-742 Korea. Telephone + 82(2)880-6638; Fax + 82(2)889-1568; E-mail hausukim@KRSNUCC 1 .BITNET Colloquium Spectroscopicum Internationale (CSI) :YXIX August 27-September. 1 Leipzig Germany Details can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1993 8 50N. For further details contact Prof.Dr. H. Nickel Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH Institut fur FVerkstoffe der Energietechnik/RWTH Aachen D-52425. Telephone (02461) 61 55 65; Fax (02461) 61 36 99. Colloquium Spectroscopicurn Internationale (CSI) XXIX Post Symposium Laser Techniques in Analytical Atomic Spectrometry September 1-3 Berlin Germany The aim of this meeting is to assess the present status and possible future developments in laser-based methods by presentation and discussion of current research. Topics covered will include laser atomic absorption spectrometry (LAAS); laser induced fluorescence (LIF); laser ionization spectrometry (RIS LEI FILS); intracavity laser spectroscopy; and laser ablation as a method of sampling and for direct element analysis. For further information contact Dr. E. Hoffmann ISAS-ILSMU D-12484 Berlin Germany.Telephone 49-30- 6391-3552; Fax 49-30-6392-3544 Colloquium Spectroscopicum Internationale (CSI) XXIX Post Symposium ICP-MS September 1-4 WernigerodelHartz Germany Details can be found1 in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 46N. For further details contact Dr. L. Moenke Martin-Luther University Halle-Wit tenberg Department of Chemistry Institute of Analytical and Environmental C hernis t r y Wein bergurg 16 D-06120 Halle Germany. Fax 0049-345-649065. Colloquium Spectroscopicum Internationale (CSI) XXIX Post Symposium Glow Discharges in Optical and Mass Spectrometry September 1-4 Dresden Germany The symposium includes the 3rd Workshop of the European Working Group for Glow Discharge Spectrometry (EW-GDS) and the 4th German Users’ Meeting on Analytical GDS. The symposium is meant to give GDS specialists the possibility to interchange their experiences and ideas.A round table discussion about research in the sub-group of EW-GDS ‘Fundamentals of GDS’ will be included. Topics covered will include conventional GDS techniques; powered sources; quantitative surface analysis and depth-profiling; and basic investigations on GD plasmas. For further information contact Dr V. Hoffmann IFW PF 270016 D-0 1 17 1 Dresden Germany. Telephone 49-351-2322-397; Fax 49-351-2322-314; e-mail hoffmann@ifw-dresden.d4OO.de Colloquium Spectroscopicum Internationale (CSI) XXIX Post Symposium Electrothermal Atomization in Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy September 3-5 Wiirzburg Germany The scientific programme will consist of invited papers and submitted contributions in the form of oral and poster presentations.Posters will be on display throughout the entire symposium and ample time will be provided for poster viewing and discussion. Round table discussions will be organized on selected topics. Topics covered will include spatial resolution of processes in electro- thermal atomizers; atom formation and dissipation mechanisms; condensed phase reactions and chemical modification; gas phase composition and gas phase reactions; spectral interferences and background correction; surface and gas phase temperature; atomizer materials and surfaces atomizer design; slurry and solid sampling; and analyte preconcentration speciation matrix separation. For further information contact Dr.B. Welz Department of Applied Research Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer GmbH Postfach 101761 D-88647 Uberlingen Germany. Telephone + 49 (7551) 81-3791; Fax +49 (7551) 1612. Euroanalysis IX September 1-7 Bologna Italy Details can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 14N. Further information is available from Professor Luigia Sabbatini Euroanalysis IX Dipartimento di Chimica Universita di Bari Via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy. 8th International Conference on Coal Science September 10-15 Instituto Nacional del Carbbn CSIC Apartado 73 33080 Oviedo Spain 40N Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 libl.10Details can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 61N. For further details contact Dr. Juan M. D. Tascbn 8th ICCS Scientific Programme Chairman Instituto Nacional del Carbon CSIC Apartado 73 33080 Oviedo Spain.Telephone + 34.8.528.08.00; Fax + 34.8.529.76.62. Sixth Surrey Conference on Plasma Source Spectrometry September 17-20 Jersey UK Details can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 19N. For further details contact Dr. K. Jarvis NERC ICP-MS Facility Centre for Analytical Res. in the Environment (CARE) Imperial College at Silwood Park Buckhurst Road Ascot Berkshire SL5 7TE UK. Telephone + 44( 0) 344 2945 17; Fax +44(0) 344 873997. European Workshop in Chemometrics September 17-22 Bristol UK Details can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 24N. For further details contact Mrs. C. Hutcheon School of Chemistry University of Bristol Contock’s Close Bristol BS8 lTS UK. Telephone + 44(0) 117-928 7645 ext.4221; Fax + 44-( 0) 1 17-925 1295. Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies Conference October 15-20 Cincinnati Ohio USA Details can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 19N. For further information contact Joseph A. Caruso FACSS National Office 198 Thomas Johnson Dr. Suite S-2 Frederick MD 21702 USA. Telephone (301) 694-8122; Fax (301) 694-6860. Short Course COSHH October 31 -November 1 Shefield UK Details can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 34N. For further information contact Ms Baldham or Ms Rogers Division of Adult Contiuning Education University of Sheffield 196-198 West Street Sheffield S1 4CT UK. Telephone 01 14 2825391; Fax 01 14 2768653 First Mediterranean Basin Conference on Analytical Chemistry November 5- 10 Cbrdoba Spain For further details contact Prof.Alfred0 Sanz-Medel Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry. University of Oviedo C/ Julian Claveria no 8. 3006 Oviedo (Spain). Telephone 34/85/ 103474- 103485; Fax 34/85/103480. Short Course Environmental Auditing in Manufacturing and Process Industries November 7 Shefield UK Details can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 34N. For further information contact Ms Baldham or Ms Rogers Division of Adult Continuing Education University of Sheffield 196-198 West Street Sheffield S1 4CT UK. Telephone 01 14 2825391; Fax 01 14 2768653 Biological Applications of Inorganic Mass Spectrometry November 8-9 Norwich UK Details can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 20N. For further information contact Dr.Fred Mellon Institute of Food Research Norwich Laboratory Norwich Research Park Colney Norwich NR4 7UA UK. Telephone +44(0)1603 255 299 (direct line) +44 (0) 1603 255 000 (switchboard/paging); Fax +44 (0)1603 452578 $44 (0)1603 fred.mellon@BBSRC. AC.UK. 507723; E-MAIL Short Course Safe Storage of Hazardous Substances November 23 Shefield UK Details can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 34N. For further information contact Ms Baldham or Ms Rogers Division of Adult Continuing Education University of Sheffield 196-198 West Street Sheffield S1 4CT UK. Telephone 01 14 2825391; Fax 01 14 2768653 Short Course Disposal of Hazardous Waste December 5 Shefield UK Details can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 34N. For further information contact Ms Baldham or Ms Rogers Division of Adult Continuing Education University of Sheffield 196-198 West Street Sheffield S1 4CT UK.Telephone 01 14 2825391; Fax 01 14 2768653 International Symposium on Environmental Biomonitoring and Specimen Banking December 17-22 Honolulu Hawaii USA Details can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 59N. For further information contact K. S. Subramanian Environmental Health Directorate Health Canada Tunney’s Pasture Ottawa Ontario K1A OL2 Canada (phone 613-957- 1874; fax 613-941-4545) or G. V. Iyengar Center for Analytical Chemistry Room 235 B 125 National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA (Telephone 301-975-6284; Fax 301-921-9847) or M. Morita Division of Chemistry and Physics National Institute for Environmental Studies Japan Environmental Agency Yatabe-Machi Tsukuba Ibaraki 305 Japan (Telephone 81-298-51-6111 ext.260; Fax 81-298-56-4678). 1996 1996 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry January 8-13 Fort Lauderdale Florida USA Details can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994,9 53N. For further information contact Dr. R. Barnes ICP Information Newsletter Department of Chemistry Lederle GRC Towers University of Massachusetts Box 34510 Amherst MA 01003-4510 USA. Telephone (413) 545 2294; Telefax (413) 545 4490. International Schools and Conferences on X-Ray Analytical Methods January 18-25 Sydney Australia Details can be found in J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994,9,47N. For further information contact AXAA ’96 Secretariat GPO Box 128 Sydney NSW 2001 Australia. Telephone 61 2 262 2277; Fax 61 2 262 2323; Telex AA 17651 1 TRHOST. Analytica Conference 96 April 23-26 Munich Germany Details can be found in J . Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994,2,69N. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10 41 NFor further information contact Messe Eighth Biennial National Atomic For further information contact Dr. S. Munchen GmbH Messegelande Spectroscopy Symposium J. Haswell School of Chemistry University of Hull Hull HU6 7RX UK. Telephone + 44 (0)482-465469; Telephone +49 89 51 07-0; Telex 5 212 086 ameg d; Fax $49 89 51 07-177. Fax + 44 (0)482-466410. D-80325 Munchen Germany. July 17-19 University of East Anglia Norwich U K 42 N Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA99510039Nb

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

FUTURE ISSUES WILL INCLUDE- Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Molybdenum in Water Human Hair and High Purity Reagent with Flow Injection On-line Coprecipitation Preconcentration-Hengu Chen Shukun Xu Zhaolun Fang Direct Detection of Antimony in Environmental and Biological Samples at pg ml-' Concentrations by Laser- Induced Fluorescence in a Graphite Furnace with an Intensified Charge- Coupled Device-Jonas Enger Alexander Marunkov Nikolai Chekalin Ove Axner On-line Ion-exchange for the Removal of Sulfur Anions Interference on the Determination of Manganese in Geothermal Fluids by Flow Injection- Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-J. L. Burguera M. Burguera C. Rivas P. Carrero M. Gallignani M. R. Brunetto Role of Oxygen in the Determination of Oxide Forming Elements by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Part 2 The Effect of Oxygen on the Reactions of Thallium Bismuth and Lead in Normal Furnaces Pyrolytic Coated Furnaces and on Platforms- German Muller-Vogt Lothar Mahn H.Muller Wolfgang Wendl D. Jacquiers-Roux Effect of Acids Modifiers and Chloride on the Atomization of Aluminium in Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-Shida Tang Patrick J. Parsons W. Slavin Determination of Germanium in Human Serum by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry using Matrix Modification Technique-Dong-Qun Xu Han-Wen Sun Gang-Ping Guo Trace Elements Determination in Fuel Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry after Acid Mineralization of the Sample in Microwave Oven-M.Bettinelli S. Spezia U. Baroni G. Bizzarri Preliminary Study of the Role of Discharge Conditions on the In-Depth Analysis of Conducting Thin Films by Radio Frequency Flow Discharge Atomic Emission Spectrometry-Nerea Bordel-Garcia Rosario Pereiro-Garcia Matilde Fernandez-Garcia Alfredo Sanz-Medel Tina R. Harville R. Kenneth Marcus Mechanisms Controlling Direct Solid Sampling of Silicon from Gold Samples by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry- Garrett N. Brown David L. Styris Michael W. Hinds Determination of Chromium in Biological Tissues by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry- Joseph W. Lam J. W. McLaren Bradley A. J. Methven Optimization of Flow Injection Hydride Generation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Selenium in Water and Serum Samples-Perez Conde M.A. Quijano A. Gutierrez C. Camara Quantitative Analysis of Copper Alloys by Laser Produced Plasma Spectroscopy-M. Sabsabi P. Cielo Flow-through Microwave Digestion System for the Determination of Aluminium in Shellfish by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-Marco A. Z. Arruda Mercedes Gallego Miguel Valcarcel On-line Analysis of Elemental Pollutants in Gaseous Effluents by ICP- OES Thermodynamic Aspects- C. Trassy R. Diemiaszonek Coupling Techniques for Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry using an Array Spectrometer for Laser Solid Sampling and Speciation- Joachim Nolte Jorg Schoppenthau Lothar Dunemann Thomas Schumann L. Moenke-Blankenburg On-Line Microwave Reduction with High-performance Liquid Chromatography-H ydride Generation Atomic Fluorescence for Selenium Speciation-Les Pitts Andrew Fisher Paul Worsfold Steve J. Hill COPIES OF CITED ARTICLES The Royal Society of Chemistry Library can usually supply copies of cited articles. For further details contact The Library Royal Society of Chemistry Burlington House Piccadilly London W1V OBN UK. Tel +44 (0) 71-437 8565; fax +44 (0) 71-287 9798; Telecom Gold 84; BUR2 10; Electronic Mailbox (Internet) LIBRARY@RSC.ORG. If the material is not available from the Society's Library the staff will be pleased to advise on its availability from other sources. Please note that copies are not available from the RSC at Thornas Graham House Cambridge. 42 N Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA995100042N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY UPDATE- ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROMETRY BARRY L. SHARP* Chemistry Department Loughborough University of Technology Loughborough Leicestershire UK LE 11 3 TU SIMON CHENERY Analytical Geochemistry Group British Geological Survey Keyworth Nottingham UK NE12 5GG RAYMOND JOWITT British Steel plc Teesside Technology Centre P.O. Box 1 I Grangetown Middlesbrough Cleveland UK TS6 6UB ANDREW FISHER Department of Environmental Sciences University of Plymouth Drake Circus Plymouth Devon UK PL4 8AA SIMON T. SPARKES Somerset Scientifzc Services County Hall Taunton Somerset UK TA1 4DY SUMMARY OF CONTENTS 1. 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.3.1. 1.3.2. 1.3.3. 1.4. 2. 2.1. 2.2. 2.2.1. 2.2.2. 2.2.3. 2.2.4. 2.2.5. 2.2.6. 2.3. 2.3.1. 2.3.2. 2.3.3. 3. 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.3.1. 3.3.2. 3.3.3. 3.3.4. 3.4.3.4.1. 3.4.2. 3.4.3. 4. Arcs Sparks Low-pressure Discharges and Lasers Arcs Sparks Low-pressure Discharges Glow discharge lamps Hollow cathode discharges 0 ther sources Lasers Inductively Coupled Plasmas Fundamental Studies Sample Introduction Nebulizers Flow injection Chromatography Electrothermal vaporization Solid sampling procedures Chemical vapour generation Instrumental Developments ICP sources Spectrometers Chemometrics and instrument control Microwave-induced Plasmas Fundamental Studies Instrumentation Sample Introduction Direct nebulization Electrothermal vaporization Chemical vapour generation Direct analysis of solids Chromatography Instrumentation Gas chromatography-microwave-induced plasma applications Other chromatographic techniques Direct Current Plasmas This review describes developments in all aspects of atomic emission spectrometry including fundamental processes and instrumentation reported in the Atomic Spectrometry Updates References in JAAS Volume 9 (94/1-94/C3502) and Volume 10 (95/1-95/182).The full references names and addresses of * Review Co-ordinator to whom correspondence should be addressed. Atomic Spectrometry Update authors can be readily found from the Atomic Spectrometry Update References in the relevant issues of JAAS. However as an additional service to readers an abbreviated form of each reference quoted (except those to Conference Proceedings) is given at the end of the review. During this review period work on both the fundamental aspects and applications of dc arcs continued to be reported demonstrating that this source still has an important place in analytical spectrochemistry.In contrast there has been a continual decline in reports on spark techniques. Dc rf and boosted glow discharges are an active area of research and this source is now being used in conjunction with modern array spectrometers. Laser ablation and laser-induced emission spectrometry continue to attract attention but in the case of laser ablation most of the work is being carried out with MS detection. Although the convenience of YAG lasers has made them the preferred source the benefits of working in the low UV wavelength range have persuaded workers to adopt the excimer laser in spite of it requiring complex gas handling arrangements. spectrometers for ICP-AES has been widely reported and chemometric techniques for spectral analysis continue to grow in popularity.There has been further work on the effect of organic solvents and on the use of individual droplets to study desolvation vaporization and ionization processes in the ICP. It has been noted that there has been a large drop in reports of work on sample introduction however the activity level is probably much the same as before but with the emphasis now on MS detection. There has been a considerable increase in reports related to the use of the MIP but this is almost entirely due to applications involving its use as a detector for GC. The direct introduction of liquid samples into the MIP continues to be reported but the inevitable dominance of the ICP for this purpose is not yet threatened. There have been a few reports on applications of the DCP but it appears that the use of this source is probably in terminal decline.Once again this year the use of array detector 1. ARCS SPARKS LOW-PRESSURE DISCHARGES AND LASERS 1.1. Arcs Fundamental aspects of arc plasmas continue to be studied. Vacquie et al. (94/1009) compared line profiles of Ar along a diameter emitted by a wall-stabilized arc 6mm in diameter Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10 139 Rwith those of a 50mm diameter rf plasma torch. Results showed that the Ar plasma was not in total LTE in the peripheral zones of the discharge. Han et al. (94/1780) investi- gated the characteristics of a 25 kW wall-stabilized Ar plasma and concluded it was basically at LTE when the pressure was > 0.05 MPa and the current was > 50A.Optical diagnostics (95/15) have been described for a high electron density plasma expanding from a wall-stabilized cascaded arc into a low background pressure. Eid et al. (95/157) examined the spectra of REEs and selected groups of lines appropriate for the determination of ionic excitation temperatures in an Ar wall- stabilized plasma arc and ICP. A data base of arc spectra for 70 elements has been reported by Tselishchev (95/179). Florian et al. (94/994) have continued their work with thermochemical additives in dc arc excitation. In this case COF,-B~(NO~)~ was shown to be most effective for the determination of Al B Cu Fe Mo Ti and V in silicon carbide powders. Russian workers (94/1013) used CaCl and RbCl to increase line intensities for the analysis of graphite powder using a double jet argon plasmatron.After examining AgC1 NH,Cl KI K2S207 Ga203 and C6H806 as spectrochemical buffers with graphite powder Zhang and Zhang (94/2160) found a 1 0.02 K,S,07-Ga203 mixture to be optimal for the determination of As Bi Cu Pb Sb and Sn in iron-nickel base alloys. Calibration curves were from 5 to 300 ppm. Sakolowska (94/1034) used 5% NaC1-NaF in graphite powder blended at a ratio of 1 2 by mass with ignited niobium pentoxide for the determination of the trace elements Al B Ca Cr Cu Fe Ta Ti W and Zr at levels ranging from 1 to 3000 ppm. Unspecified active additions (94/1255) were used in the analysis of tellurium. Pecherii et al.(94/1652) calculated average volatility con- stants for some elements in their uaporization from various collectors to optimize the conditions for AE analysis. Their method for the determination of Mn Pb and Sn in high purity cadmium mercury and tellurium was based on chromato- graphic separation of the matrix from the elements to be determined. Pre-concentration by volatilization was used by Rezchikov et al. (94/1149) for the analysis of high-purity arsine and by Erykalina et al. (94/1148) for the analysis of high purity selenium. Detection limits (DLs) in the range 10-8-10-6% were quoted in both papers and in the case of selenium (94/1148) the trace elements were Co Cr Cu Fe Mn Mo Ni and V. Pre-concentration onto activated carbon after dissolu- tion in HN03 was used in the determination of Cd Cu and Pb in zinc metal by Elci (95/28) the concentrate being mixed with graphite in a 3:2 ratio and packed into the cavity of a graphite rod.Drinking water and industrial waste water were analysed (94/1833) by evaporation on spectrally pure carbon and direct evaporation and excitation by dc arc. Detection limits in pg 1-’ were Cu and Mn 0.005; Pb and Sn 0.01; Bi Cr Mo Ni Ti Ge U and Y 0.02; Cd 0.04; and Nb and Zn 0.1. Detection limits between 0.6 and 10ppm were obtained for Al Ca Cr Cu Mg Mn Mo Pb Sb Si and Sn in tungsten chips (94/1238) without separation or preconcentration. 1.2. Sparks The decline in spark source literature continues with only four references in this review year. Bye and Scheeline (94/2047) continued their long running work on fundamental aspects of the high voltage spark discharge.Ion-to-atom emission intensity ratios were used in a linearized form of the Saha-Boltzmann equation for the determination of both electron temperature and distribution. A low cost evaporation device (94/1121) for the introduction of solutions into a spark plasma was reported to produce similar sensitivity to ICP-AES. Miron and Mateescu (94/2094) determined Bi Sb and Zn in electrotech- nical copper using electrical parameters for an arc-like dis- charge upon which a high frequency spark discharge was superimposed for improved ionization. The classical use of spark source for steel product analysis has been automated by Ackermann et al. (94/2139). 1.3. Low-pressure Discharges 1.3.1. Glow discharge lamps Four reviews of GD science have been carried out by Marcus et al.Fundamental plasma processes (94/2056) included 97 references and an overview of GD (94/1138) gave 21 references. New developments (94/1501) were illustrated with 30 refer- ences and operation principles and design considerations for rf powered GD devices (94/2176) cited 49 references. Marcus and co-workers also produced a further seven contributions (94/C1879 94/C1880 94/C2013 94/2216 94/2997 94/3270 94/3348) on various aspects of the rf GD source. Operating characteristics figures of merit and future prospects of rf powered GDs were described (94/3270) in relation to emission and mass spectrometry. The effect of discharge conditions on sputtering and spatial distribution of atoms in an rf GD used for AA were studied (94/2216) using oxygen-free copper.Line selection for copper and aluminium alloys (94/2997) based on the optimization of S/B was carried out prior to the evaluation of the figures of merit of accuracy precision and DL. The source was further characterized in the analysis of insulating solids (94/3348) and three presentations were made at Pittcon ’94 dealing with rf GD for atomic and molecular spectroscopy (94/C2013) fast sequential analysis in combination with an array-based spectrometer (94/C1880) and the analysis of glass ( 94/C 1 879). Mason et al. (94/2647) have studied fundamental aspects of a GD ion suurce by observation of ions created from auto- ionization of neutral and metastable Ar in the accelerating region of a mass spectrometer. The effects of nitrogen and oxygen impurities in argon on analyte line intensities in GD-AES have been shown to be significant above a critical threshold of 0.1% m/m by Fisher et al.(94/1632 94/2941). Tong et al. (94/C3376) added Ta and Ti powder as ‘getter’ reagents to samples compacted with copper and studied the potential reactive interfering species such as OH H NH and NO in an argon GD plasma. The problems of interference from support gas contaminants has been tackled by Ohorodnik and Harrison (94/1284 94/3264) with the addition of a cryo- genically cooled coil. Fundamental plasma processes were investigated by using optical temperature measurements from Fe+ excitation N+ rotational emission spectra and physical temperature measurements using a thermocouple probe.Emission intensities for Ar and F for an rf GD plasma using various mixtures of Ar and CF as the support gas have been observed by Lee et al. (94/1129). A new GD-AE source has been developed by Cserfalvi and Mezei (94/2936) and termed ‘electrolyte-cathode discharge spectrometry’. The GD was cre- ated in a 2-6mm air gap between a tungsten rod anode and the electrolyte solution cathode. Cathode sputtering and sub- sequent excitation occurred when the pH of the solution was <2.5. Electron temperature was found to be around 5000 K and the emitted spectrum contained basic atomic lines of the dissolved metals from K 769.9 nm to Zn 213.8 nm; ion lines of Mg and Ca; and strong OH NH and N bands. Reviews incorporating surface analysis by GD-AES have been carried out by Nickel et al.(94/1041) giving 67 references and Koch (94/1370) with 18 references. The difficult problem of controlling the depth resolution achieved by GD-AES prompted a detailed investigation of crater formation by Quentmeier (94/2938). Low argon pressure and constant operating voltage were found to be essential if layers of sub-pm thickness had to be analysed. Emission yields of 13 lines of 11 elements have been determined for aluminium copper iron and nickel matrices by Weiss (94/975) to improve the quantiJ- cation of GD depth profile data. Payling et al. (94/2939) have 140R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10also contributed to improved quantification with a breakdown of the background signal which was shown to comprise of at least four components.The same group (94/2940) also reported on the analysis of pigmented polymer coatings on steel using rf GD-AES. General aspects of steel sheet surface analysis were outlined by Angeli et al. (94/2263) and Kashu (94/2083) Ni plating layers on steel were measured by Miyawaki et al. (94/33 12) and plasma sprayed steels which were subsequently laser treated have been examined by Liu et al. (94/1210). Plasma and chemical vapour deposited C and Cr-Si layers on silicon and Tic on tungsten carbide have been characterized in terms of element depth profiles including C H N and 0 by Hoffmann (94/2264). Line profiles were narrow background intensity was low calibration graphs were rectilinear over several orders of magnitude and it was possible to determine all elements present at concentrations above 10-100 ppm.Bulk analysis applications ofGD have been reported by Weiss (94/2937) for high speed tool steel Florian et al. (94/2920) for silicon carbide powders and Zhaohiu et al. (94/C3393) for steel using a microwave-boosted GD. Pan and King (94/3009) determined trace elements in fly ash and graphite to illustrate the optimization of a pulsed rf GD. A gas sampling GD has been developed by Hieftje et al. (94/3007) and coupled with a continuous flow hydride generator (94/972) for the determi- nation of As. Detection limits with Ar He and Ne as the support gas were 20 54 and 30 ng ml-' respectively. Fundamental properties of microwave-boosted GDs have been illustrated by Leis and Steers (94/3366) and a more flexible form of the source employing a slab-line microwave cavity has been characterized by Outred et al.(94/2942). Zhaohui et al. (94/C3595) have reported on excitation tempera- tures and electron densities of GDs with and without micro- wave boosting. Fourier transform AE studies of a GD carried out by Winchester et al. (94/1179) have shown that emission was primarily characterized by photon noise although a drift noise component existed at extremely low frequencies. Glow discharge has been used as an atom source by Walden et al. (94/3271) in AF and by Kim et al. (95/108) in AA. 1.3.2. Hollow cathode discharges A comprehensive review with 124 references has been pro- duced by Maksimar et al. (94/1262) covering electrical and thermal characteristics and ionization mechanisms of the HC source. Applications of HCs in AES AFS and AAS were also discussed.Vaporization and excitation processes in HCs have been investigated by Borkowska-Burnecka and Zyrnicki (94/1136) in relation to solids analysis and Demeny and Radziuk (94/1109) studied the effects of discharge operating conditions and characteristics on the determination of Cd and Mn by HC furnace atomic non-thermal excitation spectrometry (FANES). The effects of EIEs were evaluated in both of the previous studies. Liquid sample analysis by HC-AES has been reported by Schroeder and Horlick (94/C1994) who developed a continu- ously operating discharge which tolerated the introduction of a nebulized solution. Microcavity HC devices have been devel- oped by Winefordner et al.(94/2984) and Williams et al. (94/3107). The former work achieved DLs for Cu and Pb of 10 pg and 210 fg respectively using sub-pl samples. The latter investigation concerned optimization of a pulsed HC which gave 10-100-fold improvements in DLs over the dc discharge alone. The use of a conical inner contour along with internal cooling of the HC has been reported (94/3085) as a novel device for the determination of trace elements in coal ash although the application was not proved. 1.3.3. Other sources Hieftje (94/1392) has reviewed atmospheric and reduced pressure plasmas as sources for atomic spectrochemical analysis and noted that even moderate power plasmas could accept samples at consumption rates approaching 1 g min-'. Furnace atomization techniques continue to be developed and characterized.Ludke et al. (94/3105) used a porous graphite tube to sample the particulate matter from air in such a way as to collect material on the inner surface of the tube which was then used as an electrothermal atomizer in a FANES source. Riby and Harnly (94/2177) have characterized an He discharge hollow anode FANES. Excitation tempera- tures decreased slightly as a function of increasing pressure and increased as a function of increasing current. Dramatic decreases in the discharge potential were observed for high concentrations (250 mg ml- ') of NaCl. Integrated analytical signals increased linearly with increasing pressure. Sturgeon et al. (94/2959 94/3021 94/3022) investigated various aspects of a FAPES source.Gas-phase redistribution of analyte species (94/2959) was shown to be dependent on rf power. At 30 W rf power there was a clear separation of peaks for the analyte from the tube walls and the radiationally-heated centre elec- trode. At higher rf power the centre electrode temperature was sufficient to prevent condensation of molecular species of Cd and Pb which eliminated the second peak for these elements. The effects of support gas (He) pressure variations over the range 200-2000 Torr (1 Torr = 133.322 Pa) (94/3021) were determined for the elements Ag Cd Co Cu Fe Mn and Pb and the effects of EIEs on the emission intensity from Pb and Co were studied over the pressure range 200-1500 Torr (94/3022). Flames have been examined as analytical sources. Ozdemir et al.(94/3122) obtained a 10-fold improvement in the DL for Li by FAES by the introduction of a platinum loop atomizer. Detonation spectra of hydrocarbon fuels have been recorded on film (94/1161) and included lines of Cr Fe and Mn atoms and a series of strong and complex bands in the range 550-660 nm in which orange bands for FeO molecules were present. A review (12 refs.) of emission spectroscopy as a means of in situ diagnostics ofplasma reactors (94/2872) with correlations being given between the densities of active species and the composition of nitrided layers in Ar-N,-H and Ar-N,-CH post-discharge reactors has been presented. The possibility of a peak intensity shift of VUV radiation to shorter wavelengths has been studied (94/2107) by observation of emission spectra (120-290 nm) from a high-current line plasma in which a blast wave (1.8 km s-') formed and propagated.Optical emission spectroscopy during rfmagnetron sputtering of yttrium-barium-copper oxide (94/1784) showed significant increases in Ba and Cu line intensities with a change from an Ar-0 atmosphere to pure Ar. A high density oxygen super- magnetron plasma has been characterized (94/1818) in terms of cathode plate spacing and rf phase difference. Uniform plasma could be generated with a cathode spacing of 20-30 mm gas pressure of 2-10 m Torr magnetic field of 130 G and phase difference of 0-120". Two detectors for GC efluents have been reported. Madabushi and Steams (94/C1985) developed a pulsed dis- charge emission detector with no window between the He purged spectrometer and the source.Measurements were made as low as 60nm allowing the detection of Ar F and Ne. Shofran and Boss (94/C1986) investigated a pulsed dc corona plasma for its ability to destroy volatile organic compounds in air at atmospheric pressure spectra being observed over the wavelength region 280-420 nm. 1.4. Lasers Applications of lasers to atomic spectroscopy have been reviewed by Lee and Shim (94/2060) with 48 references and Lick1 (94/2068) with 8 references. