摘要:

iv Online access to the world’s An a I y t i ca I Abstracts ONLINE I I Analytical Abstracts Online ... is the online equivalent of hard copy Analytical Abstracts, the western world’s most comprehensive abstracting journal dealing solely with analytical chemistry in all its aspects, Analytical Abstracts Online ... contains bibliographic information on general, inorganic, organic, biochemical, pharmaceutical, food, agricultural and environmental aspects of analytical chemistry, including computer and instrumentational applications in analysis. Analytical Abstracts Online m m . offers: 0 Comprehensive coverage of analytical chemistry 0 Coverage 1980-to date : over 70,000 items 0 Analytical methods in high detail 0 Quality controlled language indexes 0 Easy access via DATA-STAR, (Plaza Suite, 114 Jermyn Street, London SW1Y 6HJ); and PERGAMON INFOLINE Ltd., (1 2 Vandy Street, London EC2A 2DE).For further information contact your chosen host direct or write to:- The Royal Society of Chemistry, The University, Nottingham, NG7 2RD. Tel. 0602 50741 1 Telex: 37488 ROYAL lnformat ion ServicesJournal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (Including Atomic Spectrometry Updates - Formerly ARAAS) JAAS Editorial Board* Chairman: J. M. Ottaway (Glasgow, UK) J. Brew (London, UK) M. S. Cresser (Aberdeen, UK) L. C. Ebdon (Plymouth, UK) D. L. Miles (Wallingford, UK) B. L. Sharp (Aberdeen, UK) M. Thompson (London, UK) A. M. Ure (Aberdeen, UK) *The JAAS Editorial Board reports to the Analytical Editorial Board, Chairman J. D. R. Thomas (Cardiff, UK) JAAS Advisory Board F.C. A d a m (Antwerp, Belgium) R. M. Barnes (Amherst, MA, USA) L. Bezur (Budapest, Hungary) R. F. Browner (Atlanta, GA, USA) S. Caroli (Rome, Italy) L. de Galan (Delft, The Netherlands) J. B. Dawson (Leeds, UK) K. Dittrich (Leipzig, GDR) W. Frech (Umed, Sweden) K. Fuwa (Tokyo, Japan) A. L. Gray (Guildford, UK) S. Greenfield (Loughborough, UK) G. M. Hieftje (Bloomington, IN, USA) G. Horlick (Edmonton, Canada) J. J. LaBrecque (Caracas, Venezuela) J. M. Mermet (Villeurbanne, France) Ni Zhe-ming (Beijing, China) N. Omenetto (lspra, Italy) E. Pl5ko (Bratislava, Czechoslovakia) R. Sturgeon (Ottawa, Canada) A. Walsh,,,K. B. (Victoria, Australia) B. Welz (Uberlingen, FRG) T. S. West (Aberdeen, UK) Atomic Spectrometry Updates Editorial Board Chairman: *M.S. Cresser (Aberdeen, UK) R. M. Barnes (Amherst, MA, USA) N. W. Barnett (Plymouth, UK) *J. Brew (London, UK) *A. A. Brown (Cambridge, UK) J. C. Burridge (Aberdeen, UK) J. B. Dawson (Leeds, UK) *L. C. Ebdon (Plymouth, UK) H. J. Ellis (Ross-on-Wye, UK) J. Fijalkowski (Warsaw, Poland) D. J. Halls (Glasgow, UK) S. J. Haswell (London, UK) *D. A. Hickman (London, UK) G. M. Hieftje (Bloomington, IN, USA) H. Hughes (Anglesey, UK) P. N. Keliher (Villanova, PA, USA) K. Kitagawa (Nagoya, Japan) C. W. McLeod (Sheffield, UK) K. W. Jackson (Saskatoon, Canada) F. J. M. J. Maessen (Amsterdam, The Nether- *D. Littlejohn (Glasgow, UK) lands) *J. Marshall (Middlesbrough, UK) J. M. Mermet (Villeurbanne, France) E. Norval (Pretoria, South Africa) I. Novotny (Bmo, Czechoslovakia) P.E. Paus (Oslo, Norway) P. R. Poole (Hamilton, New Zealand) T. C. Rains (Washington, DC, USA) J. M. Rooke (Leeds, UK) G. Rossi (lspra, Italy) I. RubeSka (Prague, Czechoslovakia) *B. L. Sharp (Aberdeen, UK) W. Slavin (Norwalk, CT, USA) R. D. Snook (London, UK) R. Stephens (Halifax, Canada) J. Stupar (Ljubljana, Yugoslavia) A. Taylor (Guildford, UK) M. Thompson (London, UK) *A. M. Ure,(Aberdeen, UK) B. Welz (Uberlingen, FRG) J. B. Willis (Victoria, Australia) *D. L. Miles (Wallingford, UK) *J. M. Ottaway (Glasgow, UK) *Members of the ASU Executive Committee ~~ Editor, JAAS: Judith Brew The Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1V OBN, UK. Telephone 01-734 9864. Telex No. 268001 US Associate Editor, JAAS: Dr. J. M. Harnly US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, BLDG 161, BARC-EAST, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.Telephone 301 -344-2569 Advertisements: Advertisement Department, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1V OBN. Telephone 01-437 8656. Telex No. 268001 Journal ofAnalytical Atomic Spectrometry (JAASI (ISSN 0267-9477) is published bimonthly by The Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, London W1V OBN, UK. All orders accompanied with payment should be sent directly to The Royal Society of Chemistry, The Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Road, Letchworth, Herts. SG6 1HN. UK. 1986 Annual subscription rate UK f165.00, Rest of World €182.00, USA $319.00. Air freight and mailing in the USA by Publications Expediting Inc., 200 Meacham Avenue, Elmont, NY 11003. USA Postmaster: send address changes to Journal o f Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (JAAS), Publications Expediting Inc., 200 Meacham Avenue, Elmont, NY 11003.Second class postage pending at Jamaica, NY 11431. All other despatches outside the UK by Bulk Airmail within Europe, Accelerated Surface Post outside Europe. PRINTED IN THE UK. @The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1986. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photographic, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. nformation for Authors :uII details of how to submit material for )ublication in JAASare given in the Instructions o Authors in Issue 1.Separate copies are ivailable on request. The Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry JAAS) is an international journal for the publi- :ation of original research papers, short papers, :ommunications and letters concerned with the levelopment and analytical application of itomic spectrometric techniques. The journal Nil1 be published bimonthly, will include com- Jrehensive reviews of specific topics of interest :o practising atomic spectroscopists and will ncorporate the literature reviews which were previously published in Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy (ARAAS). Manuscripts intended for publication must describe original work related to atomic spec- trometric analysis. Papers on all aspects of the subject will be accepted, including fundamental studies, novel instrument developments and practical analytical applications.As well as AAS, AES and AFS, papers will be welcomed on atomic mass spectrometry and X-ray fluoresc- enceiemission spectrometry. Papers describing the measurement of molecular species where these relate to the characterisation of sources normally used for the production of atoms, or are concerned, for example, with indirect methods of analysis, will also be acceptable for publication. Papers describing the development and applications of hybrid techniques (e.g., GC-coupled AAS and HPLC - ICP) will be parti- cularly welcome. Manuscripts on other subjects of direct interest to atomic spectroscopists, including sample preparation and dissolution and analyte preconcentration procedures, as well as the statistical interpretation and use of atomic spectrometric data will also be accept- able for publication.There is no page charge. The following types of papers will be con- Full papers, describing original work. Short papers, also describing original work, but of limited breadth of subject matter. Communications, which must be on an urgent matter and be of obvious scientific importance. Communications should not be simple claims for priority: this facility for rapid publication is intended for brief descriptions of work that has progressed to a stage at which it is likely to be valuable to workers faced with similar problems. Reviews, which must be a critical evaluation of the existing state of knowledge on a parti- cular facet of analytical atomic spectrometry.Every paper (except Communications) will be submitted to at least two referees, by whose advice the Editorial Board of JAAS will be guided as to its acceptance or rejection. Papers that are accepted must not be published else- where except by permission. Submission of a manuscript will be regarded as an undertaking that the same material is not being considered for publication by another journal. Manuscripts (three copies typed in double spac- ing) should be addressed to: sidered. Editor, JAAS Judith Brew The Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1V OBN, UK US Associate Editor, JAAS Dr. J. M. Harnly US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, 8LDG 161, BARC-EAST, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA or All queries relating to the presentation and submission of papers, and any correspondence regarding accepted papers and proofs, should be directed to the Editor or US Editor (addresses as above). MembersoftheJAASEditorial Board (who may be contacted directly or via the Editorial Office) would welcome comments, suggestions and advice on general policy mat- ters concerning JAAS. Fifty reprints of each published contribution are supplied free of charge.

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA98601FX013

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JASPE2 l ( 4 ) 251-31 2,87R-I20R (1986) August 1986 Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry Including Atomic Spectrometry Updates CONTENTS NEWS AND VIEWS 251 Atomic Spectrometry Viewpoint-Atomic Spectroscopy in Spain 252 Conference Report 252 Historical Corner-Allan M. Ure 254 Book Reviews 254 Conferences and Meetings 258 ASU Highlights-David Littlejohn 258 Papers in Future Issues PAPERS 259 265 269 273 277 281 287 293 297 30 1 309 31 1 312 Application of Inductively Coupled Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) t o the Determination of Trace Metals in Organics-Robert C. Hutton A Comparison of Inductively Coupled Plasma Torch - Sample Introduction Configurations Using Simplex Optimisation-Ro bert Carpenter, Les Ebdon Poly(dithi0carbamate) Chelating Resin Decomposition Procedures-R.S. Shreedhara Murthy, Zsuzsa Horvath, Ramon M. Barnes A Variable Dispersion Flow Injection Manifold for Calibration and Sample Dilution in Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-Julian F. Tyson, James R. Mariara, John M. H. Ap pl eto n Flame Atomic Emission Spectrometric Determination of Boron in Methanolic Solu- tions: Influence of Fluoride on the Solute Transport Efficiency-A. Canals, Vicente Hernandis, J. V. Sala An Overview of Recent Developments in the Determination of Aluminium in Serum by Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-Walter Slavin Aerosol Deposition - Carbon Furnace Atomisation for Simultaneous Multi-element Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-James M. Harnly Determination of Total Ionic Alkyllead in Water by Electrothermal Atomisation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-Dipankar Chakraborti, Rudy J.A. Van Cleuvenbergen, Fred C. Adams Development of a Slurry Technique for the Determination of Cadmium in Dried Foods by Electrothermal Atomisation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-Kehi nde 0. Olayinka, Stephen J. Haswell, Roman Grzeskowiak Electrothermal Atomisation Atomic Absorption Conditions and Matrix Modifications for Determining Antimony, Arsenic, Bismuth, Cadmium, Gallium, Gold, Indium, Lead, Molybdenum, Palladium, Platinum, Selenium, Silver, Tellurium, Thallium and Tin Following Back-extraction of Organic Aminohalide Extracts-J. Robert Clark SHORT PAPERS Determination of Selenium in Steel by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-Ivan JanouSek Photon Induced Fluorescence Cross-sections for K Shell X-ray Lines-Chander Bhan, Balwan Singh, N.Nath ERRATUM Determination of Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, Copper and Zinc in Cerebrospinal Fluid by Flow Injection Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-J. L. Burguera, M. Burguera, 0. M. Alarcon ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY UPDATE 87R Chemicals, Iron, Steel and Non-ferrous Metals-David Littlejohn, Howard J. Ellis, Hugh Hughes 107R References Typeset and printed by Heffers Printers Ltd, Cambridge, EnglandJASPE2 l ( 4 ) 251-31 2,87R-I20R (1986) August 1986 Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry Including Atomic Spectrometry Updates CONTENTS NEWS AND VIEWS 251 Atomic Spectrometry Viewpoint-Atomic Spectroscopy in Spain 252 Conference Report 252 Historical Corner-Allan M. Ure 254 Book Reviews 254 Conferences and Meetings 258 ASU Highlights-David Littlejohn 258 Papers in Future Issues PAPERS 259 265 269 273 277 281 287 293 297 30 1 309 31 1 312 Application of Inductively Coupled Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) t o the Determination of Trace Metals in Organics-Robert C.Hutton A Comparison of Inductively Coupled Plasma Torch - Sample Introduction Configurations Using Simplex Optimisation-Ro bert Carpenter, Les Ebdon Poly(dithi0carbamate) Chelating Resin Decomposition Procedures-R. S. Shreedhara Murthy, Zsuzsa Horvath, Ramon M. Barnes A Variable Dispersion Flow Injection Manifold for Calibration and Sample Dilution in Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-Julian F. Tyson, James R. Mariara, John M. H. Ap pl eto n Flame Atomic Emission Spectrometric Determination of Boron in Methanolic Solu- tions: Influence of Fluoride on the Solute Transport Efficiency-A.Canals, Vicente Hernandis, J. V. Sala An Overview of Recent Developments in the Determination of Aluminium in Serum by Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-Walter Slavin Aerosol Deposition - Carbon Furnace Atomisation for Simultaneous Multi-element Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-James M. Harnly Determination of Total Ionic Alkyllead in Water by Electrothermal Atomisation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-Dipankar Chakraborti, Rudy J. A. Van Cleuvenbergen, Fred C. Adams Development of a Slurry Technique for the Determination of Cadmium in Dried Foods by Electrothermal Atomisation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-Kehi nde 0. Olayinka, Stephen J. Haswell, Roman Grzeskowiak Electrothermal Atomisation Atomic Absorption Conditions and Matrix Modifications for Determining Antimony, Arsenic, Bismuth, Cadmium, Gallium, Gold, Indium, Lead, Molybdenum, Palladium, Platinum, Selenium, Silver, Tellurium, Thallium and Tin Following Back-extraction of Organic Aminohalide Extracts-J. Robert Clark SHORT PAPERS Determination of Selenium in Steel by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-Ivan JanouSek Photon Induced Fluorescence Cross-sections for K Shell X-ray Lines-Chander Bhan, Balwan Singh, N. Nath ERRATUM Determination of Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, Copper and Zinc in Cerebrospinal Fluid by Flow Injection Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-J. L. Burguera, M. Burguera, 0. M. Alarcon ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY UPDATE 87R Chemicals, Iron, Steel and Non-ferrous Metals-David Littlejohn, Howard J. Ellis, Hugh Hughes 107R References Typeset and printed by Heffers Printers Ltd, Cambridge, England

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA98601BX015

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

V Online access to the world’s 1 chemistry literature lable ... now avail .,,from the Analytical Abstracts ONLINE \ I Analytical Abstracts Online ... is the online equivalent of hard copy Analytical Abstracts, the western world’s most comprehensive abstracting journal dealing solely with analytical chemistry in all i t s aspects. Analytical Abstracts Online ... contains bibliographic information on general, inorganic, organic, biochemical, pharmaceutical, food, agricultural and environmental aspects of analytical chemistry, including computer and instrumentational applications in analysis. Analytical Abstracts Online ... offers: 0 Comprehensive coverage of analytical chemistry 0 Coverage 1980-to date : over 70,000 items 0 Analytical methods in high detail 0 Quality controlled language indexes 0 Easy access via DATA-STAR, (Plaza Suite, 1 14 Jermyn Street, London SW1 Y 6HJ); and PERGAMON INFOLINE Ltd., (1 2 Vandy Street, London EC2A 2DE).For further information contact your chosen host direct or write to:- The Royal Society of Chemistry, The University, Nottingham, NG7 2RD. Tel. 0602 50741 1 Telex: 37488 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY Information ServicesV Online access to the world’s 1 chemistry literature lable ... now avail .,,from the Analytical Abstracts ONLINE \ I Analytical Abstracts Online ... is the online equivalent of hard copy Analytical Abstracts, the western world’s most comprehensive abstracting journal dealing solely with analytical chemistry in all i t s aspects. Analytical Abstracts Online ... contains bibliographic information on general, inorganic, organic, biochemical, pharmaceutical, food, agricultural and environmental aspects of analytical chemistry, including computer and instrumentational applications in analysis. Analytical Abstracts Online ... offers: 0 Comprehensive coverage of analytical chemistry 0 Coverage 1980-to date : over 70,000 items 0 Analytical methods in high detail 0 Quality controlled language indexes 0 Easy access via DATA-STAR, (Plaza Suite, 1 14 Jermyn Street, London SW1 Y 6HJ); and PERGAMON INFOLINE Ltd., (1 2 Vandy Street, London EC2A 2DE). For further information contact your chosen host direct or write to:- The Royal Society of Chemistry, The University, Nottingham, NG7 2RD. Tel. 0602 50741 1 Telex: 37488 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY Information Services

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA98601FP029

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

... Vlll ~ ~ Following publication of Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy Vol. 14, this series will be discontinued. Much of the material covered, however, will appear in journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry OMS) under the heading Atomic Spectrometry Updates. ANNUAL REPORTS Annual Reports M Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy Vdums 14 Hardcover 460pp ISBN 0 85186 677 8 Price $65.00 ($1 17.00) Still available: Vol. 3 (1973) 0 85186 253 6 212.00 ($22.00) Vol. 4 (1914) 0 85186 254 4 217.00 ($30.00) Vol. 5 (1975) 0 85186 751 X $20.00 ($36.00) Vol. 6 (1916) 0 85186 747 2 226.00 ($41.00) Vol. 1 (1977) 0 85186 731 5 525.00 ($45.00) Vol. 8 (1918) 0 85186 630 1 225.00 ($45.00) Vol. 9 (1979) 0 85186 727 8 237.00 ($66.00) Vol. 10 (1980) 0 85186 717 0 239.00 ($70.00) Vol.11 (1981) 0 85186 701 3 E53.00 ($95.00) Vol. 12 (1982) 0 85186 697 2 E45.00 ($81.00) Vol. 13 (1983) 0 85186 687 5 255.00 ($99.00) Special Package Price (Vols 3-14) 2282.00 ($508.00) Ordering: Orders should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry, Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Road, Letchworth, Herts. SG6 lHN, U.K. Non-RSC member prices quoted. RSC members are entitled ro a discounr on most publications. Derails available from: Assisrant Membership Officer, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 30 Russell Square, London WClB 5DT, U.K. US$ prices quoted. ROYAL Information Services ON ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY VOL 14. Edited by L Ebdon, Plymouth Polytechnic and M S Cresser, University of Aberdeen This publication reports on current developments in all branches of analytical atomic emission, absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy with reference to papers published and lectures presented during 1984.Much of the information is presented in tabular form for ease of reference. Brief Contents: ATOMIZATION AND EXCITATION: Arcs, Sparks, Lasers and Low-Pressure Discharges; Plasmas; Flames; Elect ro t her ma1 Atomization; Vapour Generation. INSTRUMENTATION: Light Sources; Optical Systems and Detectors; Background Correction; Automatic Sample Introduction; Instrument Control and Data Processing; Complete Instruments; Commercial Instruments. METHODOLOGY: New Methods; Detection Limits, Precision and Accuracy; Standards and Standardization. APPLICATIONS: Chemicals; Metals; Refractories and Metal Oxides, Ceramics, Slags and Cements; Minerals; Air; Water; Sods, Plants and Fertilizers; Foods and Beverages; Body Tissues and Fluids.REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX ‘I. . . , an essential reference work for atomic spectroscopists and for chemists concerned with trace metal analysis.” - J E Page, Chemistry and Industry, reviewing Vole 11... Vlll ~ ~ Following publication of Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy Vol. 14, this series will be discontinued. Much of the material covered, however, will appear in journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry OMS) under the heading Atomic Spectrometry Updates. ANNUAL REPORTS Annual Reports M Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy Vdums 14 Hardcover 460pp ISBN 0 85186 677 8 Price $65.00 ($1 17.00) Still available: Vol. 3 (1973) 0 85186 253 6 212.00 ($22.00) Vol. 4 (1914) 0 85186 254 4 217.00 ($30.00) Vol.5 (1975) 0 85186 751 X $20.00 ($36.00) Vol. 6 (1916) 0 85186 747 2 226.00 ($41.00) Vol. 1 (1977) 0 85186 731 5 525.00 ($45.00) Vol. 8 (1918) 0 85186 630 1 225.00 ($45.00) Vol. 9 (1979) 0 85186 727 8 237.00 ($66.00) Vol. 10 (1980) 0 85186 717 0 239.00 ($70.00) Vol. 11 (1981) 0 85186 701 3 E53.00 ($95.00) Vol. 12 (1982) 0 85186 697 2 E45.00 ($81.00) Vol. 13 (1983) 0 85186 687 5 255.00 ($99.00) Special Package Price (Vols 3-14) 2282.00 ($508.00) Ordering: Orders should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry, Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Road, Letchworth, Herts. SG6 lHN, U.K. Non-RSC member prices quoted. RSC members are entitled ro a discounr on most publications. Derails available from: Assisrant Membership Officer, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 30 Russell Square, London WClB 5DT, U.K.US$ prices quoted. ROYAL Information Services ON ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY VOL 14. Edited by L Ebdon, Plymouth Polytechnic and M S Cresser, University of Aberdeen This publication reports on current developments in all branches of analytical atomic emission, absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy with reference to papers published and lectures presented during 1984. Much of the information is presented in tabular form for ease of reference. Brief Contents: ATOMIZATION AND EXCITATION: Arcs, Sparks, Lasers and Low-Pressure Discharges; Plasmas; Flames; Elect ro t her ma1 Atomization; Vapour Generation. INSTRUMENTATION: Light Sources; Optical Systems and Detectors; Background Correction; Automatic Sample Introduction; Instrument Control and Data Processing; Complete Instruments; Commercial Instruments. METHODOLOGY: New Methods; Detection Limits, Precision and Accuracy; Standards and Standardization. APPLICATIONS: Chemicals; Metals; Refractories and Metal Oxides, Ceramics, Slags and Cements; Minerals; Air; Water; Sods, Plants and Fertilizers; Foods and Beverages; Body Tissues and Fluids. REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX ‘I. . . , an essential reference work for atomic spectroscopists and for chemists concerned with trace metal analysis.” - J E Page, Chemistry and Industry, reviewing Vole 11