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10 141 RTwo types of excimer laser induced plasmas have been examined spectroscopically. Lee and Sneddon (94/1135) focused an ArF excimer to a spot size of 0.65 mm’ resulting in a power density of 1.2 x lo9 W cm-2 for the determination of Co in low alloy steel.Background level for the Cr 520.8 nm line was minimized by selecting the optimum observation position. Vacuum UV emissions of KrF excimer laser gener- ated plasmas have been characterized by Chrisey et al. (94/2070). Spectra in the wavelength range 120-350 nm for targets of Al Y203 BaO Cu and YB~,CU,O~-~ were used to measure the spatial distribution and fluence dependence of the plasma emission. Visible and UV spectra from KrF excimer laser etching of diamond-like carbon films were studied by Seth et al. (94/1691); C2 Swan bands CN violet bands and a continuum emission in the 500-700nm range dominated. Calculated molecular vibrational temperatures for Cz and the CN radical were in the range 10000-20000 K. In situ OES of Ti TiN and TiSiz plasmas generated during thin film growth by Kr-F excimer laser evaporation has been carried out by Pramanick and Narayan (94/1847).A pulse width of 45 ns repetition rate of 5 Hz and fluence of 4-14 J cm-’ were used. Temporal characteristics of a N z laser plasma formed in air at atmospheric pressure from a Cu target have been studied by Mermet et al. (94/1647). Self absorption was prominent as the plasma first formed and a time delay was necessary to obtain the best analytical performance. Spectral information has been used in a study of COz laser welding of stainless steel and pure iron (94/1840). The effects of ambient pressure and shielding gas on penetration depth and plasma behaviour were measured. Decreased ambient pressure reduced the quantity of laser-induced plasma which disappeared at pressures of 100 10 and 0.1 Torr for He N and Ar respectively. The plasma temperature estimated by a line intensity ratio method was about 13 000 K irrespective of the support gas.The convenience of Nd YAG lasers for plasma generation continues to be exploited. A study of cyanogen emission from a plasma generated by a 200 mJ Nd YAG laser directed at graphite (94/113 1) showed that the emission of atomic lines appeared at 1-15 ps with the spectrum being dominated by CN violet bands up to 50 ps. McLeod et al. (94/2392) used a Nd YAG laser for rapid analysis of polymeric materials. Limits of detection of 0.016% Ca and 0.04% Sb were achieved with a 4.8% RSD for both elements. The effects of Nd YAG laser energy and atmosphere (Ar He and air) have been studied (94/3006) for aluminium and nickel-based alloys.Maximum spectral intensity was obtained using Ar at around 200 Torr with the highest energy of 95 mJ whereas the line-to- background ratio was maximized in He at around 40Torr at the lowest energy of 20 mJ. Majidi et al. (94/2046 94/3355) have examined time resolved emission characteristics and temperature profiles of Nd YAG laser induced plasmas in Ar He N and He-Ar. A 240 mJ 10 Hz 7 ns laser was focused in the centre of a stainless-steel chamber with a mounting for a solid target positioned just behind the focal point. The He excitation temperature profile reached a maximum of 6000-7000 K more rapidly without a metal target although the maximum temperature was the same.Optimization of laser ablation and excitation has been attempted by the use of a multimode laser beam (94/2084) the advantages of time resolved plasma emission measurements have been considered in general (95/148) and in relation to those from a NaCl crystal surface (94/2868). In situ analysis by laser induced plasma spectrometry has been applied to ash deposits (94/2140) and liquid and solid particles in gases (94/2869). 2. INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMAS 2.1. Fundamental Studies Two papers that will have an impact on the understanding of the fundamental limitations of ICP-AES were published by Winefordner et al. (94/2899) and Prudnikov et al. (94/2975). The first investigated the theoretical and practical limits in both main stream and exotic atomic spectrometric techniques.The authors consider the major figures of merit that constrain limits ofdetection to be efficiency of detection and efficiency of measurement. EfJiciency of detection is then generally defined as ‘the probability that a given atom appearing in the probed (measured) volume produces a signal that is detected above the background noise (if any) during the residence time of the atom within the observation region’. While eficiency of measurement is defined as ‘the probability that a given atom in the sample is detected above the background noise in the observation region and so is the counts per atom in the sample per residence time and is also dimensionless’. It is important to note that efficiency of measurement is related to analyte concentration in the test material.Noise sources are then split into those that are extrinsic such as dark current and source light scatter and those that are intrinsic and dependent on the statistical nature of the analyte detection process i.e. a varying number of atoms within the detection region during measure- ment. When these noise sources are combined with the defi- nitions of efficiency the limiting characteristic figures of merit of an analytical method are called the intrinsic detection efJiciency and the measurement eficiency. They represent the capability of analyte atoms to produce signal counts and allow for a comparison of signal production probabilities between analytical methods independent of noise levels. The authors concluded that despite ICP-AES having very high detection and measurement efficiencies ‘background’ noise limits both the absolute number of atoms detectable and the analyte concentration in the sample but that ICP-AES has the advan- tage that it is currently the only truly multi-element technique.Prudnikov et al. (94/2975) focused specifically on the theor- etical calculation of limit of detection and the standard deviation of an analytical determination by ICP-AES. The authors note that for a long time many workers have used the empirical approximation that standard deviation of response is linearly related to element concentration and have developed a theoreti- cal expression from first principles for the standard deviation of line intensities. Theoretical and experimental data were compared to determine the efficacy of the calculations.The theory is intended to increase understanding of the intercon- nection between standard deviation instrument sensitivity and detection limit. Farnsworth (94/2101) observed that the ICP is a stable and robust source for the generation of spectra from neutral species and singly charged ions but that it has been little used for measurement of fundamental spectroscopic constants because ICP properties such as electron densities are sensitive to the means by which foreign atoms are introduced. The author contended that with some departures from normal analytical procedures the ICP could be a useful source for the measure- ment of fundamental atomic constants. An equation defining the electron number density in an Ar ICP has been obtained in terms of the thermodynamic tempera- ture and the electronic chemical potential of the parent species in the ionized gas by Meeks (94/3347).The temperatures required in order to correlate the electron number density with experimental values were very close to those reported for ‘gas’ ‘rotational’ and pyrometrically measured temperatures. To the same ends Galley and Hieftje (94/3350) calculated Ar ioniz- ation temperatures and electron number densities from the absolute emissivities of the ArI 430.0 nm line and the neigh- bouring (428.6 nm) background continuum emission. They concluded that computerized tomography yielded a more 142 R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10accurate three-dimensional (3-D) assessment of plasma asym- metries than those obtained from Abel inversions.Various mechanisms have been proposed for the excitation of spectra in the ICP source and these were investigated by Yanping and Zhanxia (94/C3382) using a Monte Carlo tech- nique. Manganese was the analyte chosen for investigation and both atom and ion lines were considered. Simulation results showed that under conventional analytical ICP operating conditions absorbtion stimulated emission atom collisional ionization atom recombination auto-ionization auto-ionization recombination and di-electronic recombina- tion made little contribution to the excited level populations. The Penning ionization process was important if the number density of metastable Ar was greater than 10'' cmP3. Electron collisional radiative recombination and radiative decay pro- cesses were found to be mainly responsible for Mn excitation and ionization.Cave et al. (94/C3448) started with the assump- tion that in ICP-AES there is no predominant process but a combination of different mechanisms that are dependent on both ICP operating conditions and the type of emission line. Principal component analysis was used as a tool to investigate background corrected emission intensities of a series of lines with widely varying excitation potentials and wavelengths. The plasma conditions were varied and the resulting manipulated data used to identify a number of underlying components that could potentially be associated with fundamental plasma processes. Olesik and co-workers (94/1794 and 94/C1915) have con- tinued to take a different approach to fundamental investi- gations into plasma characteristics. When a reproducible train of well separated monodisperse droplets are introduced into the ICP desolvation vaporization and ionization processes can be separated in both time and space thus elucidating the individual contributions. This strategy was achieved using the monodisperse dried microparticulate injector (MDMI) of French et al.(Anal. Chem. 1994 66 685) which consists of an on-demand droplet generator followed by a laminar flow furnace (see also section 2.2.1). Zheng et al. (95/59) while investigating internal standard selection criteria for compensat- ing for variation in operating conditions observed that the partition functions of both analyte and internal standard should be closely matched.When both the analyte and the internal standard energy level distributions were similar accu- rate corrections could be made. Research on matrix effects has continued at the fundamental level by Wu and Hieftje (94/3359) who investigated the effect of a number of easily ionized elements EIEs on Na atomic fluorescence and absorption at 589.6 nm in an Ar ICP using a N,-pumped dye laser system. They concluded that quantum efficiency was not significantly affected by the EIE and radi- ationless excited state energy losses by free electrons are not the major reason for the EIE effect in ICP-AES. Fernandez et al. (94/2912) investigated the effect of matrix acid and acid concentration on plasma diagnostics for a variety of operating conditions.The authors observed that the excitation tempera- ture was not modified as a function of acid concentration and if operating conditions were such that there was a long residence time and efficient energy transfer then only a minor depressing effect occurred for ionic lines. This was attributed to aerosol formation and transport. However for short resi- dence times and inefficient energy transfer both electron density and ion/atom line intensity ratios were depressed and this was attributed to a change in plasma excitation conditions. Olesik (94/1794) also noted that interactions between test material aerosol and plasma were important for matrix effects. Roncevic and Siroki (94/2398) observed the effect of low concentrations of acetic acid on selected analytical lines both ion and atom.These effects were studied as a function of plasma power and carrier gas flow rate. The magnitude and mechanisms of interference were revealed by changes in solu- tion uptake rate differences in response between pure water and dilute acetic acid and changes in the ion/atom intensity ratio. The authors concluded that detection limits and repro- ducibility could be similar to those for pure aqueous solutions by correct choice of the operating conditions. In a more practical series of investigations Sun et al. (94/1227 94/1621 and 95/8) used vertical plasma profiles to look at the matrix effects of Na K Ca Mg A1 and Zn on 34 lines of 21 elements. Matrix effects were minimized by adjusting incident power carrier gas flow rate and viewing height.Results confirmed the well known phenomena that the cross- over from signal enhancement to suppression was at 10-15 mm above the load coil (ALC) for normal operating conditions. Budic and Hudnik (94/2217) considered matrices containing significant levels of alkaline salts or phosphoric acid that sometimes result from geochemical preparation methods. The authors found suppression in analyte emission intensity for Cu Fe Mg Mn Sr and Zn owing to both the addition of small amounts of potassium chloride and of phosphoric acid. Potassium chloride was found to produce a greater suppres- sion but both effects could be corrected by an increase in plasma power. The necessary increase in power was found to be correlated with the excitation energy of the emission line.Ilic (94/3032) specifically observed the matrix effect of barium on spectral line intensities. Preconcentration or matrix separation techniques often result in the need to introduce organic solvents into the ICP. Todorovic et al. (94/2203) considered the effect of the addition of various amounts of miscible organic solvent to an aqueous solution on the signal intensities of Ca Cd Cu and Fe in ICP- AES (and FAAS). A correlation between signal intensity and the main physical properties of the solvents was sought because the influence of solvent on signal intensity varied with the solvent nature and the element studied. Matsunaga (94/2142) has quantified this type of effect in proposing a new empirical parameter for the applicability of solvents to the determination of metals by ICP-AES.The parameter is a product of the boiling point of a solvent ("C) and the relative density. Solvents with a value greater than 70 are expected to be suitable except dioxane. The parameter's reliability was tested with three kinds of solvent often used for the extraction of metals. Liu et al. (94/2622) concluded that the signal enhancement effects of ethanol indicate that changes in the Boltzmann factor and activity coefficient are important. In contrast Yang et al. (94/2876) observed a decrease in REE spectral line intensities with increasing ethanol up to 20 vol% and they concluded that the influence of ethanol on line intensity was directly proportional to the excitation potential. Generic literature on ICP-AES has included Ohls (94/1860) reviewing (14 refs.) the development of ICP-AES and Mermet (94/1250) comparing FAAS ETV-AAS and ICP-AES.2.2. Sample Introduction There has been a large drop in the number of papers published concerning sample introduction techniques for ICP-AES. This could be because many authors are transferring existing methodologies to ICP-MS instrumentation. Several papers of interest have been published though. A paper by Rattray et al. (94/2192) described a method of preconcentration by depositing an aerosol of the sample on the end of a direct sample insertion probe. Using a deposition time of 2 min and a sample volume of 0.5 ml the detection limits for Cd Cu Pb and Zn were improved by three orders of magnitude (0.10 0.05 0.07 and 1.12 ppb respectively). The precision for a 10 ppb standard was 5%.In a conference presentation some ten years after he first published in this area Browner (94/C3419) has again concluded that the sample introduction stage is the Achilles heel of ICP-AES and ICP-MS. This paper did however summarize the advances that have been made in the area and described the latest developments of nebulizers and inter- faces; especially those coupling chromatographs to ICP spectrometers. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10 143R2.2.1. Nebulizers This is one of the areas where there has been a substantial decrease in the number of papers published during this review period. Of the papers that have been published the types that have received most attention are high solids nebulizers. This is because the use of slurries is still proving to be a popular method of sample introduction.Manickum and Verbeek (94/2914) determined Al Ba Mg and Mn in tea leaf slurries using aqueous standards as calibrants. A comparison of the results obtained from slurry introduction with conventional acid dissolution followed by solution nebulization indicated that there was no significant difference between them. Precision for the slurry technique was between 0.3 and 1.8% RSD. A conventional Babington GMK style nebulizer was used by Zaray et al. (94/3109) for the introduction of silicon nitride slurries. These authors described how the results for the slurry determination of the impurities Al Ca Fe Mg and Ti were 20-40% lower in comparison with conventional solution nebu- lization but that the use of Freon-12 as a halogenating agent improved the recovery although it still did not reach 100%.The authors suggested that the Freon assisted in the evapor- ation of the slurry particle but that nebulization efficiency still did not reach that of conventional nebulization. The subject of slurry transport efficiency has been tackled by O'Hanlon et al. (94/C3496). These authors used an Ebdon high solids nebulizer in conjunction with a conventional Scott double pass spray chamber. The well known fact that slurry nebulization gave identical recoveries to aqueous nebulization as long as the slurry was adequately dispersed and that the particle size did not exceed 2 pm was again confirmed. Farinas et al. (94/3242) have given a general overview of the stabilizing mechanisms (electrostatic steric and electrosteric) of several dispersants (Dolapix PC-33 Darvan-7 Darvan-C sodium hexametaphosphate glycerol plus Kodak photoflow Triton X-100 and Produkt PKV-5088) and the effects of pH and viscosity for slurries of A1,0,.These authors agreed that higher intensities and lower RSDs are obtainable for well dispersed stable slurries. A V-groove nebulizer has been used by Fischer and Rademeyer (94/2976) for the direct determination of metals in oils. Using a heated spray chamber the detection limits for Ag Al Cr Cu Fe Mg Ni and Ti were 0.077 0.328 0.051 0 .069 0.032,0.003 0.131 and 0.045 pg g-l respectively. Normal calibration and standard additions were used with oil based standards. Work using ultrasonic nebulizers (USNs) has also been published although all of it was applications based.Toxicologically significant elements in drinking water have been determined by Noelte (94/1247). The nebulizer in question produced finer droplets of sample than a pneumatic nebulizer and is therefore more efficient. As a result more sample reached the plasma and the sensitivity improved. Analysis of the NIST SRM 1643c Water yielded results in excellent agreement with the certified values for the analytes Ag Al B Ba Ca Cd Cr Cu Fe K Mg Mn Na Ni P Pb S and Zn. Uchida et al. (94/3133) used a USN for the determination of Cd Co Cu Ni and Pb in certified reference materials Pepperbush Chlorella Hair Mussel and Tea Leaves. In general the results obtained agreed well with the certified value although the high values obtained for Co in Hair and Chlorella were attributed to poor resolution of the Co 238.892 and the Fe 238.863 lines.A comparison of analyte transport efficiency between a USN and a cross flow nebulizer was also made. Brenner et al. (94/1078) evaluated several methods for the analysis of geological materials for the REEs. After cation- exchange chromatography the eluate was collected and ana- lysed by ICP-AES utilizing a USN. The analysis of reference materials yielded results in agreement with the reference value precision was in the range 0.1-15% and detection limits were from 0.06-9.4 pg 1-I. A USN has been used in conjunction with membrane desolvation devices by Botto and Zhu (94/3250) for the analysis of volatile solvents.A number of membrane desolvation devices were evaluated using solvents such as methanol tetrahydrofuran acetone and dichloro- methane. It was found that using such devices the ICP could be operated under normal conditions with sample introduction rates of 1-4 ml min-l. Detection limits were at the pg 1-' level. Direct injection nebulizers (DIN) have again been used by some authors but less so than in previous review periods. Shum et al. produced a paper describing the use of phase Doppler particle analysis to determine the velocity and size distributions of aerosol droplets (94/1297). The addition of ~ 2 0 % methanol led to the droplets in the central axis of the spray becoming finer and more uniform. Mean droplet velocit- ies ranged from 12 to 22 m s-l. The Sauter mean diameter of the droplets varied significantly with axial position in the plume with those with larger diameters being on the fringes of the plume.Various other types of nebulizer have been described. Olesik et al. (94/C1914) have reported the use of a monodisperse dried microparticulate injector (MDMI). This nebulizer delivers droplets of any size (60 pm down to desolvated particles) with 100% transport efficiency. Sample introduction rates can be varied from a single droplet to kHz frequencies. The authors concluded that improved detection limits were obtainable using this system and that smaller volumes of sample produced a similar response to conventional nebulizer/spray chamber assemblies using ml min-l uptake rates. Liu et al. (94/C1919) described the use of a demountable thimble glass frit nebulizer. Unlike most glass frit nebulizers this one did not have decreased efficiency after extended use.The detection limits and the short and long term stability of this nebulizer were compared with a conventional frit and a pneumatic nebulizer. The analytical accuracy of the system was tested by the analysis of the NIST SRM 1566 Oyster Tissue and SRM 1643c Water. Several papers have been published that compared different types of nebulizer. Kacsir and Meinhard (94/C1917) evaluated the performance characteristics of several different concentric nebulizers in terms of net intensities detection limits back- ground equivalent concentrations S/N and sensitivities. This paper also described the use of a high eficiency nebulizer (HEN) that operated at a pressure in excess of 150 psi and with flow rates of <lo0 plmin-l.Sayed and Browner (94/C1916) compared the performance of typical cross flow and concentric nebulizers with respect to the measured net analytical signal. General conclusions were drawn on the optimum application ranges for each type of nebulizer. Koropchak and Conver (94/3249) described the use of a thermospray operating with powers of up to 1 kW that could deliver solvent at a rate in excess of 10ml min-l. The system had a longer vaporizer to ensure that the liquid had a longer residence time in the heated zone. As a result the sensitivity of the analysis was improved by a factor of two. Conver and Koropchak (94/C19 18) have also compared thermojetspray fused silica aperture thermospray and pneumatic nebulization.Thermojetspray is a mixture of the other two techniques and offers the advantages of low LOD and increased transport efficiency. High levels of calcium were used to determine the effects of matrix interferences for all the configurations. Clifford et al. (94/973) compared the particle size measured by the differential electromobility technique in aerosols from thermo- spray ultrasonic pneumatic and frit type nebulizers. It was found that as the NaCl concentration increased the volume of particles per cubic centimetre of injection gas increased. It was also found that the USN and the thermospray nebulizers produced a higher number of particles than the other nebulizers. 144R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol.10Several theoretical papers have been produced and of these most involve the use of the Monte Carlo technique to simulate the nebulization process (94/2897,94/3108 and 94/2911). Zheng and Zhang (94/2897) discussed the basic theory of the process for a pneumatic nebulizer. The effect of the physical properties of the analyte solution the operating conditions and the dimensions of the nebulizer on the nebulization efficiency were calculated in 1 min using a supercomputer. In two papers Hu et al. used an improved Monte Carlo technique to simulate the nebulization process (94/3 108) and the vaporization pro- cess (94/2911). It was concluded that the carrier gas flow rate is the critical parameter governing the mass transport rate. Canals et al.(94/C1912) evaluated the matrix effects caused by different acids. It was found that HC1 HN03 and HClO had little or no effect on the physical properties of the solutions whereas H2S04 and H3P04 resulted in reduced sample uptake rate and increased drop size distributions. This was attributed to the increased viscosity of the solutions. Spray chambers are an essential part of the sample introduc- tion system but very little work has been published in this review period. A cyclone spray chamber has been described by Zhang et al. (94/C3386) that improved the detection limit of 40 elements by a factor of 2-3 when compared with a conventional Scott type. The recoveries and precision of the determination of 13 analytes in 99.995% pure platinum ranged between 95-1 15% and 0.2-lo% respectively.2.2.2. Flow injection This has been a relatively quiet area of research in this review period. The work that has been produced has concentrated mainly on matrix removal and preconcentration. Tyson et al. (94/C3442) discussed the merits of preconcentration and matrix removal by flow injection as a means of sample introduction to ICPs. In addition the paper also discussed the use of on-line dilution as a method of overcoming interferences. A field sampling technique that complexed A1 from natural waters using 8-hydroxyquinoline at pH 5.0 in c 3 s and then collected the Al-oxine complex by sorbent-extraction on mini-columns of Amberlite XAD-2 (94/C3443) has been described. The technique had the advantage of overcoming the problems associated with sample storage.A paper in Chinese by Fan and Fang (94/1775) described the preconcentration procedure for the determination of La in natural waters. A mini-column containing the resin CL-P507 was used to preconcentrate the La by factors of 25-30. The detection limit was reported to be 0.7 ng ml-' the precision was 1.7% RSD and recoveries for tap water polluted water and soil extracts were in the range 90-110%. A method of preconcentrating Cd Cu Fe Ni Pb and Zn from rain water using co-precipitation with cobalt-ammonium pyrrolidin-l- yldithioformate (Co-APDC) has been reported by Zhuang et al. (94/3024). Enrichment factors of between 10 and 50 were obtained. Recoveries from two standard additions were 92-104% precision was 1.9-5% and sample throughput was 20 h-'.Sesi et al. (94/1637) generated calibration graphs after automated dilution of a single stock solution. The diluent and the stock solution were supplied by HPLC pumps prior to transport to the nebulizer. Results were comparable to those produced conventionally. Unfortunately when standard additions analysis was performed on a reference material the calculated concentration was 11% too low. This was attributed to the low precision of the delivery of the standard solution into the sample solution. Two papers by Huanan et al. (94/C3380 and 94/C3398) have described methods of matrix removal. A cation exchange mini-column ( 5 x 50 mm) was used for the analysis of steel to separate matrix iron with lines at 249.78 and 249.65 nm from B which has lines at 249.77 and 249.68 nm and in the determi- nation of P in copper-based alloys to avoid interference on the P lines at 213.62 and 214.91 from the copper lines at 213.60 and 214.90 nm.2.2.3. Chromatography There has been a small increase in the number of papers produced in this area during the review period. A review in German (18 refs.) of enrichment and separation techniques using ion-exchange chromatography for both atomic emission and absorption has been produced by Bloedorn (94/2072). Liquid chromatography has been used by several authors. Chelation chromatography with D-238 resin has been used to determine Co Cr Cu Fe Ni Pb and V in lanthanum oxide (94/389). The LODs ranged from 0.2 to 2.8 pg g-' recoveries were 95-105% and the precision was typically 8%. Chelation chromatography has also been used to determine trace elements in rain water (94/2291).Rain was mixed with chelex-100 in the presence of ammonium acetate buffer. The mixture was left for 1 h before the resin was filtered out. After washing the ions were eluted from the resin by 1 moll-' HN03 and determined by ICP-AES. Recoveries were 92-10CIY0 and the LODs for Al Cd Cu Mn Pb and Zn were 5,0.1,0.3 0.6 10 and 2 pg ml-' respectively. Riviello et al. (94/C1902) have used a chelating resin to eliminate interferences during the analysis of seawater and brines using a sequential ICP- AES that normally requires a steady state signal. Ion-exchange chromatography using the anion-exchange resin Supelcosil LC-SAX and a mobile phase of 0.02 mol 1-' Na2HP0 adjusted to pH 3.75 with H3P04 and NaH2P04 has been used by Rubio et al.(94/2693) to separate and speciate As. The calibration was linear from 1 to 10 mg I-' for As"' arsenocholine arsenobetaine and dimethylarsin- ate and 1-30mg 1-' for monomethylarsinate and AsV. The corresponding LODs were 0.22 0.34 0.41 0.41 1.52 and 0.87mg1-'. Anion chromatography has also been used by Halmos and Borszeki (94/1110). These authors used Dowex AGlX4 to separate HP042- S032- SO2- and S2032-. Other authors have also obtained speciation data using ion- exchange chromatography. Gjerde et al. (94/3060) used micro- bore columns and a direct injection nebulizer to introduce the sample at a rate of 80-100 p1 min-'. The speciation of arsenic selenium and chromium was discussed. Capillary electrophoresis has been used by Olesik et al.(94/C1898) to separate small ion and ion-ligand complexes. Results for Cr and Fe were given. The effects of parameters such as the buffer composition voltage and nebulizer uptake rate were assessed. Software for size exclusion chromatography with ICP-AES has been developed and evaluated by Tomiak (94/1056) and Zn species in blood serum were determined. Pukhovskaya et al. (94/1182) have used a chromatographic technique to preconcentrate REEs from geological materials. The stationary phase was di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid in decane and aqueous HCl was the mobile phase. The entire procedure took 40 min when a flow rate of 2ml min-l was used. Analysis of CRMs yielded results in good agreement with certified values except for the heavy REEs such as Lu Tm and Yb.Pilon et al. (94/C1903) used a charge injection device (CID) as a simultaneous detector for chromatography systems. The authors pointed out that the simultaneous nature of the CID allows the real time observation of the transient signal at the emission line and its background and that this enabled the more accurate integration of the peaks. 2.2.4. Electrothermal vaporization Electrothermal vaporization as a sample introduction tech- nique for ICP-AES has been reviewed by Zeng ( 117 references Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10 145Rin Chinese) (94/2289). The review concentrated on matrix interferences analytical performance and the determination of refractory elements. In another Chinese review (76 references) (94/12 12) vaporizer design and the halogen-assisted vaporiz- ation of carbide-forming elements was discussed.In accordance with the last few years the use of matrix rnodijication still proves a popular area of research. By far the most common type of modifier used still appears to be fluorinating agents such as PTFE. Hu et al. have published a paper describing the use of PTFE to assist in the vaporization of refractory analytes such as Nb Ta U and Zr (95/167). The vaporization process was studied and mechanisms proposed. Calibration was linear over four orders of magnitude and detection limits were 50 90 120 and 16 pg for Nb Ta U and Zr respectively. In another paper by the same authors (94/3010) it was concluded that the matrix interferences in ETV-ICP-AES were less than those experienced in pneumatic nebulization.The analytes of interest were La Mo Ti V Y and Yb. Up to 4000-fold excesses of calcium magnesium potassium and sodium had no effect on the vaporization or transport of the analytes. In a further presentation (94/C3372) the determination of B Cr Mo V and REEs in biological reference materials was reported. It was found that the presence of PTFE as fluorinating agent improved the LOD by 1-2 orders of magnitude compared with conventional ETV-ICP- AES and that matrix effects decreased significantly. Okamoto et al. (94/2396) used sodium hydroxide-diammonium hydro- genphosphate as a chemical modifier for the determination of B using a tungsten boat furnace vaporizer. The LOD was 0.1 ng ml-' and the precision for ten replicate injections of a 5 ngml-' standard was 2.8%.As an application B was determined in some steel alloy samples. In a Japanese paper Fujimoto and Okano (94/2564) used a tungsten jlament atomizer for the determination of trace impurities in high-purity silicon and silica. Sulfuric acid was added to prevent loss of A1 and Ti during the decomposition which then had to be separated by ion chromatography prior to analysis to prevent erosion of the tungsten filament. The technique improved the sensitivity of the analysis yielding very low blank levels and LODs of 1-10 ppb. Several papers reported the development and evaluation of new pieces of equipment. Barth and Krivan (94/3023) used a tungsten coil as a vaporizer for the simultaneous determination of Al Ca Cr Cu Fe Mg Mn Ni and Ti in aqueous suspensions of silicon carbide powder.Limits of detection were at the pg g-' level and below. The accuracy of the analyses was compared with data from NAA ETAAS and ICP-AES using conventional nebulization of a decomposed sample. Ren and Salin (J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1993,8 59) modified an AA graphite furnace so that it could be used with an ICP. Cadmium Cu Mn Pb and Zn were determined in the presence of 1000ppm of sodium. The use of a sheath and cooling gas increased sample transport and decreased the effects of the sodium. Detection limits ranged from 1-6 ppb which was approximately 10 times better than for conventional nebulization. Verrept et al. (94/2578) also modified a commercial graphite furnace. Cadmium Cu and Pb were the test analytes of interest and were determined in a series of solid reference materials. Golloch et al.(94/1209) in a German paper described the use and evaluation of a vaporizer that could achieve temperatures of up to 2800 K and cope with up to 30 samples h-l. Detection limits were typically 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than for nebulization sample introduction. Precision was <lo% in all cases and between 3-5% under favourable conditions. A new ETV device employing boron nitride in its construction has been reported by Nickel and Zadgorska (94/1079). The device provided a gas tight closure between the atomizer and the torch that was only 12mm long. Losses of analyte during transport were 146 R Journal of Analvtical Atomic Suectrometrv. June 1995. described as minimal. As an application it was used for the analysis of ceramic powders.In a presentation (94/C3488) McNeill et al. reported the use of a modified commercial heated graphite vaporizer for the evaluation of an improved background correction system for AES. The computer controlled system which featured linear scanning of a 15.3 nm section of the spectrum at a frequency of 340 Hz enabled limited multi-element analysis. Aqueous LODs were reported to be equivalent to other ETV-ICP-AES sources and precision was typically 2% RSD. 2.2.5. Solid sampling procedures The number of papers published on laser ablation-ICP-AES has again fallen during this review period. Soil has been analysed using LA by Moenke-Blankenburg et al. (94/3274). These authors used a Q-switched Nd YAG laser coupled with an echelle spectrometer that had a multi-channel solid state detector. Analysis of the CRMs BCSS 1 GSS 1 and SO 4 yielded results in good agreement with the certified values for the analytes Cr Cu Fe Mn and Zn; although the results for Ni and Pb proved to be high.Precision was in the range 4.9-12.7% RSD. Zamzow et al. (94/3046) also analysed soil by LA. These authors compared the results obtained for the determination of U from a field based LA-ICP-AES with those obtained from conventional analysis using a solution nebulized via a USN in the laboratory. The U contents were found to range between <20 and 285 ppm. Of the 15 sites analysed by the two techniques 11 gave results that were in close agreement. Baldwin et al. (94/3182) separated a portion of the laser ablated aerosol and diverted it to a mass monitor to measure the variation in the amount of sample ablated and transported to the torch.During the LA process solution standards were nebulized simultaneously so that when the ablated aerosol arrived at the torch a novel variation of standard additions was established. The procedure was used to determine 16 elements in four glasses in triplicate. Stoffels et al. (94/1809) used LA and subsequent discharge formation to detect particu- lates. A Nd YAG laser induced the evaporation of the particu- lates into an Ar-CC12F2 plasma. The maximum emission intensity from the particulates was observed when longer laser pulses (z 200 ps) were used. Mochizuki et al. (94/2737) pro- duced a specialist torch with four gas inputs to allow the simultaneous introduction of nebulized solutions and laser ablated solids.This was intended for use when solid reference materials were unobtainable for calibration. Another major technique for solid sampling is that of spark ablation. This is because of its relative simplicity low cost high sample throughput and short analysis time. Coedo's group continue to publish in this area. In one paper (94/2190) a comparison was made of XRF with spark ablation ICP-AES for the determination of Cr in ferrochromium samples. Calibration was made with industrial alloys using different Fe ratios. The accuracy was evaluated by the analysis of several ferrochromium reference materials. The differences in the results obtained between the two techniques arose through random rather than any systematic errors.Electric arc furnace flue dusts were analysed (94/2913). After mixing with graphite (1 + 1) to obtain the necessary conductivity the samples were briquetted using cellulose binder. Operating parameters were voltage = 500 V repetition rate = 400 s-' and resistance = 2.2 0. The precisions for Cd Pb and Zn were in the range 0.8-2.0%. The results obtained from five flue dusts using this technique were comparable to those obtained by conventional nebuliz- ation ICP. A conference presentation (94/C3373) described the determination of trace metals in copper silver and gold by spark ablation ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Detection limits of <long g-' were obtained for ICP-MS. Hinds and Kogan (94/2953) analysed gold for Si by a number of different VOl. 10techniques i.e.solid sampling ETAAS a solution based ETAAS method an ICP-AES method and spark ablation ICP- AES. The first three techniques gave similar results (although solid sampling ETAAS was reported to be far more error prone) and the results from these analyses were used to characterize gold reference materials for the calibration of the spark ablation ICP-AES method. The LOD was 3 pg g-' or better. A novel electronic spark source for ICP-AES that simplified the hardware required has been reported by Webb et al. (94/2921). It consisted of a cell containing a tungsten electrode adjacent to the sample in a flowing gas atmosphere. Over a period of 12 min the RSD of the signal was <3?40 and the precision obtained during the analysis of CRMs was only marginally worse at 4%.The authors claimed it to be an 'extremely compact bencht op accessory'. Direct sample insertion (DSI) has also received attention in this review period. Liu and Horlick (94/3241) have extended the use of DSI from liquids and dried solution residues to solid samples of alumina aluminium metal oil and botanical samples. This was achieved by the utilization of a mixed gas plasma (Ar and 02). The calibration curves were reportedly linear over 3-4 orders of magnitude and the LOD was in the range of tens of picograms. Xie et al. (94/3093) determined trace elements in organic matters by introducing powdered samples into the ICP. The simultaneous determination of Cr Cu Fe Mn and Ni in biological reference materials yielded results in good agreement with the certified values.The pre- cision was between 6.03-13.2% (n=10) and recovery was In a novel application Nore et al. (94/1186) developed an apparatus that could monitor air quality with regard to metallic aerosol concentrations on-line and in real time. The pollutants were atomized excited and ionized in an ICP and were identified by their optical spectra. The problems associ- ated with calibration and the detection limit were discus- sed. Preliminary results for the determination of Be Cd Co and Pb were given. The LODs were 0.07 0.57 0.24 and 1.57 pg g-' respectively. 95- 1 15 YO. 2.2.6. Chemical vapour generation Hydride generation (HG) is still the most common form of vapour generation employed for sample introduction in ICP- AES but most of the papers are applications based.The determination of Se in biological materials by continuous HG-ICP-AES has been described (94/1776). A variety of sample dissolution procedures and HG reaction conditions were evaluated in an attempt to obtain optimum conditions. The methodology was validated by the analysis of CRMs. The LOD was reported to be 0.09 ng m1-l. Arsenic Bi Hg and Sb were determined in environmental waters marine organisms and sediments (94/1787). The LODs were reported to be 0.01 ppm for As Bi Sb and 0.001 ppm for Hg. Recknagel et al. (94/1645) described a method by which Se in blood serum could be determined by on-line wet digestion followed by HG-ICP-AES. Sample (0.3 ml) was injected into a water carrier and HzS04 HClO and HN03 (20 + 3 + 2) was added.The mixture was then passed through an ultrasonically agitated PTFE coil before entering a hydride generator where it was mixed with HCl and NaBH,. The SeH generated was then swept to the plasma for detection. The simultaneous use of the instrument's nebulizer and spray chamber also enabled the elements Cu Fe and Zn to be determined. Analysis of the CRM Seronorm 116 yielded results in good agreement with the certified values. The LOD for Se was 5 l g 1-l. Tao et al. (94/1180) investigated the effects of the torch position with respect to the load coil and of the diameter of the central tube of the torch on the hydride generated signal of Se in an ICP. By altering these parameters they obtained a stable plasma at 0.5 kW forward power that had a 5-fold improvement in S/N when compared with a plasma operating at 1.4 kW.Qiu et al. (94/C1913) reported the use of HG from basic solutions and compared it with the more traditional mode of HG. It was found that the alkaline mode yielded marginally superior LODs whilst lessening the chemical interferences exerted by Groups 8 9 10 and 11 metals. Lopez Garcia et al. (94/2346) have described the generation of vapours of As and Hg from slurried samples of coal fly ash and diatomaceous earth. A study was made of the amount of analyte extracted into the supernatant as a consequence of the slurry preparation. Calibration was against aqueous standards and the method was validated by the use of an alternative method using conventional sample dissolution followed by nebulization into the ICP and by analysis of a CRM.Cold vapour generation is still one of the most common methods used for determining mercury. Aizpun Fernandez et al. (94/2200) have used this technique with a membrane drier tube to improve the transport efficiency of mercury to the ICP-AES. The apparatus was used to determine the effect of different organized media on Hg generation. The micelles studied included cationic hexadecyltrimethylammonium bro- mide and didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) anionic sodium dodecylsulfate and non-ionic Triton X- 100. The best LODs (0.2 ppb) were obtained with DDAB vesicles compared with 0.6 ppb obtained from conventional aqueous HG. Mercury was determined after amalgamation on a gold plated tungsten loop (94/C2018). The loop was then inserted into the base of a modified ICP torch and heated electrically thereby liberating the Hg for detection.The apparatus was designed as part of an air monitor. Of the other types of vapour generation there is continuing interest in the use of alkylating agents such as sodium tetra- ethylborate. This compound has been used to volatilize Cd into an ICP (94/2915). The proposed method gave a detection limit of 0.4 ng ml-' which was approximately 10 times better than that obtained using aqueous nebulization. Precision was &1.4% at the 50ngml-' level. As an application Cd was determined in seawater and tea infusions. The method was compared against ETAAS. Low concentrations of I have been determined by Nakahara and Mori (94/2902) by generating I vapour after oxidation of aqueous iodide solutions.The I was determined by using an ICP spectrometer that was capable of measuring lines in the VUV region of the spectrum (173.28 183.04 and 206.16 nm). The most efficient oxidizing solution was found to be sodium nitrite in sulfuric acid. The I vapour was separated from the solution by a simple gas-liquid separator. Limits of detection were subngml-' and the calibrations were linear over four orders of magnitude. Another novel form of sample introduction has been the gas-phase generation of H,S from S-containing S solution into ICP-AES by Toda and Kubota (94/2091). The tech- nique reportedly yielded an LOD of 0.4ngml-' without interferences. 2.3. Instrumental Developments There is currently a technological and commercial battle being fought in the conference literature.The commercial instrument manufacturers (and research laboratories evaluating these instruments) are split between interest in axially viewed plasmas echelle spectrometers and array detectors which seem to provide a potent combination and those which are investiga- ting the latest in more conventional technology. Meanwhile academic researchers are concentrating on novel hardware modifications plasma support gases and mathematical manipulation. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 VoL 10 147R2.3.1. ICP sources Novel modifications to ICP sources of interest reported in this period included that of Rattray et al. (94/2192) who described rapid sample preconcentration by aerosol deposition onto a graphite direct insertion probe.This was primarily intended for ICP-MS to overcome solvent matrix problems although dem- onstration of the concept has been with ICP-AES. In practice the aerosol from a conventional Meinhard nebulizer was played onto the direct insertion probe that was being heated in an unlit ICP torch for up to 2 min consuming 0.5 ml of test solution prior to ignition of the plasma and analysis. Detection limits for Cd Cu Pb and Zn were nearly three orders of magnitude lower than for conventional nebulization. RSDs were <5% at the 10 ppb level. Yip et al. (94/2105) used ICP- AES to monitor high temperature and pressure fossil fuel process streams. A novel demountable torch with ceramic components was built to improve reliability.Optical signals were processed by a battery of monochromators and the data analysed with a neural network rather than conventional data reduction techniques. Mochizuki et al. (94/2737) also produced a specialist torch with four gas inputs to allow the simultaneous introduction of nebulized solutions and laser ablated solids. This was intended for use when solid reference materials were unobtainable for calibration. Xiong (94/1048) added an additional mugneticJield to an ICP source to improve detection limits and the rectilinear range of calibration. Lim et al. (94/3028) placed a Cu sampling cone along the central axis of an ICP the sampling orifice (0.5mm diameter) then led into a vacuum chamber. The position of the load coil and operating parameters were chosen to produce an intense secondary discharge in the low pressure gas and AES was performed on or just upstream of the discharge.Line intensities were found to be increased 3-13-fold compared with a conventional ICP- AES however the suppression from a Na rich matrix was found to be greater. Since matrix effects were always in the same direction enhancement or suppression the authors believe they could be compensated for by internal standardiz- ation. This was a rare example of ICP-MS technology crossing back to its parent ICP-AES. Mixed support gases for ICPs continued to be of interest both theoretically and practically. Wagatsuma and Hirokawa (94/2548) added a small amount of N ( ~ 0 . 6 1 min-') to the coolant gas of a plasma and noted a change in the width of H and Ar lines implying an increase in the electron number density.Furthermore a decrease in the intensities of the NO band heads suggested an increase in the plasma temperature contributing to the decomposition of NO radicals. Du et al. (94/1218) used an Ar-air mixture in the ICP coolant gas which enabled S/B from IBMK to equal those from an aqueous solution. Atom lines showed optimal S/B with 50% air while ion lines were optimal with 10% air. Detection limits with IBMK were 2-16-fold better for the 12 lines investigated when 50% air was used rather than 100% Ar. It has been noted for some time that He gas ICPs typically have lower temperatures and electron number densities than Ar ICPs. Mi-Cai et al. (94/C1982) have investigated the fundamental characteristics of 9 13 and 18 mm torches with a He plasma gas. A two dimensional (2-D) CCD was used with a spectrograph to give a 2-D image of the plasmas and the image was used to optimize the operating conditions. The analytical and fundamental characteristics of these sources was then compared with other plasmas.Jacksier and Barnes (94/2048) continue to develop their niche of sealed gas plasmas. Atomic emission spectra of Kr Ne and Xe from 200-900 nm were determined. The system had the extremely low flow rate of <20 ml min-l and permit- ted the detection of impurities of H O N and Ar in the plasma gas. More conventionally Kanicky et al. (94/1731) considered the optimization of a 50 MHz ICP with a medium resolution atomic emission spectrometer for the determination of REEs in complicated matrices and made observations on the impor- tance of maintaining a constant spray chamber temperature to minimize drift (94/2390).This was achieved using shielding and forced air circulation rather than a chilled spray chamber. Ye (94/1063) investigated the influence and optimization of observation height and coolant flow rate. 2.3.2. Spectrometers Horlick (94/C2012) has reviewed the history of the evolution of direct reading polychromator design from the early designs of the 1940s to the dominance in the 1980s of the Pashen- Runge configuration using concave gratings and PMTs to the current interest in kchelle gratings and array detectors. Mermet (94/C2009) succinctly defined the advantages of an tchelle grating spectrometer coupled with a segmented 2-D array detector as ( i ) large spectral coverage; ( i i ) excellent short and long term stability; ( i i i ) real-time internal standardization; (iv) true simultaneous background correction for detection limit improvement and measurement of transient signals; (v) multi- variant data reduction for minimizing spectral interferences; and (vi) use of the multi-wavelength capability for improving the concentration calibration procedure and facilitating line selection.Many reports on axially viewed sources Cchelle spec- trometers and array detectors have been produced (94/ 1613,94/1651,94/C1975,94/C1976,94/C1977,94/C2008). One (94/C3459) particularly pointing out that this combination is especially useful for HPLC-ICP-AES because of simultaneous background correction.However work continues on tra- ditional systems (94/C1974 and 94/C2011) and even an Cchelle spectrometer with a slit mask for 195 channels and conven- tional PMTs for detection (94/C2010). Travis et al. (94/1008) found a significant improvement in the S/N of dual channel UV-visible FTspectrometry by additive noise cancellation techniques. A two-sided interferogram was recorded about the zero path difference. The phasing process rotates the true signal into the real part of the spectrum and ideally leaves the noise in the imaginary part. Noise reduc- tion of up to a factor of 10 was found using an ICP source with conventional pneumatic aspiration which increased the dynamic range and reduced the matrix dependence of detection limits.Noble (94/3283) has provided an in-depth review of ICP- AES instruments currently available. 2.3.3. Chemometrics and instrumental control Interest in chemometrics to improve analytical performance continues to rise as computing power increases and costs decrease. Ying et al. (95/7) have produced a general review (65 references) covering the application and development of expert systems for the correction of spectral interferences in ICP-AES. Future developments were also discussed. Van Veen (94/1139) has described the mechanism by which the Kalman filter separates analyte and background signals. The author sug- gested that the Kalman filter approach can handle both non- linear and heavily structured backgrounds solving the prob- lems of spectral interferences.Huang et al. (94/3316) defined the theoretical basis of adaptive Kalmanfiltering. This technique was evaluated and influencing factors studied. Results for adaptive Kalman filtering were found to be superior to normal Kalman filtering (94/2998). Yang et al. (95/61) again (see Appl. Spectrosc. 1992 46 1816) considered the effect of wavelength positioning reproducibility on the accuracy of Kalman filtering techniques. It was found that a 1 pm positioning accuracy was sufficient for background correction but to correct for line- overlap interference an accuracy of 0.1 pm was required. The 148 R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10effects of line shape and S/B were also discussed. The same group also experimentally evaluated numerical derivative tech- niques (94/1211) with interference-equivalent concentrations as the criterion for compensation of spectral interferences.Typical types of spectral interferences were covered and the technique was shown to work well even for line overlaps up to 80%. Janssens and Francois (94/1609) proposed a new set of digital filters with applications to the analysis of ICP-atomic emission spectra. These filters were based on the consecutive application of two zero-area square wave or Gaussian filters and were tested on simulated spectra with Gaussian statistical noise introduced. The technique showed a number of advantages particularly an improvement over established techniques for unravelling strongly overlapping lines. Danzer and Wagner (94/2573) have produced a calibration method using intensities from several lines of the same element and based on a modified principal components analysis.Equations were developed to calculate improvements in sensi- tivity and detection limit. Subsequently computer simulations were carried out with three variables the number of lines noise and sensitivity. The method was tested and results showed that for three lines (Ni 300.2; 301.2; 303.8 nm and Pb 220; 283; 405 nm) the sensitivity was doubled and the detection limit halved. The authors claimed that this improvement was close to the predicted value of the square root of the number of lines i.e. 3. As might be expected the greatest improvements made were with lines of similar sensitivity. Ivaldi and Barnard (94/977 and 94/C3473) have also applied multivariate data reduction techniques this time to spectra from an kchelle spectrometer and segmented CCD detector. This hardware/ software combination allowed discrimination against corre- lated noise in the background thus potentially allowing improvements in detection limits not possible with sequential scanning or most direct-reading spectrometers. Similarly Ke et a!.(94/C3374) described a new ICP-AES instrument with axial viewing and a noise reduction technique involving moni- toring the same wavelength in two different spectral orders simultaneously. This reduced 'flicker' noise on clean spectral lines and reduced other effects due to high backgrounds thus improving detection limits for some elements 10-30-fold. Karanassios et al. (94/C1978) observed that ICP spectrometers with array detectors are capable of generating large amounts of data in a very short time.The authors proposed Fourier transform-based cross-correlation as a rapid and automated method of spectral interpretation. This approach involved cross-correlation of a multi-element unknown spectra either with a single element raw-spectrum or with a corresponding noise free software binary mask. Nakamura et al. (94/3020) observed an ICP source in both axial and radial configurations using a high dispersion echelle spectrometer incorporating wavelength modulation with a quartz refractor plate. This allowed second-derivative detection of the modulating signal by a lock-in amplifier. Performance characteristics were reported for 24 elements and in general an improvement in analytical performance was found for axial viewing.Zhang et al. (94/2052 and 94/C3445) developed a matrix projection-based mathemat- ical procedure that allowed the estimate of the non-analyte background spectra and hence allowed the presence of spectral interferences to be assessed. This could be achieved by either measuring the relative intensities at the central wavelength of several analyte lines or by measuring the line profile at a single line. The proposed method was investigated for both strategies. Responses were measured in three solutions a standard a sample and a sample spiked with standard. Subtraction of the predicted spectrum from the total spectra gave a net spectra which could be used for quantitative analysis. No prior knowl- edge of interferences was needed although one line free of interference for each analyte was necessary for accurate correc- tion. The procedure was tested by comparing predicted and known spectral interference of transition metals and REEs in complex mixtures.Reference materials were analysed to illus- trate the accuracy of the method. Other work into mathemat- ical processing of atomic emission spectra has included 94/1217 94/1752 94/1774 and 94/3332. 3. MICROWAVE-INDUCED PLASMAS A review (42 references) of atmospheric pressure CCPs dis- cussing the characteristics of these devices and their potential for application to analytical spectroscopy has been published by Blades (94/3353). Hubert et al. (95/16) have reviewed the application of microwave discharges to elemental analysis (65 references) concentrating on surface wave plasmas and dis- cussing the use of these devices as detectors for GC and ion sources for MS.Other general reviews include those by Zhang et a!. (94/1773) in Chinese (39 references) and by Park (94/179 1 ) in Korean (62 references). 3.1. Fundamental Studies Charge transfer mechanisms in the MIP have been reviewed by Brand1 and Carnahan (94/3356 94/C198 l) whilst Schram et al. (95/14) have discussed the experimental spectroscopy and diagnostic studies of microwave discharges. Goode and Emily (94/3352) have described the measurement of the spatial distributions of excitation temperature rotational temperature and electron number density in a He MIP. These distributions were then related to the analytical properties of the plasma.The dissociation of hydrocarbons in an Ar MZP has been investigated by Dziewatkoski and Boss (94/3357) propane was introduced into the TM, cavity and C and C emission monitored both laterally and axially. Gas flow turbulence and energy gradients in the plasma were reported to prevent C and C2 species reaching equilibrium concentrations. Other reports include the spectroscopy of an Ar MIP between 200 and 600nm monitoring I P and S emission (95/9) and the evaluation of a tandem ICP-MIP system (94/C1983). 3.2. Instrumentation The equipment for a tandem MIP-MIP system has been described by Ng and Chen (94/3074) who used a 95 W 550mlmin-' Ar plasma to desolvate and vaporize samples for a 100 W Ar MIP. McCleary et al. have evaluated a demountable torch designed for nebulized aqueous samples and for SFC (94/1269). The performance characteristics were in general similar to a conventional one piece torch with the demountable torch giving greater long term stability of the plasma but slightly degraded sensitivity.Alvardo and Carnahan (94/3136) have described the application of an MZP instrument with a He-purged spectrometer for the determination of As Br C1 F I P Pb S Sb and Se. Samples were introduced with an ultrasonic nebulizer and the performance character- istics of the system and matrix effects from EIEs were discussed. The group at Jilin University in China have reported the evaluation of MIP systems for the determination of Hg (94/1826 94/2977). These papers described the use of an ultrasonic nebulizer-desoluation system and compared a surface wave induced plasma with a modified plasma torch.The construction of this plasma torch was described in a separate paper (94/2283). This group have also published work detailing a low flow Ar MIP torch (94/3243). Kirschener et al. have published an interesting application using an Ar MIP for the on-line determination of Fe in hydrochloric acid gas used in semiconductor manufacturing (94/3260). Hydrochloric acid was introduced directly into the Ar flow to the plasma allowing continuous monitoring of process streams with calibration achieved using a certified sample of pentacarbonyliron in argon. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10 149R3.3. Sample Introduction 3.3.1. Direct nebulization Pneumatic nebulizer sample introduction continues to be of research interest.Matusiewicz has described the application of a grid nebulizer and 700 W MIP to the determination of Cu Fe and Zn in urine (94/2179). Various nebulization studies have been performed by Jin et al. including the use of ultrasonic nebulizers (94/3304) and pneumatic nebulizers (94/3055,94/C3413) and FI (94/C3391,94/C3392). Flow injec- tion has also been investigated by Wu et al. (94/3290) who described a novel low volume spray chamber for pneumatic nebulization. The 4 cm long vertical rotary spray chamber was used with a glass concentric nebulizer to introduce a continu- ous flow at 2 ml min-'. Using 200 pl injections LODs for ten cations were 5-50 pg 1-' and precision was typically 2.5%.3.3.2. Electrothermal vaporization The use of ETV for sample introduction to the MIP continues to be reported. Beinrohr et al. (94/2180) have outlined the determination of Pb following the electrolytic deposition of the analyte onto graphite tubes packed with reticulated vitreous carbon achieving an LOD of 0.2 ngml-'. Alvarado and Carnahan (94/2996) have published a novel approach to the determination of S. Sulfur-containing compounds were con- verted to H,S by pyrolysis with H at 1050°C. The H2S was trapped in liquid nitrogen and then vaporized into a stream of He to a 1.6 kW MIP. The LOD for S using the 180.73 nm line was 0.4 ppb. 3.3.3. Chemical vapour generation Heuber et al. (94/987) have reported a sensitive method for the determination of As.The As was reduced to arsine using NaBH the arsine produced was concentrated in a liquid nitrogen trap and subsequently flushed into an MIP. The procedure was cited to give an LOD of 60pg absolute or 1.2 pg ml-' for a 50 ml sample. Pereiro et al. (94/3354) have characterized a continuous flow hydride generator for the determination of As Sb and Sn using a 200 W He MIP. These workers reported that the plasma could be operated satisfac- torily with up to 30% Hz in the carrier gas with analyte emission intensities falling above this level. Nakahara and Wasa (94/1707) have developed methods for the determination of Br and I using an atmospheric pressure He MIP. The analytes were converted to the volatile forms using a continu- ous flow system and NaNO oxidant for I and K2SZOs oxidant for Br.Using this system LODs of 2.3 ng ml-' for I and 7.5 ng ml-1 for Br were obtained. 3.3.4. Direct analysis of solids Given the generally poor tolerance of MIPS to high total sample loadings and their poor performance as an atomizer it is intriguing to note the continued interest in this field. Of the approaches to direct solids analysis using MIP atomic emission sources perhaps the most practical given the pre- vaporization and small sample loading is the use of laser ablation. Hiddeman et al. (94/2999) have described an Ar MIP and ichelle spectrometer system. Optical fibres for specific emission lines were used to connect the output from the spectrometer to the detector and a multi-channel analyser. Samples were ablated using 5 ns pulses from a Nd YAG laser and time resolved measurements made for Al Be Cr Mg and Mn in a range of materials.The use of slurry sample introduction has been reported by Matusiewicz and Sturgeon (94/1010) where a V-groove nebul- izer was used to introduce suspensions of tissue and sediment reference materials to an MIP. Direct calibration with aqueous standards gave recoveries of 40-70% the use of correction by standard additions gave acceptable recoveries in agreement with certified values for Cd Cu Fe and Zn. The analysis of copper wire by direct insertion into an MIP has also been reported (94/C1980). 3.4. Chromatography Uden (94/2545) has included GC-MIP systems in a review (33 references) of element specific detection for chromatogra- phy as did Weber (94/2871) who reviewed the topic briefly in German (5 references). Element specific detectors for GC have been reviewed by Lobinski (95/41) who also discussed separa- tion systems sample preparation and practical approaches to this topic (67 references).3.4.1. Instrumentation Descriptions concerning the evaluation of GC-MIP instru- ments have been published by several groups. Andersson and Schmid (94/2265) have reported their experiences for the determination of Br Cl 0 and S in compounds. Gelencser et al. (94/3061) have evaluated a GC-MIP system for the determi- nation of Br C C1 and S components of organic compounds and compared analytical performance with ECD FID and FPD detectors for these applications. A similar evaluation has been performed by Cooke et al. (95/104) with particular emphasis on the determination of PCBs and S-containing species arising from the pyrolysis of coal.Valente and Ude have investigated solvent memory eflects for capillary GC-MIP systems (94/1234). The effect observed was attributed to saturation of the PMT and to the build up of carbon deposits in the torch. The authors concluded that the interference effect could restrict the selection of emission lines and limit the potential for identification of hetero-atom species. A solvent venting technique that may reduce some of these effects has been described by Birch (94/2998). During venting the flow of gas through the discharge tube was reversed the solvent peak vented to atmosphere and then switched back to normal flow for analysis. The author reported that plasma stability was unaffected by the venting although background signal did change then return to normal when venting was completed.Despite the potential interferences described above Schaefer (95/105) has described the capability of GC-MIP for the absolute determination of individual components of mixtures. 3.4.2. Gas chromatography-microwave induced plasma applications The analysis of 0-containing compounds has been studied in some detail by Goode and Thomas (94/2393 94/3259 94/C1966 94/C1979). A lateral viewing position was found to provide greater selectivity for 0 as was the addition of 0.03% H to the He plasma gas. The analysis of a range of samples gave agreement to within 10% of the expected values. Other applications reported included the determination of fluoro- ethers (94/3257) C F H I and S (95/109) S and Se in food flavours by headspace gas analysis (94/C1930) organochlorine fungicide Imazalill in foodstuffs (94/1673) and chemical warfare agents (94/1646 94/C1963). The GC-MIP systems continue to be of interest to workers studying trace metal speciation Lobinski et al.(95/1) have reviewed GC-atomic spectrometry detectors for the determi- nation of organolead compounds (59 references) and also reported the determination of these species in Greenland snow (94/1604). Organolead and organotin compounds have been studied by Liu et al. (94/1964) who used SFE for sample preparation. Dowling and Uden have determined organotin compounds in seawater (94/18 12). Using on-line hydride gener- ation an LOD of 0.5pg was achieved.Stab et al. (94/3017) have compared GC-MS and GC-MIP for the determination of 150R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10tributyltin triphenyltin tricyclohexyltin fenbutatin oxide and their degradation products in environmental samples. Other applications reported for organometallic compounds included a study of organoarsenic compounds in natural gas (94/C1954) and organomercury compounds in marine reference materials ( 94/C 1 96 5). 3.4.3. Other chromatographic techniques Wang and Carnahan (94/2995) have reported the use of methanol-carbon dioxide mobile phases for SFC-MIP using a He plasma. Spectra observed from the pure He plasma were compared with those from the CO and C0,-methanol addition plasmas. The addition of C 0 2 to the plasma reduced the OH and N2+ molecular emissions but increased the CN C2 NH and N emissions.Methanol addition reduced the emission from all of these species apart from OH but the plasma was tolerant of the mixed mobile phase and separations of high molecular weight chlorinated organic compounds were demonstrated. A moving band interface has been used to link HPLC to an MIP (94/1606) with a temperature gradient between the HPLC and MIP being used to remove the solvent and subsequently to volatilize the analyte into the plasma. Liu and Lopez-Avila (95/106) have described the direct coupling of CZE to an MIP by placing an interfacing capillary into the discharge tube of the plasma. The analyte was transported to the plasma by the electrostatic flow generated in the separation capillary.4. DIRECT CURRENT PLASMAS Neimczyk and Chu (94/1267) have studied the eflect of water on excitation temperatures and electron densities in the three electrode DCP. Comparisons were made between conventional pneumatic nebulization of solutions and vapour sample intro- duction. The excitation temperature and electron density increased with increasing water content reaching a plateau at a level of water addition of 0.7 ml min-'. Normal rates of solution sample introduction are above this and the authors concluded that minor variations in the flow rate will not cause significant changes to the excitation characteristics of the plasma for routine analysis. Other reports involving DCPs included the determination of marker elements in bovine rumen duodenal contents and faeces (94/1086) and the study of REEs in phosphates collected from the Egyptian Western Desert (95/4).LOCATION OF REFERENCES The full list of references cited in this Update have been published as follows 94/1265-94/1830 J. Anal. At. Spectrum. 