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA98601BP031

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL. 1 87R ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY UPDATE-CHEMICALS, IRON, STEEL AND NON-FERROUS METALS David Littlejohn" Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Cathedral Street, Glasgow G I IXL, UK Howard J. Ellis 23 Blake Avenue, Ross-on- Wye, Herefordshire HR9 5JP, UK Hugh Hughes 2, The Rise, Trearddur Bay, Holyhead, Anglesey, Gwynedd LL65 ZUY, UK Summary of Contents 1 Chemicals 1 .l. Petroleum and Petroleum Products 1 .I .1. Petroleum 1 .I .2. Lubricating oils 1 .I .3. Gasoline Table 1 . I . Summary of Analyses of Petroleum and Petroleum Products 1.2. Chemicals and Miscellaneous Materials 1.2.1. Organic chemicals 1.2.2. Inorganic chemicals 1.2.3. Microelectronic components 1.2.4. Gases, acids and solvents 1.2.5.Nuclear fuels 1.2.6. On-line process control Table 1.2. Summary of Analyses of Chemicals and Miscellaneous Materials 2 Iron and Steel 2.1. Atomic Emission Methods 2.2. Atomic Absorption Methods Table 2. Summary of Analyses of Iron and Steels 3 Non-ferrous Metals 3.1. Atomic Emission Methods 3.1 .I. Arc methods 3.1.2. Spark methods 3.1.3. Plasma methods 3.1.4. Hollow-cathode and glow discharge lamp methods 3.2. Atomic Absorption Methods Table 3. Summary of Analyses of Non-ferrous Metals This "Update" review describes developments in atomic spectrometry relevant to the analysis of chemicals, iron, steel and non-ferrous metals. It is based on publications and conference reports received during the year ending December 1985. The review follows chronologically from the corresponding sections of Chapter 4 of Volume 14, Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy (ARAAS), also published by the Royal Society of Chemistry. The references cited, prefixed by S/ or, for conference reports, S/C, may be found in the supplement distributed to subscribers to JAAS.References cited in this review prefixed by 86/ or 86/C can be obtained from Volume 1, Issues 1-3, of JAAS. The construction of the review is similar to that used in the corresponding sections of ARAAS, Volume 14. The main difference occurs in section 1.2, Chemicals and Miscellaneous Materials, where publications are reviewed according to the application area rather than technique. In the summary tables, in addition to the abbreviations listed elsewhere, Hy is used to indicate where hydride generation was employed, and S, L and G in the "Analyte form" column signify solid, liquid or gaseous sample introduction, respectively. In the "Element" column, the term "Various" implies that four or more analyte elements were determined; where possible the number is given and the elements are listed in the "Sample treatment column." * Review Topic Co-ordinator, to whom correspondence should be addressed.JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL.1 1. CHEMICALS The annual publication of research in the broad area of chemicals analysis has remained at a consistent level over the past four years. A total of 141, 157 and 134 papers were reviewed in 1982, 1983 and 1984, respectively, and the number of conference and literature papers received in 1985 was 151.As in previous years, the development of ICP-AES procedures continues to grow in importance, especially for multi-element analysis, and ETA-AAS methods are still widely used for the determination of trace elements in a variety of samples. 1.1. Petroleum and Petroleum Products As mentioned in last year's review (ARAAS, 1984, 14, 134), metals analysis in the petroleum industry has reached a state of considerable maturity. This opinion was also reflected in a review by Trussel et al. (86/82), which assessed papers on petroleum analysis that were published in the period July 1982 to June 1984. The majority of papers (see Table 1.1) reviewed in 1985 concerned developments in the analysis of crude oils and residues by ICP-AES, and the determination of additives and wear metals in lubricating oils by ETA-AAS and ICP-AES.As in previous years, the most frequently determined elements were Fe, Ni, S and V in petroleum and Al, Cr, Cu and Fe in lubricating oils. 1.1.1. Petroleum In the petroleum industry, catalytic conversion processes are used to upgrade heavy crude oils and petroleum residues. Nitrogen-, S- and metal-containing compounds that affect the activity and selectivity of the catalysts must be removed from the oils, or their concentrations substantially reduced, prior to the conversion process. Specific chemical identification of the catalyst poisons improves control of the purification pro- cedure and allows appropriate selection of petroleum conver- sion conditions. The characterisation of Ni-, S- and V-contain- ing compounds is of particular interest and molecular size distributions for these elements have been obtained through the combination of size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with ICP-AES.Hausler (S/865) provided additional information on the molecular size distribution of S- and V-containing compounds in petroleum crudes and residues (see ARAAS, 1984, 14, 135). Compounds containing S typically showed a smaller molecular size distribution than those containing V. In addition, the distribution of S- and V-containing compounds in the residues (boiling-point > 650 OF) resembled those in the crude oils. Separation of the residues into broad chemical classes prior to SEC-ICP-AES analysis allowed a more detailed examination of the chemical differences between the residues obtained from different crude oils.The effects of asphaltene precipitation on the molecular size of Ni- and V-containing compounds in heavy residues has also been studied by SEC with ICP-AES element specific detection (S1C770). The asphaltenes were found to contain molecules substantially larger than those observed in the initial residues. To confirm the agglomeration effect, the asphaltenes were treated with phenol to break up donor - acceptor interactions, and the resulting size profiles were examined by DCP-AES. Various methods were reported for the total element determination of Fe, Ni, S and V in crude oils and heavy crude fractions. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spec- trometry was used to determine Ni, S and V in heavy fuel oils and gas oils after dilution of the sample with xylene (86/310).The reported detection limits were 0.l.pg 8-1 for Ni and V and 0.01 YO for S. The accuracy of the ICP method was confirmed by comparison with an FAAS procedure for Ni and V and with XRF for S and the RSD values quoted were generally less than 2.5Y0 for analyses of petroleum samples and certified stan- dards. The determination of S in mineral base oils by ICP-AES has also been reported (S/C458). The simultaneous determination of Fe, Ni and V in refinery feedstocks by ICP-AFS was described (S/C296). The addition of 100 cm3 min-1 of O2 to the nebuliser carrier gas enhanced combustion of crude and residual oils, and resulted in performance figures of merit similar to those obtained for aqueous solutions.An ETA-AAS procedure was reported for the rapid determination of Ni and V in gas oils without pre-concentration (86/54). The convenience of the method compared favourably with an alternative procedure (S/54) that required a preliminary ashing step of 4-12 h. A more interesting application of ETA involved the measurement of molecular and/or atomic spectra using a diode array detector for fingerprint identification of crude oils (861336). Many oils and oil-related products contain significant concentrations of heavy metals that can be released into the environment by various means. Shale oil is known to contain Hg that can be released into the off-gas streams of retort processes (see ARAAS, 1980, 10, 110 and ARAAS, 1982,12, 124).Zeeman-effect atomic absorption spectrometry was used to monitor the Hg content of off-gases from a 20-kg laboratory retort for a 78-h period (S/793). An Hg mass balance revealed that 76% was present in the gases, 13% in the spent shale, 9% in the shale oil and 3% in the retort water. The off-gas Hg was emitted spasmodically during the final part of the procedure when the temperature at the bottom of the shale bed reached about 300 "C. In a separate study (S/C736) Zeeman-effect AAS was used to monitor Hg in the off-gases from a 6-kg retort. The volatilisation of Hg apparently began at a shale temperature of 180 "C, peaked at 240 "C and was complete at 310 "C. The shale oil off-gases were passed through a series of cold traps and analysis of the condensate by GC-He-MIP-AES revealed the presence of dimethyl-, diethyl- and di-n- propylmercury, with tentative identification of methylethyl- mercury.A combination of Zeeman-effect ETA-AAS, platform atomisation and 0 2 ashing allowed the direct determination of Cd in crude oil and oil products (912). Application of the method suggested that combustion of crude oil and fuels does not contribute significantly to the Cd contamination of the environment. 1.1.2. Lubricating oils Atomic spectrometry is widely used for the determination of additive and wear metals in lubricating oils. As metal additives are mainly present as oil soluble or miscible organometallic complexes, dilution of the sample with an appropriate organic solvent is often the only treatment required prior to analysis (S/930).However, the dilution of oils and preparation of organometallic standards (S/C306) can be time consuming and attempts have been made to automate the task through the use of robotics (86/C177) and other devices. An automatic injection and dilution system, with the unfortunate acronym of AIDS, was used to deliver oil samples into an ICP (S/931). As dilution was automatic and coincident with sample uptake, it was claimed that sample rates of 80 h-1 could be achieved. The determination of wear metals in lubricating oils is more complicated than the determination of additives because the analyte is present mainly in particulate form. If the wear metal particles are small enough to ensure complete vaporisation, Fe (S/868) and other elements can be determined directly by FAAS after dilution of the oil.However, in many analyses particle size effects persist and can adversely influence the accuracy of the method. Although ICP-AES is less susceptible to particle size effects than FAAS, difficulties have been encountered for some elements. To circumvent this problem a wire loop and carbon electrode direct sample introduction system for the analysis of used oils has been developed (86/C930).JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL. 1 89R Table 1.1. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF PETROLEUM AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS Technique ; atomisation; analyte form AA; ETA; L Element hlnm Matrix Concentration Petroleum 60-100 pg 1-1 Reference Sl866 86lC629 86lC629 s112 s11097 SIC296 9649 Sl868 s1930 86lC629 86lC629 SIC736 s1793 s11097 8611030 SIC296 SIC770 s1930 SI 1097 86154 8613 10 Sl649 S1864 St866 St867 s11104 861395 SIC458 Sl865 861310 Sl153 As 193.7 Convert to water soluble iodide by reaction with a solution of iodine (5% mlv) in toluene and extract into dilute HNO,; add 1% mlVNi(NO,), solution to droplet in atomiser as matrix modifier for As Mix 1 + 1 or 1 + 2 with graphite and 1-5% of Ga203 or Li2C03 as spectrochemical buffer See Be, ref.86lC629 Direct analysis in Perkin-Elmer HGA-500 using L'vov platform, O2 ashing and Zeeman-effect background correction Dilute with xylene; reduced-flow torch used Dilute oils 1 + 9 or 1 + 99 with kerosene; add 100 cm3 min- 1 O2 to carrier gas flow to aid combustion of carbon compounds Samples analysed in form of aqueous micro- emulsion; procedure compared favourably with method based on dry ashing and HN03 - HClO, treatment indirect procedures; success of direct method depends on size of wear particles in oil ', organic solution; prepare standards from aqueous solutions by addition of HC02H Comparison of direct (solvent dilution) and Treat with HC02H and determine in an See Be, ref.86lC629 See Be, ref. 86lC629 Total Hg determined by passing off-gas through a combuster at 800-900 "C and then into a quartz cell of Zeeman-effect spectrometer; dimethyl-, diethyl- and di-n- propyl-mercury measured by GC-MIP after dissolution of cold-trap deposits in CH2C12 Zeeman-effect background correction applied Dilute with xylene; reduced flow torch used Digest with aqua regia or HF - HN03, add IBMK and emulsify with 20% Nemol K-39 non-ionic surfactant; add H20 and aspirate See Fe, ref.SIC296 Be 234.9 Petroleum - AE; d.c. arc; L Bi 306.9 Petroleum - Cd - Crude oils, diesel <pg 1-1 fuel, gasoline levels AE; d.c. arc; L AA; ETA; L Cr - Fuel oil SRM 0.7 pg g-1 Fe - Refinery - feedstocks AE; ICP; L AF; ICP; L Fe - Lubricating oils 96.5 p.p.m. AE; DCP; L Fe - Used lubricating - oils AA;-;- Fe - Oils and fats - AA;-;-; Ga 294.4 Petroleum - Ge 303.9 Petroleum - Hg - Shale oil off-gas - AE; d.c. arc; L AE; d.c. arc; L AA; vapour cell; G AE; MIP; G Hg Mn Mo Shale oil off-gases - Fuel oil SRM Lubricating oils 30 pg g-1 0.19 pg g-1 AA; vapour cell; G AE; ICP; L AA; F, air - C2H2 or N20 - C2H2; L AF; ICP; L Ni Refinery - feedstocks residues Oil and petroleum - Ni AE; DCP and ICP; L Speciation of organometallic compounds by size exclusion chromatography following asphaltene precipitation reactions See Fe, ref.Sl930 Dilute with xylene; reduced flow torch used Ni Ni Ni Ni Oils and fats - Fuel oil SRM Gas oils Oils, petroleum, >0.1 pgg-' 29 Pi? g-' >2.5 X 10-6 % petroleum products Lubricating oils 3123 p.p.m. Gasoline - AA;-;- AE; ICP; L AA; ETA; L AE; ICP; L AA; F, -; L Dilute with xylene; comparative analysis with neutron activation Pb Pb AE; DCP; L AA; F, -; L See Fe, ref. Sl649 Extract into aqueous solution with IC1; flame composition and burner height optimised See As, ref. Sl866 Comparison of reported techniques Pb Pb Pb Petroleum 1-14 pg 1-1 Gasoline - Lubricating oil - AA; ETA; L AE; Ag-film plasma AA;-;- vaporiser; L AA;-;- Pb Gasoline - PbEt, and PbMe, are converted into water soluble Pb halides by treatment with aqueous ICl at 20 "C Dilute with white spirit or other available solvent; use dibenzyl disulphide as standard Size exclusion chromatography of organo- analyte compounds with direct coupling of LC columns to ICP with XRF Dilute with xylene; comparative analyses S Oils >25 mg 1-1 AE; ICP; L S Petroleum, crudes - and residue AE; ICP; L S Oils, petroleum, >0.01% petroleum products Coal, fuel oil, - plant protection agents, fertilisers AE; ICP; L TI AA; ETA; L Decompose with concentrated acids and extract with diethyl ether90R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL.1 Table 1.1. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF PETROLEUM AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS-continued Technique ; atomisation; analyte form Matrix Concentration Sample treatment Reference Elemen t hlnm V - Ash at 400-700 "C for 4 1 2 h in the presence of (NH4)&08 and H,S04; dissolve the ash in hot aqua regia See Fe, ref.SIC296 AA; -; L s154 SIC296 SIC770 Sl865 s11097 86154 861310 SIC250 SIC306 SIC459 SIC746 s193 1 86/68 86f 82 86lC177 86lC281 8 6 ~ 3 6 861718 86/C930 86lC996 Fuel oil - Refinery - feedstocks residues and residues Oil and petroleum - Petroleum crudes - Fuel oil SRM Gas oils Oils, petroleum, >0.1 pg g-1 56 Yg g-' >5 x 10-6 Yo petroleum products Lubricating oil - AF; ICP; L - V V - AE; DCP and ICP; L AE; ICP; L See Ni, ref. SIC770 See S, ref. Sl865 - V AE; ICP; L AA; ETA; L AE; ICP; L AA; F, -; L Dilute with xylene; reduced flow torch See Ni, ref.861310 - - V V V - - Various - (9) AA; ETA; L Direct analysis using a portable analyser for determination of Ag, Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, Si and Ti preparation of standards of Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Si, Sn and Zn Use of organometallic compounds for Dilute 10-fold with xylene for determination - AE; ICP; L Various - Oils and solvent - Lubricating oils Trace levels diluted oils Various - Various - (8) AE; ICP; L MS; ICP; L Petrochemicals and - nuclear materials Lubricating oils - Various - Various - (21) AE; ICP; L Automatic dilution with xylene and sample introduction Different procedures for discrete and continuous sample introduction are described and evaluated Review of techniques Fuel and - combustion gases AE; ICP; G Oils and - petroleum products petroleum products Oils, catalysts, - Crude oil - Crude oils, - pigments, polymers Lubricating oils p.p.m.levels Various - Various - AA; ETA;- AE; DCP and 1CP;- AA; ETA; - AA; ETA; - AE; ETA;- Discussion on the use of robotics for sample preparation and the application of HPLC for speciation - Simultaneous measurement of atomic and molecular gas phase spectra with diode array spectrometer Mg and other wear metals electrode direct sample introduction procedures with XRF methods Dilute 1 + 4 with kerosine for Al, Cu, Fe, Comparison of wire loop and deep well carbon Review of current procedures in comparison Various - Various - Various - Various - (10) AA; ETA; L - Oils AE; ICP; L Various - Petroleum - feedstocks, products AA;-;L AE; ICP; L The determination of wear metals in aircraft lubricating oil is of particular importance and an ETA-AAS method was reported that allowed the direct determination of Al, Cu, Fe, Mg and other metals (86/718).Samples were diluted 1 + 4 with kerosene and injected directly into the atomiser. An interest- ing development in this area involved the construction of a portable wear-metal analyser for simultaneous determination of Ag, Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, Si and Ti by ETA-AAS (S/C250). The instrument was designed for field operation during the deployment of aircraft. The analyser fitted into two aluminium cases; one case contained the optics, graphite furnace and atomiser power supply, and the other contained the control panel, microcomputer electronics and a self- contained argon supply system. In operation, the cases were connected by electrical and pneumatic supply cables.Two multi-element HCLs were used in combination with a thermally stabilised polychromator of 20-cm focal length. A commercial graphite furnace atomiser was modified to allow aidwater cooling. A capillary sample injection device was designed to cope with samples of different viscosities. After the ashing stage, the furnace temperature was raised in several discrete steps at different ramp rates to atomise selectively the nine analyte elements, Less sensitive wavelengths were used for some elements to provide the required sensitivity. The entire atomiser weighed about 100 lb and was designed to withstand 30 G shock. 1.1.3. Gasoline No significant developments in the analysis of gasoline were reported.The simultaneous extraction of As and Pb com- pounds from gasoline (S/866) was achieved by reaction with a solution of iodine in toluene and extraction of the water soluble iodides into dilute HN03 for determination by ETA-AAS. In a similar procedure (86/395) an aqueous solution of IC1 was used to extract tetraalkyllead species. 1.2. Chemicals and Miscellaneous Materials The most significant developments in the general chemicals area concerned the widespread application of ICP-AES in multi-element analysis, and the growing interest in ETA-AASJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL. 1 91R for ultra-trace analysis in the microelectronics industry (see Table 1.2). The increasing importance of ICP methods was reflected in two reviews on agrochemical analysis (S/198) and pharmaceutical analysis (S/797).The trace analysis of semi- conductor materials was reviewed in an IUPAC publication (86/707). Other trends identified include the continued use of arc and FAAS methods, improvements in the ICP-AES analysis of organic liquids and solvents and developments in on-line analysis. 1.2.1. Organic chemicals The development of faster procedures €or the analysis of organic industrial products continues to receive attention. The formation of emulsions and colloidal suspensions has proved useful in the analysis of viscous organic liquids, as indicated by the determination of S in cosmetics by ICP-AES (S/177) and the analysis of polyacrylamides by FAAS and FAES (86/ C132). In the last method, the samples were treated with CH3COOH and NaOCl to precipitate the acrylamide macro- molecules and form colloidal suspensions.The general appli- cation of micro-emulsions in analytical chemistry was dis- cussed in a recent review by Pelizette and Pramauro (86/16), which included sections on flame and plasma atomic spec- trometry. Other direct methods reported for organic liquids were the determination of P in esters (YC756) and B in engine coolants (S/639) by DCP-AES, and the majodtrace element analysis of glycol-based solutions by ICP-AES (S/1226). Procedures were also developed for the direct analysis of solid organic samples. A solid-sampling cup was used in the determination of Cr in photographic film and Pb in poly(viny1 chloride) by ETA-AAS with Zeeman-effect background correction (S/C267, SIC571).A graphite furnace atomiser was also used to vaporise rubber samples into an ICP for the direct determination of S in polymers (S/909). Unfortunately, not all organic materials can be analysed by direct procedures and this is particularly true in the phar- maceutical industry. A high-pressure asher was described for the decomposition of raw materials and pharmaceutical products prior to determination of trace metals by ICP-AES (S/C466). A 1-1.5 g sample mass was decomposed in a quartz container in a sealed pressure vessel by HN03 or HN03 - HC1 at up to 120 bar and 320 "C. The decomposed sample was diluted to 10 ml with HzO, which allowed the detection of trace element impurities at the pg 8-1 level. It was claimed that the procedure could be used to replace an XRF method based on wet ashing and co-precipitation with benzyldithio- carbamate.In other procedures, low-temperature dry ashing was required for the determination of Se (S/143) and the analysis of mercury-containing drugs was achieved by HPLC with AAS detection (Wl088). 1.2.2. Inorganic chemicals No significant developments in the analysis of inorganic chemicals were reported during 1985. Precipitation (S/116, 91122) and extraction (S/824, S/853, S/1120, 86/743) proce- dures continue to be used in d.c. arc and FAAS methods to improve detection limits for the determination of trace elements. The FAAS sensitivity for Cu was improved in the analysis of Pd - C catalysts (86/1014) by addition of HC1 and a 3 + 2 mixture of Me2C0 and EtOAc to the aspirated solution. A 2.6-fold improvement in sensitivity was obtained in comparison with the signals obtained for aqueous Cu stan- dards.The application of ICP-AES has proved useful in the analysis of a number of refractory chemicals (S/66, S/216, S/C446, S/504, 86/1019), however matrix matched standard solutions were required to ensure accurate analysis by some methods. Appropriate concentrations of Ba and HC1 were added to standard solutions for the determination of Si in barium titanate samples decomposed by HCl (S/504). For measurement of insouble Si, the solutions contained HF and H3B03. An Na2C03 fusion - H2S04 dissolution procedure was required for decomposition of silicon carbide powder prior to analysis by ICP-AES (S/216). As Na and H2S04 depressed the analyte emission intensities by 2&25%, these reagents were also added to the standard solutions.The determination of Al, Fe, Mn, Sc and Ti in zirconium dioxide by ICP-AES was achieved following dissolution of the sample in an HF - HCI - HN03 acid mixture (SK446). Although the fluorides of Si and Ti are volatile, negligible loss of these element occurred during the decomposition procedure. The concentrations of 20 impurity elements in silicon nitride powder were deter- mined by ICP-AES following HF - HN03 decomposition in a PTFE bomb (S/66). Hexafluorosilicate reduced analyte emis- sion intensities by 3-8% and so equivalent concentrations of SiF62- were added to the standard solutions. 