1994 9(5) 149R-169R. 94/1831-94/2175 J . Anal. At. Spectrum. 1994 9(6) 189R-200R. 94/2176-94/2412 J. Anal. At. Spectrum. 1994,9(7) 203R-212R. 9412413-94/2867 J. Anal. At. Spectrum. 1994 9( 8) 249R-265R. 94/2868-94/2994 J. Anal. At. Spectrum. 1994 9( lo) 307R-3 12R. 94/2995-94/3279 J. Anal. At. Spectrum. 1994 9( 11 ) 307R-3 18R. 94/3280-94/C3502 J. Anal. At. Spectrum. 1994,9( 12) 357R-364R. 95/1-95/182 J. Anal. At. Spectrum. 1995 10( l) 1R-8R. 951183-95/469 J. Anal. At. Spectrum. 1995 10(2) 49R-59R.Abbreviated forms of the literature references quoted (excluding those to Conference Proceedings) are given on the following pages for the convenience of the readers. The full references names and addresses of the authors and details of the Conference presentations can be found in the appropriate issues of JAAS cited above. Abbreviated List of References Cited in Update 94/108 GITFachz. Lab. 1993 37 91. 94/389 Fenxi Shiyanshi 1992 11 55. 94/972 Spectrochim. Acta Part B 1993 48 1207. 941973 Spectrochim. Acta Part B 1993 48 1207. 94/975 Spectrochim. Acta Part B 1993 48 1247. 94/977 Spectrochim. Acta Part B 1993 48 1265. 94/987 Anal. Chim. Acta 1993 278 279. 94/994 Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 1993 345 445. 94/1008 Spectrochim. Acta Part B 1993 48 691.94/1009 Spectrochim. Acta Part B 1993 48 71 1. 94/1010 Spectrochim. Acta Part B 1993 48 723. 94/1013 Zh. Anal. Khim. 1992 47 1833. 94/1034 Chem. Anal. (Warsaw) 1993 38 259. 94/1041 Chem. Listy 1992 86 577. 94/1048 Fenxi Shiyanshi 1993 12 36.94/1056 GITFachz. Lab. 1992,36,812.94/1063 Guangpuxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi 1992,12 51.94/1078 ICP I n . Newsl. 1993 18 473. 94/1079 ICP h f . Newsl. 1993 19 71. 94/1086 J . Dairy Sci. 1992 75 2176. 94/1109 Microchem. J. 1992 46 291. 9411110 Microchem. J. 1992 46 313. 94/1121 Ger. OfSen. DE 4,113,404 (Cl. GOlN21/69) 29 Oct 1992 Appl. 22 Apr 1991; 7 p p . 94/1129 Sue Mulli 1993 33 50. 94/1131 Spectrochim. Acta Part A 1993 49 509. 94/1135 Spectrosc. Lett. 1992 25 881. 94/1136 Spectrosc. Lett. 1993 26 137. 94/1138 Spectroscopy (Eugene Oreg.) 1992 7 12.94/1139 Spectroscopy (Eugene Oreg.) 1992,7,39.94/1148 Vysokochist. Veshchestva 1992 4 137. 94/1149 Vysokochist. Veshchestva 1992 4 151. 94/1150 Vysokochist. Veshchestva 1992 4 162. 94/1179 Spectrochim. Acta Part B 1993 48 1325. 9411180 Spectrochim. Acta Part B 1993,48 1339. 94/1182 Spectrochim. Acta Part B 1993 48 1365. 94/1186 Spectrochim. Acta Part B 1993 48 1411. 94/1209 GIT Fachz. Lab. 1993 37 91. 94/1210 Guangpuxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi 1992 12 35. 94/1211 Guangpuxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi 1992 12 55. 94/1212 Guangpuxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi 1992 12 75. 94/1217 Guangpuxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi 1993 13 91. 94/1218 Guangpuxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi 1993 13 95. 9411227 Guangpuxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi 1993 13 43. 94/1234 Guangpuxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi 1993,13,95.94/1238 Guangpu Shiyanshi 1993 10 29.94/1247 LaborPraxis 1993 17 46. 94/1250 Spectra 2000 [Deux Millel 1992 168 5. 94/1255 Vysokochist. Veshchestva 1993 2 87. 9411262 Zavod. Lab. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vul. 10 151 R1993 59 20. 9411267 Appl. Spectrosc. 1993 47 807. 94/1269 Appl. Spectrosc. 1993 47 994. 9411284 Anal. Chem. 1993 65 2542. 94/1297 Appl. Spectrosc. 1993 47 575. 94/1370 CLB Chem. Labor Biotech. 1993,44 284. 94/1392 Ind. Appl. Plasma Phys. Proc. Course Workshop 1992,293.94/1501 Trends Anal. Chem. 1993 12 86. 9411604 Anal. Chem. 1993 65 2510. 9411606 Anal. Chem. 1993 65 2596. 9411609 Anal. Chem. 1993 65 3098. 94/1611 Anal. Chim. Acta 1993 279 241. 9411613 Anal. Chim. Acta 1993 279 261. 94/1621 Fenxi Huaxue 1993,21 566. 9411632 Fresenius’ J.Anal. Chem. 1993 346 346. 9411637 Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem. 1993 346 545. 94/1645 Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem. 1993 346 833. 9411646 Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem. 1993,345 688. 9411647 Spectrochim. Acta Part B 1993 488 851. 94/1651 Talanta 1993 40 1107. 9411652 Zh. Anal. Khim. 1992 47 1840. 94/1673 Anzen Kogaku 1993 32 72. 9411691 Appl. Phys. Lett. 1993 63 126. 94/1707 Biomed. Res. Trace Elem. 1992,3,213.94/1731 Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1993 58 1013. 9411752 Fenxi Ceshi Tongbao 1992 11(5) 13. 94/1773 Guangpuxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi 1992,12( 5) 41.94/1774 Guangpuxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi 1992 12(5) 47. 94/1775 Guangpuxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi 1992 12(5) 63.94/1776 Guangpuxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi 1992,12(5) 67. 9411780 Guangxue Xuebao 1993 13 208. 9411784 High- Temp. Supercond.Proc. ICMC ’90 Top.-Con$ Muter. Aspects High Temp. Supercond. 1990 1 495. 94/1787 Huanjing Kexue 1993 14 82. 9411791 Hwahak Sekye 1993 33 514. 9411794 Ind. Appl. Plasma Phys. Proc. Course Workshop 1992 281. 94/1809 J. Appl. Phys. 1993 74 2959. 9411812 J. Chromatogr. 1993,644 153. 94/1818 J. Nucl. Muter. 1993,200,296.94/1826 Jilin Dame Ziran Kexue Xuebao 1992,3 113. 9411833 Khim. Tekhnol. Vody 1993 15 255. 94/1840 Laser Treat. Muter. [Pap. Eur. Con$] 1992 667. 9411847 Muter. Res. SOC. Symp. Proc. 1992 250 125. 9411860 Nachr. Chem. Tech. Lab. 1993 41 572. 94/C1964 Pittsburgh Conference (Pittcon ’94) Chicago Illinois USA February 27-March 4 1994. 94/2046 Appl. Spectrosc. 1993,47 1134.94/2047 Appl. Spectrosc. 1993 47 2022. 9412048 Appl. Spectrosc. 1994 48 65. 9412052 Spectrochim.Acta Part B 1993 48 1517. 9412056 Glow Discharge Spectrosc. 1993 17. 94/2060 Hwahak Sekye 1993 33 658. 9412068 Lebensm.- Biotechnol 1993 10 125. 9412070 Muter. Res. SOC. Symp. Proc. 1993 285 33. 9412072 Nachr. Chem. Tech. Lab. 1993 41 1252. 9412083 Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 05 93,691 [93 93,6911 (Cl. GOlN21/67) 16 Apr 1993 Appl. 911282,065 02 Oct 1991; 4 pp. 9412084 Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho J P 05 60,691 [93 60,6911 (Cl. GOIN21/63) 12 Mar 1993 Appl. 91/252,912 04 Sep 1991; 7 pp. 94/2094 Rom.RO 100,594 (Cl. GOlN21/67) 04 Sep 1991 Appl. 129,978 06 Oct 1987; 3 pp. 94/2101 Phys. Scr. T 1993 T47 1992 36. 94/2105 Prepr. Pap.-Am. Chem. SOC. Div. Fuel Chem. 1993 38 1164. 94/2107 Proc. SPIE-Int. SOC. Opt. Eng. 1993 1810 212. 9412139 Stahl Eisen 1993 113 93. 9412140 Symp.(Int.) Combust. [Proc.] 1992 24th 1579. 94/2142 Tohoku Kogyo Gijutsu Shikensho Hokoku 1993 26 25. 94/2160 Yejin Fenxi 1993 13 58. 94/2171 Zhongguo Tiaoweipin 1992 10 28. 94/2176 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1993 8 935. 94/2177 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1993 8 945. 9412179 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1993,8,61.94/2180 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1993,8,965.94/2190 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1993 8 103. 94/2192 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1993 8 1033. 94/2200 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1993 8 1097. 94/2203 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1993 8 1113. 94/2216 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 45. 94/2217 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 53. 94/2263 Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem. 1993 346 138. 94/2264 Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem. 1993 346 165. 94/2265 Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem. 1993 346 403. 94/2283 Fenxi Yiqi 1993 2 22. 9412289 Henliang Fenxi 1993 9 9.94/2291 Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 1993 50 9. 94/2346 At. Spectrosc. 1993 14 144. 94/2390 Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1993 58 2905. 94/2392 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 167. 94/2393 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 73. 94/2396 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 89. 94/2398 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994,9 99. 9412545 Anal. Proc. (London) 1993,30 405. 94/2548 Anal. Sci. 1993 9 509. 94/2564 Bunseki Kagaku 1993 42 T135. 9412573 Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem. 1993 346 520.9412578 Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem. 1993,346,1035.94/2622 Fenxi Shiyanshi 1993 12(4) 1. 9412647 Int. J. Mass. Spectrom. Ion Processes 1993,128 99. 94/2693 J. Liq. Chromatogr. 1993 16 3531. 94/2737 Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 05,180,772 [93,180,772] (Cl. GOlN21/73) 23 Jul 1993 Appl.91/346,521 27 Dec 1991; 6pp. 9412868 Phys. Status Solidi B 1993 179 223. 9412869 Prib. Tekh. Eksp. 1993 (2) 244. 94/2871 Spurenanal. Hum.- Umweltbereich Beitr. Symp. Ges. Toxikol Forensische Chem. 1991 (Pub. 1992) 87. 94/2872 Lab. Phys. Gaz Plasmas Univ. Paris-Sud 91405 Orsay France 94/2876 Zhongguo Xitu Xuebao 1992 10( l) 31. 94/2897 Guangpuxue yu Guangpufenxi 1994 14(2) 103. 9412899 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 131. 9412902 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 159. 9412911 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 213. 9412912 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 217. 9412913 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 223. 9412914 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 227. 94/2915 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 231. 9412920 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 257. 9412921 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 263.9412936 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 345. 9412937 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 351. 9412938 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 355. 9412939 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 363. 9412940 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 369. 94/2941 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 375. 9412942 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 381. 94/2953 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 451. 9412959 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 493. 94/2975 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 619. 9412976 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 623. 9412977 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994,9 629. 9412984 Appl. Spectrosc. 1994,48 261. 9412995 Anal. Chem. 1993 65 3290. 9412996 Anal. Chem. 1993 65 3295. 9412997 Anal. Chem. 1993 65 3636. 9412998 Anal. Chim. Acta 1993 282 451. 94/2999 Anal. Chim. Acta 1993,283,152.94/3006 Appl. Spectrosc. 1993,47 1659.94/3007 Appl.Spectrosc. 1993,47 1555. 94/3009 Appl. Spectrosc. 1993 47 2096. 9413010 Fenxi Huaxue 1993 21 1139. 94/3017 Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem. 1993,346(6-7) 247. 9413020 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 751. 9413021 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 759. 94/3022 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 765. 9413023 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 773. 9413024 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 779. 9413028 Spectrochim. Acta Part B 1993,48( 13) 1617.94/3032 Talanta 1993,40(8) 1295.94/3046 Environ. Sci. Technol. 1994 28(2) 352. 9413055 Huaxue Xuebao 1993 51( 1 l) 11 12. 94/3060 J. Chromatogr. 1993 640( 1-2) 73. 9413061 J. Chromatogr. 1993 654(2) 269. 9413074 Microchem. J. 1993 48(3) 383. 9413085 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1993 64(9) 2696. 94/3093 Xiamen Daxue Xuebao Ziran Kexueban 1992 31(5) 569. 94/3105 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 685. 94/3107 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 697. 9413108 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 701. 9413109 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 707. 94/3122 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994,9 797.9413133 Anal. Chim. Acta 1993,283(2) 881.9413136 Appl. Spectrosc. 1993,47( 12) 2036.94/3182 Anal. Chem. 1994 66 1911. 94/3237 Tongweisu 1993 6(4) 208. 9413241 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 833. 94/3243 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 851. 9413257 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 951. 9413259 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 965. 9413260 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 971. 94/3264 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 991. 94/3270 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 1029. 94/3271 J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1994 9 1039. 94/3283 Anal. Chem. 15 Jan 1994 66(2) 105A. 94/3290 Anal. Chim. Acta 18 Feb 1994,286(2) 155. 94/3304 Appl. Spectrosc. Nov 1993 47(11) 1871. 94/3312 Bunseki Kagaku Feb. 1994 43(2) 125. 94/3316 Fenxi Huaxue Oct 1993 21( lo) 1175. 94/3332 Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem. Dec 1993 347( 12) 495. 9413347 Spectrochim. Acta Part B 18 Oct 1993 48( 12) 1537. 94/3348 Spectrochim. Acta Part B 20 Dec 1993,48( 14) 1673. 94/3350 Spectrochim. Acta Part B 20 Dec 1993,48( 14) E1725. 9413352 Spectrochim. Acta Part B Jan 1994,49( l) 31 9413353 Spectrochim. Acta Part B Jan 1994 49(1) 47. 94/3354 Spectrochim. Acta Part B Jan 1994 49(1) 59. 9413355 Spectrochim. Acta Part B Jan 1994 49(1) 89. 94/3356 Spectrochim. Acta Part B Jan 1994 49(1) 105. 9413357 152R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10Spectrochim. Acta Part B 25 Feb 1994 49(2) 117. 94/3359 Spectrochim. Acta Part B 25 Feb 1994 49(2) 149. 94/3366 Spectrochim. Acta Part B Mar 1994 49(3) 289. 95/1 Anal. Chim. Acta 1994 286 381. 95/4 Spectrosc. Lett. 1994 27 163. 95/7 Guangpuxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi 1993 13(4) 51. 95/8 Guangpuxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi 1993 13(4) 59. 95/9 Guangpuxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi 1993 13(4) 65. 95/14 NATO ASI Ser. Ser. B l993,302(Microwave Discharges) 247. 95/15 NATO AS1 Ser. Ser. B 1993 302(Microwave Discharges) 279. 95/16 NATO ASI Ser. Ser. B 1993 302(Microwave Discharges) 509. 95/28 Anal. Lett. 1993 26 2667. 95/41 Analusis 1994 22 37. 95/59 Fenxi Ceshi Xuebao 1993 12(5) 7.95/61 Fenxi Shiyanshi 1994,13( l ) 5.95/104 J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 1993 16 660. 95/105 J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 1993,16,674.95/106 J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 1993 16 717. 95/109 J. Microcolumn Sept. 1994 6 11. 95/148 Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 1993 1983 977. 95/157 Spectrosc. Lett. 1994 27 397. 95/167 Yankuang Ceshi 1993 12(3) 183. 95/179 Zh. Anal. Khim. 1993 48 919. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10 153 R

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA995100139R

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Glossary of Abbreviations Whenever suitable elements may be referred to by their chemical symbols and compounds by their formulae. The following abbreviations are used extensively in the Atomic Spectrometry Updates. ac AA AAS AE AES AF AFS AOAC APDC ASV BCR CCP CMP CRM cv cw dc DCP DDC DMF DNA ECD EDL EDTA EDXRF EIE EPMA ETA ETAAS ETV EXAFS FAAS FAB FAES FAFS FANES FAPES FI FPD FT FTMS GC GD GDL GDMS Ge( Li) HCL hf HG HPGe HPLC IAEA IBMK ICP ICP-MS alternating current atomic absorption atomic absorption spectrometry atomic emission atomic emission spectrometry atomic fluorescence atomic fluorescence spectrometry Association of Official Analytical Chemists ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate anodic-stripping voltammetry Community Bureau of Reference capacitively coupled plasma capacitively coupled microwave plasma certified reference material cold vapour continuous wave direct current d.c.plasma diethyldithiocarbamate N N-dimethylformamide deoxyribonucleic acid electron capture detection electrodeless discharge lamp ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence easily ionizable element electron probe microanalysis electrothermal atomization electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry electrothermal vaporization extended X-ray absorption fine structure flame AAS fast atom bombardment flame AES flame AFS furnace atomic non-thermal excitation spectrometry furnace atomization plasma excitation spectrometry flow injection flame photometric detector Fourier transform Fourier transform mass spectrometry gas chromatography glow discharge glow discharge lamp glow discharge mass spectrometry lithium-drifted germanium hollow cathode lamp high frequency hydride generation high-purity germanium high-performance liquid chromatography International Atomic Energy Agency isobutyl methyl ketone (4-methylpentan-2-one) inductively coupled plasma inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ammonium pyrrolidin- 1 -yl dithioformate) spectroscopy ID IR IUPAC LA LC LEAFS LEI LMMS LOD LTE MECA MIP MS NAA NaDDC NIES NIST NTA OES PIGE PIXE PMT PPb PPm PTFE QC rf REE(s) RIMS RM RSD SEC SEM SFC Si( Li) SIMAAC SIMS SR SRM SSMS STPF TCA TIMS TLC TMAH TOP0 TXRF uhf uv VDU vuv WDXRF XRF SIB SIN isotope dilution infrared International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry laser ablation liquid chromatography laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry laser-enhanced ionization laser-microprobe mass spectrometry limit of detection local thermal equilibrium molecular emission cavity analysis microwave-induced plasma mass spectrometry neutron activation analysis sodium diethyldithiocarbamate National Institute for Environmental Studies National Institute of Standards and Technology nitrilotriacetic acid optical emission spectrometry particle-induced gamma-ray emission particle-induced X-ray emission photomultiplier tube parts per billion parts per million polytetrafluoroethylene quality control radio frequency rare earth element(s) resonance ionization mass spectrometry reference material relative standard deviation signal to background ratio size-exclusion chromatography scanning electron microscopy supercritical fluid chromatography lithium-drifted silicon simultaneous multi-element analysis with a continuum source secondary ion mass spectrometry signal to noise ratio synchrotron radiation Standard Reference Material spark source mass spectrometry stabilized temperature platform furnace trichloroacetic acid thermal ionization mass spectrometry thin-layer chromatography tetramethylammonium hydroxide trioctylphosphine oxide total reflection X-ray fluorescence ultra-high frequency ultraviolet visual display unit vacuum ultraviolet wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence X-ray fluorescence 154 R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol.10

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA995100154R

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY UPDATE-REFERENCES The address given in a reference is that of the first named author and is not necessarily the same for any co-author 95/1160 951 951 161 162 9511 163 95/1164 95/1165 95/1166 95/1167 9511 168 9511 169 95/1170 9511171 Bodnar Z. Mallat T. Bakos I. Szabo S. Zsoldos Z. Schay Z. Oxidation state of a germanium promoter in a palladium/carbon catalyst and its role in hydrogen- ation reactions. Appl. Catal. 1993 102 105. (Dept. Org. Chem. Technol. Tech. Univ. Budapest H-1521 Budapest Hungary). Ong C. N. Chia S. E. Foo S. C. Ong H. Y. Tsakok M. Liouw P. Concentrations of heavy metals in maternal and umbilical cord blood. BioMetals 1993 6 61. (Dept. Commun. Med. Natl. Univ. Singapore Singapore). Fuentealba I. C. Davis R. W. Elmes M. E. Jasani B.Haywood S. Mechanisms of tolerance in the copper-loaded rat liver. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 1993 59 71. (Coll. Vet. Med. Texas A and M Univ. College Station TX 77843 USA). Gimenez I. Garay R. Alda J. 0. Molybdenum uptake through the anion exchanger in human erythro- cytes. PJEuegers Arch. 1993 424 245. (Dept. Fisiol. Fac. Med. Zaragoza E-50009 Spain). Aikawa R. Goto I. Nagashima N. Kawabata A. Ninaki M. Nakamura M. Studies on physicochemical properties of Katakuri (Erythroniurn japonicum Decne) starch. 11. Determination of minerals in some starches by lithium metaborate fusion inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Denpun Kagaku 1993 40 277. (Dept. Domestic Sci. Otsuma Women’s Jr. Coll. Tokyo Japan 102). Pascucci P. R. Sneddon J. Simultaneous multielement flame atomic absorption study for the removal of lead zinc and copper by an algal biomass.J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A 1993 28 1483. (Dept. Chem. Univ. Massachusetts Lowell MA 01854 USA). Vereda Alonso E. Garcia de Torres A. Can0 Pavon J. M. Determination of nickel in biological samples by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry after extraction with 1,5-bis [phenyl-( 2- pyridy1)methylenel thiocarbonohydrazide. J. Anal. At. Spectrorn. 1993 8 843. (Fac. Sci. Univ. Malaga Malaga 29071 Spain). Schelenz R. Zeiller E. Influence of digestion methods on the determination of total aluminium in food samples by ICP-ES. Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem. 1993 345 68. (Zentrallab. Isotopentech. Bundesforschungs- anst. Ernaehr W-7500 Karlsruhe Germany). Voegborlo R.B. Elements in raw leafy vegetables grown in wadi Al-shati (Central Sahara). Food Chem. 1993 48 317. (Environ. Sci. Dept. Higher Inst. Technol. Brack Libya). Olalla M. Lopez M. C. Lopez H. Villalon M. Determination of metal ions in Alpujarra-Contraviesa (Granada) wines by atomic absorption spectrophotome- try. Alimentaria (Madrid) 1993 243 79. (Fac. Farm. Univ. Granada Spain). Rinkis G. Ramane H. Osvalde A. Kunicka T. Method for eliminating background interference in determining lead cadmium cobalt and nickel by atomic absorption. Latu. Zinat. Akad. Vestis B 1992 12 57. (Latvijas ZA Biol. Inst. Salaspili LV-2169 Latvia). Stuber P. Gass J. Suter P. Quick measuring technique for flames (QMF). Heat Transfer Radiat. Combust. Syst. Proc. EUROTHERM Semin. 17th 1991 332.(Inst. Energytechnol. ETH Zentrum 8092 Zurich Switzerland). 95/1172 95/ 951 173 174 9511175 95/1176 95/1177 95/1178 9511 179 9511 180 95/1181 9511 182 9511 183 9511184 Cahen G. Garreton D. Characterization of a swirl stabilized diffusion flame by LDA CARS PLIF and emission spectroscopy. Collect. Notes Internes Dir. Etud. Rech. Prod. Energ. (Hydraul. Therm. Nucl.) 93NB00077 1992 8. (Serv. IPN EDF-DER 92141 Clamart France). Ajwa H. A. Tabatabai M. A. Comparison of some methods for determination of sulfate in soils. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 1993 24 1817. (Dept. Agron. Iowa State Univ. Ames IA 50011 USA). Ageorges H. Chang K. Megy S. Baronnet J. M. Williams J. Chapman C. Aluminium nitride synthesis in transferred-arc plasma. Recents Prog. Genie Procedes 1991 5 333.(Lab. Chim. Plasmas Univ. Limoges 87060 Limoges France). Terashima S. Katayama H. Itoh S. Geochemical behaviour of platinum and palladium in coastal marine sediments southeastern margin of the Japan Sea. Appl. Geochem. 1993 8 265. (Geol. Surv. Japan Tsukuba Japan 305). Segditsa I. Kapaki E. Michalopoulou M. Normal values of trace elements in serum and CSF as determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and the significance of their estimation. Delt. Hell. Mikrobiol. Hetair. 1993 38 136. (Dept. Neurol. Univ. Athens Greece). Matusiewicz H. Use of the Hildebrand grid nebulizer as a sample introduction system for microwave induced plasma spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1993 8 959. (Dept. Anal. Chem. Politech. Poznanska 60-965 Poznan Poland). Ni Z.-m.He B. Han H.-b. In situ concentration of selenium and tellurium hydrides in a silver-coated graphite atomizer. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1993 8 993. (Res. Centre Eco-Environ. Sci. Acad. Sin. Beijing China). Tahan J. E. Granadillo V. A. Sanchez J. M. Cubillan H. S. Romero R. A. Mineralization of biological materials prior to determination of total mercury by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1993,8 1003. (Fac. Exp. Cienc. La Univ. Zulia M aracaibo Venezuela). Abe Y. Fujiura K. Togawa N. Morita H. Shimomura S. Simultaneous multielement analysis of so-called health foods by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Jpn. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1993,39 356. (Tokushima Prefect. Inst. Pharm. Tokushima Japan 770).Bulinski R. Kot A. Bloniarz J. Michalak A. Trace element levels in domestic food products. Part XII. Contamination of domestic bakery products with toxic metals. Brornatol. Chem. Toksykol. 1992 25 193. (Zak. Bromatol. Akad. Med. Lublin Poland). Marzec Z. Bulinski R. Appraisal of mercury cadmium and lead full day’s intake with canteen diets. Brornatol. Chem. Toksykol. 1991 24 191. (Zakl. Bromatol. Akad. Med. Lublin Poland). Palmisano F. Zambonin P. G. Cardellicchio N. Speciation and simultaneous determination of mercury species in dolphin liver by liquid chromatography with on-line cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry. Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem. 1993 346 648. (Dip. Chim. Univ. Bari 1-70126 Bari Italy). Benemariya H. Robberecbt H. Deelstra H. Daily dietary intake of copper zinc and selenium by different Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol.10 155 R95/1185 95/1186 95/1187 9511 188 9511 189 9511 190 9511 191 9511 192 95/1193 9511 194 9511 195 95/1196 9511 197 95/1198 156R population groups in Burundi Africa. Sci. Total Enuiron. 1993 136 49. (Dept. Pharm. Sci. Univ. Antwerp B-2610 Wilrijk Belgium). Medved J. Stresko V. Kubova J. Polakovicova J. Culik J. Evaluation of the methods of atomic spectroscopy for the determination of minor and trace elements in soil. Miner. Slouaca 1992 24 305. (Geol. Ustav Prif. UK 842 15 Bratislava Czech Republic). Goerres M. Bludau W. Connection between settlement phases revealed by carbon-14 and pollen analysis and the increased mineral content in drilling sections of the Weidfilz (Starnberger Lake Bavaria FRG).Telma (Hannouer) 1992 22 123. (Univ. Hohenheim 7000 Stuttgart 70 Germany). Gutierrez J. Travieso H. Pubillones M. A. Rapid determination of inorganic mercury and methylmercury in fish. Water Air Soil Pollut. 1993 68 315. (Hydraul. Resour. Res. Cent. Havana Cuba). Dong L.-p. Fang Z.-1. Determination of cadmium in human blood using a flow injection graphite furnace AAS system with on-line preconcentration by dithizone coprecipitation. Fenxi Shiyanshi 1992 11(6) 5. (Inst. Appl. Ecol. Acad. Sin. Shenyang China). Bulinski R. Bloniarz J. Libelt B. Trace element levels in domestic food products. Part XIV. Lead cadmium nickel chromium zinc cobalt manganese copper and iron levels in milk and milk products. Bromatol. Chem. Toksykol.1992 25 327. (Zakl. Bromatol. Akad. Med. Lublin Poland). Tahvonen R. Contents of selected elements in some fruits berries and vegetables on the Finnish market in 1987-1989. J. Food Compos. Anal. 1993,6,75. (Central Lab. Agric. Res. Centre SE-3 1600 Jokioinen Finland). Ferguson E. L. Gibson R. S. Opare-Obisaw C. Osei- Opare F. Stephen A. M. Lehrfeld J. Thompson L. U. Zinc calcium copper manganese non-starch polysaccharide and phytate content of seventy-eight locally grown and prepared African foods. J . Food Compos. Anal. 1993 6 87. (Div. Appl. Human Nutr. Univ. Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada N1G 2W1). Falandysz J. Kotecka W. Effect of infusing procedure on leaching yield of manganese copper and iron from tea leaves. Bromatol. Chem. Toksykol. 1991 24 309. (Oddz.Badania Zywn. Przedmiotow Uzytku Portowej Stacji Sanit.-Epidemiol. Gdynia Poland). Falandysz J. Metals content in the muscular tissue and liver of perch from the Gdansk Bay. Bromatol. Chem. Toksykol. 1992,25,333. (Wydz. Chem. Uniw. Gdanski Gdansk Poland). Shiraishi K. Muramatsu Y. Nakajima T. Yamamoto M. Los I. P. Kamarikov I. Y. Buzinny M. G. Radionuclide contents in environmental samples as related to the Chernobyl accident. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1993 171 319. (Div. Radioecol. Natl. Inst. Radiol. Sci. Nakaminato Japan 31 1-12). Holmberg A Meurling L. Preparation of sulfhydryl- borane-dextran conjugates for boron neutron capture therapy. Bioconjugate Chem. 1993,4,570. (Kabi Pharm. Diagn. AB S-751 82 Uppsala Sweden). Fecher P. Leibenzeder M. Zizek C. Decomposition temperature and its influence on trace element determi- nation by ICP-MS and ICP-AES.Spec. Pub1.-R. Soc. Chem. 1993 124 83. (Landesuntersuchungsamt Das Gesundheitswesen Nordbayern D-8520 Erlangen Germany). Wensing M. W. Smith B. W. Winefordner J. D. Capacitively coupled microwave plasma atomic emis- sion spectrometer for the determination of lead in whole blood. Anal. Chem. 199466 531. (Dept. Chem. Univ. Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA). Dela Torre M. A. Gomez-Alarcon G. Vizcaino C. Garcia M. T. Biochemical mechanisms of stone 95/1199 95/1200 95/ 120 1 95/1202 95/1203 95/1204 95/1205 9511206 95/1207 95/1208 95/1209 95/1210 95/1211 9511212 Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10 alteration carried out by filamentous fungi living in monuments. Biogeochemistry 1993 19 129.(Cent. Invest. Biol. Madrid Spain 28006). Peterson D. P. Huff E. A. Bhattacharyya M. H. Process for measuring low cadmium levels in blood and other biological specimens. US Pat. Appl. 647,074 01 May 1993 Appl. 29 Jan 1991; 29pp. (Argonne Natl. Lab. USA). Pu Q.-s. Li Y.-q. Lu D. Chen Z.-f. Pharmacokinetics of phenytoin zinc given orally to rabbits. Zhongguo Yiyao Gongye Zazhi 1993 24 212. (Dept. Pharm. Shihezi Med. Coll. Shihezi China 832000). Wang X.-r. Zhu E.-y. Yan X.-m. Yang P.-y. Huang B.-l. Zhuang Z.-x. Chemometrics study on preliminary clinical diagnostics for cancer patients. Huaxue Xuebao 1993 51 1094. (Inst. Anal. Chem. Xiamen Univ. Xiamen China 361005). Rao G. V. Rao K. S. J. Aluminium content in selected foods. Fresenius Enuiron. Bull.1993 2 256. (Nutr. Food Saf. Dept. Centre Food Technol. Res. Inst. 570013 Mysore India). Liu Q. Deng. B. Studies on the atomization mechanism of elements on the graphite probe surface in the graphite furnace. XIII. Atomization mechanism of ammonium molybdate. Fenxi Shiyanshi 1993 12( 2) 29. (Dept. Appl. Chem. Taiyuan Univ. Technol. Taiyuan China 030024). Yan X:-m. Wang X.-r. Yang P.-y. Hang W. Huang B.-1. Signal acquisition and processing in transient sample introduction techniques on-line coupled with multichannel ICP-AES. Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao 1993 14 1506. (Dept Chem. Xiamen Univ. Xiamen China 361005). Nolte J. New opportunities in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Spectrometer with charge coupled device (CCD) detec- tors.LatprPraxis 1993 17 70. (Perkin Elmer GmbH W-7770 Uberlingen Germany). Fan J. Luo C. Sheng Z. Simultaneous determination of phosphorus and silicon in alloys by indirect atomic absorption spectrometry and partial least squares method. Fenxi Shiyanshi 1993,12(2) 34. (Dept. Chem. Cent. South Univ. Technol. Changsha China 410083). Pohl B. Thallium determination in the ppb range. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GF-AAS) - a sensitive analysis method. LaborPraxis 1993 17 44. (Varian GmbH Darmstadt Germany). Rehana I. Chaudhari S. A Ikram S. Samin I. Development of procedure for the estimation of hafnium at trace level in zirconium oxide by emission spectrogra- phy dc arc technique. Turkish J. Nucl. Sci. 1993 20(2) 1. (Pakistan Inst.Nucl. Sci. Technol Islamabad Pakistan). Hlavackova I. Analysis of casting and charge powders feldspar and feldspar slags by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Hutn. Listy 1993 48(4) 43. (Ustav Jad. Vyzk. Rez/Prague Czech Republic). Himeno S. Ikenoya K. Fukuda T. Determination of Sb(m,v) in copper electrolytic solution by [(C,H,O),P( S)SH]-hexane extraction method. Kozan 1993 46( lo) 47. (Nikko Kinzoku K.K. Japan). Tiwari R. K. Tarsekar V. K. Khangan V. W. Estimation of arsenic in geological samples by atomic absorption spectrometry. Curr. Sci. 1993 65 875. (Chem. Div. Geol. Surv. India Nagpur 440 006 India). Stafilov T. Lazaru A. Pernicka E. Determination of thallium in some sulfide minerals by Zeeman electro- thermal atomic absorption spectrometry.Acta Chim. Slou. 1993 40 37. (Fac. Sci. Univ. ‘St. Kiril and Metodij’ 91000 Skopje Yugoslavia).9511213 95/1214 951121 5 9511 2 16 9511 2 17 9511218 951 12 19 95/1220 9511221 9511222 9511223 951 1224 9511225 9511226 Parashar D. C. Singh M. Singh N. Sarkar A. K. Indirect method for the determination of sulfate by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Indian J. Chem. Sect. A 1994 33 86. (Chem. Div. Natl. Phys. Lab. New Delhi 110 012 India). Perman E. Perman I. Simic D. Pavlouic B. V. Some aspects of interelement effects in the spectrometric analysis of a few non-ferrous alloys. J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 1993 58 669. (Inst. Electron. Vacuum Technol. Ljubljana Slovenia). Wang S.-y. Pan L.-h. Qin Z.-y. Jin J.-g. Determination of rare earth and non-rare earth elements in magnesium-neodymium alloy by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry.Fenxi Huaxue 1993 21 1452. (Changchun Inst. Appl. Chem. Chin. Acad. Sci. Changchun China 130022). Platteau V. 0. Determination of metallic elements in catalysts by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Analyst (London) 1994 119 339. (Anal. Eval. Dept. INTEVEP S.A. Caracas Venezuela 1070A). Torsi G. Fagioli F. Locatelli C. Reschiglian P. Experimental validation of a diffusion model with fast atomization in ETA-AAS with a special atomizer. Measurements of the spectroscopic constant K at different temperatures. Ann. Chim. (Rome) 1993 83 397. (Dept. Chem. ‘G Ciamician’ Univ. Bologna 40126 Bologne Italy). Long G. L. Ducatte G. R. Lancaster E. D. Helium microwave induced plasmas for element specific detec- tion in chromatography.Spectrochim. Acta Part B 1994 49 75. (Dept. Chem. Virginia Polytech. Inst. State Univ. Blacksburg VA 24061-0121 USA). Potin-Gautier M. Boucharat C. Astruc A. Astruc M. Speciation of selenoamino acids by on-line HPLC-ETAA spectrometry. Appl. Orgunomet. Chem. 1993 7 593. (Lab. Chim. Anal. Univ. Pau et des pays de l’Adour 64000 Pau France ). Hara H. Determination of vanadium in electric current limiting elements. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 05,142,149 [93,142,149] (Cl. GOlN21/73) 08 Jun 1993 Appl. 911301,458 18 Nov 1991 13 pp. (Meidensha Electric Mfg. Co. Ltd. Japan). Sasayama R. Determination of tin in current limiting elements. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 05,142,150 [93,142,150] (Cl. G01N21/73) 08 Jun 1993 Appl.911303,702 20 Nov 1991; 17 pp. (Meidensha Electric Mfg. Co. Ltd. Japan). Azuma Y. Mori T. Carbon isotope analyser using light absorption spectra. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06 18,411[94 18,4111 (Cl. GOlN21/39) 25 Jan 1994 Appl. 921173,052 30 Jun 1992; 9 pp. (Japan Radio Co. Ltd. Japan). Hiramoto F. Myake S. Analysis of iron-zinc alloy double layers. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho J P 06 18,418 [94 18,4181 (Cl. GOlN21/67) 25 Jan 1994 JP Appl. 92127,162 17 Jan 1992; 6 pp. (Rigaku Denki Kogyo Kk Nisshin Steel Co. Ltd. Japan). Paull B. Foulkes M. Jones P. Determination of alkaline earth metals in offshore oil-well brines using high performance chelation ion chromatography. Anal. Proc. (London) 1994 31 209. (Dept. Environ. Sci. Univ. Plymouth Drakes Circus Plymouth UK PL4 8AA).Webster C. Cooke M. Use of microwave-induced plasma atomic emission detection for the quantification of oxygen-containing compounds. Anal. Proc. (London) 1994 31 237. (Environ. Res. Centre Div. Chem. Sch. Sci. Sheffield Hallam Univ. City Campus Pond St. Sheffield UK S1 1WB). Woods T. N. Wrigley R. T. 111 Rottman G. J. Haring R. E. Scattered-light properties of diffraction gratings. Appl. Opt. 1994 33 4273. (Natl. Centre 9511227 9511228 9511229 9511230 9511231 9511 232 9511233 9511 234 9511235 9511236 9511 237 9511238 9511239 Atmos. Res. PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 USA). Tahan J. E. Granadillo V. A. Romero R. A. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric deter- mination of Al Cu Fe Pb V and Zn in clinical samples and in certified environmental reference materials.Anal. Chim. Acta 1994 295 187. (Lab. Instrum. Anal. Fac. Exp. Cien. Univ. Zulia Maracaibo Zulia Venezuela). Saxena R. Singh A. K. Sambi S. S. Synthesis of a chelating polymer matrix by immobilizing Alizarin Red-S on Amberlite XAD-2 and its application to the preconcentration of lead@) cadmium(II) zinc@) and nickel@). Anal. Chim. Acta 1994 295 199. (Dept Chem. Indian Inst. Technol. New Delhi 110 016 India). Parvinen P. Lajunen L. H. J. Determination of sulfur by tin aluminium and indium monosulfide molecular absorption spectrometry using sharp line irradiation sources. Anal. Chim. Acta 1994 295,205. (Dept. Chem. Univ. Oulu SF-90570 Oulu Finland). Duan Y.-x. Li Y.-m. Tian X.-d. Zhang H.-q. Jin Q.-h. Analytical performance of the microwave plasma torch in the determination of rare-earth elements with optical emission spectrometry.Anal. Chim. Acta 1994 295 315. (Dept. Chem. Jilin Univ. Changchun 130023 China). Chattopadhyay P. Mistry M. Rapid chromite dissolu- tion using a manganese dioxide-lithium sulfate-sulfuric acid mixture for matrix-independent determination of chromium. Anal. Chim. Acta 1994 295 325. (Reg. Res. Lab. Bhubaneswar 751013 Orissa India). Fujino O. Umetani S. Matsui M. Determination of uranium in apatite minerals by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry after solvent extraction and separation with 3-phenyl-4-benzoyl-5- isoxazolone into diisobutyl ketone. And. Chirn. Acta 1994 296 63. (Res. Inst. Sci. and Technol. Kinki Univ. Kowakae Higashiosaka 577 Japan). Perry B.J. Balazs R. E. ICP-MS method for the determination of platinum in suspensions of cells exposed to cisplatin. Anal. Proc. (London) 1994 31 269. (Van Loon ICP-MS Lab. Dept. Geol. Univ. Toronto Ontario Canada M5S 3B1). Owen J. A. Manning D. A. C. Silica geochemistry of landfill leachates. Anal. Proc. (London) 1994 31 277. (Dept. Geol. Univ. Manchester Manchester UK M13 9PL). Furrow G. P. Improving the customer focus of an analytical laboratory through the application of work cells. Anal. Proc. (London) 1994 31 279. (Clinton Labs. Eli Lilly & Co. PO Box 99 Clinton IN 47842 USA). Mattei G. O. Gil M. A. Optical transfer function of slit-coupled systems double-pass monochromators. Appl. Opt. 1994 33 5187. (Dept. Fis. Fac. Cien. Exactas Nat. Univ. Buenos Aires 1428 Buenos Aires Argentina).Neji H. AldCn M. Application of two-photon laser- induced fluorescence for visualization of water vapour in combustion environments. Appl. Opt. 1994 33 6514. (Dept. Combustion Phys. Lund Univ. Technol. PO Box 118 S-221 00 Lund Sweden). Shakher C. Pramila Daniel A. J. Talbot interferometer with circular gratings for the measurement of tempera- ture in axisymmetric gaseous flames. Appl. Opt. 1994 33 6068. (Optics Sect. Instrum Design Dev. Centre Indian Inst. Technol. Delhi New Delhi 110016 India). Fassett J. D. Beary E. S. Xiong X.-x. Moore L. J. Comparative strategies for correction of interferences in isotope dilution mass spectrometric determination of vanadium. Anal. Chem. 1994,66 1027. (Dept. Comm. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA ).Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. I0 1 57 R9511240 9511241 9511242 9511243 9511244 9511245 95/1246 9511247 9511 248 249 250 9511251 9511 252 9511253 Jouhanneau P. Lacour B. Raisbeck G. Yiou F. Banide H. Brown E. Drueke T. Gastrointestinal absorption of aluminium in rats using 26A1 and accelerator mass spectrometry. Clin. Nephrol. 1993 40 244. (Centre Spectrom. Nucl. Spectrom. Masse CNRS Orsay France). Durrant S. F. Ward N. I. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) for the multi-elemental analysis of biological materials a feasibility study. Food Chem. 1994 49 317. (Dept. Chem. Univ. Surrey Guildford Surrey UK GU2 5XH). Thompson J. J. Determination of ultratrace levels of lead in infant formula by isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.J. AOAC Int. 1993 76 1378. (Ross Prod. Div. Anal. Res. Dev. Abbott Columbus OH 43215 USA). Hulbert L. J. Gregoire D. C. Re:Os isotope systematics of the Rankin Inlet Ni ores an example of the application of ICP-MS to investigate Ni-Cu-PGE mineralization and the potential use of 0 s isotopes in mineral exploration. Can. Mineral. 1993,31,861. (Geol. Survey of Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada K1A OE8). Nagao K. Ogata A. Miura Y. Matsuda J. Akimoto S. Highly reproducible 13 and 17 ka potassium-argon ages of two volcanic rocks. Geochem. J. 1991 25 447. (Inst. Study Earth’s Interior Okayama Univ. Misasa Japan 682-01). Nusko R. Heumann K. G. Chromium speciation with isotope dilution mass spectrometry.Anal. Chim. Acta 1994 286 283. (Inst. Anorg. Chem. Univ. Regensburg Universitaetsstr. 31 D-93040 Regensburg Germany). De Bievre P. De Laeter J. R. Peiser H. S. Reed W. P. Reference materials by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom. Reu. 1993 12 143. (Jt. Res. Cent. Comm. Eur. Commun. B-2440 Geel Belgium). Mousty F. Polettini A. Trincherini P. R. Use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and high resolution ICP-MS (HR-ICP-MS) for analysis of environmental samples. Inquinamento 1993 35( lo) 50. (1st. Ambiente CEE Ispra Italy). Wang X.-m. Chen H.-y. Li S.-y. Wang J. Development of instrumental methods for the charac- terization of surface layers. Fenxi Huaxue 1993 21 1455. (Dept. Chem. Nanjing Univ. Nanjing China 2 10008). Pan C.King F.L. Ion formation processes in the afterpeak time regime of pulsed glow discharge plasmas. J. Am. SOC. Mass Spectrom. 1993,4 727. (Dept. Chem. Virginia Univ. Morgantown WV USA). Ryzhinskii M.V. Vitinski M. Yu. Lovtsyus A.V. Development of standards for an isotope dilution method. 6. Evaluation of the effect of the isotopic composition of the double label and label-to-sample ratio on the error in determination of uranium. Radiokhimiya 1993 35( 5) 104. (Russia). Vitinskii M.Y. Ryzhinskii M.V. Lovtsyus A.V. Solntesva L.F. Development of standards for the isotope dilution method. 7. Standards for the istopic composition of uranium. Radiokhirniya 1993 35( 5) 112. (Russia). Hu K. Houk R.S. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with an electrically floating sampling interface.J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 1993 4 733. (Ames Lab. US Dept. Energy Ames IA USA). Van Raaphorst J.G. Haremaker H.M. Deurloo P.A. Beemsterboer B. Accurate and precise determination of chromium by isotope dilution mass spectrometry in some environmental materials. Anal. Chim. Acta 1994 286 1755. (Netherlands Energy Res. Found. PO Box 1 1755 ZG Petten Netherlands ). 9511254 9511255 9511256 9511257 9511258 9511259 9511260 9511261 95,4262 9511263 9511264 9511265 9511266 Makishima A. Ishikawa E. Improvement of mass spectrometer performance for strontium neodymium cerium and lead isotope determination by modification of preamplifiers. Tech. Rep. ISEI Ser. B 1993 11 18. (Inst. Study Earth’s Interior Okayama Univ. Misasa Japan 682-01). Morita S. Tobita K.Kurabayashi M. Determination of technetium-99 in environmental samples by induc- tively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Radiochim. Acta 1993 63 63. (Health Saf. Div. Power React. and Nucl. Fuel Dev. Corp. Tokai Japan 319-11). Dubinin A. V. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry determination of rare earth elements in standard reference samples of oceanic deposits. Geokhimiya 1993 11 1605. (Inst. Okeanol. Moscow Russia). Goodman K. J. Brenna J. T. Curve fitting for restoration of accuracy for overlapping peaks in gas chromatographyfcombustion isotope ratio mass spec- trometry. Anal. Chem. 1994 66 1294. (Div. Nutr. Sci. Cornell Univ. Ithaca NY 14853 USA). Narusawa Y. Matsubara I. Simultaneous determi- nation of germanium arsenic and some other trace elements in biological reference materials by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.Nippon Kagaku Kaishi 1994 3 195. (Coll. Sci. Rikkyo (St. Paul’s) Univ. Tokyo Japan 171). Ihnat M. Gamble D. S. Gilchrist G. F. R. Determination of trace element levels in natural fresh water by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 1993 53 63. (Centre Land Biol. Resour. Res. Agric. Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada K1A OC6). Saito M. Determination of trace amounts of impurities in molybdenum by spark source and glow discharge mass spectrometry. Nippon Kinzoku Gakkaishi 1994 58 188. (Natl. Res. Inst. Metal. Tokyo Japan). Brown A. A. Ebdon L. Hill S. J. Development of a coupled liquid chromatography-isotope dilution induc- tively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method for lead speciation.Anal. Chim. Acta 1994 286 391. (Plymouth Anal. Chem. Res. Unit Dept. Environ. Sci. Univ. Plymouth Drake Circus Plymouth UK PL4 8AA). Duckworth D. C. Marcus R. K. Donohue D. L. Lewis T. A. Radiofrequency-powered glow discharge device and method with high-voltage interface for mass spectrometric analysis. PCT Int. Appl. WO 93 21,653 (Cl. HOlJ49/00) 28 Oct 1993 US Appl. 866,030 09 April 1992; 51 pp. (Clemson Univ. USA). Vanhoe H. Review of the capabilities of ICP-MS for trace element analysis in body fluids and tissues. J. Trace Elem. Electrolytes Health Dis. 1993 7 131. (Inst. Nucl. Sci. Rijksuniv. Ghent B-9000 Ghent Belgium). Vieira N. E. Yergey A. L. Abrams S. A. Extraction of magnesium from biological fluids using 8-hydroxy- quinoline and cation-exchange chromatography for isotopic enrichment analysis using thermal ionization mass spectrometry.Anal. Biochem. 1994 218 92. (Lab. Theor. Phys. Biol. Natl. Inst. Child Health Human Dev. Bethesda MD 20892 USA). Wu L.-b. Chen W.-b. Wang S.-j. Liu L.-y. Zhao X.-f. NP-type chelate resin beads used in the isotope analysis of solid uranium by mass spectrometry. Lizi Jiaohuan Yu Xifu 1992 8(4) 336. (Res. Inst. Phys. Chem. Eng. Nucl. Ind. Tianjin China 300180). Rosin C. Morlot M. Hartemann P. Boeglin J. C. Survey of the mineral micropollution in public distri- bution water by ICP-MS. J. Fr. Hydrol. 1992 23 183. (Lab. Hyg. Rech. Sante Publique 54500 Vandoeuvre- les-Nancy France). 158R Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol.109511267 9511268 9511269 9511270 95/1271 9511272 9511273 9511274 9511275 9511276 9511277 9511278 9511279 9511280 9511 28 1 9511282 Mistry A. V. Lowe D. S. Comparison of SCIEX Total Quant results with quantitative results of various solutions by ICP-MS. Spec. Pub1.-R. SOC. Chem. 1993 124 22. (Met. Lab. Def. Res. Agency Woolwich UK SE18 5TD). Titov V. V. Isotopic quadrupole mass spectrometry of hydrogen and helium. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1993 174 205. (Res. Inst. Tech. Phys. Autom. Moscow Russia 115230). Yoshikawa M. Nakamura E. Precise isotope determi- nation of trace amounts of strontium in magnesium- rich samples. Ganko 1993 88 548. (Inst. Study Earth's Interior Okayama Univ. Tottori Japan 682-01). Lukaszew R. A. Marrero J. G. Cretella R. F. Analysis of traces of niobium and molybdenum in a steel weld by SSMS [spark source mass spectrometry].Rev. Roum. Chim. 1993 38 373. (Dept. Quim. Anal. Com. Nac. Energ. At. Buenos Aires Argentina). Al-Swaidan H. M. Determination of trace elements in Saudi Arabian soils by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 1994 25 459. (Dept. Chem. King Saud Univ. Coll. Sci. Riyadh Saudi Arabia 11451). Yang M. Y. Park J. T. Lee S. H. Wakita H. Determination of the chemical composition of Braun tube glasses by glow discharge mass spectrometry. Anal. Sci. 1994,10 355. (Lab. Chem. Anal. Korea Inst. Geol. Min. Mater. Taejon South Korea ). Momoshima N. Sayad M. Measurement of long-lived radionuclides instead of radioactivity counting. Analysis of environmental samples by ICP-MS.Kyushu Daigaku Chuo Bunseki Senta Hokoku 1993 11 11. (Fac. Sci. Kyushu Univ. Fukuoka Japan 812). Bloxham M. J. Worsfold P. J. Hill S. J. Matrix suppression in sea-water analysis using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with mixed gas plasmas. Anal. Proc. (London) 1994 31 9511. (Dept. Environ. Sci. Univ. Plymouth Plymouth Devon UK PL4 8AA). Liu Y.-f. Guo Z.-y. Liu X.q. Qu T. Xie J.4. Applications of accelerator mass spectrometry in analy- sis of trace isotopes and elements. Pure Appl. Chem. 1994,66,305. (Anal. Chem. Div. IUPAC Oxford UK). Olson L. K. Unique sample introduction methods for plasma spectrometry. Diss. Abstr. Znt. B 1992 53 2829. (Univ. Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USA). Hu K. Enhancement of ion transmission and reduction of background and interferences in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Diss.Abstr. Znt. B 1993 53 5171. (Iowa State Univ. Ames IA USA). Mei Y. Chemical equilibria of rare earth oxides in glow discharge mass spectrometry. Diss. Abstr. Znt. B 1993 53 5173. (Univ. Florida Gainesville FL USA). Suvorova V. A. Dubinina E. 0. New device for conversion of oxygen to carbon dioxide for isotopic analysis. Geokhimiya 1994 2 286. (Inst. Eksp. Mineral. Chernogolovka Russia). Carey J. M. Vela N. P. Caruso J. A. Chromium determination by supercritical fluid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric and flame ionization detection. J. Chromatogr. 1994 662 329. (Dept. Chem. Univ. Cincinnati Cincinnati Boyd S. R. Rejou-Michel A. Javoy M.Non-cryogenic purification of nanomole quantities of nitrogen gas for isotopic analysis. Anal. Chem. 1994 66 1396. (Lab. Geochim. Isot Stables Univ. de Paris VII 75251 Paris France ). Wang J. Investigation of matrix-induced interferences in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Diss. Abstr. Znt. B 1992 53 2832. (Univ. Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USA). OH 45221-0172 USA). 9511283 9511284 95/128 5 9511286 9511287 9511288 9511289 95/1290 9511 29 1 9511292 951 129 3 9511294 9511 295 Mukai T. Takasuka M. Induction-coupling plasma mass spectrometers. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho J P 05,174,781 [93,174,781] (Cl. HOlJ49/10) 13 Jul 1993 Appl. 91/357,863,25 Dec 1991; 4 pp. (Sharp Kk Japan). Van Hoven R. L. Determination of Pt Pd Rh and Ir in geological materials by direct solid sampling of fire assay beads using spark ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.Diss. Abstr. Znt. B 1993 53 4075. (George Washington Univ. Washington DC USA). Klinkenberg H. Beeren T. Van Borm W. Multielement analysis using flow injection inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analytical aspects of multielement determinations in highly concentrated solutions of phosphoric acid sodium phosphate and sodium nitrate. Spectrochim. Acta Part B 1994 49 171. (Dept. Phys. Anal. Comput. Chem. DSM Res. NL-6160 Geleen Netherlands ). Doebeli M. Nebiker P. W. Suter M. Synal H. A. Vetterli D. Accelerator SIMS for trace element detection. Nucl. Znstrurn. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 85 770. (Paul Scherrer Inst. c/o HPK ETH- Hoenggerberg 8093 Zurich Switzerland ).Watling R. J. Herbert H. K. Delev D. Abell I. D. Gold fingerprinting by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Spectrochim. Acta Part B 1994 49 205. (Miner. Sci. Lab. Chem. Centre East Perth 6004 Australia). Dauchy X. Cottier R. Batel A. Jeannot R. Borsier M. Astruc A. Astruc M. Speciation of butyltin compounds by high performance liquid chromatogra- phy with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 1993 31 416. (Dept. Anal. BRGM 45060 Orleans France). Becchi M. Aguilera R. Farizon I. Flament M. M. Casabiance H. James P. Gas chromatography-com- bustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry analysis of urinary steroids to detect misuse of testosterone in sport. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 1994 8 304.(Ser. Cent. Anal. CNRS 69390 Vernaison France). Gelinas Y. Schmit J.-P. Comparisons between the inorganic content of healthy and hypertensive rat tissues by inductively coupled plasma mass spec- trometry. BioMetals 1994 7 155. (Dept. Chim. Univ. Quebec Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada H3C 3P8). Karl V. Dietrich A. Mosandl A. Gas chromatogra- phy-isotope ratio mass spectrometry measurements of some carboxylic esters from different apple varieties. Phytochem. Anal. 1994 5 32. (Inst. Lebensmittelchem. Johann Wolfgang Goethe Univ. 60439 FrankfurtIMain Germany). Hwang C.-j. Jiang S.-j. Determination of arsenic compounds in water samples by liquid chromatogra- phy-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with an in situ nebulizer hydride generator. Anal. Chim.Acta 1994 289 205. (Dept. Chem. Natl. Sun Yat-Sen Univ. Kaohsiung Taiwan 804). Zeng Y.-q. Mukai H. Bandow H. Nojiri Y. Application of gas chromatography-combustion iso- tope ratio mass spectrometry to carbon isotopic analysis of methane and carbon monoxide in environmental samples. Anal. Chim. Acta 1994 289 195. (Global Environ. Res. Group Natl. Inst. Environ. Studies 16-2 Onogawa Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan 305). Inoue Y. Date Y. Determination of CrV' by ion chromatography and ICP-MS. Kogyu Yosui 1993,422 26. (Yokogawa Anal. Syst. Inc. Musashino Japan 180). Ryazantseva N. N. Nenarokomova V. T. Milescbkin Yu. A. Specialized mass spectrometries for isotopic analysis hydrogen and helium. At. Energ. 1994 76 120. (VNIINM in. A. A. Bochvara Russia). Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol.10 159R95/ 1296 95/1297 95/ 1298 95/1299 95/1300 95/1301 95/1302 95/1303 95/1304 95/1305 95/1306 95/1307 95/1308 95/1309 9511 3 10 160R Goossens J. Moens L. Dams R. Mathematical correction method for spectral interferences on selenium in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Talanta 1994 41 187. (Inst. Nucl. Sci. Ghent Univ. B-9000 Ghent Belgium). Ryazantseva N. N. Davydov A. I. Isotope analyses of hydrogen and helium on the specialized mass spec- trometer MI 3305. At. Energ. 1994 76 125. (VNIINM in. A. A. Bochvara Russia). Yamashina K. Akyama H. Chikaishi K. Determination of boron in sulfuric acid. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06 18,508 [94 18,5081 (Cl. GOlN31/00) 25 Jan 1994 Appl. 92/172,458 30 Jun 1992; 5 pp. (Sumitomo Chem.Co. Japan). Yamasaki S. Tsumura A. Takaku Y. Ultratrace elements in terrestrial water as determined by high resolution ICP-MS. Microchem. J. 1994,49 305. (Natl. Inst. Agro-Environ. Sci. Tsukuba Japan 305). Smith M. R. Koppenaal D. W. Farmer 0. T. I11 UV and IR laser ablation for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. AIP Con$ Proc. 1993 288 117. (Pac. Northwest Lab. Richland WA 99352 USA). Garwan M. A. Atomic negative ion survey using accelerator mass spectrometry. Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1994 54 4730. (Univ. Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada). Ratliff P. H. Aqueous solution sampling and the effects of water vapour in glow discharge mass spectrometry. Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1994 54 212. (Univ. Florida Gainesville FL USA). Hobbs S. E. Effects of sample droplets and particles in inductively coupled plasma optical emission and mass spectrometries.Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1994,54,4116. (Univ. North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA). Young A. T. Li C. Y. Chan C. F. Leung K. N. Development and application of a C-ion source and extraction system to a high resolution mass spec- trometer system. AIP Conf. Proc. 1994 287 498. (Lawrence Berkeley Lab. Univ. California Berkeley CA 94720 USA). Browne T. R. Szabo G. K. Ajami A Wagner D. Performance of human mass balance/metabolite indent- ification studies using stable isotope (I3C "N) labelling and continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry as an alternative to radioactive labelling methods. J Clin. Pharmacol. 1993 33 246. (Sch. Med. Boston Univ. Boston MA USA). Takaku Y. Masuda K. Analysis of biological samples by ICP-MS.Hoken Butsuri 1993,28,435. (Minamisuna Off. Marubun Corp. Tokyo Japan 136). Metges C. C. Kempe K. Wolfram G. Enrichment of selected serum fatty acids after a small oral dosage of ( l-13C)- and ( 8-13C) triolein in human volunteers ana- lysed by gas chromatography-combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Biol. Mass Spectrorn. 1994 23 295. (Inst. Nutr. Sci. Tech. Univ. Munich D-85350 Freising- Weihenstephan Germany). Al-Swaidan H. M. Microemulsion determination of lead and cadmium in Saudi Arabian petroleum products by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Sci. Total Enuiron. 1994 145 157. (Dept. Chem. King Saud Univ. Coll. Sci. P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh Saudi Arabia 11451). Itoh S. Hirose F. Hasegawa R. Relative sensitivity factors in glow discharge mass spectrometric analysis of steels.Nippon Kinzoku Gakkaishi 1994 58 526. (Natl. Res. Inst. Metal. Tokyo Japan). Zoppi U. Suter M. Synal H.-A. Isobar separation with gas ionization counters in accelerator mass spectrometry. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 89 262. (Inst. Mittelenergiephys. ETH- Hoenggerberg CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland ). 95/1311 95/1312 971 3 13 95/1314 95/13 15 95/1316 95/1317 95/1318 971 3 19 95/1320 95/1321 95/1322 95/1323 95/1324 Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10 Wagner M. J. M. Synal H.-A. Suter M. Isobar discrimination in accelerator mass spectrometry by detecting characteristic projectile X-rays. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 89 266. (Inst.Teilchenphys. Eidgenoessische Tech. Hochschule CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland). Watson C. H. Wronka J. Laukien F. H. Barshick C. M. Eyler J. R. High mass resolution glow discharge mass spectrometry using an external ion source FT-ICR mass spectrometer. AD AD-A264327 1993 18. (Dept. Chem. Univ. Florida Gainesville FL USA). Bi S.4 Meng X.4. Simultaneous determination of trace Sm Eu Gd and Dy in U,Os by IDMS. Fenxi Ceshi Xuebao 1993,12( 3) 41. (Beijing Res. Inst. Chem. Eng. Metall. CNNC China). Inoue Y. Kawabata K. Speciation of organotin compounds by inductively coupled plasma mass spec- trometry combined with liquid chromatography. J. Mass Spectrom. SOC. Jpn. 1993 41 245. (Div. R & D Yokogawa Anal. Syst. Inc. Musashino Japan 180). Li S.-l. Zhang PA. Tang Q.-m.Zhao M.-t. Zhang Y.-j. Wang J. Determination of trace impurities in highly pure Eu,O sample by IDMS. He Huaxue Yu Fangshe Huaxue 1993 15(3) 150. (China Inst. At. Energy Beijing China 102413). Beaumont V. Agrinier P. Javoy M. Robert F. Determination of the CO contribution to the I5N:I4N ratio measured by mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 1994 66 2187. (Lab. Geochim. Isot. Stables Univ. Paris 7 75251 Paris France). Garwan M. A. Nadeau M.-J. Zhao X.-L. Litberland A. E. Hydride ambiguities in the accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) of heavy elements. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994,89,250. (Dept. Phys. KFUPM Dhahran Saudi Arabia 31261). McDaniel F. D. Anthony J. M. Kirchhoff J. F. Marble D. K. Kim Y. D. Renfrow S. N. Grannan E. C. Reznik E. R. Vizkelethy G.et al. Impurity determination in electronic materials by accelerator mass spectrometry. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 89 242. (Ion Beam Mod. Anal. Lab. Dept. Phys. Centre for Mater. Charac. Univ. North Texas Denton TX 76203-0368 USA). Merritt D. A. Hayes J. M. Factors controlling precision and accuracy in isotope ratio monitoring mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 1994 66 2336. (Dept. Chem. Geol. Sci. Indiana Univ. Bloomington IN Dixon A. Reducing interferences in elemental analysis by plasma source mass spectroscopy. PCT Int. Appl. WO 94 07,257 (Cl. HOlJ49/10) 31 Mar 1994 GB Appl. 92/19,457 15 Sep 1992; 23 pp. (Fisons Plc UK). Watson C. H. Wronka J. Laukien F. H. Barshick C. M. Eyler J. R. Ultra-high mass resolution (m/delta ml,,) > (400,OO) glow discharge mass spectrometry direct analysis of heavy isotope mixtures.AD AD-A264377 1993 13. (Dept. Chem. Univ. Florida Gainesville FL USA). Wu X. Multi-element analyses of environmental and geological samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1994 54 4642. (City Univ. New York New York USA). Zhao X. Study of radium and actinide negative ions with small tandem based accelerator mass spectrometry. Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1994 54 4742. (Univ. Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada). McKay K. New techniques in the pharmacokinetic analysis of cancer drugs. 11. The ultratrace determi- nation of platinum in biological samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cancer Suru. 1993 17 407. (Scottish Univ. Res. Reactor Centre East Kilbride Glasgow UK G75 SQQ).47405-1403 USA ).9511325 9511326 9511327 9511328 9511329 9511330 9511331 9511332 9511333 9511334 9511335 9511336 9511337 9511338 Meier-Augenstein W. Brand W. Hoffmann G. F. Rating D. Bridging the information gap between isotope ratio mass spectrometry and conventional mass spectrometry. Biol. Mass Spectrom. 1994 23 376. (Stable-Isot. GC-MS Lab Univ. Child. Hosp. D-69120 Heidelberg Germany). Yokoi K. Alcock N. W. Sandstead H. H. Determination of plasma zinc disappearance constant by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Biomed. Res. Trace Elem. 1993,4 59. (Grad. Sch. Med. Kyoto Univ. Kyoto Japan 606-01). Stenstroem K. Erlandsson B. Hellborg R. Wiebert A. Skog G. Nielsen T. Accelerator mass spectrometry analysis of aroma compound absorption in plastic packaging materials. Nucl.Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 89 256. (Dept. Nucl. Phys. Univ. Lund Soelvegatan 14 S-223 62 Lund Sweden ). Rohr U. Meckel L. Ortner H. M. Ultratrace analysis for uranium and thorium in glass. Part 1 ICP-MS classical photometry and chelate-GC. Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem. 1994 348 356. (Fac. Mater. Sci. Tech. Univ. Darmstadt D-64295 Darmstadt Germany ). Alves L. C. Reduction of polyatomic ion interferences in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with cryogenic desolvation. Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1994 54 4635. (Iowa State Univ. Ames IA USA). Sakakibara T. Cleanliness evaluation with ICP-MS inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Kurin Tekunoroji 1993 3( 12) 47. (Sumika Chem. Anal. Serv. Ltd.Sodegaura Japan 299-02). Chen M. Zou Z.-y. Huang J.-m. Ye B.-n. Qian W.-g. New applications of arc discharge source. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1994 65 1340. (Shanghai Inst. Nucl. Res. Acad. Sin. Shanghai China 201800). Stoffel J. J. Ells D. R. Bond L. A. Freedman P. A. Tattersall B. N. Lagergren C. R. Triple sector mass spectrometer with high transmission efficiency and lo-” isotope-abundance sensitivity. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 1994 132 217. (Pacific Northwest Lab. Richland WA 99352 USA). Matsumoto A. Hirao Y. Togashi S. Determination of lead isotope ratios of GSJ rock reference samples. Chishitsu Chosasho Geppo 1993 44 649. (Geol. Surv. Japan Tsukuba Japan 305). Feng R. In situ trace element determination of carbon- ates by LaserProbe inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using non-matrix matched standardiz- ation.Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1994,58 1615. (Dept. Geol. Univ. Montreal Quebec Canada H3C 357). Yin M. Fu T.-f. Li B. Determination of 15 rare earths as impurity in highly pure scandium oxide by ICP-MS. Yankuang Ceshi 1993 12 246. (Inst. Rock Miner. Anal. Minist. Geol. Miner. Resour. Beijing China 100037). Fiedler R. Donohue D. Grabmiiller G. Kurosawa A. Report on preliminary experience with total evapor- ation measurements in thermal ionization mass spec- trometry. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes 1994 132 207. (Safeguards Anal. Lab. IAEA A-2444 Seibersdorf Austria). Reddi G. S. Rao C. R. M. Rao T. A. S. Lakshmi S. V. Prabhu R. K. Mahalinam T. R. Nickel sulfide fire assay-ICP-MS method for the determination of plati- num group elements a detailed study on the recovery and losses at different stages.Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem. 1994 348 350. (Chem. Lab. Geol. Surv. India Madras 600 032 India). Hemming N. G. Hanson G. N. Procedure for the isotopic analysis of boron by negative thermal ioniz- ation mass spectrometry. Chem. Geol. 1994 114 147. (Dept. Earth Space Sci. State Univ. NY at Stony Brook Stony Brook NY 11794-2100 USA). 9511339 9511340 9511341 9511 342 9511 343 9511344 95/1345 9511346 9511347 9511348 9511 349 9511 350 9511351 9511352 Juvonen R. Kallio E. Lakomaa T. Determination of precious metals in rocks by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using nickel sulfide concentration. Comparison with other pretreatment methods. Analyst (London) 1994 119 617.(Geol. Surv. Finland FIN-02150 Espoo Finland). Brookes S. T. Craig K. S. Cunnane S. C. Combined continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry tech- niques for tracing the metabolism of l3C-labe1led fatty acids. Biochem. SOC. Trans. 1994 22 164s. (Europa Sci. Ltd. Crewe UK CW1 IZA). King S. J. Tamplar J. Miller R. V. Day J. P. Dobson C. B. Itzhaki R. F. Fifield L. K. Allan G. L. Aluminium and Alzheimer’s disease sites of a h - minium binding in human neuroplastoma cells deter- mined using 26A1 and accelerator mass spectrometry. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 469. (Dept. Chem. Univ. Manchester Manchester UK). Igaki K. Nakamura T. Hirasawa M. Kato M. Sano M. Radiocarbon dating study of ancient iron artifacts with accelerator mass spectrometry. Proc.Jpn. Acad. Ser. B 1994 70 4. (Tohoku Univ. Sendai Japan 980). Gercken B. Pave] J. Suter 0. Determination of trace metal impurities in electronic chemicals by ICP-MS and other methods. Spec. Pub1.-R. Soc. Chem. 1993 124 12. (Cent. Anal. Dept. Ciba-Geigy Ltd CH-4002 Basel Switzerland). Filby R. H. Olsen S. D. Comparision of instrumental neutron activation analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for trace element determi- nation in petroleum geochemistry. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 1994 180 285. (Dept. Chem. Washington State Univ. Pullman WA 99164 USA). Kelly W. R. Paulsen P. J. Murphy K. E. Vocke R. D. Jr. Chen L.-T. Determination of sulfur in fossil fuels by isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 1994 66 2505.(Chem. Sci. Technol. Lab. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA). Herzog G. F. Applications of accelerator mass spec- trometry in extraterrestrial materials. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 492. (Dept. Chem. Rutgers Univ. New Brunswick NJ 08903 USA). Zhao X.4 Nadeau M.-J. Killius L. R. Litherland A. E. Detection of naturally occurring 236U in uranium ore. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1994 124 241. (IsoTrace Lab. Dept. Phys. Univ. Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada M5S 1A7). Zhao X.4 Nadeau M.-J. Lilius L. R. Litherland A. E. First detection of naturally occurring 236U with accelerator mass spectrometry. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 249. (IsoTrace Lab. Dept. Phys. Univ. Toronto 60 St. George St. Toronto Ontario Canada).Irwin J. J. Laser microprobe mass spectrometric study of Ar Kr K C1 and Br in an ‘unconformity garnet’ associated fluid inclusions staurolite and micas from Vermont USA. Chem. Geol. 1994 115 153. (Dept. Phys. Univ. California at Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA). Arslan F. Behrendt M. Ernst W. Finckh E. Greb G. Gumbmann F. Haller M. Hofmann S. Karschnick R. et al. I4C and 90Sr measurements at the Erlangen AMS facility. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 39. (Phys. Inst. Univ. Erlangen- Neurnberg D-9 1058 Erlangen Germany). Jiang S.-s. Jiang S. Guo H. Yang B.-f. Accelerator mass spectrometry at the China Institute of Atomic Energy. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994,92,61. (China Inst. At. Energy P.O. Box 275(49) Beijing China 102413).Ramsey C. B. Hedges R. E. M. Gas handling systems for radiocarbon dating by AMS. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 VoL 10 161 R9511353 9511354 9511355 9511356 9511357 9511358 9511359 9511360 9511 36 1 9511362 9511363 9511364 9511 365 162R Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994,92 105. (Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit Res. Lab. Arch. and History of Art Univ. Oxford 6 Keble Rd. Oxford UK OX1 3QJ). Seguin F. H. Schneider R. J. Jones G. A. von Reden K. F. Optimized data analysis for AMS radiocarbon dating. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 176. (Massachusetts Inst. Technol. Cambridge MA 02138 USA). Beukens R. P. Procedures and precision in 14C AMS. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 182. (IsoTrace Lab.Univ. Toronto 60 St. George St. Toronto Onario Canada M5S 1A7). Chen M.-b. Li D.-m. Xu S.-l. Chen G.-s. Shen L.-g. Zhang Y.-j. et al. Successful SINR mini cyclotron AMS for 14C dating. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 213. (Shanghai Inst Nucl. Res. Acad. Sin. Shanghai China). Nakamura T. Nakazawa T. Honda H. Kitagawa H. Machida T. Ikeda A. Matsumoto E. Seasonal variations in 14C concentrations of stratospheric C02 measured with accelerator mass spectrometry. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 413. (Dating and Mater. Res. Center Nagoya Univ. Chikusa Nagoya Japan 464-01). Synal H.-A. Beer J. Bonani G. Lukasczyk Ch. Suter M. 36Cl measurements at the Zurich AMS facility. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 79.(Paul Scherrer Inst. c/o ETH- Hoenggerberg CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland ). Fontes J.-C. Andrews J. N. Accelerator mass spec- trometry in hydrology. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994,92 367. (Lab. d’Hydro1. et Geochim. Isot. Univ. Paris Sud Orsay F-91405 France ). Ascanelli M. Trentini P. L. Venturini F. Analysis of drinking waters by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Lab. 2000 1993 7(6) 41. (Milan Italy). von Reden K. F. Schneider R. J. Cohen G. J. Jones G. A. Performance characteristics of the 3 MV Tandetron AMS system at the National Ocean Sciences AMS facility. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 7. (Natl. Ocean Sci.Accelerator Mass Spectrom. Facility Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst. Woods Hole MA 02540 USA). McNichol A. P. Osborne E. A. Gagnon A. R. Fry B. Jones G. A. TIC TOC DIC DOC PIC POC- unique aspects in the preparation of oceanographic samples for I4C-AMS. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994,92,162. (Natl. Ocean Sci. Accelerator Mass Spectrom. Facility Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst. Woods Hole MA 02543 USA). Schaefer F. Taylor P. D. P. Valkiers S. De Bievre P. Computational procedures for the treatment of measured or published isotope abundance data. Int. J. Muss Spectrom. Ion Processes 1994 133 65. (Inst. Ref. Mater. and Measure. Comm. Eur. Commun.-JRC B-2440 Geel Belgium). Litherland A. E. New frontiers in accelerator mass spectrometry isobar separation methods at low energy.Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 207. (IsoTrace Lab. Univ. Toronto Toronto Canada M5S 1A7). Davis J. C. AMS beyond 2000. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Rex Sect. B 1994 92 1. (Centre Accelerator Mass Spectrom. Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab. Livermore CA 94551 USA). Niklaus Th. R. Ames F. Bonani G. Suter M. Synal H.-A. Progress report on the high current ion source of the Zurich AMS facility. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 96. (Inst. Phys. ETH- Hoenggerberg CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland). 9511 366 9511367 9511368 9511369 9511370 9511371 9511372 9511373 9511 3 74 9511375 9511376 9511377 9511378 95/1379 Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10 Zoppi U. Kubik P. W. Suter M. Synal H.-A. von Gunten H.R. Zimmermann D. High intensity isobar separation at the Zurich AMS facility. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 142. (Inst. Teilchenphys. ETH-Hoenggerberg CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland). Freeman S. P. F. T. Ramsey C. B. Hedges R. E. M. Imaging AMS. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 231. (Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit Univ. Oxford 6 Keble Rd. Oxford UK OX1 3QJ). Hedges R. E. M. Ramsey C. B. Design considerations for a future injection system for radiocarbon AMS measurements. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 217. (Res. Lab. Arch. Univ. Oxford Oxford UK). Litherland A. E. Kilius L. R. Purser K. H. Ion sources based on charge transfer collisions. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 237. (IsoTrace Lab. Dept.Phys. Univ. Toronto 60 St. George St. Toronto ON Canada M5S 1A7). Jiang S. Jiang S.-s. Guo H. Yang B.-f. Du X.-r. Huang Q. Liu C.-f. Determination of 36Cl with the Beijing HI- 13 tandem accelerator mass spectrometry. Hejishu 1993 16 720. (China Inst. At. Energy Beijing China 102413). Marawi I. Wang J.-s. Caruso J. A. Graphite furnace hydride preconcentration and subsequent detection by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 1994 291 127. (Dept. Chem. Univ. Cincinnati Cincinnati OH 45221-0172 USA). Kogan V. V. Hinds M. W. Ramendik G. I. Direct determination of trace metals in gold and silver materials by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry without matrix matched standards. Spectrochim. Acta Part B 1994 49 333. (Royal Canadian Mint Ottawa Ontario Canada K1A OG8).Brazier J. L. Guilluy R. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Application to carbon isotopes. Spectra 2000 [Deux Milk] 1992 162 29. (Lab. d’Etudes Anal. Cinetiques Med. Inst. Sci. Pharm. 69373 Lyon France ). Roberts M. L. Velsko C. Turteltaub K. W. Tritium AMS for biomedical applications. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 459. (Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab. Livermore CA 94551 USA). Vogel J. S. Turteltaub K. W. Accelerator mass spectrometry CAMS] in biomedical research. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 445. (Center for AMS L-397 Livermore CA 94550 USA). Day J. P. Barker J. King S. J. Miller R. V. Templar J. Lilley J. S. Drumm P. V. Newton G. W.A. Fifield L. K. at al. Biological chemistry of aluminium studied using 26A1 and accelerator mass spectrometry. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 463. (Dept. Chem. Univ. Manchester Manchester UK M13 9PL). Creek M. R. Frantz C. E. Fultz E. Haack K. Redwine K. Shen N. Turteltaub K. W. Vogel J. S. 14C AMS quantification of biomolecular interactions using microbore and plate separations. NucE. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 454. (Biol. Biotechnol. Res. Prog. Livermore CA 94550 USA). Hoejberg O. Johansen H. S. Soerensen J. Determination of 15N abundance in nanogram pools of NO; and N 0 i by denitrification bioassay and mass spectrometry. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1994 60 2467. (Dept. Ecol. Mol. Biol. Royal Vet. Agric. Univ. Frederiksberg Denmark ). Heitkemper D.T. Kaioe L. A. Jackson D. S. Wolnik K. A. Practical applications of element-specific detection by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission9511380 9511 38 1 9511382 9511383 9511384 9511385 9511386 9511387 95/1388 9511389 9511390 9511391 9511392 spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to ion chromatography of foods. J . Chromatogr. A 1994,671 101. (Natl. Forensic Chem. Center Food and Drug Admin. 1141 Central Parkway Cincinnati OH 45202 USA). Niklaus Th. R. Bonani G. Guo Z. Suter M. Synal H.-A. Optimizing tandem accelerator stripping efficiency by simulation of charge changing processes. Nucl. Znstrum. Methods Phys. Rex Sect. B 1994 92 11 5. (Inst. Particle Phys. ETH-Hoenggerberg CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland ). Knies D.L. Elmore D. PRIME Lab gas ionization detector. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994,92 134. (Dept. Phys. Purdue Univ. W. Lafayette IN 47907 USA). MacKinnon B. A. Stuchbery A. E. Weisser D. C. Achromat for the ANU 14UD linas. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 138. (927 Lorne Way Sunnyvale CA 94087 USA). Kutschera W. Paul M. Ahmad I. Antaya T. A. Billquist P. J. Glagola B. G. Harkewicz R. Hellstrom M. Morrissey D. J. ef al. Long-lived noble gas radionuclides. Nucl. Znstrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 241. (Phys. Div. Argonne Natl. Lab. Argonne IL 60439 USA). Artigalas H. Debrun J. L. Kilius L. Zhao X. L. Litherland A. E. Pinault J. L. Fouillac C. Maggiore C. J. Application of AMS and inverse PIXE to the study of radioactive waste management problems. Nucl.Znstrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 227. (C.N.R.S.-C.E.R.I. 3A rue de la Ferollerie 45071 Orleans 2 France ). Naka H. Kurayasu H. Determination of trace impurit- ies in high purity quartz by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. ZSIJ Znt. 1993 33 1252. (Res. Dev. Center Sumitomo Met. Ind. Ltd Amagasaki Japan 660). Swafford A. M. Keller J. M. Separation techniques for the clean-up of radioactive mixed waste for ICP- AES/ICP-MS analysis. Oak Ridge Nut. Lab. [Rep.] ORNL-TM(U.S.) ORNL-TM-12329 1993 29. (Oak Ridge Natl. Lab. Oak Ridge TN USA). Ruth K. Schmidt P. Coria J. Mori E. Silicon wafer surface analysis by electrothermal vaporization induc- tively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ETV- ICP-MS). Proc.-Electrochem.SOC. 1994 94 565. (MEMC Electron. Mater. Inc. St. Peters MO 63376 USA). Saito M. GDMS using Ar-H gas mixture as discharge gas. Materia 1994 33 346. (Natl. Res. Inst. Metal. Tokyo Japan 153). Ebdon L. Ford M. J. Hutton R. C. Hill S. J. Evaluation of ethene addition to the nebulizer gas in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the removal of matrix- solvent- and support-gas-derived polyatomic ion interferences. Appl. Spectrosc 1994 48 507. (Dept. Environ. Sci. Univ. Plymouth Devon UK PL4 8AA). Burnard P. Ayliffe L. Stuart F. Turner G. Curtis C. Combined noble gas and quadrupole mass spec- trometer analysis of volatiles trapped in fluid inclusions. Water-Rock Interact. Proc. Int. Symp. 7th 1992 1992 2 903. (Dept. Geol. Univ. Manchester UK). Fu T.-f. Yin M.Determination of rare earth element impurities in high-quality yttrium oxide by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Fenxi Huaxue 1994 22 311. (Inst. Rock Miner. Anal. Minist. Geol. Miner. Resour. Beijing China 100037). Shum S. C. K. Measurement of elemental speciation by liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LC-ICP-MS) with the direct injec- tion nebulizer (DIN). Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1994 54 3593. (Iowa State Univ. Ames IA USA). 9511393 9511394 9511395 9511 396 95/1397 9511398 9511 399 9511400 951 140 1 9 5/ 1402 9 5/ 1403 95/1404 95/1405 95/1406 Hall G. E. M. Pelchat J. C. Analysis of geological materials for gold platinum and palladium at low ppb levels by fire assay-ICP mass spectrometry. Chem. Geol. 1994 115,61. (Dept.Appl. Geochem. Geol. Surv. Canada 601 Booth St. Ottawa Ontario Canada K1A OE8). Kozona S. Itoh T. Yoshinago A. Ohkawa S. Yakushiji K. Trace analysis of beryllium window for a solid state detector system by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal. Sci. 1994 10 477. (Central Res. Lab. Showa Denko K. K. Chiba Japan 267). Horwitz E. P. Dietz M. L. Rhoads S. Felinto C. Gale N. H. Houghton J. Lead-selective extraction chromatographic resin and its application to the isolation of lead from geological samples. Anal. Chim. Acta 1994 292 263. (Chem. Div. Argonne Natl. Lab. Argonne IL 60439 USA). Byrne J. P. Gregoire D. C. Goltz D. M. Chakrabarti C. L. Vaporization and atomization of boron in the graphite furnace investigated by electrothermal vaporiz- ation inductively coupled plasa mass spectrometry.Spectrochim. Acta Part B 1994 49,433. (Dept. Chem. Univ. Technol. Sydney Australia 2007). Argentine M. D. Analysis of trace impurities in organometallic semiconductor-grade reagent materials using electrothermal vaporization-inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. Diss. Abstr. Znt. B 1994 54 5117. (Univ. Massachusetts Amherst MA USA). Goossens J. Moens L Dams R. Determination of lead by flow injection inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry comparing several calibration techniques. Anal. Chim. Acta 1994 293 171. (Lab. Anal. Chem. Inst. Nucl. Sci. Ghent Univ. Proeftuinstr. 86 Ghent Belgium B-9000). Templeton D. M. Xu S. X. Stuhne-Sekalec L. Isotope- specific analysis of Ni by ICP-MS applications of stable isotope tracers to biokinetic studies.Sci. Total Enuiron. 1994 148 253. (Dept. Clin. Biochem. Univ. Toronto 100 College St. Toronto Canada M5G 1L5). Redvers-Newton N. A. Coote G. E. Bone pretreatments for radiocarbon dating a study incorporating AMS dating and ion beam analysis. Nucl. Znstrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 270. (Nucl. Sci. Inst. Geol. Nucl. Sci. P.O. Box 31312 Lower Hutt New Zealand). Sohns E. Gerling P. Faber E. Improved stable nitrogen isotope ratio measurements of natural gases. Anal. Chem. 1994 66 2614. (Fed. Inst. Geosci. and Nat. Resour. 30655 Hannover Germany). Okuno M. Kobayashi T. Nakamura T. 14C dating with accelerator mass spectrometry of wood charcoal from the Nabeshima-dake Tephra Formation Southern Kyushu Japan. Kazan 1993 38 91. (Fac.Lett. Kanazawa Univ. Kanazawa Japan 920-1 1). Longbottom J. E. Martin T. D. Edgell K. W. Long S. E. Plantz M. R. Warden B. E. Determination of trace elements in water by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry collaborative study. J. AOAC Znt. 1994 77 1004. (US Environ. Prot. Agency Cincinnati OH 45268 USA). Beres S. Thomas R. Denoyer E. Benefits of electro- thermal vaporization for minimizing interferences in ICP-MS. Spectroscopy (Eugene Oreg.) 1994 9 20. (Inorg. Anal. Div. Perkin-Elmer Corp. Norwalk CT 06859 USA). Elmore D. Dep L. Flack R. Hawkesworth M. J. Knies D. L. Ma X. Z. Michlovich E. S. Miller T. E. Miiller K. A. et al. Purdue Rare Isotope Measurement Laboratory. Nucl. Znstrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 65 65. (Dept. Phys. Purdue Univ. West Lafayette IN 47907 USA).Panday V. K. Becker J. S. Dietze H.-J. Multi- element analysis in the ppb range with ICP-MS. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10 163R9 51 1407 9511408 9511 409 9511410 951141 1 9511412 9511413 9511 4 14 9511415 9511416 951141 7 9511418 9511419 164R Ber. Forschungszent. Julich 1994 JUEL-2867 57. (Forschungszent. Julich GmbH Germany). Dixon P. R. Janecky D. R. Perrin R. E. Rokop D. J. Unkefer P. L. Spaller W. D. Maeck R. Uunconventional stable isotopes iron. Water-Rock Interact. Proc. Int. Symp. 7th 1992 1992 2 915. (Los Alamos Natl. Lab. NM USA). Demesmay C. Olle M. Porthault M. Arsenic speci- ation by coupling high-performance liquid chroma- tography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Fresenius' J.Anal. Chem. 1994 348 205. (Serv. Centre Anal. CNRS Vernaison 69390 France). Chen C.-l. Guo Z.-y. Yan S.-q. Li R.-x. Xio M. Li K. Liu H.-t. Liu K.-x. Wang J.-j. et af. Accelerator mass spectrometry at Peking University experiments in progress. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 47. (Inst. Heavy Ion Phys. Beijing Univ. Beijing 100871 China). Cheng X.-w. Liu L.-f. Lai W.-q. Si H.-z. Sheng S.-g. Zhou W.-n. Zhang W.-z. Zhu X.-k. Hu M.-j. et af. Tandem accelerator mass spectrometry at Shanghai-present status and applications. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 51. (Shanghai Inst. Nucl. Res. Acad. Sin. Shanghai China). Andrew H. R. Koslowsky V.T. Cornett R. J. J. Davies W. G. Greiner B. F. Imahori Y. McKay J. W. Milton G. M. Milton J. C.D. AMS measure- ments of 36Cl at Chalk River. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 74. (AECL Research Chalk River Laboratories Chalk River Ontario Canada KOJ 1JO). Korschinek G. Faestermann T. Kastel S. Knie K. Maier H. J. Fernandez-Neillo J. Rothenberger M. Zerle L. AMS forM>36 with a gas-filled magnetic spectrograph. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 146. (Fak. Phys. TU Munchen 85748 Garchang Germany). Cliff S. S. Thiemens M. H. High- recision isotopic determination of the 180/'60 and p70/'60 ratios in nitrous oxide. Anal. Chem. 1994 66 2791. (Dept. Chem. Univ. California San Diego La Jolla CA Saprykin A. I. Sikharulidze G. G. Analysis of low- melting-point metals by spark source mass spec- trometry. Vysokochist. Veshchestva 1992 4 145.(Inst. Neorg. Khim. Novosibirsk Russia). Inoue Y. Kawabata K. Takahashi H. Enclo G. Determination of arsenic compounds using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with ion chromatog- raphy. J. Chromatogr. A 1994 675 149. (Div. of R & D Analytical Systems Inc. 11-19 Nakacho 2-chome Musashino-shi Tokyo 180 Japan). Aggarwal S. K. Kinter M. Herold D. A. Determination of lead in urine and whole blood by stable isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spec- trometry. Clin. Chem. ( Winston-Salem N. C.) 1994,40 1494. (Lab. Services VA Med. Centre San Diego CA 92161 USA). Parker R. S. Swanson J. E. Marmor B. Goodman K. J. Spielman A. B. Brenna J. T. Viereck S. M. Canfield W.K. Study of p-carotene metabolism in humans using 13-p-carotene and high precision isotope ratio mass spectrometry.Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1993 691 86. (Div. Nutr. Sci. Cornell Univ. Ithaca Hodge V. F. Laing G. A. Evaluation of the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer for the determi- nation of radium-226 in drinking water. Radiochim. Acta 1994 64 211. (Dept. Chem. Univ. Nevada Las Vegas NV 89154 USA). Kumamaru T. Yamomoto M. Nakata F. Tsubota H. Nishikida K. Direct measurement of isotope ratio 92093-0356 USA ). 14853-6301 USA). 9511420 9511421 9511422 9511423 9511 424 9511425 9511426 9511427 9511428 9511429 9511430 9511431 Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10 of antimony in seawater by hydride generation induc- tively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal. Sci. 1994 10 651. (Fac. Sci. Hiroshima Univ. Higashi- Hiroshima Nishikida Japan 724).Baiocchi C. Giacosa D. Saini G. Cavalli P. Omenetto N. Passarella R. Polettini A. Trincherini P. R. Determination of thallium in Antartic snow by means of laser induced atomic fluorescence and high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spec- trometry. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 1994 55 211. (Dept. Anal. Chem. Univ. Turin 10125 Turin Italy). Breas O. Fourel F. Martin G. J. I3C analysis of aromas and perfumes by a coupled GC-IRMS tech- nique. The case of vanilla and leaf alcohol extracts. Analusis 1994,22 268. (CEAIS 44073 Nantes France). Bollen G. Kluge H.-J. Koenig M. Hartmann H. Otto T. Savard G. Stolzenberg H. Audi G. Moore R. B. et af. High-accuracy mass determination of unstable Rb Sr Cs Ba Fr and Ra isotopes with a Penning trap mass spectrometer.Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1993 132 19. (Inst. Phys. Univ. Mainz Germany). Hykawy J. G. Barber R. C. Sharma K. S. Aarts K. J. Nxumalo J. N. Duckworth H. E. Comment on masses of stable xenon isotopes check for internal consistency via ion cyclotron resonance mass spec- trometry. Phys. Rev. C Nucl. Phys. 1994 50 1249. (Phys. Dept. Univ. Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada R3T 2N2). Colle R. Thomas J. W. L. 36Cl:Cl accelerator mass spectrometry standards verification of their serial dilution solution preparation by radioactivity measure- ments. J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 1993 98 653. (Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Gaithersberg MD Van Dyck R. S. Jr. Farnham D. L. Schwinberg P. B. High precision Penning trap mass spectroscopy of the light ions.Conf. Ser.-Inst. Phys. 1993 132 3. (Dept. Phys. Univ. Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA). Natarajan V. Boyce K. R. DiFilippo F. Pritchard D. E. Improved precision mass comparison in a Penning trap-techniques and results. Con$ Ser.-Inst. Phys. 1993 132 13. (Res. Lab. Electron. Dept. Phys. MIT Cambridge MA 02139 USA). Berkovits D. Boaretto E. Heber O. Hollos G. Korschinek G. Kutschera W. Paul M. Study of weakly-formed negative ions by laser photodetachment and accelerator mass spectrometry. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 254. (Racah Inst. Phys. Hebrew Univ. 9 1904 Jerusalem Israel). Smith A. M. Fink D. Hotchkis M. A. C. Jacobsen G. E. Lawson E. M. Shying M. Tuniz C. Watt G. C. Fallon J. et af. Equipment and methodology for high precision high throughput I4C AMS analyses at ANTARES.Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 122. (Australian Nucl. Sci. Technol. Org. PMB 1 Menai N.S.W. 2334 Australia ). Cohen G. J. Hutton D. L. Osborne E. A. von Reden K. F. Gagnon A. R. McNichol A. P. Jones G. A. Automated sample processing at the National Ocean Sciences AMS Facility. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994,92,129. (Natl. Ocean Sci. Accelerator Mass Spectrom. Fac. Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst. Woods Hole MA 02543 USA). Patterson K. Y. Veillon C. O'Haver T. C. Error propagation in isotope dilution analysis as determined by Monte Carlo simulation. Anal. Chem. 1994 92 2829. (Dept. Chem. Biochem. Univ. Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA). Davids C. N. Computer control of the fragment mass analyser at ATLAS.Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A 1994 345 528. (Phys. Div. Argonne Natl. Lab. Argonne IL 60439 USA). 20899-0001 USA).9511432 9511433 9511434 9511435 9511436 9511437 9511438 9511439 9511440 9511 44 1 9 51 1442 9 51 1443 9511444 95/1445 MOUS D. J. W. Gottdang A. Van der Plicht J. Status of the first HVEE I4C AMS in Groningen. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 12. (High Voltage Eng. Europa B.V. Amersfoort Net herlands). Kobayashi K. Hatori S. Nakano C. AMS system at the University of Tokyo. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 31. (Res. Center Nucl. Sci. Technol. Univ. Tokyo Bunkyo-ku Yayoi 2-1 1-16 Tokyo Japan 113). Raisbeck G. M. Yiou F. Bourles D. Brown E. Deboffle D. Jouhanneau P. Lestringuez J. Zhou Z. Q.AMS facility at Gif-sur-Yvette; progress pertur- bations and projects. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 43. (Centre Spectrom. Nucl. et Spectrom. Masse IN2P3-CNRS Batiment 108 F-91405 Orsay Campus France). Nagashima Y. Shioya H. Tajima Y. Takahashi T. Kaikura T. Yoshizawa N. Aoki T. Furuno K. Accelerator mass spectrometry system with the 12UD Pelletron at the University of Tsukuba. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 55. (Tandem Accelerator Center Univ. Tsukuba Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan 305). Purser K. H. Elmore D. Mueller K. A. Miller T. E. Hyder H. R. McK. Enge H. Upgrading program for the FN tandem and AMS system at PRIME lab. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 69. (Southern Cross Corp. 30A Cherry Hill Dr. Danvers MA 01923 USA).Proctor I. D. Southon J. R. Roberts M. L. Development of 1291 AMS for the LLNL spectrometer. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92,92. (Center for Mass Accelerator Mass Spectrom. Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab. Livermore CA 94551 USA). Robert M. L. Norman P. J. Garibaldi J. L. Hornady R. S. New LLNL AMS sample changer. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 111. (Center Accelerator Mass Spectrom. Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab. Livermore CA 94551 USA). Sie S. H. Suter G. F. Microbeam AMS system for mineralogical applications. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 221. (Heavy Ion Anal. Facility CSIRO Div. Explor. and Mining PO Box 136 North Ryde NSW 2113 Australia). Cabaux F. Benn 0. D. Birck J. L. New Ra-Ba chromatographic separation and its application to Ra mass spectrophotometric measurement in volcanic rocks.Chem. Geol. 1994 114 191. (Lab. Geochim. et Cosmochim. Inst. Phys. Globe de Paris 4 place Jussieu F-75252 Paris CEDEX 05 France). Friedrich M. Buerger W. Groetzschel R. Henke D. Sun G. Turuc S. Hebert D. Rothe R. Stolz W. Accelerator mass spectrometry at the Rossendorf tandem accelerators. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Rex Sect. B 1994 92 58. (Research Center Rossendorf Inc. PO Box 51 01 19 D-01314 Dresden Germany). Okamoto Y. Microwave-induced atmospheric pressure plasma mass spectrometry for trace element analysis. Rep. Res. Cent. Ion Beam Technol. Hosei Univ. Suppl. 1994,12,1. (Fac. Eng. Toyo Univ Kawagoe 350 Japan). Fified L. K. Allan G. L. Stone J. 0. H. Ophel T. R. ANU AMS system and research programme.Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 85. (Dept. Nucl. Phys. Australian Natl. Univ. Canberra Australia). Tenreiro C. Anjos R. M. Acquadro J. C. Kremer G. Ramirez G. AMS program at the Sao Paulo 8UD accelerator. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 89. (Lab. Pelletron Dept. Fis. Nucl. Inst. Fis. Univ. Sao Paulo 01509-970 Sao Paulo SP Brazil). Jiang S.-s. Jiang S. Guo H. Du S.-b. Chen Z-r. Guo Q.-f. Zhao Y.4. Determination of 36Cl in the 9511446 9511447 9511448 9511449 9511450 9511451 9511452 9511453 9511454 9511455 9511456 9511457 groundwaters and ores around a uranium deposit. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 385. (China Inst. At. Energy PO Box 275(49) Beijing 102413 China). Giesemann A.Jaeger H.-J. Norman A. L. Krouse H. R. Brand W. A. On-line sulfur-isotope determi- nation using an elemental analyser coupled to a mass spectrometer. Anal. Chem. 1994 66 2816. (Inst. Pflanzenoekol. Justus Liebig Univ. 35392 Giessen Germany). Taeko S. Mitsuru E. Hiromichi N. Kenji T. Heuman K. G. C1 Br and I in igneous standard rocks. Chem. Geol. 1994 115 213. (Dept. Chem. Fac. Sci. Tokyo Metropol. Univ. Minami-Ohsawa Hachioji Tokyo 192 Japan). Ihsanullah East B. W. Method for the determination of technetium-99 in environmental samples using induc- tively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Radioact. Radiochem. 1994 5 20. (Health Phys. Div. Pakistan Inst. Nucl. Sci. Technol. Pakistan). Nakamura T. Application of low-abundance- radioisotope measurements with accelerator mass spec- trometry to the biomedical sciences.Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 1994 39 2011. (Dating Mater. Res. Centre Nagoya Univ Nagoya 464-01 Japan). Aggarwal S. K. Kinter M. Fitzgerald R. L. Herold D. A. Mass spectrometry of trace elements in biological samples. Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 1994 31 35. (Fuel Chem. Div. Bhabha At. Res. Centre Bombay 400 085 India). Morita H. Kita T. Umeno M. Morita M Yoshinaga J. Okamato K. Analysis of serum elements and the contaminations from devices used for serum preparation by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Sci. Total Environ. 1994 15 9. (Sch. Med. Sci. Univ. Tokushima 3-1 8- 15 Kuramato-cho Tokomushima-shi 700 Japan). Osborne E. A. McNichol A. P. Gagnon A. R. Hutton D. L. Jones G. A. Internal and external checks in the NOSAMS sample preparation laboratory for target quality and homogeneity.Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 158. (Natl. Ocean Sci. Accelerator Mass Spectrom. Facility Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst. Woods Hole MA 02543 USA). Schneider R. J. Jones G. A. McNichol A. P. von Reden K. F. Elder K. L. Huang KA. Kessel E. D. Methods for data screening flagging and error analysis at the National Ocean Sciences AMS Facility. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 172. (Natl. Ocean Sci. Accelerator Mass Spectrom. Facility Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst. Woods Hole MA 02543 USA). Lu Y.-j. Chakrabarti C. L. Back M. H. Gregoire D. C. Schroeder W. H. Kinetic studies of aluminium and zinc speciation in river water and snow. Anal. Chim. Acta 1994 293 95.(Dept. Chem. Ottawa- Carleton Chem. Inst. Carleton Univ. 1125 Colonel By Dr. Ottawa Canada). Klinedinst D. B. McNichol A. P. Currie L. A. Schneider R. J. Klouda G. A. von Reden K. F. Verkouteren R. M. Jones G. A. Comparative study of Fe-C bead and graphite target performance with the National Ocean Science AMS (NOSAMS) facility recombinator ion source. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 166. (Chem. Sci. Technol. Lab. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA). Purser K. H. Future AMS/chromatography instrument for biochemical and environmental measurements. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 92 201. (Isotrace Lab. Univ. Toronto Canada). Lamoureaux M. M. Gregoire D. C. Chakrabarti C. L. Goltz D. M. Modification of a commercial Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol.10 165 R9511458 9511459 9511460 951146 1 9511462 951 951 463 464 9511465 951 1466 9511467 95/1468 9 51 1469 95/ 1470 9511471 166R electrothermal vaporizer for sample introduction into an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. 2. Performance evaluation. Anal. Chem. 1994 66 3217. (Ottawa-Carleton Chem. Inst. Carleton Univ. Ottawa Ontario Canada K1S 5B6). Lamoureux M. M. Gregoire D. C. Chakrabarti C. L. Goltz D. M. Modification of a commercial electrother- mal vaporizer for sample introduction into an induc- tively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Anal. Chem. 1994 66 3208. (Ottawa-Carleton Chem. Inst. Carleton Univ. Ottawa Ontario Canada K1S 5B6). Imakita T. Determination of trace amounts of iron by ICP-mass spectrometry.Application to high-purity aluminium. Materia 1994 33 388. (Seishin Lab. Kobelco Res. Inst. Inc. Kobe Japan 651-22). Agnes G. R. Horlick G. Electrospray mass spec- trometry as a technique for elemental analysis quanti- tative aspects. Appl. Spectrosc. 1994 48 649. (Dept. Chem. Univ. Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada T6G 2G2). Agnes G. R. Horlick G. Determination of solution ions by electrospray mass spectrometry. Appl. Spectrosc. 1994 48 655. (Dept. Chem. Univ. Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada T6G 2G2). Takahashi T. Shimamura T. Determination of zir- conium niobium and molybdenum in steel by glow discharge mass spectrometry. And. Chem. 1994 66 3274. (Anal. Res. Lab. Marubun Corp. Kotoku Japan 136). Cousin H. Magyar B. Precision and accuracy of laser ablation ICP-MS analysis for rare earth elements with external calibration.Mikrochim. Acta 1994 113 313. (Swiss Fed. Inst. Technol. ETH-Zentrum CH-8092 Zurich Switzerland ). Evans E. H. Pretorius W. Ebdon L. Rowland S. Low pressure inductively coupled plasma ion source for molecular and atomic mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 1994 66 3400. (Dept. Environ. Sci. Univ. Plymouth Plymouth UK PL4 8AA). Alkanani T. Friel J. K. Jackson S. E. Longerich H. P. Comparison between digestion procedures for the multi-element analysis of milk by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1994 42 1965. (Depts. Biochem. and Earth Sci. Memorial Univ. Newfoundland St. John’s Newfoundland Canada A1B 3x9). Baylis S. A. Hall K. Jumeau E. J. Analysis of the C1-Cs components of natural gas samples using gas chromatography-combustion isotope ratio mass spec- trometry.Org. Geochem. 1994 21 777. (Res. Centre BP Sunbury-on-Thames UK TW16 7LN). Finkel R. C. Suter M. AMS in the earth sciences technique and applications. Adv. Anal. Geochem. 1993 1 1. (Nucl. Chem. Div. Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab. Livermore CA USA ). Milton G. M. Brown R. M. Review of analytical techniques for the determination of carbon-14 in environmental samples. At. Energy Can. Ltd. [Rep.] AECL AECL-10803 1993 43. (Environ. Res. Branch Chalk River Lab. Chalk River Ontario Canada KOJ 1JO). Vogt S. Wang MA. Li R. Lipschutz M. Chemistry operations at Purdue’s Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility. Nucl. lnstrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994,92 153.(Dept. Chem. Purdue Univ. W. Lafayette IN 47907 USA). Becker J. S. Dietze H.-J. Trace analysis of solids with spark-source and laser-ionization mass spectrometry. Ber. Forschungszent. Jiilich 1994 JUEL-2867 45. (Forschungszent. Julich GmbH Germany). Hornsby J. J. Farrell R. C. Inductively coupled plasma spectrometers and radiofrequency power sup- 9511472 9511473 9 51 1474 95/1475 9511476 9 51 1477 9511478 9511479 9511480 9511481 9511482 9511483 Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10 plies for them. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 602,764 (C1 HOlJ49/10) 22 Jun 1994 GB Appl. 92126,335 17 Dec 1992; 12 pp. (Fisons Plc). Brown T. A. Farwell G. W. Grootes P. M. Current status of the I4C AMS programme at the University of Washington. Nucl. lnstrum. Methods Phys.Res. Sect. B 1994 92 16. (Dept. Phys. and Nucl. Phys. Lab. GL-10 Seattle WA 98195 USA). Kawabata K. Inoue Y. Takahashi H. Endo G. Determination of arsenic species by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with ion chromatography. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 1994 8 245. (Yokogawa Analytical Systems Inc. Tokyo Japan). Vanhaecke F. Boonen S. Moens L. Dams R. Solid sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the determi- nation of arsenic in standard reference materials of plant origin. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 81. (Lab. Anal. Chem. Inst. Nucl. Sci. Ghent Univ. Proeftuinstr. 86 B-9000 Ghent Belgium). Gomez Gornez M. M. McLeod C. W. Trace enrichment and determination of gold by flow injection inductively coupled plasma spectrometry.Part 11. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 89. (Environ. Res. Centre Div. Chem. Sch. Sci. Sheffield Hallam Univ. Sheffield UK S1 1WB). Pin C. Telouk P. Imbert J.-L. Direct determination of the samarium:neodymium ratio in geological mate- rials by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry with cryogenic desolvation. Comparison with isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spec- trometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 93. (Dept. Geol. Univ. Blaise Pascal 63038 Clermont-Ferrand France). Xie Q.4 Kerrich R. Optimization of operating conditions for improved precision of zirconium and hafnium isotope ratio measurement by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). J. Anal. At.Spectrom. 1995 10 99. (Dept. Geol. Sci. Univ. Saskatchewan Canada S7N OWO). Prange A. Jantzen E. Determination of organometallic species by gas chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 105. (GKSS Res. Centre Inst. Phys. Max-Planck- Str. D-21502 Geesthacht Germany). Beatriz de la Calle Guntinas M. Lobinski R. Adams F. C. Interference-free determination of selenium(1v) by capillary gas chromatography-microwave-induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry after volatiliz- ation with sodium tetraethylborate. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 111. (Dept. Chem. Univ. Antwerp (UIA) Universiteitsplein 1 2610 Wilrijk Belgium). Paama L. Piiri L. Peramaki P. Lajunen L. H. J. Matrix effects in argon plasma on elemental analysis of archaeological glazes by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry.J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 117. (Inst. Chem. Phys. Univ. Tartu EE2400 Tartu Estonia). Ek P. Hulden S.-G. Ivaska A. Sequential injection analysis system for the determination of hydride- forming elements by direct current plasma atomic emission spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 121. (Lab. Anal. Chem. Abo Akad. Univ. FIN-20500 Turku-Abo Finland). Radziuk B. Rodel G. Stenz H. Becker-Ross H. Florek S. Spectrometer system for simultaneous multi- element electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using line sources and Zeeman-effect background correction. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 127. CBodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer GmbH D-88662 Uberlingen Germany). Masera E. Mauchien P.Lerat Y. Silver matrix effects on gold atomization in a graphite furnace investigated9511484 9511485 9511486 9511487 488 489 490 49 1 9511492 9511493 9511 494 95/1495 by two-dimensional laser imaging with a gated charge coupled device camera. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 137. (CEAILaser Anal. Spectrosc. Group Centre d’Etudes de Saclay DCC/DPE/SPEA/SPS 91 191 Gif-sur-Yvette France). Florek S. Becker-Ross H. High-resolution spec- trometer for atomic spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrum. 1995,10 145. (Lab. Spektrosk. Methoden Umweltanal. Inst. Spektrochem. Angew. Spektrosk Rudower Chaussee 5 D-12489 Berlin Germany). Alvarez-Cabal Cimadevilla E. Wrbbel K. Sanz-Medel A. Capabilities and limitations of different techniques in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry for direct monitoring of arsenic cadmium and lead con- tamination of sea-water.J. Anal. At. Spectrorn. 1995 10 149. (Dept. Phys. Anal. Chem. Fac. Chem. Univ. Oviedo c/Julian Claveria 8 33006 Oviedo Spain). Cernohorsky T. Kotrly S. Determination of beryllium in drinking and waste water by tungsten furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrorn. 1995 10 155. (Dept. Environ. Prot. Univ. Pardubice 532 10 Pardubice Czech Republic ). Kbvostikov V. A. Grazhulene S. S. Golloch A. Kirschner S. Telgheder U. Investigation of potentialit- ies of atomic fluorescence spectrometry with a tantalum coil atomizer for gas monitoring. J. Anal. At. Spectrorn. 1995 10 161. (Inst. Microelectr. Technol. and High Purity Mat. RAS 142432 Chernogolovka Moscow Russia).Cresser M. S. Armstrong J. Cook J. Dean J. R. Watkins P. Cave M. Atomic spectrometry update- environmental analysis. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 9R. (Dept. Plant and Soil Sci. Aberdeen Univ. Meston Building Old Aberdeen UK AB9 2UE). Halls D. J. Analytical minimalism applied to the determination of trace elements by atomic spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrorn. 1995 10 167. (Trace Element Unit Inst. Biochem. Glasgow Royal Infirmary Univ. NHS Trust Castle St. Glasgow UK G4 OSF). Wolnik K. A. Heitkemper D. T. Crowe J. B. Barnes B. S. Brueggemeyer T. W. Application of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission and mass spectrometry to forensic analysis of sodium gamma hydroxy butyrate and ephedrine hydrochloride. J. Anal. At. Spectrorn. 1995 10 175. (Natl.Forensic Chem. Centre US Food and Drug Admin. Cincinnati OH 45221 USA). Greenfield S. Inductively coupled plasma in fluores- cence spectrometry source and atomlion reservoir. J. Anal. At. Spectrorn. 1995 10 181. (Dept. Chem. Loughborough Univ. Technol. Loughborough Leics. UK LEll 3TU). Smith C. M. M. Harnly J. M. Effect of elevated gas pressure on atomization in graphite furnace continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry with linear photodiode array detection. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 185. (USDA ARS Beltsville Human Nutr. Res. Center Food Composition Lab. Beltsville MD 20705 USA). Harnly J. M. Radziuk B. Effect of furnace atomization temperatures on simultaneous multielement atomic absorption measurement using a transversely heated graphite atomizer.J. Anal. At. Spectrorn. 1995 10 195. (USDA ARS Beltsville Human Nutr. Center Nutrient Composition Lab. Building 161 BARC-East Beltsville MD 20705 USA). Penninckx W. Vankeerberghen P. Luc Massart D. Smeyers-Verbeke J. Knowledge-based computer system for the detection of matrix interferences in atomic absorption apectrometric methods. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 205. (Chemo AC Pharm. Inst. Vrije Univ. Brussel Laarbeeklaan 103 1090 Brussels Belgium). Harrison I. Littlejohn D. Fell G. S. Determination of selenium in human hair and nail by electrothermal 9511496 9511497 951149 8 951 149 9 9511500 9511 501 9511502 9511503 504 505 9511506 atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrorn. 1995 10 213. (Dept. Pure and Appl. Chem. Univ. Strathclyde Cathedral St.Glasgow UK G1 1XL). Thomaidis N. S. Piperaki E. A. Efstathiou C. E. Comparison of chemical modifiers for the determination of gold in biological fluids by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 219. (Lab. Anal. Chem. Chem. Dept. Univ. Athens Univ. Campus 15771 Athens Greece). Bermejo-Barrera P. Aboal-Somoza M. Moreda- Pifieiro A. Bermejo-Barrera A. Studies on solvent extraction to determine iodide indirectly by electrother- mal atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrorn. 1995 10,225. (Dept. Anal. Chem. Nutr. and Bromatol. Fac. Chem. Univ. Santiago de Compostela E-15706 Santiago de Compostela (La Coruna) Spain). Ulhafid Belazi A. Davidson C. M. Keating G. E. Littlejohn D. McCartney M. Determination and speciation of heavy metals in sediments from the Cumbrian Coast NW England UK.J. Anal. At. Spectrorn. 1995 10 239. (Dept. Pure and Appl. Chem. Univ. Strathclyde 295 Cathedral St. GLasgow UK G1 1XL). Pasullean B. Davidson C. M. Littlejohn D. On-line preconcentration of chromium(n1) and speciation of chromium in waters by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 239. (Dept. Pure and Appl. Chem. Univ. Strathclyde Cathedral St. Glasgow UK G1 1XL). Bermejo-Barrera P. Barciela-Alonso M. C. Ferrbn- Novais M. Bermejo-Barrera A. Speciation of arsenic by the determination of total arsenic and arsenic(II1) in marine sediment samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 245. (Dept. Anal. Chem. Nutr. and Bromatol. Fac.Chem. Univ. Santiago de Compostela 15706 Santiago de Compostela Spain). Sadler D. A. Littlejohn D. Perkins C. V. Automatic wavelength calibration procedure for use with an optical spectrometer and array detector. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 251. (Dept. Pure and Appl. Chem. Univ. Strathclyde 295 Cathedral St. Glasgow UK G1 1XL). Burden T. J. Powell J. J. Thompson R. P. H. Taylor P. D. Optimal accuracy precision and sensitivity of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spec- trometry bioanalysis of aluminium. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 257. (Gastrointestinal Lab. The Rayne Inst. St. Thomas’ Hospital London UK SE1 7EH). Allen L. A. Pang H.-M. Warren A. R. Houk R. S. Simultaneous measurement of isotope ratios in solids by laser ablation with a twin quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer.J. Anal. At. Spectrorn. 1995,10,265. (Ames Lab. US. Dept. Energy Dept. Chem. Iowa State Univ. Ames IA 50011 USA). Perera I. K. Lyon I. C. Turner G. Isotope ratio measurements in strontium using two-photon two- colour resonance ionization mass spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 10 271. (Dept. Appl. Phys. Univ. Hull Hull UK HU6 7RX). Fairman B. Sanz-Medel A. Jones P. Field sampling technique for the ’fast reactive’ aluminium fraction in waters using a flow injection mini-column system with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectro- metric and inductively coupled plasma mass spectro- metric detection. J. Anal. At. Spectrorn. 1995 10 279. (Dept. Phys. and Anal. Chem. Fac. Chem. Univ. Oviedo 33006 Oviedo Spain ).Cossa D. Sanjuan J. Cloud J. Stockwell P. B. Corns W. T. Automated technique for mercury determi- nation at sub-nanogram per litre levels in natural waters. J. Anal. At. Spectrorn. 1995 10 285. (Inst. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10 167R9511507 9511508 9511509 95/15 10 9511511 9511512 95/1513 95/1514 95/15 15 9511 516 9511 5 17 95/15 18 95/1519 95/1520 168R Francais Rech. Exploit. Mer BP 1049 F 44037 Nantes Cedex France ). Denis Malvy J.-M. Lebranchu Y. Richard M.-J. Arnaud J. Favier A. Oxidative metabolism and severe asthma in children. Clin. Chim. Acta 1993 218 117. (Lab. de SantC Publique Fac. Med. CHU 2 blvd. Tonnelle F-37032 Tours France). Rohn R. D. Pleban P. Jenkins L. L. Magnesium zinc and copper in plasma and blood cellular compo- nents in children with IDDM.Clin. Chim. Acta 1993 215 21. (Dept. Pediat. Eastern Virginia Med. Sch. Portsmouth VA USA). Fujino O. Sanada K. Yamasaki H. Gohoda S. Determination of lanthanoids in apatite minerals by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Kidorui 1994 24 158. (Res. Inst. Sci. Technol. Kinki Univ. Higashiosaka Japan 577). Irikura K. K. Fowles E. H. Beauchamp J. L. Postionization chemical separation a mass spectro- metric technique for isotopic analysis of mixtures. Anal. Chem. 1994,66,3447. (Arthur Amos Noyes Lab. Chem. Phys. California Inst. Technol. Pasadena CA 91 125 USA). Anthony J. M. Kirchhoff J. F. Marble D. K. Renfrow S. N. Kim Y. D. Matteson S. McDaniel F. D. Accelerator based secondary-ion mass spectrometry for impurity analysis. J.Vac. Sci. Technol. A 1994 12 1547. (Central Res. Lab. Texas Instruments Inc. Dallas TX 75265 USA). Murakami M .,-. Ito T. Kato A. Sakakibara T. Masuda T. Fujimoto T. Microanalysis of inorganic compounds (ICP-MS and others). Sen’i Seihin Shohi Kagaku 1994,35 62. (Sumitomo Kabunseki Center K. K. Japan). Imai N. Laser microprobe and conventional solution analyses on rocks by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Chishitsu Nyusu 1993 469 18. (Chishitsu Chosasho Tokyo Japan). McLuckey S. A Van Berkel G. J. Goeringer D. E. Glish G. L. Ion trap mass spectrometry of externally generated ions. Anal. Chem. l994,66,689A. (Oak Ridge Natl. Lab. TN USA). McLuckey S. A. Van Berkel G. J. Goeringer D. E. Glish G. L. Ion trap mass spectrometry using high pressure ionization. Anal.Chem. 1994 66 737. (Oak Ridge Natl. Lab. Oak Ridge TN USA). Kahaian D. J. Pang S. W. In-situ monitoring by mass spectrometry for GaAs etched with an electron cyclo- tron resonance source. Muter. Res. SOC. Symp. Proc. 1994 324 329. (Solid State Electronics Lab. Univ. Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109-2122 USA). Halicz L. Lam J. W. H. McLaren J. W. On-line method for the determination of lead and lead isotope ratios in fresh and saline waters by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Spectrochim. Acta Part B 1994 49 637. (Inst. Environ. Res. Technol. Natl. Res. Council Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada K1A OR6). Bourdon B. Zindler A. Woerner G. Evolution of the Laacher See magma chamber evidence from SIMS and TIMS measurements of U-Th disequilibria in minerals and glasses.Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1994 126 75. (Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Columbia Univ. Palisades NY 10964 USA ). Twiss P. Watling R. J. Delev D. Determination of thorium and uranium in faecal material from occupationally exposed workers using ICP-MS. At. Spectrosc. 1994 15 36. (Chem. Centre (WA) Perth 6004 W. Australia Australia). Jenner G. A. Foley S. F. Jackson S. E. Green T. H. Fryer B. J. Longerich H. P. Determination of partition coefficients for trace elements in high pressure- temperature experimental run products by laser 95/1521 9511522 9511 523 9511524 9511 525 9511526 9511527 9511528 9511529 9511530 9511531 9511532 9511533 Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10 ablation microprobe-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LAM-ICP-MS). Geochim.Cosmochim. Acta 1993 57 5099. (Dept. Earth Sci. Mem. Univ. Newfoundland St. John’s Newfoundland Canada A1B 3x5). Sheppard B. S. Heitkemper D. T. Gaston C. M. Microwave digeston for the determination of arsenic cadmium and lead in seafood products by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission and mass spectrometry. Analyst (London) 1994 119 1683. (Natl. Forensic Chem. Center US Food and Drug Admin. Cincinnati OH 45202 USA). Felton J. S. Turteltaub K. W. Accelerator mass spectrometry for measuring low-dose carcinogen bind- ing to DNA. Enuiron. Health Perspect. 1994 102 450. (Mol. Toxicol. Group Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab. CA USA). Brunk S. Simplified method for serum aluminium by ICP-MS. At. Spectrosc. 1994 15 145.(Baptist Reg. Lab. Memphis TN 38105 USA). Deruaz B. Deruaz D. Bannier A. Desage M. Brazier J. L. Comparison of measurements of carbon- 13 isotopic enrichment of progesterone by GC-AED GC-MS and GC-IRMS. Analusis 1994 22 241. (Lab. d’Etudes Anal. Cinetiques Med. Inst. Sci. Pharm. Biol. 69373 Lyon France). Yamashina K. Akyama H. Chikaishi K. Quantitative determination of boron in pure waters by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy analysis. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,160,353 [94,160,353] (Cl. GOlN27/62) 07 Jun 1994 Appl. 921306,756 17 Nov 1992; 4 pp. (Sumitomo Chem. Co. Japan). Liu H.-y. Montaser A. Phase-Doppler diagnostic studies of primary and tertiary aerosols produced by a high-efficiency nebulizer. Anal. Chem. 1994 66 3233. (Dept. Chem. George Washington Univ.Washington DC 20052 USA). Chen W. L. T. Heberlein J. Pfender E. Diagnostics of a thermal plasma jet by optical emission spectroscopy and enthalpy probe measurements. Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 1994 14 317. (ERC Plasma-Aided Manuf. Univ. Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 USA ). Sargent J. D. Dalton M. Stukel T. A. Roda S. Klein R. Easily applied barrier method reduces lead contamination of capillary blood specimens. Clin. Chem. ( Winston-Salem N. C.) 1994 40 341. (Depts. Pediatr. and Community and Family Med. Dartmouth- Hitchcock Med. Center Lebanon NH 03756 USA). Sanz Alaejos M. Diaz Romero C. Urinary selenium concentrations. Clin. Chem. ( Winston-Salem N. C.) 1993 39 2040. (Dept. Anal. Chem. Food Sci. and Toxicol. Univ. La Laguna 38204 La Laguna Tenerife Spain).Hanna C. P. Tyson J. F. McIntosh S. Determination of inorganic arsenic and its organic metabolites in urine by flow-injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. Clin. Chem. ( Winston-Salem N C.) 1993 39 1662. (Chem. Dept. Univ. Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA). Yoshinaga J. Shibata Y. Morita M. Trace elements determined along single strands of hair by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem N. C.) 1993 39 1650. (Natl. Inst. Environ. Studies Onogawa 16-2 Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki 305 Japan). Romero R. A. Granadillo V. A. Salgado O. Garcia R. Rodriguez-Iturbe B. Desferrioxamine B increases urinary lead extraction. Clin. Chem. ( Winston-Salem N. C.) 1993 39 2021. (Anal. Instrum. Lab. Exp. Fac. Sci.Univ. Zulia Maracaibo Venezuela ). Villoresi P. Nicolosi P. Stigmatic spectrograph with a 2-D CCD detector for soft X-ray observations of laser9511534 9511535 9511536 9511537 9511538 95/1539 95/1540 95/1541 9511542 9511543 9511544 9511545 9511546 95/1547 95/1548 95/1549 produced plasmas. Reu. Sci. Instrum. 1994 65 2049. (Dip. Elettron. Inf. Univ. Padova 35151 Padua Italy). Ghazi A. A. Qamar S. Atta M. A. Uranium spectra in the ICP. Spectrochim. Acta Part B 1994 49 527. (A. Q. Khan Res. Labs. Rawalpindi Pakistan). Tao S. Kumamaru T. Sensitive atomic spectrometry using solid-phase reactions. Kagaku (Kyoto) 1994 49 448. (Fac. Sci. Hiroshima Univ. Higashihiroshima Japan 724). Jacksier T. Barnes R. M. Atomic emission of chlorine spectra from 200 to 900nm by sealed inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy.Appl. Spectrosc. 1994 48 382. (Chicago Res. Center Am. Air Liquide Countryside IL 60525 USA). Tanaka U. Yabuzaki T. Frequency stabilization of diode laser using external cavity and Doppler-free atomic spectra. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 1 1994 33 1614. (Fac. Sci. Kyoto Univ. Kyoto Japan 606-01). Weisse R. Radziuk B. Atomic absorption spec- trometers and high-pressure lamps for them. Ger. Offen. DE 4,230,298 (Cl. GOlN21/31) 24 Mar 1994 Appl. 10 Sep 1992; 9 pp. (Perkin-Elmer Germany). Hutton J. C. Some theoretical and experimental studies in atomic absorption spectrometry. Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1994 54 5630. (Carleton Univ. Ottawa Ontario Canada). Shi Z. Planar magnetron glow discharge plasma as an atom and ion source for atomic spectroscopy.Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1994 54 6172. (Univ. Michigan USA). Tarr M. A. Characterization and optimization of sample introduction systems for ICP-AES ICP-MS LC-MS. Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1994 54 5123. (Georgia Inst. Technol. Athens GA USA). Tino G. M. Atomic spectroscopy with diode lasers. Phys. Scr. T 1994 51 58. (Dip. Sci. Fische Univ. Napoli 1-80125 Naples Italy). Zimmermann D. Baumann P. Kuszner D. Werner A. Isotope shift and hyperfine structure in the atomic spectrum of hafnium by laser spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. A At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 1994 50 1112. (Inst. Strahlungs-Kernphys. Tech. Univ. Berlin D-10623 Berlin Germany ). Omenetto N. Matveev 0. I. Resto W. Badini R. Smith B. W. Winefordoer J. D. Non-linear behaviour of atomic fluorescence in mercury vapours following double-resonance laser excitation.Appl. Phys. B Lasers Opt. 1994 58 303. (Environ. Inst. CEC Ispra Italy). Gunter S. Dynamic screening effects on the shift and the shape of spectral lines. Contrib. Plasma Phys. 1993 33 563. (Fachbereich Phys. Univ. Rostock 18051 Rostock Germany). Lewis D. G. Optimization of a polarized source for in uiuo X-ray fluorescence analysis of platinum and other heavy metals. Phys. Med. Biol. 1994 39 197. (Swansea In-Vivo Anal. Res. Group (SIVARG) Dept. Phys. Univ. Swansea Swansea UK SA2 8PP). von Bohlen A. Rechmann P. Tourmann J. L. Klockenkamper R. Ultra-micro-analysis of dental plaque films by total reflection X-ray fluorescence. J. Trace Elem. Electrolytes Health Dis. 1994 8 37. (Inst. Spektrochem. Angew.Spektrosk. Bunsen- Kirchhoff-Str. 11 D-44139 Dortmund Germany). Hua Y.-n. Yap C. T. Simultaneous matrix and background correction method and its application in XRF concentration determination of trace elements in geological materials. X-Ray Spectrom. 1994 23 27. (Dept. Phys. Natl. Univ. Singapore Lower Kent Ridge Rd. Singapore 051 1 Singapore). Tariq M. A. Preiss I. L. Fluctuations in Fe Cu Zn Br As Se and Rb concentrations in C57L/J mice 95/1550 9511551 9511552 9511553 9511554 9511555 95/1556 9511 557 9511 558 9511 559 9511560 95/1561 9511562 95/1563 bearing BW7756 murine hepatoma using radioisotope- induced X-ray fluorescence. Bid. Trace Elem. Res. 1994 42 97. (Inst. Chem. Punjab Univ. Lahore Pakistan). Hoffmann P. Analytical determination of colouring elements and of their compounds in glass beads from graveyards of the Merowings time.Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem. 1994 349 320. (Tech. Hochschule Fachber. Materialwissenschaft D-64195 Darmstadt Germany). Khouadja A. Barnes H. M. Lyon D. E. Properties of CCA-treated southern pine plywood after re-drying. Proc.-Annu. Meet. Am. Wood-Preseru. Assoc. 1991 1992 87 82. (Mississippi For. Prod. Lab. Mississippi State Univ. Mississippi State MS 39762 USA). Salva A. von Bohlen A. Klockenkamper R. Klockow D. Multi-element analysis of airborne particulate matter by total reflection X-ray fluorescence. Quim. Anal. (Barcelona) 1993 12 57. (Inst. Spektrochem. ange- wandte Spektrosk. 44139 Dortmund Germany). Takenaka H. Chiba R. Hatsutori S. Okamoto H. Pponma C. Seki M. Shinozuka I. Kitahara Y.Determination of noxious pollutants in ambient air. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06 94,655 [94 94,6551 (Cl. GOlN23/223) 08 Apr 1994 Appl. 92/265,614 09 Sep 1992; 4pp. (Nippon Telegraph & Telephone Japan). Takenaka H. Hatsutori S. Okamoto H. Determination of noxious pollutants in ambient air. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06 94,654 [94 94,6541 (Cl. GOlN23/223) 08 Apr 1994 Appl. 92/265,537 09 Sep 1992; 6pp. (Nippon Telegraph & Telephone Japan). Vazquex C. Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence and its application to the determination of metal contami- nants in water. An. Asoc. Quim. Argent. 1994 82 91. (Dept. Quim. Comm. Nacl. Energia At. Buenos Aires Argentina). Peraeniemi S. Hannonen S. Mustalahti H. Ahlgren M. Zirconium-loaded activated charcoal as an absorb- ent for arsenic selenium and mercury. Fresenius’ J.Anal. Chem. 1994 349 510. (Univ. Joensuu SF-80101 Joensuu Finland). Mariolani J. R. L. Belangero W. D. Fonseca de Arruda A. C. Triage methodology for the evaluation of implant-bone interfaces. Biomaterials 1994 15 615. (Technol. Centre State Univ. Campinas 13081-970 Campinas Brazil). Kurakado M. Present status of superconducting tunnel junction detectors. Radioisotopes 1994 43 354. (Adv. Mater. Technol. Res. Lab. Nippon Steel Corp. Kawasaki Japan 21 1). Cantwell K. Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory - 20 years of synchrotron light. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A 1994 347 44. (Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lab. MS 69 P.O. Box 4349 Stanford CA 94309-0210 USA). Butler J. F. Apotovsky B. Niemala A.Sipila H. Sub-keV resolution detection with Cd,-,Zn,Te detec- tors. Proc. SPIE-Int. SOC. Opt. Eng. 1993 2009 121. (Aurora Technol. Corp. San Diego CA 92121 USA). Ishii Y. Takenaka H. Kawamura T. Haga T. Kinoshita H. Thermal stability of Mo-based multilayer X-ray mirrors. Proc. SPIE-Int. SOC. Opt. Eng. 1994 2015 132. (NTT Interdiscip. Res. Lab. Musashino Japan 180). Buchmann F. X-ray generators for X-ray tubes having at least two electron sources. Ger. Offen. DE 4,230,880 (Cl. HOlJ35/14) 17 Mar 1994 Appl. 16 Sep 1992; 6 pp. (Philips Patentverwaltung GmbH Germany). Szymczyk W. M. Automatic analysis of X-ray spectra in EDXRF systems. Nukleonika 1993,38 19. (SOLTAN Inst. Nucl. Stud. 05-400 Otwock Poland). Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol.10 169 R9511 564 9511 565 9511566 9511567 95/1568 9511569 9511570 9511 57 1 9511572 9511573 9511574 9511575 9511576 9511577 95/1578 170R Carpenter D. A. Taylor M. A. Non-destructive microanalysis with a laboratory-based X-ray micro- probe. Microbeam Anal. 1993,2 S84. (Martin Marietta Energy Syst. Oak Ridge TN 37831-8084 USA). Kierzek J. Przetakiewicz P. Determination of La Ce Pr and Nd in geological samples by XRF. Nukleonika 1993 38 33. (Inst. Nucl. Chem. and Technol. 03-195 Warsaw Poland). Mountford P. J. Green S. Bradley D. A. Lewis A. D. Morgan W. D. Tibia1 lead determination by 99TP radiopharmaceutical X-ray fluorescence. Phys. Med. Biol. 1994 39 773. (Dept. Med. Phys. Biomed. Eng. Queen Elizabeth Med. Centre Edgbaston Birmingham UK B15 2TH). Cesareo R.Gigante G. E. Iwanczyk J. S. Rosales M. A. Aliphat M. Avila P. Non-destructive analysis of pre-Hispanic gold objects using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence. Reu. Mex. Fis. 1994 40 301. (Dipt. Energetica Univ. Roma “La Sapienza” Rome Italy). Glans P. La Villa R. E. Luo Y. Aagren H. Nordgren J. X-ray emission spectroscopy measure- ments of fluorine substituted methanes. J. Phys. B At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 1994 27 3399. (Dept. Phys. Uppsala Univ. S-751 21 Uppsala Sweden). Markert B. Reus U. Herpin U. Application of TXRF in instrumental multi-element analysis of plants demon- strated with species of moss. Sci. Total Enuiron. 1994 152 213. (Inst. Inland Water Res. Magdeburg GKSS Natl. Res. Centre Gouvernementsberg 1 39104 Magdeburg Germany). Doing P. White J. Shen Q.High-power and high- flux X-ray wiggler station at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A 1994 347 73. (Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source and Sch. Appl. Eng. Phys. Cornell Univ. Ithaca NY USA). Okura T. Sudoh G. Inoue H. Kanazawa T. Molecular orbital calculation of Si KP spectra. Gypsum Lime 1994 250 169. (Fac. Eng. Kogakuin Univ. Tokyo Japan 163-91). Liu-Xu X. Heitz C. Siffert P. Regal R. X-ray fluorescence escape peaks in HgI detectors. X-Ray Spectrom. 1994 23 178. (Lab. PHASE CNRS 67037 Strasbourg France). Dhal B. B. Padhi H. C. Relative K X-ray intensities in some selected elements between Mn and Sb following ionization by 59.54 keV y rays. Phys. Rev. A At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 1994 50 1096. (Inst. Phys. Bhubaneswar 751005 India).Sanchez H. J. Burattini E. Rubio M. Evidence of double K-photoionization in P C1 and K. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B 1994 93 370. (Fac. Math. Astron. y Fis. Univ. Nacl. Cordoba 5000 Cordoba Argentina ). Nemoshkalenko V. V. Demekhin V. F. Krivetskii V. P. Mosachev Y. F. Yavna V. A. Yavna S. A. Nature of line shifts of the X-ray emission spectrum of iron and cobalt atoms. Metallojizika (Kiev) 1993 15 70. (Inst. Metallofiz. Kiev Ukraine). Connolly D. On-line particulate iron and sulfur X-ray monitor. Corros. Control Low-Cost Reliab. Proc.-Int. Corros. Congr. 12th 1993,4295. (Alliance Res. Centre Babcock and Wilcox Alliance OH 44601 USA). Steer C. Chibani L. Koebel J. M. Hage-Ali M. Siffert P. Study of different cadmium telluride materials doped with V Zn and C1 grown by vertical Bridgman furnace and by THM.Muter. Res. SOC. Syrnp. Proc. 1993 302 457. (CNRS Lab. F-67037 Strasbourg France). Fiori C. E. Swyt C. R. Is spectrometer resolution or system count rate performance more important in energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis? A study using 9511579 9511 580 9511 58 1 9511582 95/1583 9511584 9511585 9511586 9511587 9511588 9511589 9511590 9511591 9511 592 9511 593 Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10 generated spectra. Microbeam Anal. 1992 1 89. (Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA). Hayakawa S. Sasaki S. Gohshi Y. Near-surface-layer analysis by critical takeoff-angle X-ray fluorescence detection. Adv. X-Ray Anal. 1993 36 257. (Fac. Eng. Univ. Tokyo Tokyo Japan 113).Hoogenhof W. W. V. D. de Boer D. K. G. GIXA a novel technique in near-surface analysis. Muter. Sci. Forum 1994 143 1331. (Philips Anal. X-Ray BV 7602 EA Almelo Netherlands). Wen Y. Yuan H.-z. Zhu T. Liu Y.-w. Study on microanalysis for the doping element Ge in Si semicon- ductor material by SRXRF. Fenxi Shiyanshi 1994 13 77. (Beijing Gen. Res. Inst. Mining Metall. Beijing China 100044). Zhang Y. Ge L.-q. Determination of the ore grade of tunnel walls by in situ X-ray fluorescence analysis. Nucl. Geophys. 1994 8 195. (Dept. Appl. Geophys. China Univ. Geosci. Beijing China 100083). Schmitt W. Rothe J. Hormes J. Gries W. H. Angle- resolved self-ratio measurements on ion-implanted depth profiles by synchrotron X-ray fluorescence spec- trometry. J. Vac.Sci. Technol. A 1994 12 2467. (Phys. Inst. Univ. Bonn D-53115 Bonn Germany). Agrawal R. M. Jha S. N. Kaimal R. Malhotra S. K. Jangida B. L. Determination of small concen- trations of hafnia in zirconia by selective excitation energy dispersive X-ray emission spectrometry. Fresenius’ J. Anal. Chem. 1994 349,434. (Spectroscopy Div. Bhabha At. Res. Centre Bombay 400085 India). Smagunova A. N. Rozova 0. F. Prekina I. M. Effect of the load developed in the pressing of radiators on the intensity of X-ray fluorescence. Zh. Anal. Khim. 1994 49 711. (Irkutsk State Univ. Irkutsk Russia). Komatsu B. Myazaki K. Shimazaki A. Method for elemental analysis. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,174,665 [94,174,665] (C1. GOlN23/225) 24 Jun 1994 Appl. 921325,655 04 Dec 1992; 8 pp. (Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co. Japan).Muraoka H. Plates for concentration of liquid sample droplets by heating prior to analysis. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,174,615 [94,174,615] (Cl. GOlN1/28) 24 Jun 1994 Appl. 921349,880 01 Dec 1992; 3 pp. (Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co. Japan). Tatsuji W. Wakasa M. Tanaka M. Morita N. Nishihagi K. Terada S. Method and apparatus for fluorescence X-ray analysis. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 06,174,664 [94,174,664] (Cl. GOlN23/223) 24 Jun 1994 Appl. 921350,602 03 Dec 1992; 1Opp. (Kao Corp. Japan). Kowalska E. Urbanski P. Advantages and limitations of XRF method for rapid sulfur determination in coal samples. Nukleonika 1992 37 77. (Inst. Nucl. Chem. Technol. 03-195 Warsaw Poland). Gilmour A. Houwen O. Sanders M. Analysis of drilling fluids. PCT Int.Appl. WO 93 17,326 (Cl. GOlN23/22) 02 Sep 1993 GB Appl. 92/4,407 29 Feb 1992; 55 pp. (Schlumberger Technol. Corp.). Zhang Y.-x. Wang X.-p. Qin J.-f. Wang Y.-x. Wu S.-m. Matrix absorption correction of medium thick targets in XRF. Nucl. Sci. Tech. 1993 4 120. (Inst. Nucl. Res. Acad. Sin. Shanghai China 201800). Todd A. C. Chettle D. R. Scott M. C. Somervaille L. J. Braithwaite R. A. Jkaney R. P. Buxton E. J. Pilot study using technetium-99m to measure lead and platinum in the human kidney. Nucl. Med. Biol. 1993 20 589. (Sch. Phys. Space Res. Univ. Birmingham Birmingham UK B15 2TT). Somervaille L. Measuring lead in man. Glass Technol. 1993 34 94. (Health Serv. Res. Centre Univ. Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham UK B15 2TJ).95/1594 Edwards T. Ferrier B. Harriman R. Preliminary investigation on the use of ion-exchange resins for monitoring river water composition.Sci. Total Enuiron. 1993 135 27. (Macaulay Land Use Res. Inst. Craigiebuckler Aberdeen UK AB9 245). 95/1595 Hayes T. M. Kovantsev V. E. Pant J. Pantojas V. Nazaryan N. Persans P. D. Developments in the design of efficient X-ray optical elements using large arrays of glass capillaries. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 1 1993 32 232. (Phys. Dept. Rensselaer Polytech. Inst. Troy NY 12180-3590 USA). 95/1596 Yoshida T. X-ray windows. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 05,66,300 [93,66,300] (Cl. G21K5/00) 19 Mar 1993 Appl. 91/226,834 06 Sep 1991; 3 pp. (Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co. Japan). 95/1597 Watanabe H. X-ray window assemblies. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 05 66,299 [93 66,2991 (Cl. G21K5/00) 19 Mar 1993 Appl. 91/227,397 06 Sep 1991; 6pp.(Fujitsu Ltd. Japan). Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10 171 R95/1594 Edwards T. Ferrier B. Harriman R. Preliminary investigation on the use of ion-exchange resins for monitoring river water composition. Sci. Total Enuiron. 1993 135 27. (Macaulay Land Use Res. Inst. Craigiebuckler Aberdeen UK AB9 245). 95/1595 Hayes T. M. Kovantsev V. E. Pant J. Pantojas V. Nazaryan N. Persans P. D. Developments in the design of efficient X-ray optical elements using large arrays of glass capillaries. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 1 1993 32 232. (Phys. Dept. Rensselaer Polytech. Inst. Troy NY 12180-3590 USA). 95/1596 Yoshida T. X-ray windows. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 05,66,300 [93,66,300] (Cl. G21K5/00) 19 Mar 1993 Appl. 91/226,834 06 Sep 1991; 3 pp. (Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co.Japan). 95/1597 Watanabe H. X-ray window assemblies. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 05 66,299 [93 66,2991 (Cl. G21K5/00) 19 Mar 1993 Appl. 91/227,397 06 Sep 1991; 6pp. (Fujitsu Ltd. Japan). Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10 171 R

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA995100155R

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Solid State Detector for Simultaneous Multi-element Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with Zeeman-effect Background Correct ion* BERNARD RADZIUK GUNTHER RODEL AND MICHAEL ZEIHER Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer GmbH 0-88662 Uberlingen Germany SEIICHIRO MIZUNO AND KOUEI YAMAMOTO Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Hamamatsu City 435 Japan The development and characterization is described of a solid- state detector for simultaneous multielement electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) using combined line sources. Photodiode technology providing high quantum efficiency is married to a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) charge amplifier array for low noise output. Thus a large surface (3 cm x 6 cm) detector including 60 individual photodiodes can be produced using a high yield- high reliability process to meet the requirements of a simple optical design which has the disadvantage of a large focal plane but the advantages of high throughput and reasonable cost.An evaluation of the opto-electrical characteristics of the detector is described. The significance of the results to applications in ETAAS is discussed. Keywords Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry; Zeeman-efSect background correction; signal-to-noise ratio; simultaneous multi-element determination; solid-state detector The most important parameter in the design of an optical system for simultaneous multi-element atomic absorption spec- trometry (AAS) is the combination of flexibility in element selection with high analytical performance. Any group of the most important AAS elements should be freely selectable.At the same time the power of detection of the AAS measurement should not be compromised significantly. This goal can most suitably be achieved by locating a sufficient number of detectors on the focal plane of a polychromator. Various approaches to multielement AAS have involved the mounting of photomultiplier (PMT) detectors at individual exit slits of polychromator~.~-~ One disadvantage was that selection of new elements involved the repositioning of detec- tors. Multiple monochromators have also been combined in ~ a r a l l e l ~ providing flexibility of element selection but at the cost of somewhat cumbersome optics. Moreover the reduction of the geometrical aperture for the purpose of beam combi- nation resulted in about five times less light throughput than for a conventional system based on the same monochromator type.A system using 150 optical fibres permanently mounted on the focal plane of an kchelle polychromator to transmit radiation to a bank of photomultipliers5 simplifies the selection of elements since only the fibre ends have to be moved relative to the detectors. However the practical diameter of individual fibres is limited to about 0.6 mm which combined with trans- mission losses in the fibres severely limits the optical throughput. Solid-state detectors (SSDs) are finding increasing accept- ance6-* in atomic emission spectrometry where the analyte * Presented in part at the XXVII Colloquium Spectroscopicum Internationale (CSI) Bergen Norway June 9-14 1991. I Journal of 1 Analytical 1 Atomic I Spectrometry 1 signal is superimposed on background emission of varying intensity.Ideally the precision of the measurement is limited only by the fluctuation in the background signal. The fact that the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and emission sources in general emit little background radiation at wavelengths less than 230nm means that cooling in order to reduce dark current and the implementation of charge coupled device (CCD) technology to minimize readout noise are essential if performance similar to that of photomultipliers is to be attained. At the limit of detection in absorption spectrometry on the other hand a very small difference in two relatively large intensities is measured. Moreover in ETAAS each measurement period is limited to a few milliseconds in order to follow accurately the absorbance during the atomization event which often has a halfwidth of less than 1 s.The relative importance of dark current is thereby reduced. In this work the development and evaluation of an SSD specifically designed to meet the demands of simultaneous multielement ETAAS are described. The criteria for the optical system were flexible selection from a wide range of elements high luminosity and simplicity of design. The last criterion precluded the use of elegant but complicated solutions such as those successfully employed for ICP emission spectroscopy.