1.2.3. Microelectronic components The characterisation of trace elements in semiconductor materials is undoubtedly one of the most challenging tasks in analytical atomic spectrometry. Analyses performed in the electronics industry can generally be placed into one of three categories: the quality assurance of raw materials, production support and control and failure analysis of inferior com- ponents.In each area, methods are required that are capable of trace element analysis at the ng g-1 level. Hence, as might be expected, ETA-AAS and ICP-AES are used extensively. A number of ETA-AAS methods were reported for the determination of trace impurities in AIIlBV semiconductor materials (S/83, S/1108, 86/35, 86/39, 86/C143, 86/C498, 86/707). Platform atomisation procedures were used success- fully to reduce the level of matrix interference in the determination of Ag in cadmium selenide (86/39) and Si in gallium arsenide (86/C498).In the latter method, the gallium arsenide was decomposed with HN03 - HC1 in a sealed PTFE tube and calcium nitrate was added as a matrix modifier. Although matrix effects were adequately controlled, it was reported that the detection limit of the method was inadequate for the analysis of undoped semiconductor samples. Matrix modifiers were also used to improve the ETA-AAS sensitivity for Ge in the analysis of AIIIBV semiconductor microsamples (S/1108). Addition of Ni(N03)2 and Ba(N03)2 resulted in the formation of MGe03 compounds, which presumably were relatively easy to dissociate in the atomiser. The Smith - Hieftje background correction system was reported to assist greatly the direct determination of Cr in solid samples of gallium arsenide (86/C143).The characteristics of semiconductor components are known to depend on the depth concentration profiles of the dopant elements. Consequently, there is considerable interest in layer by layer analysis of semiconductor materials. Etching procedures were developed (86/35) to allow the determination of Ag, Au, Bi, Cd, Sn and T1 in thin layers of indium arsenide by ETA-AAS. Chemical etching with an HBr - HN03 - H20 mixture was used to remove layers up to 1.4 pm thick. For layers thicker than 1 pm, a solid-state microtome device equipped with a diamond knife was used and the separated material was dissolved in dilute H N U3. Matrix interferences were minimised by use of platform atomisation and it was possible to detect 1016 atoms cm-3 in layers of 1 cm2 surface area and 1 pm thick.A vapour-phase HF decomposition procedure was developed (S/83) to remove Si02 layers from Si wafers. The decomposition by HF vapour allowed the ETA-AAS determination of 109 Fe atoms cm-2 and 108 Na atoms cm-2 in 50-nm Si02 films. Phosphorous depth profiles in semiconductor silicon were evaluated by a filament vaporisation ICP-AES procedure (S/C285). The silicon was anodised and the silicon film dissolved in HF. The etching solutions were treated with a KF solution (100 pg ml-l of K), evaporated to dryness and the residue dissolved in 100 pl of H20. This solution was analysed by depositing 10 p1 on to a92R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL. ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL.1 Table 1.2. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF CHEMICALS AND MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS Technique ; atomisation; analyte form AE; ICP; L Matrix Concentration Semiconductor pg cm-, silicon wafer Cadmium selenide 10-5-10-30/~ Silicon nitride - Sample treatment Etch analyte from wafer, dilute resultant solution with H20; method applied to test development of XRF standards Platform atomisation used Indirect method for C1; AgN03 mixed with sample prior to HF - HN03 digestion in PTFE pressure vessel at 160 "C for 16 h; AgCl filtered off and excess Ag determined; see also Various, ref. S/66 Pyro-coated graphite tube used Reference SIC764 86/39 861234, Sl66 Sl183 86lC149 Sl64 Sl639 SIC741 S11087 86195 SIC471 86lC870 SIC360 SIC738 Element Ag Ag Ag (C1) A1 Ar B B B B Ba C C Ca Ca hlnm - - - - - - - - - 553.6 247.82 193.1 422.7 - AA; ETA; L AA;-;- Aluminium - alkoxides and carboxylates Helium % levels Transition metal - borides AA; ETA; L AE; MIP; G AA;-;- - TiB2, CrB,, ZrB,, MOB, or MOB, dissolved in pressure vessel at 150-158 "C in H2S04 (1 + 2) with addition of HNO, except for CrB, Add ethane-l,2-diol to calibration solutions to match concentration in samples Matrix matched standards used; comparison with titrimetric procedure Dilute, acidify and nebulise into plasma AE; DCP; L AE; ICP; L AE; ICP; L Unused engine - Potassium - Calcium % levels coolants fluoroborate borogluconate medicines Gunshot residue - AA; ETA; L AE; ICP; G Extract analyte from hand swab with 5% V/V To determine carbonate content of sample, treat with 2 M HC1 and pass CO, gas into plasma with Ar flow of 0.2 1 min-l; a batch reactor was used HN03 Standard-additions method of calibration Dissolve 0.2 g in 500 ml of H20 and analyse against aqueous standard solutions Liquids and solids >0.2 yg ml-1 Helium - Potassium, 16-670 pg g-1 rubidium and strontium chlorides liquors Kraft black - AE; MIP; G AF; ICP; L AA; F, -; L AE; ICP; L Comparison of techniques and four sample preparation procedures: (a) dry ash at 550 "C and dissolve in HN03 (1 + l), ( b ) dilution, (c) dissolve unashed in warm HN03 - H,02, (d) dissolve in HNO, - H202 in microwave oven; (c) or (d) required for AAS but (6) for ICP analysis on continuous basis Modification of instrument for on-line Dilute, acidify and nebulise into plasma Ca Ca Chemical streams - AE; ICP; L AE; ICP; L Sl873 St1087 Calcium Yo levels borogluconate medicines trichlorosilane Silicon and - Cd (for indirect B) AA; ETA; L Separate B from Si matrix, convert into BF4-, and react with tris( 1,lO- phenanthroline) cadmium to form ion- association complex; solvent extract complex and determine Cd Sf806 Paper Trace levels s11207 86lC584 9202 Digest 100-200 mg in 1 ml of HN03 + 1 ml of H,SO, at 140 "C for 30 min; dilute and analyse Detection limits improved by use of water cooled silica tube in flame to condense vapours of analyte in flame (atom trapping) Indirect method for determination of alkaloids and drugs; add Co(SCN),2- solution to sample solution, extract ion-pair complex with dichloroethane and measure Co in the organic phase Decompose powdered sample in HC1 at 140- 160 "C Solid-sampling cup used in conjunction with Zeeman-effect background correction for direct method Smith - Hieftje background correction Direct analysis of 1 mg of solid using - Cd AA; ETA; L Cd - Acetic, nitric and 0.1-0.6 mg I-' hydrochloric acids AA; F,-; L co 241.0 1,2-Dichloroethane 0-4 mg ml-I solutions of alkaloids AA; F, air - C2H2; L Gadolinium 0 * 015 Yo Photographic film - gallium garnet - c o Cr - AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; S 861735 SIC57 1 Cr - Gallium arsenide 0.37 yg g-1 AA; ETA; S 86/C143JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL.1 93R Table 1.2. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF CHEMICALS AND MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS-continued Technique ; atomisation; Concentration anal~te form 0.037 Yo AA; ETA; L Element Cr c u c u Fe Fe Ge H Hg hlnm - - - - 248.3 or 372 - 656.3 - Matrix Gadolinium Tobacco gallium garnet Sample treatment Reference 861735 861702 Decompose powdered sample in HCl at Indirect determination of nicotine through 140-160 "C precipitation with Cu2+; nicotine removed from tobacco by steam distillation; Hg2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ can be used also Digest with HN03 - HC104, evaporate to dryness, dissolve in H,O - HCI or HNO, or HC104 - organic solvents; HC1 and Me2C0 - EtOAc combination preferred as gave 2.6-fold enhancement in signal Oxidise wafers and decompose with HF vapour (vapour phase decomposition method) metallohaptene derivatives analysed after addition of 20% HN03 procedure or chemical etching; Ni(N03), and Ba(N03)2 added as matrix modifiers 86/10 14 Sl83 s1102 Ferrocene injected as ethanolic solution; Thin-layer separation by a mechanical Sl1108 Standard-additions method of calibration 861C870 Sl1088 Inject aliquot of diluted sample into Zorbax ODS column for HPLC speciation of Hg containing compounds; elute with pH 5.7 MeOH - 0.05 M NH,OAc (3 + 2) containing 0.01% 2-mercaptoethanol, into Hg vapour generator dm-3 concentrations of Ca2+ but not by Na+ titrations Interference effects caused by >2.0 mequiv.Comparative analysis with tetraphenylborate s140 s143 - AA; F, -; L Palladium - carbon catalyst 12.5 pg g- 1 AA; F, air - GH2; L Si wafers and Si02 films Ferrocene and derivatives AIIIBV semiconductor Helium Drugs >lo9 atoms cm-2 AA; ETA; - <200 ng ml-1 AA; ETA; L Trace levels AA; ETA; L - AE; MIP; G AA;-; G - K Mine brines containing Ca2+ and Na+ ions Concentrated solutions of salts fertilisers potassium dih ydrogen phosphate Rubidium Kraft black liquors - AE;F,-;L K - AE;F,-;L K - AA; F, air - C&*; L CsCl used as ionisation suppressor; 0.1 g Sl76 samples analysed K Li - AA; F, -; L AE; ICP; L AF; ICP; L 4-70 pg g-1 See Ca, ref.SlC738; method ( b ) satisfactory SIC738 SIC360 for AAS and ICP See Ca, ref. SIC360 670.8 Potassium, rubidium and strontium chlorides Kraft black liquors - AA; F, -; L AE; ICP; L - AE; ICP; L O/O levels AE; ICP; L See Ca. ref. SIC738 SIC738 Chemical streams Calcium borogluconate medicines Gunshot residue Ammonium sulphate Organic solvents and compounds See Ca, ref. S1873 S1873 Dilute, acidify and nebulise into plasma S11087 Mn ISN 279.5 - - AA; ETA; L 0.37-8.00% "N AE; -; - See Ba, ref.86/95 86/95 s1141 SIC307 Dried sample is oxidised to N, in sealed Comparison of VUV and near-IR lines; tube with LiOBr organic solids dissolved in xylene N 149,175 and in 800-950 region - AE; ICP; L Yo levels AE; MIP; G >lo8 atoms cm-2 AA; ETA; - - See Fe, ref. Sl83 86lC149 Sl83 N Na Helium Si wafers and Si02 films Potassium, rubidium and strontium chlorides Kraft black liquors Na 589.0 and 589.6 150-2800 pg g-* AF; ICP; L SIC360 See Ca, ref. SIC360 See Ca, ref. SlC738; method ( b ) satisfactory for AAS and ICP internal standard; diode array spectrometer used SIC738 SIC457 Dissolve under pressure with HCl; use Y as See Ag, ref. SIC764 SIC764 Na Nd - AA; F, -; L AE; ICP; L - AE; ICP; L 388-403 region Yttrium aluminium garnet pg cm-2 AE; ICP; L Ni Ni Semiconductor Si Gadolinium wafer 0.0057% AA; ETA; L Decompose powdered sample in HC1 at 140- 861735 gallium garnet 160°C94R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL.1 Table 1.2. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF CHEMICALS AND MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS-continued Technique ; atomisat ion; analyte form AE; GC-MIP; G Concentration Sample treatment Reference Element 0 0 0 0 0 P P P P P Pb Pb Pb Rb Ru S S S S Sb Se Si Si hlnm - 130 and in 800-950 region - 777.2 - - 214.9 - - - - 283.3 - - - 921.29 182.04 180,182 and in Matrix Separation on SE-52 FSOT, PEG 20M glass SCOT and SE-52 glass SCOT capillary columns organic solids dissolved in xylene Comparison of VUV and near-IR lines; 86181 SIC307 86lC149 861C870 861983 s1.52 s1131 SIC285 SIC756 Sl1087 SIC571 86/95 86lC.584 Sl76 Sl886 s145 s1177 SIC307 s1909 86/95 s1143 s11.51 SIC285 S1504 Oxygenated compounds AE; ICP; L Organic solvents and compounds Yo levels - 0.125-8% AE; MIP; G AE; MIP; G AE; ICP; L AE; arc; S Helium Helium Organic solvents - Standard-additions method of calibration Mix or dissolve in xylene for direct aspiration Decomposition study; P identified as main decomposition product when phosphorites defluorinated completely at 1 atm and 4000-5000 K Speciate PI-PI2 oligomers by gradient- elution HPLC; elute directly into plasma Anodise Si wafer, etch silica film with dilute HF and determine Si mass removed as in Si, ref. SlC285; add 10 p1 KF solution (100 pg ml- of K) to remaining etching solution, evaporate completely, add 100 pl H20 and vaporise 10 pl of solution into ICP with Pt-wire filament Direct analysis; matrix effects studied Kingisepp phosphorites Polyphosphate oligomers Si wafers >0.2 yg - AE; DCP; L AE; ICP; L AE; DCP; L AE; ICP; L Organic Calcium compounds borogluconate medicines chloride) Poly(viny1 Dilute, acidify and nebulise into plasma Yo levels AA; ETA; S Solid sampling cup used in conjunction with Zeeman-effect background correction for direct method See Ba, ref.86/95 See Cd. ref. 86lC584 Gunshot residue AA; ETA; L AA; F, -; L - 0.4-1.4 mg 1-1 Acetic, nitric and hydrochloric acids Rubidium - potassium dihydrogen phosphate solutions Purex waste 0.49 g 1-1 Xylene 0.05-1 .O% AA; F, air - ( 3 2 ; L See K, ref. Sl76 AA; F, air - AE; ICP; L C2H2; L Add La modifier solution; interference study Xylene solutions containing S were prepared using diphenyl disulphide dissolved in reagent grade xylene isomers; low flow torch used (<111 min-1 total argon flow) (NH4)2S04 used as internal or external standard; samples diluted with H20 Comparison of VUV and near-IR lines; organic solids dissolved in xylene Cosmetic lotions, >5 p.p.m. Organic solvents - shampoos and compounds AE; ICP; L AE; ICP; L 800-950 region 182.04 Rubber Trace levels AE; ICP; G Sample decomposed by ramped heating in graphite furnace atomiser coupled directly to ICP to allow partial speciation of S compounds See Ba, ref.86/95 Dry ash micro-samples using EtOH solution of Mg(N03)2 as ash aid; standard-additions method with Se added as nitrate with ash aid 231.2 Gunshot residue - - Polyaromatic 1-6 ng mg- compounds, phthalates and dime thoxybenzoic acid 251.6 Trimethylsilyl- 20-50 yg ml-l cellulose - Si wafers - AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; L AA; F, N2O - C2H2; L AE; ICP; L Tetrahydrofuran used as solvent; hexamethyldisiloxane used as standard Anodise the Si surface, dissolve the silica film in 0.5 ml of 0.2 M HF, dilute a 50-yl aliquot to 5 ml and determine Si removed; see also P, ref.S/C285 bomb at 140 "C for 4 h; filter and determine solute Si in filtrate; dissolve solids collected on filter with 20 ml HF (1 + 9), add 3 g H,BO, and dilute to 100 ml with H20; use matrix matched standards Decompose 0.5 g with 20 ml HC1 in PTFE Si 251.6 Barium titanate 0.23% AE; ICP; LJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL.1 95R Table 1.2. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF CHEMICALS AND MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS-continued Technique; atomisation; analyte form AA; ETA; L Element h/nm Matrix Si 251.6 Gallium arsenide Concentration 10-37 pg g-1 Sample treatment Dissolve 40 mg in 2 ml of 3 M HN03 - 1 M HCl by heating at 100 "C for 2 h in a PTFE sealed tube; add 50 pl of 5% mlVCa as Ca(N03), and 2 ml of H20; use TaC- coated tubes, platform atomisation and matrix matched standards Nebulisation problems due to the viscosity, surface tension and density of H3P04 solutions are discussed Decompose epoxy resin ash and Si02 filler with HF - HC104, treat further with HF - HCI in a bomb, and finally heat to fumes with H2S04; decompose Sb2O3 with HBr and add 7 M HN03; separate analyte by anion-exchange chromatography and evaporate eluate to 1 ml prior to injecting 20 p1 into vaporiser See Ag, ref.SIC764 Reference 861C498 Th - Th - H3P04 containing Cr. Fe and Zr Trace levels >0.03 ng AE; ICP; L S196 SIC369 Epoxy resin, Sb203 flame retardant, Si02 package filler AE; ICP; G, W-boat vaporiser Ti - Ti - SIC764 86/27 Semiconductor Si wafer Uranium concentrates pg cm-* >60 pg g-1 Trace levels >0.05 ng >30 pg g-1 Trace levels AE; ICP; L Dissolve in 5.5 M HN03; separate from U matrix by column extraction using tributyl phosphine supported on polytrifluoro- chloroethylene; analyse nitric acid phase See Th, ref. S196 - U - U H3P04 solutions containing Cr, Fe and Zr Epoxy resin, Sb203 flame retardant, SiO, package filler Uranium concentrates H3P04 solutions containing Cr, Fe and Zr Acetic, nitric and AE; ICP; L S196 AE; ICP; G, W-boat vaporiser See Th, ref.SIC369 SIC369 V - AA; F, N20 - C2H2; L AE; ICP; L See Ti. ref. 86127 86/27 Sl96 - Y SeeTh, ref. S196 Zn - 0.02-0.08 mg 1-1 AA; F, -; L See Cd, ref. 86JC584 861C584 hydrochloric acids compounds Sulphur - Silicon nitride Trace levels Various - Review of various methods for analysis of sulphur compounds Decompose 0.5 g with 10 ml of HF and 2 ml of HN03 in a PTFE pressure vessel at 170 "C for 16 h; dilute to 100 ml with H20 for analysis; standard solutions prepared to contain similar concentrations of SiF& ; see also Ag (Cl), ref. 86/234 presence of powdered graphite containing NaCl; concentration profiles of Al, Ca, Cr, Fe, Ni and Si determined as function of insulator age Samples briquetted with graphite and excited with graphite electrodes for spectrographic determination of rare earth elements Extract the plutonium matrix with 20% tri-n- octylamine in xylene from 4 M HN03 solutions; determine analyte elements in aqueous phase Laser sampling into arc for excitation in Sl59 Various - (20) Sl66, 861234 Various - (6) Periclase insulators - AE; d.c.arc; G, laser evaporation 973 AE; spark; S Sl78 Various - Oxides and >10-2-10-1 Yo fluorides Various - (10) Plutonium nitrate Trace levels solutions AE; ICP; L Sl88 Various - Various - (9) Periclase - Nickel sulphamate - plating bath AE; a.c. arc; S AF; ICP; L 999 S1142 Physical interference effects, spectral selectivity and recoveries for Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb and Zn are discussed from other techniques HF - HN03 decomposition; average levels in the bulk sample were determined after carbonate fusion Use of a rapid data acquisition system and vapour-phase sample introduction from a GC column, graphite furnace, or other transient sampling device Review of methods with comparative data Surface impurity levels were determined after Various - Agrochemicals - AE; ICP; L AE; ICP; L Sl198 S1216 Various - (18) Silicon carbide - AE; ICP; G Various - Gases, organic Trace levels solvents, acids, salts SlC279, 86fC86596R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL.1 Table 1.2. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF CHEMICALS AND MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS-continued Technique ; atomisation; analyte form AE; ICP; L Element hlnm Matrix Concentration Various - Cracking and - desulphuration catalysts ( 5 ) Sample treatment Reference SIC460 SIC446 SIC466 SIC448 SIC737 s1797 Sl798 Sl824 Sl837 ' Sl853 Sl854 Sl856 Sl882 S/1116 s11120 s11122 SIC1139 s11212 Sf1226 86116 86/35 HF - HC104 digestion with final dilution in HCI; method compared with aqua regia and HN03 - borax fusion procedures; comparative analysis with AAS and XRF for Fe, Mo, Na, Ni andV Decompose at 110 "C with HF - HC1- HN03 in PTFE bomb and dilute with H20 for determination of Al, Fe, Mn, Si and Ti; study indicates negligible loss of Si and Ti during dissolution Decompose 1-1.5 g with 6 ml of HN03 or 5 ml of HN03 - 1 ml of HCI in quartz vessel at 320 "C and up to 120 bar; dilute to 10 ml with H20 for determination of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Sn, V and Zn Mix with graphite powder and a spectroscopic carrier for determination of As, Ba, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, Pb and Zn Comparison of methods for Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn and Zn; solutions prepared by official AOAC method Review of procedures Various - ( 5 ) ZrO, and ZrO, - MgO mixtures Trace levels AE; ICP; L Various - (10) Pharmaceutical raw >1pg g- * materials and products AE; ICP; L Various - (8) Calcium carbonate 0.00001-0.01% AE; d.c.arc; S Various - (6) Fertilisers - AA; F, -; L AE; ICP; L Pharmaceutical - compounds AA; --; - AE; F, 1CP;- AF; -; - AE; ICP; L Various - Various - Uranyl nitrate - solutions Direct-reading spectrometer used with several channels dedicated to monitoring background fluctuations compounds and extract into organic solvents; similarly extract analytes; optimised discrete nebulisation for determination of Ag, Bi, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn Dilute aqueous solutions to calibration range for determination of process contaminants (Al, Cr, Fe and Ni) and nuclear fusion products Decompose in 6 M HCI, extract analytes with DDC and 8-hydroxyquinoline into isoamyl alcohol - CHCI3 (1 + 4), mix with graphite powder containing NaCl and oxalic acid, evaporate and calcinate at 300-400 "C; for Al, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni and Pb dilute with xylene for ETA; organometallic standards in appropriate solvent distillation for Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn Convert aqueous metal standards into chelate Dilute 1 + 4 with Shell-Soh 70 for ICP; Analyse residue after sub-boiling point On-line analysis Coprecipitate with CdS at pH 7-8 for determination of Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and V Extract with diethylammonium-N,N'-DDC - IBMK for determination of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn in dilute HCl(1 + 3) and analyse for Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn Coprecipitate with CaF,, dissolve precipitate Various - (10) Ammonium Trace levels sulphate, sulphuric acid AA; F, -; L Various - (19) Nuclear waste 0.04-4000 pg solutions ml-1 AE; ICP; L AE; d.c.arc; S Various - (7) Sodium (111) 10 - 4-1 0 - 2 yo tetrahydroborate- Negative photo- resist Trace levels AE; ICP; L AA; ETA and F; L Various - (12) Various - Various - Various - Various - (6) (6) (7) Hydrofluoric acid 1-7 pg 1-' AA; F, -; L Plating baths Barium chloride AE; ICP; L AE;-;- - Trace levels Alkali and alkaline earth salts 5 X 10-'-5 X 10-6% AA; F, -; L Various - (6) Ammonium fluoride and hydrofluoric acid Semiconductor materials Plasma polymerisation vapours Glycerol coolants and antifreeze Trace levels AA; F, air - C2H2; L Various - Trace levels AE; DCP; L Various - AE; glow discharge; G Metal deposition during polymerisation of CF4 and C2F3CI to form metal-doped polymers was monitored by AE Dilute 10- or 20-fold with H20; matrix match standards by addition of ethylene glycol; add 10 mg 1-1 Co as internal standard Review of use of micelles and micro-emulsions in analysis Etch with HN03 - HBr, or by mechanical procedures; platform atomisation and matrix modifiers used for Ag, Au, Bi, Cd, Sn and T1 Various - (14) Major and trace levels AE; ICP; L Various - AA;-;- AE;-;- AA;ETA;L Various - (6) Indium arsenide semiconductor >lo16 atoms cm97R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL.1 Table 1.2. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF CHEMICALS AND MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS-continued Element hlnm Various - Various - Various - Various - Various - (6) Various - Various - (15) Various - Various - (10) Various - Various - Technique: atomisation; Matrix Concentration analyte form Solutions of - polymers and macromolecules materials materials and solders materials diuranate Semiconductor - Semiconductor - Semiconductor - Ammonium pg g-1-% levels AA; F, -; L AE;F,-;L AE;-;- AA; F, -; - ICP; - AE; d.c. arc and AE; ICP; G, L, S AA; F and ETA; L Silicon - AE;-;- Lithium and yg g- level AE; d.c. arc; S manganese sulphates Silicon, germanium Trace levels AA;-;- AE._. - and gallium 7 7 arsenide trimethylarsine Triethylarsine, - AE; d.c. arc; S Pharmaceutical - AE; DCP; L Nickel sulphate Trace levels AE; ICP; L drugs Sample treatment Direct analysis Dry at 50 “C, dissolve 2 g in 10 ml of 1 M HN03 and dilute to 50 ml with H20; add H3P04 for determination of Cd by ETA; Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Pb Study of plasma - liquid interface during r.f. plasma refining of silicon Rare earths and Cd determined to enhance detection limits, coprecipitation with Y was used; precipitate oxalates to separate lanthanides from Li2S04 and fluorides to separate rare earths from MnS04 Evaluation of sample preparation procedures and analytical techniques Extract with CC14 in presence of 0.1 M HCl for determination of Al, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni and Zn Acid dissolution in a pressure vessel Separate Ni matrix from trace constituents by anion-exchange chromatography in HCl medium; comparison with NAA Reference 86lC132 86lC175 86/C179 86lC 186 86lC499 86lC504 86lC506 861707 861743 861C872 861 10 19 Pt-wire filament for measurement by filament vaporisation ICP-AES.The mass of Si removed by the etching process was determined by conventional ICP-AES. The concentration of P was found to decrease from about 4 x 1020 atoms cm-3 at a depth of 0.1 pm to 1 x 1018 atoms cm-3 at 0.7 pm. A hardware - software system for measurement of transient signals in ICP-AES was described (S/C279, 86/C865). The package could be used with a variety of “vaporised sample introduc- tion” devices, such as a graphite furnace atomiser or GC chromatographic column.It was claimed that the package was especially useful for the analysis of samples from the semicon- ductor industry. The general application of ICP-AES in the semiconductor industry was discussed in a number of confer- ence presentations (S/C764, S/C1139, 86/C175, 861C179, 861C186). The technique was used for the analysis of chemicals (S/C1139) and solders (86/C179), to monitor photolitho- graphic processes (86/C175) and to trace elemental contami- nation in integrated circuit sheets (S/C1139, 86/C186). 1.2.4. Gases, acids and solvents Trace levels of C, H and 0 in nitrogen gas were measured by microwave induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry (He-MIP-AES) (86/C870). The sample was mixed with the He plasma gas prior to introduction to the MIP discharge operated at atmospheric pressure.Atomic emission line intensities of C, H and 0 were measured at 193.1, 656.3 and 777.2 nm, respectively. Destabilisation of the discharge by the sample gas was minimised by operation of the plasma at an increased He flow-rate of 5 1 min-1. Low-pressure and atmospheric-pressure MIP systems were also used to deter- mine the concentration of Ar, N and 0 in helium-based breathing gases (86/C149). Changes in the nature of the plasma occurred when the level of minor components exceeded about 1 YO. The suitability of an Ar-ICP-AES system for the analysis of fuel gases, combustion gases and other gaseous products was investigated (86/68). Addition of molecular gases such as CO, C02, H2, H20, N2, O2 and hydrocarbons to the Ar gas flow had an adverse effect on the plasma properties when the impurity gas level exceeded 0.1 YO.Improvements in the FAAS detection limit for Cd, Pb and Zn were achieved by application of atom trapping procedures in the analysis of high-purity acetic acid, hydrochloric acid and nitric acid (86/C584). Sub-boiling point distillation assisted the FAAS determination of Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn in hydrofluoric acid (S/856). Variations in viscosity, surface tension and density caused nebulisation problems in the ICP-AES determination of Th, U and Y in phosphoric acid based samples (S/96). The advantages and limitations of using a peristaltic pump to supply the liquid to the nebuliser and overcome these problems were evaluated.The analysis of organic solvents by ICP-AES continues to receive attention. A low gas consumption torch (total flow- rate 10.8 1 min-1) was used in the quantitation of S in xylene by ICP-AES (S/45). Sulphur concentrations in the range 0.05- 1.0% mlm were determined through measurement of S atomic emission at 921.29 nm. A special ICP torch that prevented the entrainment of atmospheric oxygen was developed to deter- mine the total 0 content of compounds dissolved in xylene (S/C307, 86/938). Non-resonant near-IR emission lines were used to measure oxygen concentrations in the range 0.125- 8.0% mlm. It was stressed that the analyte emission intensity was dependent on the boiling-point of the 0-containing compound. The special torch was also used to determine N and S in organic solvents (S/C307).An ICP torch designed for low-power, low gas flow operation was found to be satisfac- tory for the analysis of a variety of organic solvents (Sl1097). However, an input power of 1.0-2.2 kW and a coolant gas flow-rate of 8-20 1 min-1 were required, compared with the aqueous solution conditions of 0.75 kW and 7 1 min-l.98R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL. 1 1.2.5. Nuclear fuels Impurity levels in nuclear fuels are strictly controlled as elements with high neutron absorption cross-sections may affect the neutron balance of nuclear reactors. Ammonium diuranate is the main compound obtained during treatment of uranium solutions for production of nuclear fuels. An FAAS procedure was developed (86/C499) for the direct determina- tion of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Pb in ammonium diuranate.The procedure compared favourably with XRF, provided uranium-matched standard solutions were used. The concen- trations of Ti and V in uranium concentrates were also determined by FAAS (86/27). The analyte elements were separated from the uranium matrix by column extraction chromatography, and detection limits of 60 and 30 pg g-1 were obtained for Ti and V, respectively. The ICP-AES detection limits of 20 impurity elements in uranyl nitrate solutions were improved by monitoring fluctuations in the background spectrum with a multi-channel spectrometer (S/798). Impuri- ties in nuclear waste solutions (S/837) and plutonium nitrate solutions obtained from Purex fuel reprocessing (S/88) were also determined by ICP-AES.In the latter method, the plutonium matrix was extracted from an HN03 solution with 20% tri-n-octylamine in xylene. An FAAS procedure was reported (S/886) for the determination of Ru in synthetic Purex waste solutions. Addition of La prevented interference by other impurity elements except Ce, which caused a 2-1770 depression at a concentration excess of 26-fold. 1.2.6. On-line process control An ICP-AES instrument was modified to allow continuous determination of Ca and Mg in the effluent of a water softening facility (S/873). An on-line inductively coupled plasma analyser was also developed for the analysis of plating baths (S/882). The ICP-AES unit performed satisfactorily, but further improvements in the sampling and dilution apparatus were required.Spectroscopic measurements can be used for the on-line monitoring of industrial processes based on r.f. plasma discharges (S/1212, 86/C504). The purification of silicon by plasma extraction was evaluated by measuring the emission of impurity elements in the region of the plasma - liquid silicon interface (86/C504). The plasma radiation was transferred to a 1-m focal length spectrometer by an optical fibre. Atomic emission spectrometry was also used to monitor the deposition of metal-doped polymer films (S/1212) pro- duced by the plasma polymerisation of halocarbons (CF4 and C2F3Cl) and the simultaneous sputtering of A1 or Au. The emission intensity ratios of species in the plasma volume indicated the likely composition and characteristics of the films prepared.2. IRON AND STEEL The last ten years has seen a significant contraction in steel production in the Western world, particularly in Europe and the USA, but less so in Japan. This is now reflected in the number of papers included in the annual review (see Table 2), which have decreased from 102 in 1981 to 85 in 1984 and 59 in the present review for 1985. 2.1. Atomic Emission Methods Papers on inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spec- trometry illustrated both the routine application of the technique and the development work required to extend its application in the steel industry. Japanese workers (S/154) described the determination of Mn, Nb, P, S and Ti in niobium-containing pig irons using yttrium as an internal standard. Detection limits of 3, 10, 12, 21 and 1 pg g-1 were reported for the five elements, respectively. Although ICP- AES is recognised as being very effective for trace element analysis, two papers (S/C453, S/C454) reported its develop- ment for major element determination.In the first paper, Ronksley and Brocas (S/C453) reported a short term RSD value of 0.3% for Cu at the 60% m/m level. In the second, Coedo et al. (SIC454) described the application of the technique to the determination of B, Cr, Mn, Mo, Nb, Si, Ti, V and W in their respective ferroalloys with RSD values below 0.3% for each element. Although high-energy spark pre-integration facilities in direct reading atomic emission spectrometers have been available for ten years, papers still appear reporting develop- ment work.Three papers by Shibata and co-workers provided interesting results. In the first (S/215), instability in emission intensities following the high-energy pre-discharge was repor- ted. This was due to deformation of the electrode tip and to.a rise in sample surface temperature. These problems were eliminated by slight oscillation of the discharge current at the end of pre-discharge and cooling of the spark stand by a combination of air and water. This allowed the determination of elements segregated in steel samples as illustrated in the two further papers (S/37, S/67). The effectiveness of the pre-spark discharge was demonstrated (S/37) for the determination of S in water-quenched and annealed samples. The scatter of points on the calibration graph, due to preferential discharge at MnS inclusions precipitated during annealing, was elimi- nated by the high-energy pre-integration discharge.An accuracy of ca. 0.0009% mlm of S was claimed for annealed samples containing 0.012-0.021% mlm of S. However, in the determination of Ca in high-grade pipe-line steels (S/67), two distinct calibration graphs were obtained for the range 0-80 pg g-. This depended on whether Ca was present as complex oxide or oxide - sulphide inclusions. It is difficult to see how the procedure can be used to determine Ca without the support of ancillary microscope facilities. Only two papers described work on the glow discharge lamp (S/220,86/C626) and only one additional hollow-cathode lamp application was reported (86/974). Wagatsuma and Hirokawa (S/220) combined the cyclic variation of voltage applied to a GDL with selective detection of the analyte radiation using a lock-in amplifier.The SNR was improved by a factor of 20-50 compared with conventional methods. Results for minor elements in low-alloyed steels were reported for Al, Cr, Cu, Mn and Mo. Italian workers (86/C626) adapted a GDL to allow the analysis of thin samples (<0.7 mm), a task otherwise impossible owing to the deformation of the sample that forms the vacuum seal. A water-cooled backing plate with radially arranged holes was designed to allow uniform front and back evacuation of the sample seal. Sheets as thin as 0.1 mm were examined without difficulty and the technique was applied to the surface analysis of Cr-passivated tin-plate samples 0.15- 0.30 mm thick.A calibration graph for Cr over the range 0 . 6 pg cm-2 was illustrated together with Cr, Fe and Sn surface profiles. The precision for Cr determination at 0.4 pg m-2 was claimed to be 10%. In each of the last three years (ARAAS, Volumes 12,13 and 14, section 4.2.1.1) reference was made to developments in direct liquid steel analysis. This is a much sought after objective. The favoured technique was laser or spark excita- tion followed by light transfer to a remote spectrometer using a light-guide. No less than six papers on liquid steel analysisJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL. 1 99R Table 2. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF IRON AND STEELS Technique; atomisation; analyte form AA;ETA;- Element hlnm Matrix Concentration Sample treatment Reference Metallurgical samples Steel Temperature-stabilised furnaces used with platforms and pyrocarbon packing Separation of soluble and insoluble A1 using either pulse-height distribution or burn-off curves Review of developments to determine soluble and insoluble A1 using pulse-height distribution burn-off curve methods to determine soluble and insoluble A1 generator to determine picogram amounts Description of pulse-height distribution and Miniaturisation of a suction-flow hydride Dissolution in HNO, See B, ref.SIC780 Sl827 Sl869 861403 861963 s1910 SIC780 SlC780, 861681 Sl582 s1215 8614 1 8 86lC620 A1 A1 A1 A1 As B B Ba C C C Ca Ca c o Cr Cr Cr Cr c u Fe Fe Fe H Mg Mn Mn Mn Mo N Nd Nd Ni Ni Ni Ni Ni 0 P 0.0 1-1 0% - - - - - - 208.89, 249.68 - - - 165.7 - - - - - - 425.4 324.75 - - 248.3 656.3 - - - 403.45 - 821.6 386.34, - 489.69 - 232.0, 341.5, 352.4 - - 231.6 777.2 213.62 AE; spark; S Steel AE; spark; S Steel AE; spark; S Steel 0.08-50 ng ml-* AA; cold vap.; G Fe - B - Nd alloy Fe - B - Nd alloy AE; DCP; L AE; DCP; L - 1 O/O Steel Steel 2 10-4% - AA; ETA; L AE; spark; S Dissolution in HNO,; final concentration 1 Yo Homogenisation with high-energy prespark prior to analysis Method adapted to accommodate small samples, e.g., wires Single calibration curve produced from samples with different metallurgical structures Steel AE; spark; S Iron and steel 0.005-5% AE; spark; S Steel 0-80 pg g-I AE; spark; S Homogenisation by high-energy pre-spark prior Sl67 to analysis - Ferroalloys AA; F, air - C2H2; L AA; F, -; L 861417 Sl79 s179 Sl633 861443 86lC626 861C689 Sl508 Sl1123 8614 14 86/C57 1 8614 17 Sl1123 861443 86lC567 Sl633 86lC571 SIC780 SlC780, 861681 s135 s170 s179 861443 86lC620 86lC57 1 s11117 Burner rotation used to allow determination of See Co, ref.Sl79 Interferences avoided using 2% Na2S04 and/ High-resolution Cchelle monochromator used Adaptation of GDL to surface analysis of thin Dissolution in HC104 - HCl; lithium added to Sulphosalicylic acid used to eliminate Application to determine major levels in Decomposition in H2S04 - HBF4 - HNO,, Spectrography applied to determine gases in See Ca, ref. 861417 major concentrations or NH4C1 to optimise laser ablation sheets control interferences interference effects ferromanganese interferences eliminated with NH20H.HCl steel Ferronickel Major levels Ferronickel Low- and high- alloy steels Steel Major levels 0.2- 10 O/O AA; F, -; L AA; F, air - AE; laser; S C2H2; L Tin-plated steel 0-0.6 pg cm-2 AE; GDL; S Cast iron AE; DCP; L AA; F, air - C2H2; L AA; F, air - C2H2; L AA; F, air - C2H2; L AE; d.c.arc; S Ferromanganese Major levels Ferrotitanium Major levels Metals and alloys Ferroalloys AA; F, air - AA; F, air - AE; laser; S AE; spark; S AA; F, air - AE; spark; S AE; DCP; L AE; DCP; L C2H2; L C2H2; L C2H2; L See Fe. ref. Sl1123 Ferromanganese Major levels Steel Low-alloy steel Steel See Cr , ref. 861443 Application of high-repetition rate source See Cr, ref. Sl633 - 0-1.5% 0.2- 10% Metals and alloys Fe - B - Nd alloy Fe - B - Nd alloy 0.005-2.15% - 30% See H, ref.86lC571 See B, ref. S/C780 See B, ref. S/C780 Decomposition in HC1- HN03 Three absorbance lines and burner rotation utilised to cover the concentration range Fe - Ni alloys High-alloy steels and alloys > 20 O/O 0.05-65% AA;-;L AA; F, -; L AA; F, -; L AE; laser; S AE; spark; S AE; spark; S AE; ICP; L See Co, ref. Sl79 See Cr , ref. 861443 See C, ref. 86lC620 See H, ref. 86lC571 Analyte enrichment microcolumn of activated A1203 used in conjunction with flow injection analysis Ferronickel Steel Iron and steel Metals and alloys Steel Major levels - 0-6 Yo 0 .OO5-2% 0-50 pg ml- *100R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL. 1 Table 2. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF IRON AND STEELS-continued Technique ; atomisation; Matrix Concentration analyte form Sample treatment Reference Element hlnm Steel and copper Trace levels AE; ICP; L Acid concentrations in standard solutions matched with sample solutions Steel and copper 0-0.053% AE; HCL; S or L Application of HCL using spectrograph to analyse solids or acid solutions of solids met a1 alloys 86125 861974 P 178.29 P 178.29, 178.77, 185.89, 185.94 - S Steel 0.012-0.021% AE; spark; S Homogenisation by high-energy pre-spark prior to analysis See C, ref.Sl215 Reduction of S to H2S with hydrogen at Extraction of nitrate by 4% TOP0 solution in Direct analysis of liquid pig iron See Fe, ref. 861414 1800 "C IBMK s137 s12 15 86lC148 Sl658 86/56 8614 14 Sl658 s13 1 s11.54 s1214 s1217 s1220 SIC374 Sic416 sic453 SIC454 Si489 SIC702 SIC783 S18 19 s11121 SIC1127 SIC1 154 SIC1 160 SIC1181 8612 1 86157 86/58 86/79 AE; spark; S ME; -; S - S S - Steel Powdered metals Steel 5-20 pg g- - AE; -; L AA; F, N2O - C2H2; L C2H2; L C2H2; L Major levels AA; F, N 2 0 - 10-500 pg gpl AA; F, N2O - - AE; ICP; L sc 391.2 - Si Ti 364.4 Iron Ferrotitanium Steel See Sc.ref. Sl658 Y 410.2 Various - ( 7 ) Low-alloy steels and Ti alloys Optimisation of operating parameters using computer-controlled scanning mono- chromator (Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni and V) Dissolution in HCL - HN03 - HF; Y used as internal standard (Mn, P, S and Ti) Application of FAAS to determine Al, Mo, Nb, Ta andV (N20 - C2H2) and Cr, Mn and Ni (air - C2H2) Study of inter-element effects - AE; ICP; L Various - Various - (4) (8) Pig iron High-alloy steels - AA; F, air - C2H2 or N 2 0 - C2H2; L - AE; spark; S Various - Various - Various - Various - (19) (6) (16) Steel Low-alloy steels Minor levels AE; GDL; S Application of GDL with cyclic variation of Application of mobile analyser to on-site Review of application of ICP-AES and ETA- Application of ICP to determine trace and Acid dissolution with alkali fusion of applied voltage (Al, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo and Ni) analysis AAS major (60%) concentrations residue where necessary (B , Cr , Fe, Mn, Mo, Nb, Si, Ti, V and W) background correction dissolution techniques and instrumental strategies (calibration, internal standards etc.) Application of high-energy spark to produce aerosol for ICP analysis Review of instrumental methods (including XRF) Study of interferences and Zeeman-effect Application of ICP detailing sample Steel products - AE; spark; S Iron and steel - AE; ICP; L AA; ETA; S Major and trace AE; ICP; L Major levels AE; ICP; L levels Various - Steel and copper alloys Ferroalloys Various - (10) Various - Various - (39) Iron - AA; ETA; L Iron, steel and ferroalloys Trace levels AE; ICP; L Various - Various - Low-alloy steels Metals - AE; ICP; S - AE; spark or ICP; SorL AA;-;- - AE; ICP; S Various - (10) Steel Application of spark source to produce aerosol for ICP analysis (C.Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, P, S, Si and V) Application of AES to the analysis of liquid steel Review of instrumental methods of analysis Various - Steel - AE; laser or ICP; L Iron, steel and related products - AE; spark or ICP; SorL AA; For ETA; S or L Major and minor AE; ICP; S - AE; spark; S - AE; ICP; L levels AA;-;- Various - Various - Ferrochromium Low-alloy steels Iron ores, slags etc.Pig iron Steel Review of analysis of ferrochromium that also Study of high-repetition source Description of equipment for rapid includes XRF analysis preparation (<7 min) of samples by automatic fusion and acid dissolution Application of laser excitation to the analysis of liquid pig iron (C, Mn, P, S and Si) Application of ICP analysis following production of aerosol from liquid steel Application of ICP analysis following laser ablation to produce an aerosol from solid or liquid samples Various - Various - Various - Various - ( 5 ) - AE; laser; L AE; ICP; L - Various - Iron, steel and slags - AE; ICP; S or LJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL.1 101R Table 2. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF IRON AND STEELS-continued Element h/nm Various - Various - Various - Various - Various - (4) (8) Matrix Iron, steel, ores, slags and ferroalloys Ferrous materials Steel Iron High-speed steels Technique; atomisation; Concentration analyte form Sample treatment Reference Review (with 627 references) of work 86/83 - published between November 1982 and October 1984 and ICP-AES and XRF discharge chamber to remote spectrometer determination of Cr, Mn, Ni and Ti generation by low-voltage spark discharge (Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Si, V and W) - Review of application of spark, GDL, HCL 86/208 AE; spark; - Application of fibre-optics to link spark 861370 AE; 1CP;- Study of interference by Fe in the 861433 AE; ICP; S Application of ICP analysis following aerosol 86/1012 are included in the present review.Four of these (S/C1127, 86/56, 86/57, 86/370) reported combinations of laser or spark excitation with or without transfer of the emitted radiation by a light guide. Kadoyama et al. (86/57) successfully applied an IR pulsed laser to the determination of C, Mn, P, S and Si in molten pig iron. However, Akihiro Ono et al. (86/370) found difficulties in the determination of C, P and S following spark excitation owing to poor transmission of wavelengths below 260 nm by a silicone-polymer clad light guide. Three of these six papers described an interesting new development in liquid steel analysis. This was an extension of a principle already reported for solid steels where an aerosol generated by a laser or spark is swept into an ICP for analysis (see ARAAS, 1984, 14, 151).Terisumi Ono et al. (86/58) claimed the method was superior to the light-guide method for C, P and S determina- tions as it allowed longer signal transmission distances and was insensitive to changes in melt levels. A British Patent (86/79) is based on the same idea and suggested application to an aluminium melt or a range of ferrous materials. Cremers et al. in the USA (YC1127) also compared the laser - light guide approach with the laser aerosol - ICP method by application to both solid and molten steel samples. 2.2. Atomic Absorption Methods A variety of AAS procedures were reported for the determi- nation of trace elements in iron, steel and related samples.Czechoslovakian workers (S/582) used a W-tube atomiser with an Ar - H2 atmosphere to determine Ba in steel down to levels of 10 pg 8-1 by ETA-AAS. The determination of Sc (5-20 pg g-1) and Y (1g500 pg g-1) in steel using an N20 - C2H2 flame following pre-concentration of the nitrates into a 4% mlVTOPO solution in IBMK has been described (S/658). The RSD values reported were 6.8 and 2.1% for 28 pg g-* of Sc and 108 pg g-l of Y, respectively. Ikeda (S/910) described the miniaturisation of a continuous-flow hydride generator to determine pg amounts of As. An electrically heated quartz cell was used to decompose the hydride and a detection limit of 0.08 ng ml-1 of As (24 pg) was claimed with an RSD of 5.4% at the 0.5 ng ml-1 level. Results for steel reference materials were given.Although AA is usually used for the determination of trace elements, a series of papers described the development of AAS to determine major elements (up to 80% mlm) in high-alloy steels and ferroalloys. An FAAS method was reported (970) for the determination of Ni over the range 0.05-65% mlm in a series of alloys. A combination of three absorbance lines and burner rotation was used to cover the range. An air - C2H2 flame was also employed (S/214) to determine Cr, Mn and Ni in high-alloy steels with Cr and Ni contents up to 20% mlm, although an N 2 0 - C2H2 flame was applied for the determination of Al, Mo, Nb, Ta and V. Other reports included the determination of Cr and Mo in steel (0.2-10% mlm) using an air - C2H2 flame (Y633) and A1 (0.01-10% mlm) using ETA-AAS (S/827).Similar procedures were reported for the determination of major elements in ferroalloys. Bujupu and Damnjanovic (S/79) rotated the burner (by 60" for 80% mlm Ni) to determine Co, Cr and Ni in ferronickel. Both Fe and Mn were determined in ferromanganese using an air - C2H2 flame (S/1123) and an N20 - C2H2 flame was applied to determine Fe and Ti in ferrotitanium (86/414). In the latter work, interfer- ence by Mn was eliminated using NH2OH.HC1. 3. NON-FERROUS METALS The analysis of non-ferrous metals was one of the earliest applications of AES to receive widespread acceptance , especially in the aluminium and copper industries. In most analyses arc and spark methods were used to determine the impurity and major constituents of solid samples; arcs were preferred for sensitivity and sparks for precision.Over the years , progress in manufacturing techniques and process control has led to a demand for improvement in the accuracy, precision and speed of analytical procedures used in the metals industry. The challenge has been met through modification of existing techniques and the introduction of new ones such as AAS (for improved sensitivity) and XRF spectrometry (for improved precision). More recently, considerable interest has been shown in the application of DCP-AES and ICP-AES, which offer advantages in both sensitivity and precision. Developments have also been made in spectrometer design. Visual and photographic recording methods have been replaced by photometric detection and data handling by a dedicated computer is now a standard feature of modern spectrometers.Against this backdrop, the literature reviewed during 1985 (see Table 3) has revealed two distinct trends. In Eastern European and Oriental countries the older arc and spark techniques continue to attract research interest. It is difficult102R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL. 1 Table 3. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF NON-FERROUS METALS Element Ag A1 As As B B Be Be Bi Bi Cd Cd c o Cr Cr c u cu c u Fe Fe Fe Fe Hf In K Mn Mn Mo Mo Mo Mo Na Ni Ni Ni P Pb Pb Mg Pb hlnm - 309.2 - - - - 234.9 234.9 - 223.1 - - - 357.9 - - - 324.7 - 248.3 - 248.3 - 303.9 - - - 403.1 - - 313.3 - - 232.0 - - 178.3 283.3 - - Matrix Concentration High-purity A1 and - Zn metal 35mgg-1 c u Heat-resistant 500 ng g- alloys materials Cu industry - Complex alloys - Alloys 10-100 mg g- A1 and Mg alloys Pt - Be alloy > 1 pg g- < 45 mgg-l Heat- 200 ng g-I resistant alloys Cu metal 5-25 pg g- Zn, semiconductor - alloys containing materials Zn and Zn- 2Clgg-l Au baths 5-15 pg g-' Pb metal and - High-purity A1 and 5-100 pg g- High-purity A1 7-200 yg g-l oxides c u High-purity A1 - Various alloys 0.1-40 mg g- High-purity A1 5-200 pg g-l Pb metal and oxides - Cu alloys - Zn metal 1 mg g-1 Nb and Nb-base Pb and Zn metals >500 yg g-I >1 pg g-1 alloys Pu metal - A1 alloys - A1 alloys - Cu alloys - Cr - Nb and Nb-base Alloys, corrosion 50-270 mg g-I Metals - 10 yg g-I alloys products Pu metal - Metallurgical <2.5 ng ml-l samples Cu alloys - High-purity A1 - Cu metal, steel and Cu 10 pg g-1 Cd metal 4 yg g-l Sn coatings - Bi, Cd, In, Sn 10 pg g-l Technique; atomisation; analyte form AE; GDL; S AE; HCL; S AA; Hy; L AA; F, air - C3H8 - C4H,,,; - C3H*; - AA;-;- AE; F, air - AA; ETA; - AA; ETA; L AA; Hy; L AA; Hy; L AF; F, air - C2H2; L AA; ETA; - AA;-; L AA; F; air - AE; GDL; S AE; spark; S AA; F, air - CH,; - AA; F, air - C,H,; L AE; spark; S AA; F, air - C2H2; L AE; GDL; S AE; HCL; S C2H2; L AA;-;- AA; ETA; L AE; d.c.arc; - AE; ICP; S AE; GDL; S AE; ICP; - AA;-;L AA;-;- AA; F, N2O - C,H,; L AE; DCP; - AE; d.c. arc;- AA; F, air - C*H2; L AE; GDL; S AE; GDL; S AE; ICP; L AA;-;- AA;-;L AA; F, -; - Sample treatment Reference Describes GDL adapted for side-on viewing Use of a plume from the HCL as an emission Dissolve in HC1 - HF - HN03 ( 5 + 1 + 5 ) source Studies on effect of concomitants Alloys based on Co, Fe and Ni Esterify boric acid with MeOH - H2S04 Use of standard-additions method Remove matrix element using ion-exchange See As, ref.Sl505 resin Hydride generator made in house; thiosemicarbazide used as masking agent Sensitivity increased by addition of organic solvents Investigation of organic extractants for Cd Determines Co(I1) and Co(II1) by difference Dissolve in HN03; uses standard-additions See Ag, ref. 861C625 after precipitating Co(I1) procedure Samples prepared as flat ended rods, 1 cm diameter Extract organic polysulphide Cu complex into CHC13 Complex Cu with 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5- triazine and tetraphenylborate ion adsorbed on to naphthalene See Cu, ref.S1229 See Cr. ref. S1903 Study relating to surface analysis See Al, ref. 86/C622 Studies on effect of concomitants Remove matrix elements using ion-exchange Uses optical fibre cable for remote sensing Reports uses of laser vaporisation techniques See Mg, ref. SIC315 See Fe, ref. 86198 Use of surfactant in sample solution to See Hf, ref. S1503 resin increase sensitivity Dissolve in HCl - HNO, Analytical range from <1 pg g-* to See K, ref. S1664 Extract into organic phase from HC1 solution; See Fe, ref. 86/98 See Ag, ref. 861C625 >99% back-extract into HCI Uses vacuum spectrometer with purged optical Separate Pb and coprecipitate with Fe(OH)3 Treat coating with CuS04 - HCI; remove precipitated Cu; dissolve Cu in HN03 and determine Pb and Sn Remove matrix elements using ion-exchange resin.then elute Pb path 86lC625 861259, 861C622 5t505 86/40 5/61 861376 5181 861680 51505 861683 5177 51825 861372 51903 86lC625 51229 861439 861972 5t229 51903 86/98 861C622 9503 86lC6 16 51664 SIC3 15 SIC3 15 86/98 5/34 51503 51662 SIC757 51664 5t656 86198 86/C625 86125 5t655 S1899, Sl1206 86/73 1JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL. 1 103R Table 3. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF NON-FERROUS METALS-continued Technique ; atomisation; analyte form AA; ETA; S Element Pb Pt Rb Re Sb Sb Sb Se Se Se Se Si Si Si Te Ti V V W W Y Zr Various Various Various (19) (9) (14) Various Various Various (19) (17) Various Various Various ( 5 ) (10) Various Various Various (14) Various Matrix Ni-base alloys Concentration 0.2-26 pg g-1 Sample treatment Reference Further report of previously published work using induction furnace to excite metallic samples Studies effect of concomitants and interference removal using boric acid, FeCI, and 8-hydroxyquinoline See K, ref.9664 See Mo, ref. SlC757 Uses Zeeman-effect background correction; dissolve in HCI - HN03 (15 + 1) under reflux Solution samples dropped on to pellet of NaBH4; stibine swept into furnace tube by Ar stream See As, ref. 86/40 8611027 Sl1115 S1664 SIC757 Sl155 S1178 86140 SIC368 S1826 S1889 Sl1105 S1229 SIC3 15 s11111 SIC368 861342 S1.503 861342 SI101 Sl222 Sl66 1 861342 s139 Sl75 S186 S198 S1149 S1173 S1230 SIC249 SIC266 SIC289 SIC294 SIC347 SIC364 Pt alloys AA;-;- Pu metal Metals Cr metal AE; d.c. arc; - AA; ETA; L AE; DCP;- Solder alloy AA; ETA, Hy; L Cu industry materials AA; F, air - C3H8 - AE; spark; S AA; F, Ar - H2; s AE; ICP, Hy; L C4H10; - Cu metal Ni alloy Uses background as internal reference Se electrodeposited on to Pt loop for Reports use of a continuous hydride introduction to flame generation system; Cu is removed using ion- exchange resin Remove matrix element by electrolysis See Cu, ref.9229 See Mg, ref. SIC315 Coating furnace tube with W carbide improves See Se, ref. SIC368 Precipitate analytes from HCl- HN03 See Hf, ref. S1503 See Ti, ref. 861342 Study of excitation parameters and interferences signal solution with La hydroxide; extract with HCl High-purity Cu, biological materials Cu metal High-purity A1 A1 alloys Nb metal AA; Hy; L AE; spark; S AE; ICP; - AA;ETA;- - 1-200 pg g - 1 1-10 pg g-1 - 100 ng g-1 1-50 pg g-' >20 pg g-1 1-50 pg g-1 >20 ng g- Cu metal A1 metal AE; spark; S AE; ICP; L Nb and Nb-base A1 metal Alloys and concentrates AA;-;- AE; ICP; L AE; ICP; L W alloys and ores Alloys AE; ICP; L AA; F, N20 - C2H2; - AE; ICP; L AE; d.c.arc; S Uses Sc as internal standard - 100-1000 pg g-1 A1 metal High-purity Ge 1-50 pg g- ca. 10 ng g-1 See Ti, ref. 861342 Samples in graphite electrodes treated with HCl- HNO, in autoclave prior to exposure Results agree with those from other methods Ag metal, refining baths Refined Cu AA; F, air - C2H2; - AE; DCP;- Trace levels Results agree with those from spark emission technique (As, Bi, Fe, Pb, Ni, Sb, Se, Sn and Te) Reports study of excitation parameters and interferences; procedures for a wide range of matrices are noted Determination of elemental concentrations using temporal pattern of intensities from each spark residue on graphite powder containing Sn and NaCl Sample converted into oxide and mixed with LiF - Li2C03 - graphite buffer Reports performance of delayed atomisation and aerosol sampling Uses W ribbon furnace with Zeeman-effect background correction; Sb is extracted into IBMK (Al, Bi, Cu, Fe and Sb) to update XRF techniques matrices element absorption measurements Remove matrix element as SnBr4; collect Coatings stripped into solution; results used Applications and performance in a range of Uses Cchelle polychromator to perform multi- Impurities collected using Y Metals etc.AA; F, air - C2H2 and N 2 0 C2H2; L AE; spark; - Metallic materials High-purity Sn 10 ng g-1 AE; d.c.arc; S High-purity Mo AE; d.c. arc; S Cu metal AA; ETA;- - Solder AA; ETA; L Metallic coatings AE; ICP; L MS; ICP; L High-purity metals Sn - Pb solders AA; F, -; - Cu metal AE; ICP; -104R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL. 1 Table 3. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF NON-FERROUS METALS-continued Technique; atomisation; analyte form Element hlnm Matrix Concentration Sample treatment Generalised internal reference method for improving precision Sample solution 10 g 1- 1 Reference SIC424 SIC449 SIC456 SIC463 SIC469 SIC470 SIC613 Sl640 Sl652 SIC731 SIC740 SIC749 SB48 Sf855 s11113 SIC1130 SIC1165 Sl1233 86132 86/38 86/80 861102 86lC129 86lC145 86lC184 861194 861348 86lC475 86lC6 12 86lC6 17 86lC6 18 86lC6 1Y 861685 Various - U matrix Nb - Ta matrix AE; ICP; L AE; ICP; L MS; ICP; L Various - Various - Various - (40) (12) Digest samples in HF - HNO,; uses resistant sample introduction system Application to semiconductors; isotope dilution and CRMs used to check performance Use of graphite probe unit to introduce solid samples into ICP; compares results with those from solution sampling and other techniques (Cd, Mg, Pb and Zn) Discusses use of carrier distillation technique for sample introduction Study of effects of main constituents (Al, Cu, Fe, Mg , Si, Sn and Zn) Analytes determined in organic extracts Extraction procedure used; In used as internal standard (As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb and Se) Uses spark erosion to generate aerosol Investigates conditions required for Cchelle spectrometry; comparisons with other techniques stability Uses internal reference line to improve Investigation of organic extractants Uses spectrometer with displayed scan facility Si metal and alloys Ni-base alloys AE; ICP; S Various - (4) Ni-base alloys Various - U matrix 20-5000 ng g - AE; ICP; S AE; spark; S AE; ICP; L AE; ICP; L AE; ICP; S - Various - Various - Various - Various - Various - (7) (7) Mg alloys 40 pg g- 1- 70 mg g-I <2 pg ml-1 - Non-ferrous metals Metal leachates Metals Ag and Ag alloys - pg g-' levels Various - Be metal AE; DCP; L - - 10 pg g-1- 20mgg-1 <10 ng g-1 - - Various - Various - Various - (8) U metal Cu metal, bronze, Cu oxides Cd, Hg, Te and compounds A1 alloys Au AA;-;- AE; ICP; L AE, d.c.arc; S AE;-;- AA; ETA;- Remove matrix element by evaporation at Use of theta pinch discharge at kA currents Reports working and analytical conditions required to handle mg samples; multi- element analyses carried out Techniques for introducing solid samples into ICP Evaporate HN03 solution to dryness, sinter at 500°C; use Bi as internal standard (Cd, Cu, Fe and Pb) Separate matrix element as nitrate, evaporate solution on to graphite collector; arc at 15 A Method for generating solid aerosol from molten metals and other liquids Uses emission of hydrogen at 486.1 nm to assist correction of matrix effects Use of microwave-coupled HCL; proposes use as a general method Studies of emission - time behaviour of volatile elements using solid sample introduction techniques (As, Sb, Se andTe) Remove matrix element by solvent extraction; describes special precautions required Uses demountable HCL to accept small sample pieces Discrete nebulistion to handle very small (< 100 pg) forensic samples Sample introduction system is HF-resistant 600-900 "C in presence of graphite powder Various - Various - (38) Various - Alloys etc.AE; ICP; S AE; d.c. arc; S Various - (4) High-purity Zn Various - (22) High-purity Pb ca. l0ngg-: AE; d.c. arc; S Various - Liquid metals AE; ICP; S AE; ICP; L AE; HCL; - AE; ICP; S Various - Al-alloy Various - Various - (14) (4) Al, Cu, steel Complex alloys Various - Pu metal AE; ICP; L AE; HCL; S AE; ICP; L AE; ICP; L AE; spark; S AE; ICP; L AA; ETA; L - <15pgg-I - Trace levels 20ygg-I- < 100 pg g- 1 35mgg-1 - Various - Various - (14) Ni-based superalloys Cu - Ni alloy, brass In, Mo, Nb, Ta, V, w Zn alloys Various - Various - Various - Various - (30) (7) (25) (6) Study of inter-element effects (Al, Cu, Fe, Procedures for specific elements Mg, Pb, Sn and Ti) Zr metal and Zircaloy Various alloys Investigation of Zeeman-effect background correction in analysis of complex alloys (Al, As, Be, Bi, Co and Sb) aerosol for introduction into ICP (B, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn and Si) Background correction using H2 lamp or non- absorbing lines from HCL (Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni and Pb) Use of sparking device to generate solid Various - (6) Al metal and alloys <30 yg g- 1 AE; ICP; S Various - ( 5 ) Zr and Zircaloy 1-10 pg g-1 AA; F, air - CZH,; LJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL.1 105R Table 3. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF NON-FERROUS METALS-continued Technique; atomisation; Element h/nm Matrix Concentration analyte form Various - (7) Various - (20) Various - Various - ( 5 ) Various - Various - Various - (10) ( 5 ) Pure Se Native Au High-purity Ni alloys Au bullion Foundry alloys Cu alloys Ni metal and sulphate 4&400 ng g-1 AA; F, -; L ca. 100 ng g-1 AA; -; - AE; F, -; - AE;-;- - AAiETAi- - AE; DCP or ICP; L - AE; GDL; S AE; ICP; - - <1 ng g-1 AE; ICP; - Sample treatment Reference 861733 Precipitate analytes as DDC complexes collected on active carbon; release analytes with HN03 and use injection technique (Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn) Remove matrix element by extraction 86/739 Use stabilised temperature platform furnace 86/C831 Comparisons made with results from other 86/C85 1 Supplement to XRF techniques 86/C993 Details use of sequential spectrometer 861994 (Al, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, Sb, Si and Zn) Separate matrix element using ion-exchange 86/1019 resin (Co, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn) (Bi, Pb, Se, Te and T1) laboratories and methods to judge how far this is determined by a lack of awareness of modern developments, by limitations of equipment or by the suitability of arcs and sparks for the analyses required.Elsewhere, interest is focussed largely on novel instrumenta- tion and the chemistry of sample preparation for solution- based techniques. Although sample dissolution procedures can reduce matrix effects and avoid some of the calibration problems encountered in solids analysis, they often impose penalties in respect of sensitivity, speed and a requirement for a high level of manipulative skill.The general conclusion is that many diverse and complex problems are still encountered in metallurgical analysis and that no universal technique is in sight at the present time. 3.1. Atomic Emission Methods 3.1.1. Arc methods Although the analysis of non-ferrous metals by arc procedures has not attracted publications in this review period, Russian workers (S/39, S/1113, 86/38) have described the use of d.c. arcs to determine impurities in residues that remain after matrix removal. Twenty-two elements were determined in high-purity lead after removing the matrix as the nitrate (86138); the impurities were collected by evaporation of the solution on to graphite and a 15 A d.c.arc gave detection limits in the range 10-5-1O-S% mlm. Impurities in high-purity germanium were determined down to similar limits (S/39) after removal of the matrix by autoclave treatment of the metal in graphite electrodes in the presence of HCl and HN03. A similar technique has been described (see ARAAS, 1984, 14, refs. 1477, 2220) for matrix removal from glasses. Volatile matrix metals (cadmium, mercury and tellurium) were removed (S/1113) by evaporation at 600-900 “C in the presence of graphite; a 15 A d.c. arc gave detection limits in the 10-6-10-*% m/m range. Chinese workers in the arc field produced two papers (S/230, 86/32); impurities in high-purity zinc (Cd, Cu, Fe and Pb) were determined in the range 0.0001-0.0006% m/m after sintering zinc nitrate at 500 “C (86/32), bismuth oxide being added as an internal standard.The second paper (S/230) described the conversion of molybdenum metal into trioxide with subsequent arcing in a flux containing 3.5% LiF and 4.0% Li2C03 in graphite powder. The impurities in the Mo were determined at p.p.m. levels. 3.1.2. Spark methods A simple spark technique has been described in a Chinese paper (S/229) for the determination of Cu, Fe and Si down to 0.0005% m/m in aluminium using a 12-kV spark between flat-ended rods 1 cm in diameter. Precautions were taken to reduce stray light in the spectrometer. Two conference papers by a Yugoslavian group (86/C612,86/C613) described investi- gations into inter-element effects in the analysis of zinc- and magnesium-based alloys.Source unit parameters given indi- cated that it was of the controlled discharge type, which early UK spectrographers associate with the names of Walsh and the British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association. Buchner et al. (S/149) proposed a method involving time- resolved emission measurements to determine the composi- tion of unspecified metals. 3.1.3. Plasma methods Plasma techniques have inspired a high proportion of the papers reviewed; solution-based plasma techniques have entered the realm of established procedures and papers tend to be concerned more with sample pre-treatment, such as matrix removal and separation of the analyte. A continuous hydride generation system was used for sample input to an ICP source (S/889, see also ARAAS, 1984, 14, ref.1292) to determine Se in copper. The detection limit attained was 0.6 ng ml-1. Botto (86/102) proposed a method for correcting interference effects due to acid and salt concentrations that involved the monitoring of H atomic emission at 486.1 nm. A single correction function was established for any given acid - salt matrix. A DCP-AES procedure has been described (S/C752) that also used internal reference lines to correct variations in the analyte and emission intensities. The direct introduction of solid samples into a plasma has obvious advantages over dissolution procedures as the analy- sis time is reduced and many dilutions and blank problems are avoided. Zil’bershtein (S/1233) has continued his interest in this field with the publication of a comprehensive review. Spark erosion methods for generating an aerosol plasma feed have been the subject of further study and conference discussions were presented by Zaray et al.(86/C619) and Beaty and Belmore (S/C731, see also ARAAS, 1984, 14, ref. 2344). Horlick and Kepla (S/C315) used a pulsed ruby laser to vaporise metal samples into an ICP via a “spray chamber” that removed larger particles from the solid aerosol. A photodiode array spectrometer allowed simultaneous multi-channel detection of the transient signal over a 50-nm region. Probe and cup insertion systems for ICP-AES were the subject of conference presentations. Low boiling-point elements (Cd, Mg, Pb and Zn) were vaporised rapidly from fragments of involatile nickel-based alloys placed in a graphite probe insertion device (S/C469). A similar procedure was applied106R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL. 1 (S/C470) to determine trace elements in uranium. The much sought-after capability of sampling metals direct from the molten stage has been studied (86/80) and resulted in a patent application describing a die system for producing a stream of powder when fitted to a pneumatic probe immersed in the metal. The emerging inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique has been the subject of two conference papers (S/C294, S/C463) concerned with the determination of impuri- ties in high-purity metals, alloys and semiconductors. 3.1.4. Hollow-cathode and glow discharge lamp methods Marcus and Harrison (86/259, 86/C622) described a system which produced a strong plume from a pierced hollow cathode and proposed its use as a source for both emission and absorption techniques. An evacuated optical path was used (86/194) to improve the performance of a demountable HCL in the determination of impurities in nickel-base alloys. The coupling of a microwave source to an HCL (86/C129) reduced the atomic emission intensity of the carrier gas and gave improved analyte SBR values in the determination of trace and minor elements in aluminium, copper and steels. KO et al. (86/C625, see also A R A A S , 1984, 14, ref. 2269) described a form of glow discharge lamp that permitted side-on viewing. An empirical relationship was derived by Bengston (86/98) to relate sample composition to current and voltage in a GDL used for surface analysis. 3.2. Atomic Absorption Methods Atomic absorption methods are, like the plasma methods referred to above, now well established and sample prepara- tion provides the major source of publications. Schinkel (S/98) described a “universal method” capable of determining Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Sr and Zn in ashes, building materials, coals, ores, rocks, waters, metals and “similar samples.” Interference effects, instrument para- meters, reagents and calibration procedures were discussed. Addition of Cs and La was claimed to eliminate chemical and ionisation interferences. A review section of 68 references was included. A simultaneous multi-element atomic absorption spec- trometry procedure was described for the determination of impurities in solders (S/C347). An echelle spectrometer with a Xe continuum arc source was used to measure simultaneously the absorbance of up to 16 elements. In the field of electrothermal utomisation, Headridge’s group continued to study the use of an induction furnace for the direct atomisation of metal samples (86/1027), determin- ing Pb in nickel-base alloys down to 0.2 pg g-’. Dulude et al. have proposed (S/C249, see also A R A A S , 1984,14, ref. 1503) the use of a graphite furnace in which the wall thickness is decreased towards the ends. This was found to delay the atomisation of samples at the tube centre after the manner of the platform furnace, but with some improvements in perfor- mance over the latter system. An unusual procedure for hydride generation was described (S/178, see also A R A A S , 1984, 14, ref. 2401) in which aliquots of sample solution were dropped on to pellets of NaBH4 in a glass tube. Evolved hydride was swept into a graphite tube; an analytical range of 0-40 ng g-l of Sb was obtained when determining Sb in solders. Determination of Se in nickel was achieved (S/826) by electrodeposition of Se on a Pt wire loop which was resistively heated in a hydrogen flame by an electrothermal process. LOCATION OF REFERENCES The references cited in this Update have been published as follows: S/l-S1234, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. , 1986, Supplement, 1S-49S. 8611-861265, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1986, 1(1), 19R-28R. 86126W361709, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1986, 1(2), 45R-59R. 86171W3611030, J . Anal. At. Spectrom., 1986,1(3), 75R-85R.

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA986010087R

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

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D., Fricke, F. L., Caruso, J. A., A moderate power microwave induced plasma ion source for mass spectrometric detection, (USFDA, 1141 Central Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45202, USA). 86/C1107. Ng, R. C., Kaiser, H., Anderson, H., Meddings, B., The operating conditions and analytical performance of a commercial ICP-MS system, (Sherritt Gordon Mines Ltd., Res. Cent., Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta T8L 2P2, Canada).86/C1108. Taylor, H. E., Garbarino, J. R., Determination of metal concentrations in US Geological Survey’s standard refer- ence water samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, (US Geol. Survey, Water Resources Div., Box 25046, MS 407, Denver Federal Center, Lakewood, CO 80225, USA). 861C1109. Date, A. R., Cheung, Y. Y., Stuart, M. E., Analysis by ICP-MS: dream or nightmare for the earth scientist?, (British Geol. Survey, 64 Gray’s Inn Road, London WClX 8NG, UK). 86/C1110. Ting, B. T. G., Janghorbani, M., Application of ICP-MS to accurate isotopic analysis for human metabolic studies, (Boston Univ. Sch. Medicine, M1008,85 East Newton St., Boston, MA 02118, USA). 86iCllll. RUSS, G. P., Bazan, J. M., Isotopic ratio measurements with ICP-MS, (Nuclear Chem.Div. , Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab., PO Box 808, Livermore, CA 94550, USA). 861C1112. Longerich, H. P., Kantipuly, C. J., Strong, D. F., Fryer, B. J., Rapid determination of lead isotope ratios in galena and lead-rich materials by ICP-MS, (Dept. Earth Sci. and Cent. for Earth Resources Res., Memorial Univ. New- foundland, St. John’s, NF AlB 3x5, Canada). 86/C1113. Church, S. E., Lichte, F. E., Meier, A. L., Evaluation of the ICP-MS for Pb isotopic measurements in exploration geochemistry, (US Geol. Survey, Denver, CO 80225, USA). 86K1114. Houk, R. S. , Crain, J. S., Rowan, J. T., What can be done about spectral overlap interferences in ICP-MS?, (Ames Laboratory-USDOE and Dept. Chem., Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 5001 1, USA). 86/C1115. Date, A. R., Gray, A. L., Hutton, R.C., Isotope ratio measurements by ICP-MS, (British Geol. Survey, 64-78 Gray’s Inn Rd., London WClX. 8NG, UK). 86K1116. McLaren, J. W., Beauchemin, D., Mykytiuk, A. P., Berman, S. S., Applications of ICP-MS to the analysis of marine sediments and biological tissues, (Anal. Chem. Sect., Chem. Div., M-12, National Res. Council of Canada, Ottawa KIA OR9, Canada). 861C1117. Boorn, A., Fulford, J., Douglas, D., Quan, E., Isotope ratio measurements by TCP-MS, (SCIEX, 55 Glen Came- ron Rd., Thornhill, Ontario L3T 1P2, Canada).110R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL. 1 86/C1118. Gray, A. L., Analysis of solid samples by laser ablation ICP-MS, (Dept. Chem., Univ. Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 5XH, UK). 86/C1119. Ebdon, L., Munro, S., Burrell, J.A., Crews, H., Massey, R., McWeeney, D. J., Trace metal speciation in foods by coupled FPLC-ICP-MS, (Dept. Environmental Sci., Plymouth Polytechnic, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK). 86/C1120. Poussel, E., Deruaz, D., Mermet, J.- M., Study of some parameters in ICP-MS, (Service Central d’Analyse du CNRS, BP 22, F-69390 Vernaison, France). 86/C1121. Gray, A. L., Hutton, R. C., Williams, J. G., Matrixeffects in trace element analysis by ICP-MS using a Surrey interface, (Dept. Chem., Univ. Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 5XH, UK). 86/C1122. Fassel, V. A., Where do we go from here?, (Ames Lab. 86/C 86/C 86/C 86/C DOE and Dept. Chem., Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 5001 1, USA). 123. Sharp, B. L., Recent developments in the design of nebulisers and spray chambers for the inductively coupled plasma, (Macaulay Inst.Soil Res., Craigiebuckler, Aber- deen AB9 2QJ, UK). 124. Meinhard, J. E., Some factors affecting concentric nebu- liser performance, (J. E. Meinhard Associates Inc., 1900-5 East Warner Ave., Santa Ana, CA, USA). 125. Babis, J. S., Kacsir, J. M., The effect of nebuliser operating parameters on analyte and background signals of very low flow rate sampling with direct current plasma atomic emission spectrometry, (Beckman Instruments, Inc., 2500 North Harbor Blvd., Fullerton, CA 92634, USA). 126. Lancione, R. L., Skrabak, J. W., Applications of ultra- sonic nebulisation in plasma spectrometry, (Baird Corp., 125 Middlesex Turnpike, Bedford, MA 01730, USA). 86/C1127. Nakahara, T., Nakanishi, K., Wasa, T., Determination of trace concentrations of bismuth by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry with hydride genera- tion, (Dept.Applied Chem., Univ. Osaka Prefecture, Sakai, Osaka 591, Japan). 86/C1128. Huang, B., Zhang, Z., Zeng, X., A new nebuliser - hydride generator system for simultaneous multi-element ICP-AES, (Changchun Inst. Appl. Chem., Academia Sinica, Changchun 130021, China). 86/C1129. Wang, X., Barnes, R. M., Theoretical and experimental studies of the effect of pH on hydride forming elements, (Univ. Massachusetts, Dept. Chem., GRC Towers, Amherst, MA 01003-0035, USA). 861C1130. Evans, S. J., Demers, D. R., Alternate sample introduc- tion techniques for the analysis of semiconductor materials by ICP-AES, (Baird Corp., 125 Middlesex Turnpike, Bedford, MA 01730, USA).86/C1131. Gustavsson, A., Direct or indirect efficiency measurement of nebuliser systems?, (Dept. Anal. Chem., Royal Inst. Technol., S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden). 86/C1132. Faske, A. A., Miller, J. R., Browner, R. F., Studies with monodisperse aerosol introduction to the ICP, (Sch. Chem., Georgia Inst. Technol., Atlanta, GA 30332, USA). 86/C1133. Boorn, A., Arrowsmith, P., Gillson, G., Sample introduc- tion for ICP-MS, (SCIEX, 55 Glen Cameron Rd., Thornhill, Ontario L3T 1P2, Canada). 86K1134. Wohlers, C. C., Schleicher, R. G., Nygaard, D. D., Smith, S. B., Jr., Overcoming interferences in inductively cou- pled plasma electrothermal vaporisation analysis (ICP- EVA), (Allied Analytical Systems, 590 Lincoln St., Waltham, MA 02254, USA).86/C1135. Sing, R. L. A., Salin, E. D., Evaluation of the wire loop direct insertion technique for ICP-AES and ICP-MS, (Dept. Chem., McGill Univ., Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada). 86/C1136. Horlick, G., Shao, Y., Chan, W. T., Karranassios, V., The analytical capability of direct sample insertion systems for inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry, (Dept. Chem., Univ. Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada). 86/C1137. Brenner, I. B., Halicz, L., Lorber, A., Goldbart, Z., Analysis of geological and related materials by slurry injection and direct solid insertion in graphite cups-a review of interference effects, (Geol. Survey of Israel, 30 Malkhe Israel St., Jerusalem 95501, Israel). 861C1138. Habib, M. M., Monasterios, C. J., Blain, L., Sing, R.L. A., Salin, E. D., Performance evaluation of graphite electrodes for sample introduction by the direct insertion method for ICP-AES, (Dept. Chem., McGill Univ., 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada). 86/C1139. Golightly, D. W., Montaser, A., Spark aerosol generation for introduction of solid nonconductors into the induc- tively coupled plasma, (US Geol. Survey, 957 Natl. Cent., Reston, VA 22092, USA). 86/C1140. Hieftje, G. M., Mitchell, J. C., Solid-sample analysis using radiofrequency arc introduction into an ICP, (Dept. Chem., Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA). 86/C1141. Houk, R. S., Jiang, S.-J., Arc nebulisation for direct analysis of conducting solids by ICP-MS, (Ames Lab. USDOE and Dept. Chem., Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011, USA).86/C1142. Christian, G. D., RSiiEka, J., Flow injection analysis-a novel tool for plasma spectroscopy, (Dept. Chem., Cent. Process Anal. Chem., Univ. Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA). 86/C1143. Gustavsson, A., A nebuliser interface for FIA- and LC-ICP, (Dept. Anal. Chem., Royal Inst. of Technol., S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden). 861C1144. McLeod, C. W., Cook, I. G., Cox, A. G., Date, A. R., Cheung, Y. Y., Trace element pre-concentration in waters using a flow injection analysis manifold with a micro- column of activated alumina, (Dept. Chem., Sheffield City Polytechnic, Sheffield S1 lWB, UK). 86/C1145. Kacsir, J. M., Babis, J. S., Application of flow injection with the direct current plasma, (Beckman Instruments Inc., 2500 Harbor Blvd., Fullerton, CA 92634, USA).86/C1 86/C1 86/C1 46. Ihrig, P. J., Dobbins, J. T., Jr., Computer-intelligent, automated FIA sample dilutions for ICP analyses, (Soft- ware Resources, Inc., Naperville, IL 60566, USA). 47. Haraguchi, H., Applications of ICPs and MIPS to element- selective detectors in chromatography, (Dept. Chem. , Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan). 48. Uden, P. C., Perpall, H. J., Yoo, Y. J., Deming, R. L., Empirical formula determination by gas chromatographic and direct interfaced plasma atomic emission spec- trometry, (Dept. Chem., Lederle Graduate Res. Cent., Univ. Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA). 86lC1149. Evans, J. C., Olsen, K. B., Sklarew, D. S., Empirical formulae determination of gas chromatography effluents by microwave induced helium plasmas, (Earth Sciences Dept., Pacific Northwest Lab., Richland, WA 99352, USA). 86/C1 86/C1 50.Olsen, K. B., Evans, J. C., Wright, C. W., Eastwood, D., Characterisation of pesticides by gas chromatography microwave induced helium plasma spectroscopy, (Pacific Northwest Lab., PO Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA). 51. D’Silva, A. P., Chriswell, C., Fassel, V. A., Spectral characteristics of the atmospheric pressure helium after- glow in the vacuum ultraviolet, (Ames Lab., Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011, USA).JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986. VOL. 1 111R 86/C1152. Platzer, B., Knapp, G., Schalk, A., A low energy capacitively coupled 27 MHz plasma at atmospheric pressure and its applicability as an element specific GC detector, (Tech.Univ. Graz, Inst. Anal. Chem., Micro- and Radiochemistry, Technikerstrasse 4, A-8010 Graz, Austria). 86/C1153. Hagen, D. F., Haddad, L. C., Marhevka, J. S., Deuterium reactions with microwave sustained helium plasma detec- tion for gas chromatography, (Cent. Res. Laboratories1 3M, 3M Center, Building 201-1W-29, St. Paul, MN 86lC1154. Irgolic, K. J., Hobill, J. E., ICP-emission spectrometer as a sulphur-specific detector for the HPLC analysis of S-containing surfactants, (Dept. Chem., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843, USA). 861C1155. Kosman, J. J., Thompson, J. E., Varnes, A. W., Compari- son of two internal standard techniques in quantitative LC-ICP, (Sohio R&D Cent., 4440 Warrensville Center Rd., Cleveland, OH 44128, USA). 861C1156. Goode, S.R., Kimbrough, K., Noise sources in the microwave-induced plasma GC detector, (Dept. Chem. , Univ. South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA). 86/C1157. Granchi, M. P., Biggerstaff, J. A. , Hilliard, L. J., Grey, P., Use of a robot and flow injection for automated sample preparation and analysis of used oils by ICP emission spectrometry, (Mobil R&D Corp., Paulsboro, NJ 08066, USA). 86/C1158. Becker, D. A,, Robot control of ICP analyses, (Amoco Corp., Res. Dept. Anal. Res. and Services Div., PO Box 400, Naperville, IL 60566, USA). 861C1159. Hausler, D. W., Trace element analysis of organic solu- tions using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, (Phillips Res. Cent., Phillips Petroleum Co. , Bartlesville, OK 74004, USA). 55144-1000, USA). 86lC 86/C 86lC 160.Botto, R. I., Investigation of matrix effects in the analysis of organic solutions by ICP-AES, (Exxon Res. Engineer- ing Co., PO Box 4255, Baytown, TX 77522-4255, USA). 161. Meyer, G. A., Analysis of metals in organic solvents by total air-ICP emission spectrometry, (Dow Chemical Co., Michigan Applied Sci. and Technol. Labs., 1602 Building, Midland, MI 48674, USA). 162. Biggs, W. R., Brown, R. J., Fetzer, J. C., Selected element profiles of crude oils and related fractions by size-exclusion chromatography - inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectrometry, (Chevron Res. Co., 576 Standard Ave., Richmond, CA 94802-0627, USA). 86IC1163. Lukasiewicz, R. J., Dewalt, F. G., Webb, B. D., Optimum conditions for the determination of the lanthanides by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, (UNOCAL Sci.and Technol. Div., 376 South Valencia, Brea, CA 92621, USA). 86/C1164. Boumans, P. W. J. M., Vrakking, J. J. A. M., Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry: optimising optimisation or looking at the most crucial parameters and figures of merit?, (Philips Res. Lab., PO Box 80 000,5600 JA Eindhoven, The Netherlands). 86/C1165. Knapp, G., Automated sample preparation, (Technical Univ. Graz, Inst. Anal. Chern., Micro- and Radiochem- istry, Technikerstrasse 4, A-8010 Graz, Austria). 86/C1166. Selby, M., Hieftje, G. M., Everybody goes surfatron, (Dept. Chem., Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA). 86/C1167. Bieniewski, T. M., Hull, D. E., Shielded plasmasource as a new spectrochemical tool, (Chem.Div., Los Alamos Natl. Lab., Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA). 861C1168. Meyer, G. A., Conical three-electrode d.c. plasma for spectrochemical analysis, (Dow Chemical Co., Michigan Appl. Sci. and Technol. Labs., Midland, MI 48674, USA). 86/C1169. Ediger, R. D., Giddings, R. C., Yates, D. A., No ICP is an island, (Perkin-Elmer Corp., 761 Main Ave., Norwalk, CT 06859-0906, USA). 86IC1170. McGeorge, S., Marra, S., Desroziers, A., Lazure, R., The spectral characteristics of a new spectrometer for induc- tively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, (PRA International Inc., 45 Meg Drive, London, Ontario N6E 2V2, Canada). 861C1171. Pyrlik, H., Lukas, M., Bradley, H., Multiple optic ICP 86/C 86/C 86lC 86/C 86/C system with a modular fibre- optics design, (Spectro GmbH, Boschstrasse 10, Kleve D-4190, FRG). 172.Kowalski, B. R., Chemometrics, plasmas, process control, (Lab. for Chemometrics, and Cent. for Process Anal. Chem., Dept. Chem. BG-10, Univ. Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA). 173. Meyer, G. A., What to consider when contemplating on-line process control with an inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer, (Dow Chemical Co., Michigan Appl. Sci. and Technol. Labs., Midland, MI 48674, USA). 174. Klueppel, R. J., Spencer, J. L., Plankey, F. W., Design of an on-line air plasma spectrometer for process control, (Baird Corp., 125 Middlesex Turnpike, Bedford, MA 01730, USA). 175. Smith, S. B., Jr., Sainz, M. A., Schleicher, R. G., Optiplex, (Allied Analytical Systems, 590 Lincoln St., Waltham, MA 02254, USA).176. Yates, D. A., Pruszkowska, E., Ediger, R. D., The routine use of automated ICP parameter optimisation, (Perkin- Elmer Corp., 761 Main Ave., Norwalk, CT 06859-0906, USA). 86lC1177. Blades, M. W., Burton, L. L., Computer simulation of ICP emission spectra-an augment to spectral line tables, (Dept. Chem., Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Y6, Canada). 86lC1178. Hutton, R. C., Cantle, J. E., Blair, P. D., Real analytical 86/C 86lC 86/C performance of the VG PlasmaQuad, (VG Isotopes Ltd., Ion Path, Road Three, Winsford, Cheshire CW7 3BX, UK). 179. Hutton, R. C., Cantle, J. E., Eaton, A. N., Blair, P. D., Analytical Impact of “Transcan” on the VG PlasmaQuad, (VG Isotopes Ltd., Ion Path, Road Three, Winsford, Cheshire CW7 3BX, UK). 180. Boorn, A., Quan, E., Liversage, R., Fulford, J., Multi- element analysis by ICP-MS, (SCIEX, 55 Glen Cameron Rd., Thornhill, Ontario L3T 1P2, Canada).181. Osawa, T., Ito, T., Ishijima, H., Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry-ion extraction from ICP, (Seiko Instruments & Electronics, Oyama Plant, 36-1 Takenoshita, Oyama-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 410-13, Japan). 861C1182. Lorber, A., Goldbart, Z., Brenner, I. B., A new approach 86lC 86/C 86lC to background and spectral interferences correction for trace elements analysis of geological materials, (Nuclear Res. Centre-Negev, PO Box 9001, Beer-Sheva 84190, Israel). 183. Zhang, W.-M., Qian, S.-H., Zhu, M.-H., Wan, J.-L., Nickel spectrum in the 200-300 nm range emitted by an inductively coupled argon plasma, (Dept. Chem., Wuhan Univ., Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China).184. Wang, C.-Q., An atlas of the ICP-AES spectra of rare earth elements, (General Res. Inst. Non-Ferrous Metals, 2 Xin Jie Kou Wai Dajie, Beijing, China). 185. Manabe, R. M., Crawford, R. L., Brown, R. M., Leighty, D. A., Application of multiple linear regression of wavelength scans for spectral interference correction in ICP, (175 Jefferson Drive, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA). 86K1186. Thompson, J. E., Varnes, A. W., Comparison of relative significance and optimal values for operating parameters using steady-state and transient sample introduction into an ICP spectrometer, (Sohio R&D Center, 4440 Warrens- ville Center Rd., Cleveland, OH 44128, USA). 86/C1187. Katzenberger, J., A new program for inductively coupled plasma sequential analysis, (Instruments SA, Inc., 173 Essex Av., Metuchen, NJ 08840, USA).112R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL.1 86/C1188. Knauf, S. E., Nohe, J. D., McCormak, J. D., The versatility of a scanning entrance slit in an ICP simul- taneous system, (Instruments SA, Inc., 173 Essex Av., Metuchen, NJ 08840, USA). 86/C1189. DeLaffolie, H., Bradley, H. E., Fibre optic modular ICP 86/C1 86/C1 monochromator, (Spectro GmbH, Boschstrasse 10, Kleve 90. Thorne, A. P., Harris, C. J., Wheaton, J. E. G., A new Fourier transform spectrometer for the visible and ultra- violet regions, (Blackett Lab., Imperial Coll. Sci. Tech- nol., London SW7 2BZ, UK). D-4190, FRG). 91. Tikkanen, M. W., Goulter, J. E., Arellano, S. D., Routh, M. W., Low flow low power ICP-AES applications performance-a critical review, (Applied Research Lab.Inc., 9545 Wentworth St., Sunland, CA 91040, USA). 86/C1192. Slagle, R. E., White, L. E., Larson, G. F., Another hydrofluoric acid resistant sample introduction system for the inductively coupled plasma, (Plant Lab., Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant, Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc., Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA). 86/C1193. Stockwell, P. B., Grillo, A. C., Electrothermal vaporisa- tion for ICP and ICP-MS spectroscopy, (PS Analytical Ltd., Arthur House, Cray Ave., Orpington, Kent BR5 3TR, UK). 86/C1194. Comtois, R. R., A high repetition rate condensed arc-DCP source for the direct analysis of solid samples, (VHG Labs. Inc., One Dundee Park, Andover, MA 01810, USA). 86/C1195. Larson, G. F., Slagle, R.E., Sample preparation problems 86/C1 86/C1 86/C 1 in inductively coupled plasma optical emission spec- trometry, (Plant Lab., Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant, Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc., Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA). 96. Ebdon, L., Slurry atomisation with ICP and DCP spectro- scopy, (Dept. Environmental Sci., Plymouth Polytechnic, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK). 97. Leifels, M. J., Using an ICP for analyses required by the resource conservation and recovery act, (IBM East Fish- kill, Route 52, Hopewell Jct., NY 12533 4A1, USA). 98. Huff, E. A., The characterisation of selected nuclear fuel cycle materials by ICP-AES, (Argonne Natl. Lab., 9700 South Cass Ave., Argonne, IL 60439, USA). 86/C1199. Ward, G. K., Multi-laboratory intercomparison study of elemental analyses by ICP in hazardous waste samples, (US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response (WH-548A), 401 M St.S.W., Washington, DC 20460, USA). 86/C1200. Weissman, S. H., Elemental analysis of corrosion resistant glasses using ICP, (Sandia Natl. Lab., Anal. Chem. Div., Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA). 86/C1201. Weers, C. A., Application of a 17-channel polychromator in combination with a monochromator (Kontron S135) in relation to the environmental impact by coal-fired power stations, (NV-KEMA Lab. for Electrical Power Produc- tion Res., Utrechtseweg 310, 6812 AR Arnhem, The Netherlands). 86/C1202. Claudon, X., Lavergne, M., Miche, B., Bergey, C., Simultaneous determination of plutonium and americium by ICP-AES, (Commissariat 2 I’Energie Atomique, B.P.No. 12 91680 Bruyeres le Chatel, France). 86K1203. Hieftje, G. M., Energy transport and coupling to analyte in the inductively coupled plasma, (Dept. Chem., Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA). 86IC1204. Zarowin, C. B., Are “inductively coupled plasmas” really inductively coupled, how can we tell when they aren’t and when does it matter?, (Optical Group Res., Perkin-Elmer Corp., 100 Wooster Heights Rd., Danbury, CT 06810, USA). 86/C1205. Horlick, G., An integrated look at excitation tempera- tures, electron density and species distribution in the inductively coupled plasma using AES, AFS, AAS and MS, (Dept. Chem., Univ. Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada). 86/C1206. Haraguchi, H., Hasegawa, T., Fuwa, K., Excitation mechanisms of analyte metals in the argon ICP as appreciated by the collisional-radiative model, (Dept.Chem., Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan). 86/C1207. Blades, M. W., Caughlin, B. L., Walker, Z., Analyte excitation, ionisation and line emission in the inductively coupled plasma-the total picture, (Dept. Chem., Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Y6, Canada). 86/C1208. Lovett, R. J., Asoka, P., Marasinghe, B., Simulated spectra from an ICP, (Dept. Chem., North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND 58102, USA). 861C1209. Olesik, J. W., Analyte excitation in the ICP studied by power modulation, (Dept. Chem., Venable and Kenan Lab., Univ. North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA). 86/C1210. Houk, R. S., Crain, J. S., Ionisation suppression in 86/C 12 86/C12 86/C12 ICP-MS: theoretical and experimental studies, (Ames Lab.-USDOE and Dept.Chem., Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 5001 1, USA). 1. Mermet, J.-M., Basadre-Pampin, M. I., Poussel, E., Murillo, M., High-efficiency torch design in ICP spectro- chemistry, (Service Central d’Analyse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, BP 22, 69390 Vernaison, France). 2. Niemczyk, T. M., Hood, W. H., Yang, H.-C., Excitation of nonmetals using an active nitrogen source, (Dept. Chem., Univ. New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA). 3. Montaser, A., Chan, S.-K., Evaluation of annular helium ICPs for chemical analysis of nonmetals, (Dept. Chem., George Washington Univ., Washington, DC 20052, USA). 86/C1214. Piepmeier, E.H., Lee, q. H., Shields, J. P., McGuire, J. A., Lacock, R.G., Sample-entraining multi-electrode plasma sources for atomic spectroscopy, (Dept. Chem., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA). 861C1215. Hart, L. P., Smith, B. W., Omenetto, N., Measurement of metastable argon number densities in the inductively coupled argon plasma, (Dept. Chem., Univ. Florida, Gainesville, FL 3261 1, USA). 86/C1216. Zhang, W.-M., Zhu, M.-H., Qian, S.-H., Li, Z.-W., Wan, J.-L., Study of some parameters in inductively coupled argon plasma and direct current arc plasma, (Dept. Chem., Wuhan Univ., Wuhan, Hubei, China). 861C1217. Olesik, J. W., Multidimensional detection systems for fundamental studies of inductively coupled plasmas, (Dept. Chem., Venable and Kenan Lab., Univ. North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA). 86/C1218.Farnsworth, P. B., Ririe, D. W., Rodham, D. A., The use of time and space resolved emission data to identify excitation mechanisms in a pulsed inductively coupled plasma, (Dept. Chem., Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT 84602, USA). 86/C1219. Caughlin, B. L., Blades, M. W., Electron density measure- ments using Ar I line broadening-elucidating the role of water in ICP excitation, (2036 Main Mall, Dept. Chem., Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Y6, Canada). 86lC1220. Goldfarb, V. M., Goldfarb, H. V., Excitation and ionisa- tion in a capacitive current region above the inductively coupled plasma, (Avco Everett Research Lab. Inc., Everett, MA 02149, USA). 861C1221. Brenner, I. B., Erlich, S., Characteristics of a low-power nitrogen - argon ICP for multi-element analytical emission spectrometry, (Geol.Survey of Israel, 30 Malkhe Israel St., Jerusalem 95501, Israel). IJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL. 1 113R 86K1222. Kamrukov, A. S., KOZIOV, N. P., Protasov, Y., Develop- ment and applications of HP sources of plasma gas hypersonic flows on the basis of HC-hybrid magnetoplas- mic discharges, (Moscow Bauman Higher Technical School, 107005, Moscow, USSR). 86lC1223. Goode, S. R., Powell, J. R. , Spatial dependence of fundamental properties in the microwave induced plasma, (Dept. Chem., Univ. South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA). 86/C1224. Barnes, R. M., Yang, P., Diagnostics in a low power oxygen inductively coupled plasma, (Dept. Chem., GRC Towers, Univ. Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 03003-0035, USA).86/C1225. Abdulla, M., Svensson, S., Ockerman, P. A., Srinivas, U., Martinsen, I., Thomassen, Y., Khalid, S., Inorganic chemical elements in prepared meals-intake levels in the diet of teenagers in Sweden-analysis by ICP and atomic absorption spectrophotometry, (Dept. Clinical Chem., University of Lund, Lund, Sweden). 86lC1226. Zhi, L., Zhi, Y. P., Ne, T. V., Wu, B. L., Studying of trace elements in skin and serum of wound by ICP, (Testing Center of Gansu, Ding Xi Nan Lu77 Lanzhou Gansu, China). 861C1227. Morita, M., Shibata, Y., Determination of trimethylselen- onium ion in human urine by HPLC with ICP-AES detection, (Natl. Inst. for Environmental Studies, 16-3 Onogawa, Yatabe, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan). 86K1228. Isaac, R. A., Johnson, W. C., Jr., Parameters affecting the stability of potassium determination in agricultural sam- ples, (Soil Testing & Plant Analysis Lab., Univ.Georgia, 2400 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA). 86/C1229. 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Maurer, W., Schaldach, G., Wagener, W., Peters, J., Determination of essential and toxic cations in needles of conifers. Problems of representative sample collection, Fresenius Z .Anal. Chem., 1985, 322, 359. (Univ. GH Siegen, D-5900 Siegen, 21 FRG). de Saldivar, R. L., Soto, R., Copper and zinc determina- tion by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Bol. Estud. Med. Biol., 1985, 33, 57. (Fac. Quim., UNAM, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico). McGrath, S. P., Cunliffe, C. H., A simplified method for the extraction of the metals iron, zinc, copper, nickel, cadmium, lead, chromium, cobalt and manganese from soils and sewage sludges, J. Sci. Food Agric., 1985, 36, 794. (Soils Plant Nutr. Dept., Rothamsted Exp. Stn., Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK). Huijbregts, A. W. M., Hibbert, D., Phillipson, R. T., Schiweck, H., Steinle, G., Collaborative study on the determination of trace elements in dried sugar beet pulp and molasses. Part IV. Arsenic, Znt. Sugar].,1985,87 163. Mohamed, N., McCurdy, D. L., Wichman, M. D., Fry, R. C., O’Reiliy, J. E., Rapid coal analysis. Part I: particle size effects in slurry methods based on flame AA and swing- mill grinding, Appl. Spectrosc., 1985, 39, 979. (Dept. Chem., Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS 66506, USA). ((UK)).120R 861 1433. 8611434. 8611435. 8611436. 8611437. 8611438. 8611439. 8611440. 8611441. 8611442. 8611443. 8611 444. 8611 445, 8611446. 8611447. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL Van Hoof, F. M., Van Craenenbroeck, W. J., Dewaele, J. K., Determination of nonionic surfactants in water by atomic absorption spectrometry, Znt. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 1985, 19, 155. (Antwerpse Waterwerken N.V., B-2000 Antwerpen, Belgium). Hoffmann, P., Holtz, D., Lieser, K. H., Paetzold, R., Speer, R., Multi-element analysis of municipal wastewat- ers by AES-ICP (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy) and RFA (X-ray fluorescence analysis), Korresp.Abwasser, 1985, 32(2), 80. (Fach- bereich Anorg. Chem. Kernchem., Tech. Hochsch. Darm- stadt, 6100 Darmstadt, FRG). Berndt, H., Harms, U., Sonneborn, M., Multi-element trace pre-concentration from water on activated carbon for sample pretreatment for atomic spectroscopy (flame AAS, ICP-OES), Fresenius 2. Anal. Chem., 1985, 322, 329. (Inst. Spektrochem. Angew. Spektrosk., D-4600 Dort- mund 1, FRG). Xu, M., Wang, Y., Yie, A., Direct determination of copper and lead in river sediments by Zeeman effect atomic absorption, Huanjin Wuran Yu Fangzhi, 1985, 7(2), 29. (Zhejiang Environ. Prot. Inst., China).Sinemus, H. W., Maier, D., Influence of organic sub- stances on the determination of selenium in natural waters, Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem., 1985, 322, 440. (Betriebs Forschungslab., Bodensee-Wasserversorgung, D 7770 Uberlingen-Suessenmuhle , FRG) . Demko, P. R., Second generation sequential ICP spec- trometers, Am. Lab. (Fairfield, Conn.), 1985, 17(11), 97. (PT Anal., Inc., USA). Brown, A. A., Ottaway, J. M., Fell, G. S., Atom cell for use in hydride-generation atomic fluorescence spec- trometry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1985, 172, 329. (Dept. Pure Appl. Chem., Univ. Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 lXL, UK). Pelieva, L. A., Lakiza, Z. V., Bukhantsova, V. G., Optimisation of temperature conditions for the graphite tube furnace - platform system, Zh. Anal. Khim., 1985, 40, 1790.(Severodonetsk Exp. Design Office Automat. Sci.-Ind. Firm “Chimavtomatika,” Severodonetsk, USSR). Hanamura, S., Wang, W. J., Winefordner, J. D., Deter- mination of hydrogen and oxygen in metals with the aid of a helium single electrode microwave plasma emission technique, Can. J. Spectrosc., 1985, 30(2), 46. (Dept. Chem., Univ. Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA). Mackey, J. R., Murphy, W. J., Elemental analysis of zeolites by inductively coupled plasma emission spectro- scopy via direct injection, Zeolites, 1985, 5, 233. (Res. Dept., Esso Pet. Canada, Sarnia, ON N7T 7M1, Canada). Balan, V., Pasarin, S., Totirescu, A., Toi, E., Ionescu, M., Determination of impurities in atomised silica by atomic absorption spectrometry, Rev. Chim. (Bucharest) , 1985, 36, 745.(Cent. Cercetari, Rimnicu-Vilcea, Rumania). Abele, C., Weichbrodt, G., Wichmann, K. H., Flame- AAS determinations of high and low metal contents in alloys, Fresenius 2. Anal. Chem., 1985, 322, 11. (C. Koekel, Zweckverband Landeswasserversorg., D-7907 Langenau, FRG). Zagatto, E. A. G., Gine, M. F., Fernandes, E. A. N., Reis, B. F., Krug, F. J., Sequential injections in flow systems as an alternative to gradient exploitation, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1985, 173, 289. (Cent. Energ. Nucl. Agric., Univ. Sao Paulo, 13400 Piracicaba, Brazil). Horvath, Z., Barnes, R. M., Murty, P. S., Iminodiacetic acid - ethylcellulose as a chelating ion exchanger. Part 2. Determination of trace metals by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1985, 173, 305. (Dept. Chem., Univ. Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-0035, USA). Whitaker, M. J., Determination of total chromium by flow injection analysis, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1985, 174, 375. (Conoco Inc., Ponca City, OK 74603, USA). 8611448. 8611449. 8611450. 8611451. 8611452. 8611453. 8611454. 8611455. 8611456. 8611457. 8611458. 8611459. 8611460. ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL. 1 Kabil, M. A., Mostafa, M. A., Elimination of the interfering effects of some organic compounds in the determination of rhodium by atomic absorption spectro- photometry, Rev. Roum. Chim., 1985,30,631. (Fac. Sci., Mansoura Univ., Mansoura, Egypt). Dungs, K., Fleischhauer, H., Neidhart, B., Methodical developments for the speciation of chromium(II1)l chromium(V1) by electrothermal atomic absorption spec- trometry, Fresenius 2. Anal. Chem., 1985,322,280. (Inst. Arbeitsphysiol., Univ. Dortmund, 4600 Dortmund 1, FRG) . Desaulniers, J. A. H., Sturgeon, R. E., Berman, S. S., Atomic absorption determination of trace metals in marine sediments and biological tissues using a stabilised temperature platform furnace, At. Spectrosc., 1985, 6(5), 125. (Div. Chem., Natl. Res. Counc. Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A OR9, Canada). Martinez-Jimenez, P., Gallego, M., Valcarcel, M., Indirect atomic absorption determination of cerium and lanthanum by flow injection analysis using an air - acetylene flame, At. Spectrosc., 1985,6(5), 137. (Fac. Sci., Univ. Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain). Cremers, D. A., Archuleta, F. L., Dilworth, H. C., Direct solid metal analysis by laser ablation into the inductively coupled plasma, Proc. SPIE-Znt. SOC. Opt. Eng., 1985, 540(Proc. Southwest Conf., Opt.). (Los Alamos Natl. Lab., Univ. California, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA). Vanloo, B., Dams, R., Hoste, J., Determination of arsenic in steel and cast iron by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1985, 175, 325. (Inst. Nucl. Sci., Rijksuniv. Gent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium). Komarek, J., Kacirova, A., Sommer, L., A contribution to the determination of lead and copper using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, Scr. Fac. Sci. Nut. Univ. Purkynianae Brun., 1985,15,329. (Dept. Anal. Chem., J. E. Purkyne Univ., 611 37 Brno, Czechoslovakia). Suzuki, M., Ohta, K., Determination of thallium by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with a metal atomiser, Fresenius 2. Anal. Chem. 1985,322,480. (Fac. Eng., Mie Univ., Tsu 514, Japan). Satake, M., Katyal, M., Puri, B. K., Determination of cobalt by atomic absorption spectrophotometry after adsorption of its acenaphthenequinone dioximate on microcrystalline naphthalene, Fresenius 2. Anal. Chem. , 1985, 322, 514. (Fac. Eng., Fukui Univ., Fukui 910, Japan). Briese, C., Glatzel, E., Nessler, F., Hajdu, S., Brueckner, C., Analytical thallium determination as a top priority in the complex diagnosis of thallium poisoning, Wiss. Z. Humboldt- Univ. Berlin, Math. -Naturwiss. Reihe, 1985,34, 781. (Kreiskrankenhaus Bad Freienwalde, 1313 Wriezen, GDR). Hernandez Mendez, J., Jimenez de Blas, O., Rodriguez Martin, V., Sanchez Lopez, E., Indirect determination of the pesticide malathion by atomic absorption spectropho- tometry, Anal. Lett., 1985, 18, 2069. (Fac. Chem., Univ. Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain). Sherwood, R. A., Rocks, B. F., Riley, C., Controlled- dispersion flow analysis with atomic absorption detection for the determination of clinically relevant elements, Analyst, 1985, 110, 493. (Biochem. Dept., Royal Sussex City Hosp., Brighton BN5 5BE, UK). Aziz-Alrahman, A. M., Atomic absorption spectropho- tometric determination of microgram quantities of copper in tea after solvent extraction, Znt. J . Environ. Anal. Chem., 1985,22,251. (Coll. Sci., King Saud Univ., Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia).

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA986010107R

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL. 1 25 1 Atomic Spectrometry Viewpoint lytical instrumentation from overseas. Atomic Spectroscopy in Spain I L J J . In May 1986 Les Ebdon, Neil Barnett and Dick Snook travelled to Oviedo in Spain to lecture on a short course on analysis by atomic emission spectroscopy with plasmas and atomic absorption electro- thermal atomisation, which was held at the University of Oviedo. While they were there they took the opportunity to discuss with Professor Alfredo Sanz- Medel, the leading Spanish atomic spec- troscopist, atomic spectroscopy in Spain. Professor Alfredo Sanz-Medel The atomic spectroscopy course was immediately followed by a course on aluminium toxicity, which was held at the General Hospital of the Asturias region.This was an international meeting with speakers from throughout Europe, including the prominent Scottish atomic spectroscopist Dr. Gordon Fell, who also contributed to the preceding atomic spec- troscopy programme. Professor Sanz-Medel has been running these atomic spectroscopy courses for some five years now with approximately 40 attendees each year. Another highlight of the meeting of Spanish atomic spec- troscopists occurs every two years when the Spanish Spectroscopy Group hold their international symposium, which this year will be in Torremolinos in October. The Spanish Spectroscopy Group consists of physical spectroscopists and analytical spectroscopists and together they form a lively spectrochemical group. This would suggest the widespread use of atomic spectroscopic equipment for analysis in Spain and there are approximately 30 plasma instruments, both ICP and DCP in the country.Maybe three of these are used in university research. It is to be expected that there will be a large growth in this area in future years. The use of XRF is widely spread throughout industry but there is no active university research in this area. There has been a tendency for atomic spectroscopic research to be under- funded within the university sector in Spain. This can be expected to change. A recent strategic meeting in Santander last year made recommendations to the Government that this area of research be expanded. This will probably be at the expense of the solution spectrophoto- metric research, for so long a feature of papers from Spain.The study of analytical chemistry is widespread in Spanish universities. There are some 25 chairs of analytical chemistry amongst the 30 universities in the country and therefore most universities have a Professor of Analytical Chemistry. As yet, atomic spectroscopy research has not been widespread. The work and research by Professor Sanz-Medel will already be widely known to the international com- munity, as probably will be that of Dr. Carmen Camara in Madrid working on electrothermal atomisation for ultra-trace determinations in biological materials and the hydride generation studies of the group in Zaragoza led by Dr. J. R. Castillo. Professor Valcarcel, whose con- tribution to flow injection analysis has brought widespread recognition , is presently engaged with his group in Cor- doba in the combination of flow injection with atomic absorption spectroscopy, par- ticularly for “on-line” separations and indirect analysis.In Valencia, Dr. de la Guardia is engaged in the application of AAS to food analysis. Spanish science at the present time is experiencing a general opening towards the international community. There has been a great flowering of Spanish scien- tific effort in recent years. During the time of the late General Franco there was a tendency for Spanish science to be inward looking with few connections abroad and little financial support to study abroad. Now things have changed considerably. At first the opening to the international community was timid but now there are very vigorous programmes, and funding, to favour outside co- operation.The Government Commis- sion, CAICYT, has very much favoured interchange and offered some of the first opportunities to buy sophisticated ana- The results of this policy can be seen to good effect at the University of Oviedo. Professor Sanz-Medel obtained his doc- torate at the University of Zaragoza, following which he obtained a Fulbright Grant to work with the distinguished Scottish atomic spectroscopist Professor T. S. West at Imperial College on the analytical application of atomic fluor- escence spectrometry. When he joined the University of Oviedo some six years ago the analytical chemistry in the depart- ment consisted principally of burettes and balances. Now there is a great deal of sophisticated spectroscopic equipment.We were able to see several atomic absorption instruments and an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer as well as a good spread of molecular spectroscopic equipment, particularly spectrofluorimet- ers. Current research includes sample presentation for ICP-AES, graphite fur- nace AAS for biological and magnetic materials analysis, the use of flow injec- tion for sample presentation and pre- concentration prior to AAS or ICP-AES and coupled HPLC - atomic spec- trometry. One of the ways in which this opening has been encouraged is by the success of grant applications being linked to the numbers of papers published in inter- national learned journals. Fortunately this is a policy with which JAAS approves. We look forward to receiving a steady supply of papers in this respect. We congratulate Professor Sanz-Medel and other atomic spectroscopists on their rapid progress in recent years. Our impression of the course and the research that we saw was of very lively activity. Few groups of atomic spectroscopists can lay claim to have made such rapid pro- gress as the atomic spectroscopists of Spain. Istop Press! ! At the time of going to press, news had just reached the Editor’s desk that Pro- fessor B. V. L’vov would not now be able to attend SAC 86/3rd BNASS in Bristol in July. However, the latest information is that he will be visiting the UK in October 1986, and will therefore present his SAC Plenary Lecture at a joint meeting of the Atomic Spectroscopy Group and the Scottish Region of the Analytical Division of the RSC to be held 28th-29th October, 1986 at the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow. For further details see the Conferences and Meetings section, page qcc

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA9860100251

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

252 JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL. 1 Conference Report 1st Atomic Spectrometry Updates (ASU) Symposium: 14th April, 1986, Sheffield, UK The metamorphosis of ARAAS into the ASU section of JAAS led quite naturally to the evolution from the last ARAAS annual symposium on atomic spec- trometry to the 1st ASU Symposium. Happily the “rebirth” occurred in Sheffield, a reflection no doubt of the excellent facilities offered by that trometry. This was a valuable comprehen- sive but concise exposition of trends in all aspects of ICP-AES. Generator design, choice of frequency, torch design, choice of plasma gas, optical systems and soft- ware were all covered, with copious data from the speaker’s laboratory to support the conclusions reached. This was fol- L to R: Malcolm Cresser (new ASU Chairman), Jean Michel Mermet and Bernhard Welz (invited overseas speakers at ASU Symposium) and Barry Sharp (first ASU Chairman) city and its resident hosts over more than a decade.Some 70 people assembled to hear five first-rate presentations, all from members of the ASU Board. The proceedings commenced with a lecture from Jean Michel Mermet, one of the two distinguished overseas Board members present, on trends in ICP spec- lowed by a lucid account by Mike Thompson from the Applied Geo- chemistry Group at Imperial College of his work with Mike Ramsey aimed at explaining, and ultimately combatting, the reputation ICP-AES has among geologists for giving inferior precision to XRF for the analysis of geochemical samples. Precision could often be much improved by employing a parameter-related internal standard method (PRISM) to compensate for noise contributions from diverse sources. This technique for data processing appears to be making very effective use of internal standards.Bernhard Welz, the second notable overseas speaker, led the afternoon ses- sion with a useful expose of the use (and possible abuse) of the standard additions technique in AAS. Once again the talk was profusely illustrated from the lectur- er’s wealth of experience of “real-sample” analysis. It was concluded that, with the rise of platform in furnace ETA, absolute analysis could at last be genuinely just around the corner. This was followed by a presentation from David Halls of the Glasgow Royal Infirmary on shortcuts in ETA-AAS, with particular reference to the analysis of clinical samples.The talk very clearly showed just how much time can safely be saved in the busy routine laboratory by careful minimisation of the times of heating stages when ETA is employed. Les Ebdon from Plymouth Polytechnic wound up the proceedings with a summary of the work by his group on the determination of tin alkyls. The excellent sensitivity obtained by pre- concentration prior to analysis by HPLC- AAS means that detectability is now at an adequate level for speciation of tin in coastal waters and estuaries, showing that the solution has indeed found a very real problem. This was a very worthwhile meeting, with a great deal of useful information packed into a few hours, and presented throughout in a clear, concise, and often entertaining, fashion.Malcolm Cresser University of Aberdeen, UK Historical Corner loannes Marcus Marci Plaque In the Historical Corner of the first issue Advisory Board, Professor Eduard and as consequence his name was omit- of JAAS two members of the JAAS PlSko, must be included as recipient of the ted. We apologise for this omission and Advisory Board, Sir Alan Walsh and award in 1977. While we were aware that are happy to record now Professor PlSko’s Professor T. S. West were named as Professor PlSko had been awarded this membership of this distinguished band. recipients of the Ioannes Marcus Marci Plaque, at the time of writing the His- Plaque of the Czechoslovak Academy of torical Corner, Professor PlSko had not Sciences.Yet one more member of the been appointed to the Advisory Board Allan M. Ure Macaulay Institute, Aberdeen, UKOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL. 1 253 1987 WINTER CONFERENCE ON PLASMA AND LASER SPECTROCHEMISTRY LYON, January 12-16,1987 FEATURES The 1987 Winter Conference on Plasma and Laser Spectrochemistry will feature recent developments in this field. The Conference topics will include the various types of plasmas (ICP, DCP, MIP and GDL) and hyphenated methods such as ICP-MS, chromatography, flow injection and Fourier transform spectroscopy. A symposium will be devoted to different aspects of laser spectrochemistry (laser induced atomic fluorescence, intracavity laser absorption and laser enhanced ionisation spectrometry).The Conference will cover fundamental aspects, technological developments and applications, along with manufacturer seminars. The Conference will be held in Lyon, January 12th to January 16th, 1987 at the Mapotel Best Western Hotel. The official language of the Conference will be English. SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME A large number of plenary lectures will allow the presentation of the state of the art in plasma and laser spectrochemistry. Although some oral presentations will be accepted, poster presentations are highly recommended in order to facilitate exchange of information and to overcome language problems. Original papers will be published following the meeting after peer review in the Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry. Information stands will be available for plasma and laser instrumentation companies. INVITED SPEAKERS The following scientists have been invited to present plenary lectures on plasma and laser spectrochemistry: T. Berthoud (Fontenay, France), M. Blades (Vancouver, Canada), P. W. J. M. Boumans (Eindhoven, The Netherlands), J. Broekaert (Dortmund, FRG), R. F. Browner (Atlanta, USA), L. Faires (Los Alamos, USA), H. Falk (Berlin, GDR), K. Govindaraju (Nancy, France), G. M. Hieftje (Bloomington, USA), G. Horlick (Edmonton, Canada), G. Knapp (Graz, Austria), C. W. McLeod (Sheffield, UK) and G. C. Turk (Gaithersburgh, USA). REGISTRATION Further details and Conference and Hotel registration forms may be obtained from: J. M. Mermet, Winter Conference, Laboratoire des Sciences Analytiques, Bat. 308, Universite Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA9860100252

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

254 JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL. 1 Conferences and Meetings Analytiktreffen 1986/IX CANAS September 15-19,1986, Neubrandenburg, GDR This meeting consists of Analytiktreffen and IX CANAS, conferences on research and analytical applications of atomic spec- troscopy and specifically analytical atomic spectroscopy, respectively. The confer- ence languages will be German, English and Russian. The lectures, posters and discussions will cover the theory and analytical applications of atomic absorp- tion spectrometry, atomic emission spec- trometry (arc, spark, laser, high fre- quency, microwave and glow discharge techniques), atomic fluorescence spec- trometry and X-ray fluorescence spec- trometry. The main speakers will be: R. M. Barnes, N. W. Barnett, Ju.I. Beljajev, D. Beljanin, M. A. Bolshov, P. W. J. M. Boumans, J. A. C. Broekaert, S. Caroli, C. L. Chakrabarti, K. Dittrich, K. Doerf- fel, G. Dumecke, G. Ehrlich, H. Falk, J. Fijalkowski, K. Florian, W. Frech, L. de Galan, E. Gegus, A. Ch. Gilmutdinov, A. L. Gray, R. van Grieken, I. Havezov, J. A. Holcornbe, J. G. Judelevich, J. Jurczyk, T. KBntor, K. Kleinstiick, G. Knapp, B. Knull, E. Kranz, N. Krasno- baeva, K. Laqua, M. Matherny, A. Meisel, J. M. Mermet, H. M. Ortner, J. M. Ottaway, B. Pavlovic, A. Petrakiev, E. PlSko, A. Ramsza, R. Rautschke, P. Schramel, Ch. Silberstein, W. Slavin, A. Spackova, M. Stoeppler, R. Sturgeon, V. Sychra, G. Tolg, P. Tschopel, B. Wehner, B. Welz, G. Werner and K. Zimmer. A comprehensive social programme has been arranged. For further information on registration and accommodation arrangements con- tact Doz.Dr. Sc. K. Dittrich, Karl-Marx- Universitat Leipzig, Sektion Chemie, DDR-7010 Leipzig, Talstr. 35, GDR.JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL. 1 255 FACSS ’86 sessions. There will be 60 sessions, includ- ments, UK) “Multi-Element Analysis by September 28-October 3, 1986, St. Louis, ing four award symposia, honouring: Fourier Transform AAS”; and D. Little- MO, USA George H. Morrison, First EAS Award: john, S. C. Stephen and J. M. Ottaway The Federation of Analytical Chemistry Csaba Horvath, First EAS Chromato- (University of Strathclyde, UK) “Recent and Spectroscopy Societies will hold its graphy Award; Paul C. Lauterbur, New Advances in the Use of Solid Sampling in 1986 meeting at the Cervantes Conven- York Society for Applied Spectroscopy ETA-AAS for Food Analysis.’’ tion Center and Sheraton Hotel, St.Gold Medal; and Wilhelm Simon, Ameri- Registration Fees will be f25 RSC Louis. can Microchemical Society Benedetti- members, f10 retired members and f35 The Symposia will cover atomic spec- Pilcher Memorial Award. non-members (includes tea, coffee and troscoPY (including, for example, Icp- Invited speakers will present papers on lunch on 29th October); students f10 MS, Icp excitation mechanisms and topics as diverse as laser excitation, (including lunch) or f 5 (excluding lunch). appliCatiOnS, new plasmas for elemental plasma emission and chemometrics. Accommodation will be available in analysis, XRF elemental analysis and Technical workshops will again be the Business School, University of fundamentals and applications of ETA), offered, as well as the following short Strathclyde for 28th October at &18 per chromatography, NMR, molecular and courses: Advanced HPLC Course for the single room.Tickets for the Symposium MS and diverse topics (such as automated Practising Chromatographer; Introduc- Dinner will cost $15. sample preparation, chemiluminescence tion to Laboratory Microcomputers: Fun- For further information contact Dr . and environmental). The RSC is jointly &mental Principles and Applications; J. M. Warren, Department of Biochemi- arranging symposia on furnace atomic Two-dimensional NMR; and Near stry, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, emission spectroscopy, background cor- Infrared Analysis: An Industrial Tool.G4 OW, UK. rection in AA, fitting calibration curves Proctor and Gamble will repeat their for atomic spectroscopy and multi- course designed to generate interest in 1987 Winter Conference on Plasma and divisional fluorescence. analytical chemistry among undergradu- Laser Spectrochemistry Workshops and short courses Will be ate and graduate chemistry majors and January 12-16, 1987, Lyon, France offered prior to, during and after the outstanding chemistry undergraduates The 1987 Winter Conference on Plasma conference. The FACSS Employment will again be recognised by the EAS and Laser Spectrochemistry will feature Bureau will again be available. Details of Student Award Program. The traditional recent developments in this field.The these activities will be given in the Preh- EAS Beef and Ale Symposium Reception conference topics will include the various minary Program brochure, which will be will again be held. types of plasmas (ICP, MIP, DCP and available in mid-summer 1986. Further information on the Silver GDL) and hyphenated methods such as There will be an exhibition of scientific Jubilee EAS may be obtained from: Dr. ICP-MS, chromatography, flow injection instrumentation, services and publica- S. David Klein, EAS Publicity, 642 Cran- and Fourier transform spectroscopy. A tions: for exhibition details contact Dr. E. bury Cross Rd., North Brunswick, symposium will be devoted to different G. Brame, Jr., FACSS Exhibit Director, NJ 08902, USA. aspects of laser spectrochemistry (laser 133 North Cliffe Dr., Wilmington, DE induced atomic fluorescence, intracavity 19089-1623, USA.Recent Developments in Atomic Absorp- laser absorption, laser enhanced ionis- For additional information contact Dr. tion ation spectrometry). The Conference will M. Fishman, FACSS XI11 C h e r a l Chair, October 28-29, 1986, Strathclyde, UK cover fundamental aspects, technological USDA-ERRG, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, A Joint Meeting of the Scottish Region developments and applications, along Philadelphia, PA 19118, USA. and the Atomic Spectroscopy Group of with manufacturer seminars. Activities the RSC will be held in Room I of the (plenary lectures, poster presentation, Second International Colloquium: Solip McCance Building, Richmond St. and the manufacturer information stands and Sampling with Atomic Spectroscopic Music Room of the Staff Club, John St., accommodation) will all take place at the Methods University of Strathclyde in Glasgow.The same location, so that a fruitful exchange October 13-15, 1986, Wetzlar, FRG meeting will commence at 15.30 on Tues- can occur between recognised experts, The 1986 colloquium in this bienniel day 28th with the presentation of the users and customers. series, jointly organised by GDCh, Fa&- delayed SAC 86 Plenary Lecture by The official language of the Conference gruppe Analytische Chemie and Professor €3. V. L’vov (Leningrad, will be English. A large number of ple- Arbeitskreis fur Mikro- und Spuren- USSR) entitled “New Advances in Fur- nary lectures will allow the presentation analyse der Elemente (A.M.S.El.), 1s nace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.” of the state of the art in plasma and laser intended to focus on the state of the art of This will be followed by a poster session spectrochemistry.Although some oral solid sampling and will consist of a bal- then a dinner in honour of Professor presentations will be accepted, poster anced mixture of concise oral papers and L ’ ~ ~ ~ . presentations are highly recommended in posters, interspersed with discussions. A Plenary Lecture will be given on order to facilitate exchange of informa- The main topics will be: Theory and Wednesday 29th by J. M. Harnly (USDA, tion and to overcome language problems. Instrumentation; Methodology (Proce- USA) on “Recent Advances in Con- The presentation of high quality posters dures); Biological Applications; Environ- tinuum Source AAS.Other speakers will will be encouraged by several awards mental Applications; and Product and inchde: J. M. Ottaway, T. C. O’Haver, (compact disc players and other awards). Quality Control. D. Littlejohn and J. Carroll (University of The companies involved in plasma and The registration fee is DM100 before Strathclyde, UK), “Development of laser spectrochemistry will have the June 1 1986 and DM125 after this date. Multi-function Instrumentation for AAS opportunity to participate in the exhibi- For further information Dr. M. and AES Based on Wavelength Modula- tion and to deliver seminars in the form Stoeppler, Institut fur Chemie, KFA- tion Background Correction”; C.B. Boss that they think the most appropriate. Postfach 1913, D-5170 Jiilich 1, FRG. (North Carolina State University, USA), They will also have the opportunity to “Atomic Absorption in Tandem Air - organise customers’ meetings. Eastern Analytical Symposium Acetylene Flames”; M. S. Cresser (Uni- For further information contact J. M. October 2044, 1986, New Yo&, NY, versity of Aberdeen, UK), “Are we Get- Mermet, 1987 Winter Conference, Lab- USA ting the Best Use Out of Pneumatic oratoire des Sciences Analytiques, Bat. The Silver Jubilee EAS is to be held at the Nebulisers?”; W. Slavin (provisional) 308, Universite Claude Bernard-Lyon I , New York Hilton, and will feature a large (Perkin-Elmer, USA), title to be an- 43 Boulevard du 11 nov. 1918, 69622 Exposition as well as the technical nounced; R.D. Snook (Chelsea Instru- Villeurbanne Cedex, France.JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL. 1 256 Analytical Chemistry Journals from The Royal Society of Chemistry Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (JAAS) The Analyst Analytical Abstracts An International Journal on the Development and Application of Atomic Spectrometric Techniques journal of Analytical Atomic spectrometry OMS) is a new international journal, launched in February 1986, which contains original research papers, short papers, communications and letters concerned wth the development and analytical application ot atomic spectrometric techniques. jAAS is publlshed bimonthly and includes comprehensive reviews on speclfic topics, general information and news of interest to analytical atomic spectroscopists, including information on forthcoming conferences and book reviews.Special mues of 1 . S will be published, devoted to subjects highlighted by particular symposia. Also included in jAAS are the literature reviews previously covered in Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Specfroscop y. jAAS has a style and format similar to that of the well-established journal The Analyst. jAAS provides an improved publication service to support the growing research efforts in, and applications of, atomic spectrometric techniques. Six issues per annm First Issue Februam 1986 An international journal of high repute containing original research papers on the theory and practice of all aspects of analytical chemistry drawn from a wide range of sources.It also publlshes regular critical reviews of important techniques and their applications, short papers and urgent communications (which are published in 5-8 weeks) on important new work, and book reviews. 12 hues per annum; annual author and subject index. Analytical Proceedings Analytical Proceedings is the news and information journal of the Analytical Division. It contains special articles, reports of meetings, extended summaries or ongmal papers, safety articles, details of recent legislation, surveys of equipment, and many other items of general interest to analytical chemists both in Britain and overseas. 12 issues per annum (plus index). Analytica Abstracts endeavours to cover the whole field of analytical chemlstry, providing more than 12,000 abstracts per annum of papers and books considered to be of unportance and interest to analytical chemlsts A subject mdex 1s provided m each m u e and a volume index 1s produced annually.12 m e s per annum (plus index) Analytxal Abstracts IS now available onlrne -further dormation obtamable horn The Royal Society of ChemISm, Sales & Promotion Lkpt , The Umversiw, Nottmgham NG72RD Subscription Rates (1986) journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometq U r n ) €165.00 ($319.00) Rest of World €182.00 RSC Members €33.00 The Analyst €147.00 ($285.00) Rest of World €162.00 RSC Members €33.00 Analytical Abstracts €219.50 ($425.00) Rest of World €241.00 RSC Members €57.50 Analytical Proceedings €69.00 ($134.00) Rest of World €76.00 RSC Members €1 1.00 The Analyst, Analytical Abstracts and Proceedings $375.00 ($726.00) Rest of World €4 12.00 The Analyst and Analytical Abstracts €329.00 ($636.00) Rest of World €361.00 The Analyst and Proceedngs €184.00 ($356.00) Rest of World €202.00 N.B.The version of Analytical Abstracts printed on one side of the page only LS no longer available. Ordering: RSC Members should send thelr orders to: The Assistant Membership Officer, The Royal Society of Chemlstry, 30 Russell Square, London WC 1 B 5DT. Non-RSC Members should send their orders to: The Royal Society of Chemlstry, Dlstrlbution Centre, Blackhorse Road, Letchworth, Herts SG6 lHN, UK.JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL. 1 257 Pittsburgh Conference and Exposition on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spec- troscopy March 9-13, 1987, Atlantic City, NJ, USA The 1986 conference and exposition was attended by 29 146 people.Papers are now solicited for the 1987 conference in the fields of Air Pollution, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Automated Analysis (Laboratory and Plant), Bio- chemical Analysis, Biomedical and Phar- maceutical, Classical Chemical Analysis, Clinical Chemistry, Computer Applica- tions, Countercurrent Chromatography, Electrochemistry, Emission Spectro- scopy, FI Analysis, Fluorescence - Luminescence, Food Analysis, Forensic and Drug Analysis, Gas Chromatography (Applications, Instrumentation, Theory), Gel Permeation Chromatography, General Analysis, Industrial Hygiene, IR Spectroscopy (Applications, Instrumen- tation, Theory), Ion Chromatography, Laboratory Robotics, Liquid Chromato- graphy (Applications, Instrumentation, Theory), Mass Spectrometry, New Instrumentation, New Instrument Con- cepts, NMR Spectroscopy, Particle Size Analysis, Pesticide Analysis, Plasma Emission Spectroscopy (ICP, DCP), Poly- mer Analysis, Powder Characterisation, Process Stream Analysis, Raman Spec- troscopy, Selective Ion Electrodes, Super- critical Fluid Chromatography, Surface Analysis (Auger, ESCA, SIMS), Ther- mal Analysis, Thin-layer Chromato- graphy, Toxicological Analysis, Trace Analysis, UV - Visible Spectropho- tometry, Water Pollution and X-ray Diffraction/Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Workers wishing to present a paper should submit four copies of a 500-word abstract by early August 1986, to Mrs.Alma Johnson, Program Secretary, 12 Federal Drive, Suite 322, Pittsburgh, PA 15235, USA. XXV Colloquium Spectroscopicum Inter- nationale June 21-26, 1987, Toronto, Canda The XXV CSI will be held at the Hilton Harbour Castle, Toronto, Canada. This North American CSI is sponsored by the Spectroscopy Society of Canada, the Society for Applied Spectroscopy (USA) and the National Research Council of Canada. Nobel Laureates Dr. Gerhard Herz- berg and Professor Arthur L. Schawlow will each present a plenary lecture. Invited lectures on current research topics will be given by approximately 35 young spectroscopists who are making major contributions to the field of atomic and molecular spectroscopy, including: N. Armstrong (Univ. of Arizona), G. I. Bekov (Academy of Sciences, USSR), T.Berthoud (Centre d’Etudes Nucleaires, France), M. Blades (Univ. of British Columbia), M. A. Bolshov (Academy of Sciences, USSR), J. A. C. Broekaert (Inst. f. Spektrochemie & Angewandte Spektros- kopie, FRG), D. C. Compton (Standard Oil Company), G. De Loos (Lab. voor Analytische Scheikunde, The Nether- lands), N. J. Dovichi (Univ. of Wyom- ing), R. Garrel (Univ. of Pittsburgh), J. M. Harris (Univ. of Utah), J. A. Holcombe (Univ. of Texas), D. E. Honigs (Univ. of Washington), S. Houk (Iowa State Univ.), B. Huang (Chang- chun Inst. of Applied Chemistry, China), T. Imasaka (Kyushu Univ. of Japan), K. Kitagawa (Nagoya, Japan), L. B. McGown (Okalahoma State Univ.), J. W. McLaren (National Research Coun- cil Canada), R. Miller (Unilever, UK), J.M. Ramsey (Oak Ridge National Lab.), J. P. Reilly (Indiana Univ.), A. Scheeline (Univ. of Illinois), D. C. Schram (Philips Research Labs., The Netherlands), R. Sturgeon (National Research Council Canada), T. Vo-Dinh (Oak Ridge National Lab.), I. M. Warner (Emory Univ.) and E. S. Yeung (Iowa State Univ.). Those wishing to contribute papers must submit a title by September 15th, 1986. Although oral sessions will be stressed, poster sessions may be used for those who indicate a strong preference for such sessions and for an abundance of papers in certain areas. Upon receipt of the title, abstract material will be forwar- ded; the deadline for receipt of the full abstract is February lst, 1987 and notice of final acceptance will be sent as soon as possible thereafter.For further informa- tion on the programme contact Dr. J. D. Wineforder, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. Symposia are planned for after the Colloquium, with four confirmed to date: Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spec- trometry; Line Spectra of the Elements; Graphite Furnace Atomic Spectroscopy; and Fourier Transform and Raman Spectroscopy. There will be an exhibition of scientific instrumentation, services and publica- tions. For exhibition information contact either Dr. Andrew T. Zander, Perkin- Elmer Corporation (MS905), 761 Main Avenue, Norwalk, CT 06859-0905, USA or Dr. Andrew W. Boorn, Sciex, Incor- porated, 55 Glen Cameron Road, Thorn- hill, Ontario L3T 1P2, Canada. A social programme is being prepared and will include a dinner, receptions and tours; Wednesday June 24th is an excursion day.For any further information, including registration, contact Mr. L. Forget, Conference Services Office, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OR6, Canada. 6th International Conference on Fourier Transform Spectroscopy August 24-28, 1987, Vienna, Austria The Austrian Society for Microchemistry and Analytical Chemistry (Working Group for Molecular Spectroscopy) is the Host Society for the 6th International Conference on FTS to be held at the Technical University of Vienna, Che- mistry Department, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060, Vienna, Austria, exactly one century after Michelson proposed that his interferometer could be used for spectro- scopy. It will also be the 30th anniversary of the Bellevue (France) Colloquium, precursor of the Orsay (France) Collo- quium in 1966 of the series of conferences on FTS in Aspen (USA 1970), Columbia (USA 1977, 1981), Durham (UK 1983) and Ottawa (Canada 1985).The Conference language will be English, and will cover new developments in FTS in the IR, visible and UV spectral regions on theoretical and experimental aspects as well as applications. The preli- minary list of topics includes: instrumen- tal methodology; cryogenic interfe- rometry; metrology, wave number and intensity standards; coupled techniques (GC-IR, LC-IR, Raman, laser induced fluorescence); amplitude spectroscopy; time resolved spectroscopy; photoacous- tics; diffuse reflectance; microscopy; data treatment; high resolution; emission and absorption; vibrational intensities; atmos- pheric studies; FTIR in space science; semiconductors; polymers; matrix isola- tion; surface studies; solid liquid inter- faces in situ; biological and biomedical studies; spectroelectrochemistry; and automatic analysis (robotics).A book of abstracts will be available and invited and contributed papers will be published as Conference Proceedings. There will be an exhibition and a social programme is being arranged. For further information contact the Conference Secretariat: Mrs. E. M. Schaup, c/o INTERCONVENTION, PO Box 80, A-1107 Vienna, Austria. Euroanalysis VI September 7-11, 1987, Paris, France Euroanalysis VI will be held at the Centre International de Conferences in Paris. The plenary, keynote and contributed lectures will cover all aspects of analytical chemistry, but special sessions are planned to discuss: the use and construc- tion of analytical probes; applications of analytical methods for solving environ- mental problems; analysis of solid-state samples; and new methods of teaching analytical subjects (poster session). There will also be an exhibition and a social programme.Further information is available from GAMS, 88 Boulevard Malesherbes, 75008 Paris, France. Eurosensors-3rd Sensors and Their Applications Conference and Exhibition September 22-24, 1987, Cambridge The Instrument Science and Technology Group of The Institute of Physics is258 organising Eurosensors at the Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge. This is a preliminary announcement, further announcements will be made in due course. To be placed on the mailing list apply to The Meetings Officer, The Institute of Physics, 47 Belgrave Square, London SWlX 8QX. Second Beijing Conference and Exhibition on Instrumental Analysis Conference, October 20-23, 1987; exhibi- tion October 19-25 1987, Beijing, China The aim of the conference is to promote academic exchanges on instrumental analysis and friendly relationship among scientists of various countries, and to create favourable conditions for further international co-operation. Symposia on Electron Microscopy, Mass Spec- trometry, Spectroscopy , Chromato- graphy, Radio and Microwave Spectro- scopy will be held separately. During the conference a commercial exhibition on Analytical Instruments will be held. Companies from various coun- tries will exhibit their latest products. For further information please contact: Secretariat of the Beijing Conference and Exhibition on Instrumental Analysis, Room 431 1 , Beijing Exhibition Centre Hotel, Beijing, China. Telephone: 890541, ext. 481 or 415; telex: 20056 BCEIA CN JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL. 1

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA986010254b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

258 JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, AUGUST 1986, VOL. 1 Future Issues will lnclude- Atomisation in Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry: Atmospheric Pressure vis-a-vis Vacuum Vaporisation -Ralph E. Sturgeon and James Arlow Behaviour of Zeeman Corrected Atomic Fluorescence at High Source Currents Associated with Magnetic Inhomogen- eities in the Source Plasma-Guo Tie- Zhend and Roger Stephens Direct Determination of Lead in Soils and Sediments by Atomic Absorption Spec- troscopy Employing a Grcphite Capsule - Flame Atomiser-Janez Stupar Electrothermal Vaporisation Sample Introduction into an Atmospheric Press- ure Helium Microwave-induced Plasma for the Determination of Iodine in Hydrochloric Acid-Neil W. Barnett and (the late) Gordon F. Kirkbright Multi-element Analysis of Ferrotungsten by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry-Ivan HIavaGek and Irena Hlavatkova Spatial Emission Characteristics and Excitation Mechanisms in the Inductively Coupled Plasma.A Review-John Davies and Richard Snook Improved Determination of Cadmium in Blood by Flame Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry-Edet J. Ekanem, Charles L. R. Barnard, John M. Ottaway and Gordon S. Fell Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Flu- orescence Spectrometric Determination of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn in Geological Materials-Richard F. Sanzo- lone Depth Concentration Profiles Obtained by Carbon Furnace AAS for Nickel and Aluminium in Human Skin-John F. Alder, Maria C. C. Batoreau, Anthony D. Pearse and Ronald Marks Automation of Molecular Emission Cavity Analysis.Determination of Phosphorus-I. H. El-Hag and Alan Towns hend Determination of Dissolved Inorganic Selenium( IV) and Selenium(V1) Species in Natural Waters by Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-S. C. ADte and A. G. Howard Blood Cadmium Determination-Results of an External Quality Assessment Scheme-Bryan J. Starkey, Andrew P. Taylor and Arthur W. Walker Determination of Cadmium in Blood Plasma by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-M. M. Black, Gordon S. Fell and John M. Ottaway Quality Assurance of Analytical Data: with Special Reference to the Determi- nation of Lead and Cadmium in Biolog- ical Specimens-C. B. Pandya, T. S. Patel, G. M. Shah, N. G. Sathawara, V. G. Patel, D. J. Parikh and B. B. Chat terj ee An External Quality Assessment Scheme for Trace Elements in Biological Fluids- Andrew Taylor and R. J. Briggs Atomic Spectrometry Update The Update in the October issue is- Atomisation and Excitation-Barry L. Sharp, Neil W. Barnett, John C. Burridge - ~~. . . and John M. Ottaway

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA986010258b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

数据来源: RSC