* Dispersion was such that most of the spectral lines of interest with wavelengths between 190 and 860nm impinged on the focal plane within an area measuring about 6 cm by 3 cm.The detector requirements were high quantum efficiency especially in the range 190 to 300nm and low noise. The individual radiation sensitive surfaces had to be precisely positioned within an area which was relatively large by the standards of solid-state technology. The requirement for flexibility dictated the situation of at least 40 individual detector elements on the focal plane. The sensitive area of each element was to be about 1 mm2 by 2mm2 and the precision of positioning better than 10pm. High positioning precision and uniformity of performance is most reliably achieved by means of a monolithic design. However the yield of any semiconductor device production process is limited by defects in the substrate material and depends not only on the quality of the silicon wafer material but also on the area of silicon required for the device and on the complexity of the circuit structure. A detector meeting the above requirements was designed incorporating multiple indi- vidual photodiodes on a single silicon chip.The ancillary circuitry was designed so that any group of eight diodes could be monitored simultaneously. EXPERIMENTAL Detector Design The detector consists of two devices (Fig. 1). The first measur- ing 6 cm by 3 cm contains 61 individual photodiodes only Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10 41 5Fig. 1 bonding to the main detector chip containing 61 diodes. Shown also are the flexible printed circuit board and connector board Photograph of the detector for simultaneous multi-element AAS.The smaller chip located at the upper right is connected by wire whereas the second located immediately adjacent contains an array of 64 low noise low power consumption CMOS charge amplifiers. The detector contains diodes for the primary reson- ance lines of 39 elements and for 16 secondary lines (Table l) as well as diodes used in spectrometer alignment procedures. Wavelength/ Wavelength/ Relative The exact position of each diode was calculated by optical Element nm nm Sensitivity* Table 1 Spectral lines covered by multichannel detector Primary AAS lines Secondary AAS lines ray tracing. The separation of charge generation and charge collection permits optimization of the manufacturing processes for each.The photodiodes shown in cross-section in Fig. 2 were designed for high photoresponse at wavelengths less than 300 nm low dark current and minimum capacitance. The P+ regions were formed by selective diffusion of boron to a depth of 0.8 pm in the 20 pm thick very high resistivity N/N+ epitaxial layer. A 25 nm layer of SiO generated at the diode surface by thermal oxidation functions as an efficient anti- reflection coating optimized at about 200 nm. Since the depth of penetration for photons with wavelengths less than 300nm is less than lOnm the charge carriers are primarily formed at the interface between the P+ and Si02 layers. It is essential that recombination be prevented by minimizing the concentrations of impurities in the SiO and P+ layers and by rapid transport of carriers to the PN junction.To this end the P+ layer is made as thin as possible with a very high and uniform concentration of dopant. The electric field gradient of about 5000 V cm-I thus produced in the P+ layer ensures that charge carriers produced by short wavelength photons near to the surface of the layer are efficiently collected. Detector noise depends on the combination of photodiode junction capacitance proportional to the diode area and electrode stray capacitance. The latter is directly proportional to the length and width of the lead and to the thickness of the insulator. The position of the amplifier array was chosen so as to keep the electrodes for the majority of elements as short as possible. The width of the aluminium electrodes is 8 pm and the thickness of the Si02 insulator is 1.5 pm.The connection between the chips is by means of wire bonding using parallel oriented wires measuring less than 2 mm. The overall configuration minimizes parasitic capaci- tances while making possible the production of detectors with very high yield uniform performance and good reproducibility. The amplifier array is produced using a 2 pm rule twin tub CMOS process which would permit a pitch as small as 50 pm. However the actual pitch used was 300 pm which optimized yields for both chip production and wire bonding procedures. An electrical schematic for a single photodiode and amplifier Ag A1 As Au B Ba Be Bi Ca Cd c o Cr c u Fe Ge Hg In Ir m Mn Mo Ni P Pb Pd Pt Rb Rh Ru Sb Se Si Sn Sr Te Ti T1 v Zn 328,l 309,3 193,7 242,8 249,7 553,5 234,9 223,l 422,7 228,8 242,5 357,9 324,8 248,3 265,l 253,7 303,9 264,O 285,2 279,5 313,3 232,O 213,6 283,3 247,6 265,9 780,O 343,5 349,9 217.6 A1 As B1 c o c u Fe Mn Ni Pb Pb Sb Se Sn T1 Mg Alighment Zn Ne 257,5 197,2 227,7 347,4 249,2 305,9 202,6 403,1 294,4 217,0 261,4 212,7 206,3 266,1 258,0 202.5 607.4 196;O Ne 594.5 251.6 Ne 614.3 286,3 460,7 214,3 364,3 276,8 3 18,4 213,9 0.16 0.5 0.07 0.017 0.013 0.042 0.04 1 0.10 0.02 2.4 0.04 0.046 0.049 0.086 0.052 * Sensitivities relative to the primary line are calculated based on data in Analytical Methods for Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Perkin-Elmer Publication 0303-0152 1982.416 Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10s102 Anode y! P t I ' 'IN - Cathode Reset Wirebonding t- Video out - Fig.2 (a) Schematic representation of the cross section of a photodi- ode. (b) Electrical schematic of a single photodiode and amplifier combination Cf feedback capacitance used for charge integration; C representation of parasitic capacitance; and l/dd supply voltage element is included in Fig. 2. The charge generated at the photodiode junction is accumulated directly on the feedback capacitor of the charge amplifier. The capacitances for inte- grate-consist of a 100 nm thick SiOz insulating layer between twd polysilicon electrodes. The amplifiers combine low noise and minimum power consumption. The power dissipation per amplifier is 0.5 mW so that temperature dependent effects are minimized without the need for cooling.The metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOS FET) input transis- tor was designed with a large gate area and high conductance in order to reduce thermal and flicker noise components. A cascode structure is used to achieve 65 dB of open loop gain providing for good linearity of charge accumulation. In contrast to emission spectrometry the maximum intensity to be measured for any diode in the absence of absorption is relatively well defined and depends on the source and the optical system. It is therefore practicable to select the charge capacitance of the feedback circuitry for each detector so as to compensate to a significant degree for differences in lamp intensities. This is done in three stages covering a factor of ten in intensity. The full well capacities 6f individual detector elements range from 7.5 x lo6 to 7.5 x lo7 electrons.In addition the integration time for each channel is adjusted automatically by instrument software to between 1.5 and 6 ms in four stages based on an intensity measurement performed after selection of instrument conditions. In addition gain and offset are adjusted to make full use of the range of the analogue-to- digital converters. The detector chips were mounted on a specially strengthened circuit board substrate onto which a flexible printed circuit board made of 25 pm thick polyimid had been pressed. The amplifiers were connected by automated wire bonding to the tracks of the flexible board (Fig. 1) leading directly to the pins of a connector board which in turn is plugged directly into the circuit board on which signal processing is done.Thus while connections and lead lengths are kept to a minimum fine adjustment of the orientation of the detector in the focal plane of the polychromator is still possible. The detector assembly is shown mounted in the spectrometer in Fig. 3. Fig. 3 Detector assembly and signal processing board mounted in polychromator the dispersing prism and the Cchelle grating are seen to the right of the detector Signal Processing A block diagram of the control signal processing and digitizing electronics is given in Fig. 4. The analogue circuitry compen- sates for offset and amplifies the signal so as to ensure that the resulting voltage during the entire integration process is within the range of the A/D converters.Two OP-07 operational amplifiers (Precision Monolithics Santa Clara CA USA) with a specification of better than 0.6 pV peak-to-peak input noise are used. Automatic firmware-controlled setting of gain factors and offset voltages is accomplished by means of DS1267 digital potentiometers (Dallas Semiconductor Dallas TX USA). The input signals are de-multiplexed using a bank of 16 channel multiplexers so that any combination of eight diode signals can be simultaneously connected to the measurement channels. Eight complete signal processing channels are used in paral- lel rather than one in rapid sequence. This has the advantage that multiplexer inputs are selected only once and the measure- ment is performed under 'steady state' conditions i.e. in the absence of switching noise.The main motivation for this design was however the greater flexibility in the timing of the integrations and digitizations since there are no settling times and dead times are minimized. Thus a digital correlated double sampling (CDS) procedure could be implemented in Fig. 4 a multi-element AAS spectrometer Block diagram of control and signal processing electronics for Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10 417which the output voltage is read 80 ps after the end of each reset pulse and immediately before the next reset. Fluctuations resulting from charge injection through the reset pulse are eliminated. Offset drifts are also compensated in this way. Moreover up to four conversions can be carried out at each point even for integration times as short as 1.5 ms reducing quantization noise as well as some high frequency noise components with very little loss of measurement time.The AD 779 analogue-to-digital converters (Analog Devices Inc. Norwood MA USA) have 14 bit resolution and 7.8 ps conversion time. Performance Evaluation Detector characteristics were for the most part measured using the above described circuitry. For quantum efficiency determination a large area photodiode (Hamamatsu S 1010 BQ) detector with a response calibration traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Gaithersburg MD USA was mounted so that the exit slit of the monochromator of a Perkin-Elmer Model 1100 AA spec- trometer was imaged on a 1 mm x 2 mm mask placed immedi- ately in front of the 10 mm x 10 mm diode surface. The exact location was not critical since the response was found to be uniform within a few percent over most of the surface area.The response curves for individual diodes of the present detector were generated by locating the detector on an X-Y translation sled behind the mask and appropriately centering the diode to be measured. The curves were calculated by direct comparison of intensity scans made using a deuterium arc lamp as source alternately for the reference and for the experimental detector. The results were correlated with those obtained in a similar manner at Hamamatsu Photonics but using a different refer- ence diode (Hamamatsu S1227-1010BQ) also with a cali- bration traceable to NIST and a Nikon AS-D102 scanning monochromator with deuterium and halogen sources.Measurements relating more closely to analytical practice were made using the optical system based on an Cchelle polychromator for which the detector had been designed and which is described in detail elsewhere.’ The system was equipped with a transversely heated graphite atomizer (THGA) in a longitudinally oriented magnetic field. Comparative measurements were made using a Perkin-Elmer Model 4100 ZL spectrometer equipped with a Hamamatsu R928 photomul- tiplier. Conditions used for individual element determinations were as given in ref. 9. Multielement reference solutions were prepared by suitable dilution in 0.2% nitric acid of stock solutions (Teknolab A/S Drsbak Norway Merck Darmstadt Germany).RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Detector Characteristics Quantum eficiency Response curves generated at Hamamatsu Photonics KK using a representative diode located on each wafer adjacent to the multiple sensor chips were compared point-by-point with those measured at Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer directly for actual diodes on the large area detector. Completely independent equipment as described in the Experimental Section was used. Agreement was generally within 6 Yo and differences were never more than 9% which is very good for this type of measurement so it can be concluded that the results obtained for the additional single diode were representative of sensor perform- ance. The scale factor calculated based on nominal feed back capacitance was checked by measuring the standard deviation of repeated integrations at a level of illumination which ensured -i 0 ‘ ( ( r l l l m m f l r n 500 600 Wavelengthhm Fig. 5 Comparison of the wavelength dependence of quantum efficiency (QE) for the solid state (SSD) and R928 photomultiplier detectors that shot noise was the dominant noise factor.The deviations in the values of the individual capacitances were found to be less than 10%. Fig. 5 shows a comparison of the response of the SSD expressed as quantum efficiency versus wavelength with that of a photomultiplier (PMT) typical of those used in ETAAS (Hamamatsu R928). The response of the SSD is better through- out the spectral range of interest and near 200 nm is superior by a factor of about 5. Noise A fundamental limit to the quantification of the intensity of radiation impinging on a detector arises from the fact that the generation of photoelectrons follows Poisson statistics so that the variance in the number of photoelectrons produced in a measurement interval equals the number ( N ) of electrons produced.That is the standard deviation (0) of a series of intensity values (I) is a(1) = N1’2 (1) The actual variance measured results from the combination of a number of independent noise sources the relative magnitude of which depends on the detector and on instrument design. Here the relative significance of the limiting process was assessed for a conventional photomultiplier based measure- ment system and for an optical system using the here described SSD for simultaneous multielement analysis. To this end the absolute radiation flux reaching the detector from the radiation sources and the atomizer was quantified for both systems under a variety of experimental conditions.The relationship between the detection limit performance of ETAAS instru- mentation and the limiting processes in the measurement is summarized in Appendix A. Measurements of photon flux and absorbance noise were made initially using a Model 4100 ZL AAS instrument with a photomultiplier detector. The photon counts measured using the calibrated photodiode were used to estimate the photoelec- trons generated at the photomultiplier cathode and to calculate the expected absorbance noise for several cases. Table 2 shows a comparison of calculated and measured values. The good agreement for ‘Read Only’ values indicates that the measure- ment is taking place at close to the shot noise limit but not surprisingly the part of the measurement which takes place while the graphite atomizer is heating rapidly with an effective current consumption of several hundred amperes in the pres- ence of a magnetic field varying between 0 and 0.8 T at a frequency of 54 Hz is affected slightly. 41 8 Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 T/cd.10Table 2 Comparison of calculated and measured absorbance noise for a single element photomultiplier-based system Absorbance noise Photons per Measured Wavelength/ Spectral bandpass/ integration Calculated Read only Atomization Element nm nm interval (6 ms) 0.7 1.9 x lo6 7.6 x 10-4 5.7 x 10-4 8.1 x 10-4 196.0 2.0 5.4 x lo6 4.4 x 10-4 6.2 x 10-4 9.7 x 10-4 228.8 0.7 5.6 x lo6 3.1 x 10-4 2.8 x 10-4 3.6 x 10-4 0.7 2.6 x 107 1.2 x 10-4 1.2 x 10-4 1.7 x 10-4 283.3 0.7 1.5 x 107 1.5 x 10-4 1.8 x 10-4 3.2 x 10-4 As 193.7 Se Cd Cr 357.9 Pb The total noise in the signal for the SSD measured as the standard deviation of values generated at the analog-to-digital converter is made up of that originating in the detector and that added during signal processing.The relative contribution of the latter is reduced by the generation of the highest possible voltage at the detector output. The output voltage ( V ) is given by Idt V=- cs where (t) is the time dependent current generated in the diode and C is the storage capacitance. Since the capacitance of the large area photodiodes is quite high even when low capacitance material is used it is advantageous to collect charge on individual feedback capacitances which can be made as small as 1 pF.The saturation capacity of each detector channel is also dependent on the feedback capacitance. The detector noise for this design consists primarily of thermal and flicker noise (l/f) components and can be described bylo Kf 3gm (3) where C is the total diode capacitance including the parasitic capacitance of the wiring Cf is the amplifier feedback capaci- tance k is Boltzmann's constant T the absolute temperature gm the conductance of the amplifier Kf the flicker noise constant Cox the gate capacitance of the amplifier A the gate area of the input MOS FET transitor of the amplifier andf the frequency.The noise amplitude variance is proportional to (Ct/Cf) while the relative standard deviation of output voltage [eqn. (2)] is independent of feedback capacitance but directly dependent on diode capacitance. Thus the key factors for this design were reduction of the capacitance of the photodiode and that of the leads to the CMOS amplifiers and the selection of optimum feedback capacitances for the application. The noise components estimated using eqn. (3) for a diode in the present detector with Cf=l pF were 400 and 600 electrons for thermal and flicker noise respectively. Assuming no correlation between the noise components the variances may be added yielding a total noise of 938 electrons. The noise contribution of the external electronics and of the power supply were estimated by applying the reference voltage generated on the signal processing board or the analogue ground as input signal.Measured values were between 20 and 30 pV corresponding to about 150 electrons for the 1 pF case. The maximum amplification factor was chosen such that the contribution of digitization noise calculated as the quantiz- ation interval divided by 12'12 was negligible in practice. In the case of the 1 pF capacitance the contribution was of the order of 35 electrons which was reduced further by multiple conversions to about 30 electrons. Using digital CDS effective noise values of close to 1000 electrons were measured for photodiodes connected to amplifiers with 1 pF feedback capaci- tance in the multielement AAS spectrometer.Dark current was measured by comparing diode outputs after varying integration times and was found to average 2.2 pA mm-2 at 23 "C with a standard deviation of about 10%. Table 3 summarizes the magnitudes of the various noise contributions calculated using the above parameters for two cases representing extremes for the application of the multiele- ment AA spectrometer the determination of an element (Cr) with an intense light source in single lamp mode where the full source intensity is available and of one (Se) with a relatively weak source in four element mode where the aperture is reduced by three quarters using both photomultiplier and solid-state detection. It is evident that although the dark current of the uncooled SSD is much higher than that of the PMT the dark current noise is negligible in comparison to both shot noise and detector noise at light levels corresponding to determinations at detection limits in the absence of back- ground.As illumination is decreased due to attenuation by background absorption the amplitude of shot noise decreases. However long before dark current and shot noise are compar- able the dominant parameter has become detector noise. Thus cooling of the detector to reduce dark current would be of no benefit for AAS. Owing to the higher quantum efficiency the shot noise contribution to absorbance noise is initially lower for the SSD than for the PMT. As illumination decreases the total absorbance noise increases in both cases initially with the same function until at some point the detector noise becomes dominant for the SSD and the rate of change of absorbance noise for this detector increases.In Fig. 6 the total absorbance noise as a function of intensity for the case of a determination near 200 nm is compared for the present SSD detector for an idealized detector with 100% quantum efficiency and for an R928 photomultiplier. The PMT is considered as operating at the shot noise limit for all intensities although performance is in general limited by a finite level of noise in the signal processing circuitry. It is evident that there is a crossing point at which the performance of the SSD detector will generally become inferior to that of a well behaved PMT system. The significance of this in practice depends on the radiation inten- sity available for the particular measurement.Table4 shows a comparison between the expected and measured absorbance noise for the SSD installed in the multie- lement AA spectrometer for elements covering a wide range of source intensities. The calculated values take into account both shot and detector noise. The agreement is good confirming that the scaling factors used and thus the calculated photon fluxes are good estimates and that the major noise sources have been accounted for. It can also be seen in Table4 that output voltages vary much less than the electron counts and that output voltages between 0.1 and 1.0 V can be maintained for elements covering a wide range of lamp intensities. In Table 5 detection limits calculated using eqns. (A4) and (A5) and measured characteristic mass values are compared with 30 detection limits measured using blank solutions Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol.10 419Table 3 Factors contributing to absorbance baseline noise for a photomultiplier (PMT) and solid-state detector (SSD) 1. WE-05 Absorbance noise contributors PMT SSD Attenuation Element absorbance Cr 1 .o 2.0 1 .o 2.0 Se Pho tonflux/ S - ' 2.7 x 10" 2.7 x 10' 4.4 x lo8 4.4 x lo6 2.7 x 109 4.4 x 107 ~ ~~ Dark current 7.8 x lo-' 7.8 x 7.8 x 10-7 7.7 x 10-5 7.8 x 10-4 7.8 x 10-3 Shot noise 7.4 x 10-5 2.4 x 10-4 7.5 x 10-4 2.4 x 10-3 7.5 x 10-3 2.4 x lo-' Dark current 2.1 x 2.1 x 2.1 x 10-4 9.1 x 10-5 9.1 x 10-4 9.2 10-3 Detector noise 5.4 x 5.4 x 10-5 5.4 x 10-4 2.4 x 10-4 2.4 x 10-3 2.4 x lo-' Shot noise 4.8 x 10-5 1.5 x 10-4 4.8 x 10-4 3.2 10-4 1.0 x 10-3 3.2 x 10-3 1 .m-o1 g l .m - 0 2 z B 0 c g 1.W-03 1.00E-04 including in some cases modifiers. The agreement is generally adequate considering the statistical nature of both measure- ments. As would be expected the calculated values are in general slightly lower since these are representative of instru- ment detection limits and are unaffected by contamination in the blanks. - -_ Dynamic range As mentioned above it is possible to maintain output voltages for 100% transmission between 0.1 and 1.0 V for most sources. Thus the dynamic range of a single measurement ranges from to more than four Orders Of magnitude- This is further expanded by a factor of 4 through the possibility of multiple Fig. 6 Comparison of absorbance noise as a function of illumination intensity for an idealized detector (solid line) an R928 photomultiplier (broken line) and the SSD (dotted line) integrations.The working range for atomic absorption Table 4 Comparison of calculated and measured absorbance noise for the multi-element system Element Four element mode As Se Cd Pb T1 Mn rr Wavelength/ nm 193.7 196 228.8 283.3 276.8 279.6 157 9 Capacity/ PF v out 0.12 0.25 0.53 0.46 0.09 0.12 n 77 Photons per 6 ms 1.2 x lo6 2.7 x lo6 6.7 x lo6 2.3 x 107 5.2 x 105 5.9 x lo6 A A Y ln7 Absorbance noise Calculated 6.0 x 10-4 3.6 x 10-4 2.6 x 10-4 1.5 x 10-4 1.2 x 10-3 3.4 x 10-4 i CI in-4 Measured 6.0 x 10-4 5.2 x 10-4 3.1 x 10-4 2.3 x 10-4 1.2 10-3 4.4 10-4 3 n v 1n-4 V I I d I . " . _ I .. r I . I" I. I. I" *." A I" Single element mode Cr* 357.9 As 193.7 5.7 x 10-5 2.2 x 10-4 4.6 x 10-5 2.6 x 10-4 10 0.25 1.6 x 10' 1 0.51 5.1 x lo6 * Integration time 1.5 ms.Table 5 Comparison of calculated and measured detection limits for the multi-element system Absorbance noise Detection limit (30) Wavelength/ BOC Measurement mo/ Calculated/ Measured/ Element nm (2 (5' s) Pg Pg Pg Four element mode As* 193.7 6.0 x 10-4 6.7 x 10-4 49 9.4 8 Se Cd* Pb Mn Cr 196.0 5.2 x 10-4 8.3 x 10-4 43 12.7 228.8 2.6 x 10-4 3.9 x 10-4 1.8 0.18 283.3 1.5 x 10-4 2.1 x 10-4 6.0 4.8 279.6 4.4 x 10-4 5.1 x 10-4 5.4 1.2 357.9 1.9 x 10-4 3 x 10-4 7.4 0.8 21.6 0.2 7.8 1 1 Single eZement mode Cr 357.9 5.7 x 10-5 8.6 x 7.4 0.25 As 193.7 2.6 x 10-4 3.6 x 10-4 49 6.8 0.4 6.3 * Measurement time 3 s. 420 Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol.10lzm 1 Analytical performance 0) 7 /J 4 - 1 2 3 niL.-~,-.-.-- n I000 7000 3000 4 000 5m KO00 Number of pulses Fig. 7 Photodiode response versus LED pulse count for three diodes having 3 pF feedback capacitance measurements which is typically limited to between 2 and 3 orders of magnitude which is adequately covered. Crosstalk and detector linear response Electronic crosstalk was measured by comparing the output signal for two covered diodes with the response of other diodes. The dark current of the covered diodes was reduced by about 0.5% when four other diodes were operated at two thirds of capacity. The effect relative to the output of any single diode was less than 0.025%. Thus electronic crosstalk was lower than the low level of expected optical crosstalk due to stray light in the spectrometer and could be neglected. The linearity of diode response was checked by measuring outputs for different numbers of equal amplitude pulses pro- duced by a light emitting diode.Response as a function of pulse count is shown in Fig. 7. It can be concluded that as long as the diode circuit is operated such that the total signal source plus emission intensity results in an output of less than 1.1 V or about 90% of the saturation voltage emission correction accurate to within the magnitude of other error sources can be made by simple subtraction of the signal measured with and without illumination. 1 ( a ) 0.010 I 1 0.004 0.004 t 0.002 The analytical capabilities of the entire system including THGA module CchelIe polychromator and detector are dis- cussed in some detail elsewhere.' Here a single comparison (Fig.8) is made for the two cases representing extremes of the range of application of this spectrometer which were considered theoretically in Table 3. The figure illustrates the effect of the noise contributions discussed with regard to Tables 3 and 4 on measured absorbance baselines in the case of chromium only shot noise contributes significantly while combined shot and detector noise contributions result in an order of magni- tude more baseline noise for the determination of selenium. The authors are grateful to Jim Harnly Douglas Baxter and Wolfgang Frech for critical comments and useful discussions. APPENDIX A Detection Limit in ETAAS with Zeeman-effect Background Correction In standardized procedures for the measurement of detection limit noise in the measurement is usually determined as the standard deviation of blank measurements or of measurements made for samples containing analyte at concentrations near to the expected limit of detection.In analytical practice the sample matrix can play a large role in determining the noise associated with the measurement so that the latter approach will certainly lead to more realistic estimates of limits of detection for matrix containing samples. However the introduction of any kind of sample even of a pure aqueous blank brings with it the danger of contamination so that the detection limit estimate may then be based on the fluctuation of the added blank analyte concentrations rather than on the random fluctuations intrinsic to the measurement itself.These fluctuations determine the measurement noise and set a limit on the achievable signal-to-noise ratio which cannot be improved upon when samples are added. Thus detection limit estimates based on the standard deviation of instrument blanks i.e. measurements made without the addition of any sample are representative of instrument detection limits rather than of the detection limits of an analytical method and are of use in comparing the performance of instrumentation systems. In order to discuss the factors affecting the random fluctu- ations of instrument blank measurements it is necessary to consider the generation of the measurement values for the blanks in detail.A measurement sequence for ETAAS with Zeeman background correction is represented in Fig. 9. The photon flux reaching the detector at the wavelength of interest is measured with a period of 10 ms. Measurements are made ..... m ... Ih-L... .I ..... I b+ .... I I* .... .... I .... .... I. 10 = I - I C A X Ax = log h A = b g L ' X F I l3 . . . magnet off I* Id. . . magnet on Timds Fig. 8 Comparison of absorbance baselines measured using the multi- element system (a) chromium at 357.9 nm single lamp mode; and (b) selenium at 196.0 nm four lamp mode Fig. 9 Schematic representation of the measurement sequence in a spectrometer for ETAAS with Zeeman-effect background correction. The BOC measurement made before the start of heating is represented by the intensities I,.The actual measurement consists of intensity values I to ZnX Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10 421alternately in the presence and in the absence of a magnetic field at the atomizer. At some point the dc emission level may rise rapidly eventually reaching a plateau. For a number of measurement cycles during this period a part of the source intensity is absorbed by analyte atoms and/or molecules. Each measured intensity is first corrected by subtraction of adjacent dark values. The absorbance is then calculated for both magnet on (Abg) and off (Aaa) phases in each cycle by comparison with I the average of a series containing ny intensity values measured immediately prior to atomization i.e. during the so called baseline offset compensation (BOC) measurement.The BOC measurement is made at a time during which no absorp- tion should take place. An absorbance is then calculated for each of the n intensities which are recorded during the actual atomization period A = log ($) \ l X / In Fig. 9 the intensity values from which A values are generated are designated by I I ... and those for Abg values by 12 J4.... Background corrected absorbance is obtained by subtraction of the average of the two adjacent Abg values from each A value. If analyte is present in the tube at the start of atomization the atomic absorption developing upon heating the tube when plotted against time (or measurement cycle number) will have the form of a more or less symmetrical peak. Since the maximum amplitude of this peak depends on the kinetics of atom generation as well as on the amount of analyte present in the tube the integrated absorbance i.e.the sum of individual absorbances divided by the number of measurements per second ( F ) is a more reliable measure and is used predomi- nantly for evaluation. Since the integrated absorbance calculated for each in a series of blank measurements depends on the corresponding individual I value the variance of such a series of measure- ments depends in the first place on the variance of the I values. This can be estimated from the standard deviation among the individual absorbance values obtained without heating the furnace. The relationship between the variance of absorbance and intensity values during the BOC period as depicted in eqn.( A l ) is given by o(A,) = -log (y) Since the individual intensity values measured during the BOC period are uncorrelated the variance of a series of N BOC values can be calculated from the standard deviation of the individual absorbance values [o(A,)] as where ny is the number of measurements used in the BOC calculation. During the measurement the standard deviation of the absorbance values for the magnet on and magnet off phases is related to that of the intensity values recorded during atomiz- ation in analogy to eqn. (A2). The variance of the intensities may differ from that for the BOC period due to shot noise added by photons emitted from the furnace and to external influences on signal processing resulting from the large currents flowing through the graphite tube.The standard deviation of background corrected absorbance values calculated using a bracketing method is given by (A4 1 The standard deviation for a series of blank measurements evaluated using integrated absorbance (IA) results from the propagation of the uncertainties in the BOC values and in the individual absorbance values obtained during atomization (A5 1 where n is the number of measurement cycles during atomiz- ation each comprising a measurement with magnet off and one with magnet on. Thus the detection limit estimated by a standardized method depends directly on the variance in the individual intensity measurements both with and without furnace heating. It is also apparent that as observed by Barnett et aL,” the detection limit will be improved by longer BOC periods (higher values of n,) and by reduction of the integration time (nm/F). Moreover the measured detection limit is only partially dependent on the noise during the atomization which may be temporarily increased for example by high background absorption. REFERENCES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Mavrodineanu R. and Hughes R. C. Appl. Opt. 1968 7 1281. Alder J. F. Alger D. Samuel A. J. and West T. S. Anal. Chim. Acta 1976 87 301. Seckler M. and Dungs K. in Colloquium Atomspektrometrische Spurenanalytic 5th ed. B. Welz Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer GmbH Uberlingen 1989 pp. 145-153. Yasuda K. Okumoto T. Yonetani A. Yamada H. and Ohishi K. in Colloquium Atomspektrometrische Spurenanalytic 5th ed. B. Welz Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer GmbH Uberlingen Berglund M. Frech W. Baxter D. and Radziuk B. Spectrochim. Acta Part B 1993 48 1381. Sweedler J. V. Bilhorn R. B. Epperson P. M. Sims G. R. and Denton M. B. Anal. Chem. 1988 60 327A. Pilon M. J. Denton M. B. Schleicher R. G. Moran P. M. and Smith S. B. Jr. Appl. Spectrosc. 1990 44 1613. Barnard T. W. Crockett M. I. Ivaldi J. C. Lundberg P. L. Yates D. A. Levine P. A. and Sauer D. J. Anal. Chem. 1993 65 1231. Radziuk B. Rodel G. Stenz H. Becker-ROB H. and Florek S. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1995 2 127. Sansen W. M. C. and Chang Z. Y. IEEE Trans. Circuits and Syst. 1990 37 1375. Barnett W. B. Bohler W. Carnrick G. R. and Slavin W. Spectrochim. Acta Part B 1985 40 1689. 1989 pp. 133-143. Paper 5/005 6 1 B Received January 31 1995 Accepted March 17 1995 422 Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry June 1995 Vol. 10

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA9951000415

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC