摘要:

iv Online access to the world’s An a I y t i ca I Abstracts ONLINE I I Analytical Abstracts Online ... is the online equivalent of hard copy Analytical Abstracts, the western world’s most comprehensive abstracting journal dealing solely with analytical chemistry in all its aspects, Analytical Abstracts Online ... contains bibliographic information on general, inorganic, organic, biochemical, pharmaceutical, food, agricultural and environmental aspects of analytical chemistry, including computer and instrumentational applications in analysis. Analytical Abstracts Online m m . offers: 0 Comprehensive coverage of analytical chemistry 0 Coverage 1980-to date : over 70,000 items 0 Analytical methods in high detail 0 Quality controlled language indexes 0 Easy access via DATA-STAR, (Plaza Suite, 114 Jermyn Street, London SW1Y 6HJ); and PERGAMON INFOLINE Ltd., (1 2 Vandy Street, London EC2A 2DE).For further information contact your chosen host direct or write to:- The Royal Society of Chemistry, The University, Nottingham, NG7 2RD. Tel. 0602 50741 1 Telex: 37488 ROYAL lnformat ion Servicesiv Online access to the world’s An a I y t i ca I Abstracts ONLINE I I Analytical Abstracts Online ... is the online equivalent of hard copy Analytical Abstracts, the western world’s most comprehensive abstracting journal dealing solely with analytical chemistry in all its aspects, Analytical Abstracts Online ... contains bibliographic information on general, inorganic, organic, biochemical, pharmaceutical, food, agricultural and environmental aspects of analytical chemistry, including computer and instrumentational applications in analysis. Analytical Abstracts Online m m . offers: 0 Comprehensive coverage of analytical chemistry 0 Coverage 1980-to date : over 70,000 items 0 Analytical methods in high detail 0 Quality controlled language indexes 0 Easy access via DATA-STAR, (Plaza Suite, 114 Jermyn Street, London SW1Y 6HJ); and PERGAMON INFOLINE Ltd., (1 2 Vandy Street, London EC2A 2DE). For further information contact your chosen host direct or write to:- The Royal Society of Chemistry, The University, Nottingham, NG7 2RD. Tel. 0602 50741 1 Telex: 37488 ROYAL lnformat ion Services

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA98601FX005

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JASPEZ l(2) 97-160,29R-6OR (1986) April 1986 Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry Including Atomic Spectrometry Updates CONTENTS NEWS AND VIEWS 97 98 98 99 99 100 100 101 101 103 103 104 104 1986 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry-L. E bdon JAAS UK Launch-J. Brew UK ICP-MS Users' Group IUPAC: Affiliate Membership Scheme UK Board Members Visit the USSR-J. M. Ottaway Conference Report Historical Corner-A. M . U re Book Review ASU Highlights-A. A. Brown Third BNASS: Student Bursaries Conferences and Meetings Courses Papers in Future Issues PAPERS 105 115 119 125 131 135 141 145 1 49 153 157 Constant-temperature Atomiser - Computer Controtted Echelle Spectrometer System for Graphite Furnaee Atomic Emission Spectrometry-Erik Lundberg, Douglas C. Baxter, Wolfgang Frech Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Determination of Arsenic in Marine Sediments, Tissues and Sea Water with In Situ Concentration in a Graphite Furnac-Ralph E.Sturgeon, Scot N. Willie, Shier S. Berman Determination of Arsenic, Selenium and Cadmium in Marine Biological Tissue Samples Using a Stabilised Temperature Platform Furnace and Comparing Deuterium Arc with Zeeman-effect Background Correction Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-Bernhard Welz, Gerhard Schlemmer Determination of Arsenic and Antimony by Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Using a Small Hydride Generator-Ping-kay Hon, Oi-wah Lau, Shu-ki Tsui Determination of Lead by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with Argon - Hydrogen as the Purge Gas Using Low-temperature Atomisation-Zhe-ming Ni, Heng-bin Han, Xiao-chun Le The Problem of Background Correction in the Determination of Chromium in Urine by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with Electrothermal Atomisation-David J.Halls, Gordon S. Fell Determination of Metals in Poly(viny1 chloride) by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Part 1. Determination of Calcium, Aluminium and Antimony in Samples of Poly(viny1 chloride) with a High Content of Alkaline Earths-Miguel A. Belarra, Felix Gallarta, Jesus M. Anzano, Juan R. Castillo Determination of Trace Rare Earth Elements in Uranium by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry-P. S. Murty, Ramon M. Barnes Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry in the Analysis of Rare Earth - Transition Metal Ultra-thin Magnetic Films-Alfred0 Sanz-Medel, Jose Enrique Sanchez Uria, Marcos Tejedor Gancedo, Agustin Fernandez Suarez Decay of an Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma Above the Load CoiCMao Huang, Keling Liu SHORT PAPER Representation of the Photographic Emulsion Calibration Graph in Emission Spectro- graphic Analysis by a Simplified Formula-A.M. Shoaeb, M. S. Helmi, E. M. El Sherbiney ATOMC SPECTROMETRY UPDATE 29R 45R References Clinical Materials, Foods and Beverages-Alistair A. Brown, David J. Halls, Andrew Taylor Typeset and printed by Heffers Printers Ltd, Cambridge, EnglandJASPEZ l(2) 97-160,29R-6OR (1986) April 1986 Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry Including Atomic Spectrometry Updates CONTENTS NEWS AND VIEWS 97 98 98 99 99 100 100 101 101 103 103 104 104 1986 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry-L.E bdon JAAS UK Launch-J. Brew UK ICP-MS Users' Group IUPAC: Affiliate Membership Scheme UK Board Members Visit the USSR-J. M. Ottaway Conference Report Historical Corner-A. M . U re Book Review ASU Highlights-A. A. Brown Third BNASS: Student Bursaries Conferences and Meetings Courses Papers in Future Issues PAPERS 105 115 119 125 131 135 141 145 1 49 153 157 Constant-temperature Atomiser - Computer Controtted Echelle Spectrometer System for Graphite Furnaee Atomic Emission Spectrometry-Erik Lundberg, Douglas C. Baxter, Wolfgang Frech Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Determination of Arsenic in Marine Sediments, Tissues and Sea Water with In Situ Concentration in a Graphite Furnac-Ralph E. Sturgeon, Scot N. Willie, Shier S.Berman Determination of Arsenic, Selenium and Cadmium in Marine Biological Tissue Samples Using a Stabilised Temperature Platform Furnace and Comparing Deuterium Arc with Zeeman-effect Background Correction Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-Bernhard Welz, Gerhard Schlemmer Determination of Arsenic and Antimony by Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Using a Small Hydride Generator-Ping-kay Hon, Oi-wah Lau, Shu-ki Tsui Determination of Lead by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with Argon - Hydrogen as the Purge Gas Using Low-temperature Atomisation-Zhe-ming Ni, Heng-bin Han, Xiao-chun Le The Problem of Background Correction in the Determination of Chromium in Urine by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with Electrothermal Atomisation-David J.Halls, Gordon S. Fell Determination of Metals in Poly(viny1 chloride) by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Part 1. Determination of Calcium, Aluminium and Antimony in Samples of Poly(viny1 chloride) with a High Content of Alkaline Earths-Miguel A. Belarra, Felix Gallarta, Jesus M. Anzano, Juan R. Castillo Determination of Trace Rare Earth Elements in Uranium by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry-P. S. Murty, Ramon M. Barnes Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry in the Analysis of Rare Earth - Transition Metal Ultra-thin Magnetic Films-Alfred0 Sanz-Medel, Jose Enrique Sanchez Uria, Marcos Tejedor Gancedo, Agustin Fernandez Suarez Decay of an Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma Above the Load CoiCMao Huang, Keling Liu SHORT PAPER Representation of the Photographic Emulsion Calibration Graph in Emission Spectro- graphic Analysis by a Simplified Formula-A. M. Shoaeb, M. S. Helmi, E. M. El Sherbiney ATOMC SPECTROMETRY UPDATE 29R 45R References Clinical Materials, Foods and Beverages-Alistair A. Brown, David J. Halls, Andrew Taylor Typeset and printed by Heffers Printers Ltd, Cambridge, England

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA98601BX007

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

iv Review f ublications for Spectroscopists Electron Spin Resonance Vol. 9 Senior Reporter: P. B. Ayscough, University of feeds This new book reviews the literature published between December 1982 and May 1984. Theoretical Aspects of E.S.R.; Transition-Metal Ions; Inorganic and Organometallic Radicals; Organic Radicals in Solids; Organic Radicals in Solution; Applications of E.S.R. in Polymer Chemistry; Spin Labels: Biological Systems; Metalloproteins; Applications of E.S.R. in Medicine. 'The contributors should be thanked for providing such good reviews for E.S.R. practitioners like myself." -Edward G. Janzen, University of Guelph, reviewing Vol. 7. Specialist Periodical Report Hardcover 398pp ISBN 0 85 1 86 83 1 2 Price €66.00 ($1 19.00) Brief Contents: Mass Spectrometry Vol.8 Senior Reporter: M. E. Rose, Shefield City Polytechnic This volume reviews the literature published between July 1982 and June 1984. Brief Contents: Ionization Processes and Ion Dynamics; Structures and Reactions of Gas-phase Organic Ions; Photoelectron-Photoion Coincidence Spectroscopy; Developments and Trends in Instrumentation; Applications of Computers and Microprocessors in Mass Spectrometry; Fourier-transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance; Reactions of Organic Negative Ions in the Gas Phase; Fast-atom-bombardment Mass Spectrometry: Applications to Solution Chemistry; Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and High-performance Liquid Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry; Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, and Toxicity; Metal-containing and Inorganic Compounds Investigated by Mass Spectrometry 'It is difficult to be critical of this invaluable series of reports: the effort in producing these evaluative reviews of the literature is enormous." Dr G.Wilkinson, Laboratory News, reviewing Vol. 6. Specialist Periodical Report Hardcover approx 380pp ISBN 0 85 186 328 0 Price €70.00 ($1 26.00) Ordering: Orders should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Road, Letchwotth, Herts. SG6 1 HN, U. K. Non-RSC member prices quoted. RSC members are entitled to Q discount on mostpublications. Details available from:Assistan t Membership Officer, The Royal Society of Chemistr)! 30 Russell Square, London WC1B 507; U.K US$ prices quoted. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Vol. 14 Senior Reporter: G.A. Webb, University of Surrey This book reviews the literature published between June 1983 and May 1984. Brief Contents: Theorectical and Physical Aspects of Nuclear Shielding; Applications of Nuclear Shielding; Theoretical Aspects of Spin-Spin Couplings; Applications of Spin-Spin Couplings; Nuclear Spin Relaxation in Liquids and Gases; Solid State N.M.R.; Multiple Resonance; Natural Macromolecules; Synthetic Macromolecules; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Living Systems; N.M.R.of Paramagnetic Species; N.M.R. of Liquid Crystals and Micellar Solutions. '. . . I stronglyrecommend this bookasa reference bibliographic book for anyone active in the NMR field." - C. Brevard, Trends in Analytical Chemistw reviewing Vol. 13. Specialist Periodical Report Hardcover 405pp ISBN 0 85 186 372 8 Price €87.00 ($157.00) Spectroscopic Properties of Inorganic and Orga nometallic Compounds VoI.17 Senior Reporters: G. Davidson, University of Noftingham and E.A.V. Ebsworth, University of Edinburgh This book reviews the research literature published up to late 1983. Brief Contents: Nuclear Magentic Resonance Spectroscopy; Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Spectroscopy; Rotational Spectroscopy; Characteristic Vibrations of Compounds of Main-group Elements; Vibrational Spectra of Transition-element Compounds; Vibrational Spectra of Some Co-ordinated Ligands; Mdssbauer Spectroscopy; Gas-phase Molecular Structures Determined by Electron Diffraction. 'This latest volume in an excellent series maintains the high standards of its predecessors." - Colin Eaborn, Journal of Organometallic Chemistw reviewing Vol.16. Specialist Periodical Report Hardcover 41 1 pp ISBN 0 85 186 153 9 Price 895.00 ($1 71 .OO) ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY Information Services11 Annual Reports M Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy VdUW 14 Hardcover 46Opp ISBN 0 85186 677 8 Price €65.00 ($1 17.00) Still available: Vol. 3 (1973) 0 85186 253 6 €12.00 ($22.00) Vol. 4 (1974) 0 85186 254 4 211.00 ($30.00) Vol. 5 (1975) 0 85186 757 X E20.00 ($36.00) Vol. 6 (1976) 0 85186 741 2 €26.00 ($41.00) Vol. 7 (1977) 0 85186 737 5 €25.00 ($45.00) Vol. 8 (1978) 0 85186 630 1 €25.00 ($45.00) Vol. 9 (1979) 0 85186 727 8 $37.00 ($66.00) Vol. 10 (1980) 0 85186 717 0 €39.00 ($70.00) Vol. 1 1 (198 1) 0 85 186 707 3 E53.00 ($95.00) Vol. 12 (1982) 0 85186 697 2 E45.00 ($81.00) Vol.13 (1983) 0 85186 687 5 f55.00 ($99.00) Special Package hice (Vols 3-14) €282.00 ($!508.00) Ordering: Orders should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry, Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Road, Letchworth, Herts. SG6 lHN, U.K. Non-RSCmemberpnces quoted. Ri5C members are entitled to a discount on most publications. Details available from: Assistant Membership Officer, The Royal society of Chemistry, 30 Russell Square, London WClB 5DT, U.K. US prices quoted. ROYAL SOCIETYOF CHEMISTRY Information Services ANNUAL REPORTS ON ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY VOL 14. Edited by L Ebdon, Plymouth Polytechnic and M S Cresser, University of Aberdeen T~E publication reports on current developments in all branches of analytical atomic emission, absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy with reference to papers published and lectures presented during 1984.Much of the information is presented in tabular form for ease of reference. Brief Contents: ATOMIZATION AND EXCITATION: Arcs, Sparks, Lasers and Low-Pressure Discharges; Plasmas; Flames; Electrothermal Atomization; Vapour Generation. INSTRUMENTATION: Light Sources; Optical Systems and Detectors; Background Correction; Automatic Sample Introduction; Instrument Control and Data Processing; Complete Instruments; Commercial Instruments. METHODOLOGY: New Methods; Detection Limits, Precision and Accuracy; Standards and Standardization. APPLICATIONS: Chemicals; Metals; Refractories and Metal Oxides, Ceramics, Slags and Cements; Minerals; An; Water; Sods, Plants and Fertilizers; Foods and Beverages; Body hues and Fluids.REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX 'I. . . . an essential reference work for atomic spectroscopists and for chemists concerned with trace metal analysis." -JE Page, Chemistry and Industry, reviewing Vol. 11 Following publication of Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy Vol. 14, this series will be discontinued. Much of the material covered, however, will appear in journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (JXAS) under the heading Atomic Spectrometry Updates.11 Annual Reports M Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy VdUW 14 Hardcover 46Opp ISBN 0 85186 677 8 Price €65.00 ($1 17.00) Still available: Vol. 3 (1973) 0 85186 253 6 €12.00 ($22.00) Vol. 4 (1974) 0 85186 254 4 211.00 ($30.00) Vol. 5 (1975) 0 85186 757 X E20.00 ($36.00) Vol.6 (1976) 0 85186 741 2 €26.00 ($41.00) Vol. 7 (1977) 0 85186 737 5 €25.00 ($45.00) Vol. 8 (1978) 0 85186 630 1 €25.00 ($45.00) Vol. 9 (1979) 0 85186 727 8 $37.00 ($66.00) Vol. 10 (1980) 0 85186 717 0 €39.00 ($70.00) Vol. 1 1 (198 1) 0 85 186 707 3 E53.00 ($95.00) Vol. 12 (1982) 0 85186 697 2 E45.00 ($81.00) Vol. 13 (1983) 0 85186 687 5 f55.00 ($99.00) Special Package hice (Vols 3-14) €282.00 ($!508.00) Ordering: Orders should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry, Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Road, Letchworth, Herts. SG6 lHN, U.K. Non-RSCmemberpnces quoted. Ri5C members are entitled to a discount on most publications. Details available from: Assistant Membership Officer, The Royal society of Chemistry, 30 Russell Square, London WClB 5DT, U.K.US prices quoted. ROYAL SOCIETYOF CHEMISTRY Information Services ANNUAL REPORTS ON ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY VOL 14. Edited by L Ebdon, Plymouth Polytechnic and M S Cresser, University of Aberdeen T~E publication reports on current developments in all branches of analytical atomic emission, absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy with reference to papers published and lectures presented during 1984. Much of the information is presented in tabular form for ease of reference. Brief Contents: ATOMIZATION AND EXCITATION: Arcs, Sparks, Lasers and Low-Pressure Discharges; Plasmas; Flames; Electrothermal Atomization; Vapour Generation. INSTRUMENTATION: Light Sources; Optical Systems and Detectors; Background Correction; Automatic Sample Introduction; Instrument Control and Data Processing; Complete Instruments; Commercial Instruments. METHODOLOGY: New Methods; Detection Limits, Precision and Accuracy; Standards and Standardization.APPLICATIONS: Chemicals; Metals; Refractories and Metal Oxides, Ceramics, Slags and Cements; Minerals; An; Water; Sods, Plants and Fertilizers; Foods and Beverages; Body hues and Fluids. REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX 'I. . . . an essential reference work for atomic spectroscopists and for chemists concerned with trace metal analysis." -JE Page, Chemistry and Industry, reviewing Vol. 11 Following publication of Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy Vol. 14, this series will be discontinued. Much of the material covered, however, will appear in journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (JXAS) under the heading Atomic Spectrometry Updates.11 Annual Reports M Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy VdUW 14 Hardcover 46Opp ISBN 0 85186 677 8 Price €65.00 ($1 17.00) Still available: Vol.3 (1973) 0 85186 253 6 €12.00 ($22.00) Vol. 4 (1974) 0 85186 254 4 211.00 ($30.00) Vol. 5 (1975) 0 85186 757 X E20.00 ($36.00) Vol. 6 (1976) 0 85186 741 2 €26.00 ($41.00) Vol. 7 (1977) 0 85186 737 5 €25.00 ($45.00) Vol. 8 (1978) 0 85186 630 1 €25.00 ($45.00) Vol. 9 (1979) 0 85186 727 8 $37.00 ($66.00) Vol. 10 (1980) 0 85186 717 0 €39.00 ($70.00) Vol. 1 1 (198 1) 0 85 186 707 3 E53.00 ($95.00) Vol. 12 (1982) 0 85186 697 2 E45.00 ($81.00) Vol. 13 (1983) 0 85186 687 5 f55.00 ($99.00) Special Package hice (Vols 3-14) €282.00 ($!508.00) Ordering: Orders should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry, Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Road, Letchworth, Herts.SG6 lHN, U.K. Non-RSCmemberpnces quoted. Ri5C members are entitled to a discount on most publications. Details available from: Assistant Membership Officer, The Royal society of Chemistry, 30 Russell Square, London WClB 5DT, U.K. US prices quoted. ROYAL SOCIETYOF CHEMISTRY Information Services ANNUAL REPORTS ON ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY VOL 14. Edited by L Ebdon, Plymouth Polytechnic and M S Cresser, University of Aberdeen T~E publication reports on current developments in all branches of analytical atomic emission, absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy with reference to papers published and lectures presented during 1984. Much of the information is presented in tabular form for ease of reference. Brief Contents: ATOMIZATION AND EXCITATION: Arcs, Sparks, Lasers and Low-Pressure Discharges; Plasmas; Flames; Electrothermal Atomization; Vapour Generation. INSTRUMENTATION: Light Sources; Optical Systems and Detectors; Background Correction; Automatic Sample Introduction; Instrument Control and Data Processing; Complete Instruments; Commercial Instruments. METHODOLOGY: New Methods; Detection Limits, Precision and Accuracy; Standards and Standardization. APPLICATIONS: Chemicals; Metals; Refractories and Metal Oxides, Ceramics, Slags and Cements; Minerals; An; Water; Sods, Plants and Fertilizers; Foods and Beverages; Body hues and Fluids. REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX 'I. . . . an essential reference work for atomic spectroscopists and for chemists concerned with trace metal analysis." -JE Page, Chemistry and Industry, reviewing Vol. 11 Following publication of Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy Vol. 14, this series will be discontinued. Much of the material covered, however, will appear in journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (JXAS) under the heading Atomic Spectrometry Updates.

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA98601FP009

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

vi Analytical Journals from The Royal Society of Chemistry The Analyst An international journal of high repute containing original research papers on the theory and practice of all aspects of analytical chemistry drawn from a wide range of sources. It also publishes regular critical reviews of important techniques and their applications, short papers and urgent communications (which are published in 5-8 weeks) on important new work, and book reviews. Special issues devoted to major conferences and particular analytical themes are regularly published. Over 400 papers are submitted to TheAnalysteach year, 70% of which are from outside the UK; papers are received from about 40 different countries annually. With circulation to nearly 100 countries and 70% of subscribers being outside the UK, The Analyst is a truly international journal.Rapid publication is a feature of the journal, about 20% of all the papers being published in 25 weeks or less from receipt and the median time to publication from acceptance being about 20 weeks. Subscribers are therefore assured of reading the latest, up-to-date work in The Analyst. 12 issues per annum Subscription 1986 €147.00 ($285.00) o/seas El 62.00 Special Issues of The Analyst Special Issues of The Analyst are available separately containing papers from The First and Second Biennial National Atomic Spectroscopy Symposia and SAC '83. The following issues are still available: The Analyst, February 1983 containing papers from the First Biennial National Atomic Spectroscopy Symposium. Price E9.50 ($1 9.50) The Analyst, March 1984 containing papers from the SAC '83 Conference.Price E9.50 ($1 7.00) The Analyst, May 1985 containing papers from The Second Biennial National Atomic Spectroscopy Symposium . Price s12.00 ($22.00) Ordering: Orders should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Road, Letchworth, Herts. SG6 1 HN, U.K. Non-RSC member prices quoted. RSC members are entitled to a discount on mostpublications. Details uvailable from:Assistant Membership Officer, The Royal Society of Chemistry 30 Russell Square, London WClB 5D& Llk US$ prices quoted. Analytical Proceedings Analytical Proceedings is the news and information journal of the Analytical Division of the Royal Society of Chemistry It contains special articles, reports of meetings, extended summaries of original papers presented at meetings organised by the Analytical Division, safety articles, reports of recent legislation, details of new equipment, and many other items of general interest to analytical chemists both in Britain and overseas.This journal provides authors with an excellent opportunity to publish details of ongoing projects and interim results for methods which are not yet sufficiently advanced to be submitted to a primary journal, to contribute non-comprehensive reviews of small areas of a particular discipline and, via the Analytical Viewpoints column, to submit philosophical contributions discussing the future of a particular technique or controversial issues affecting analytical chemists. Letters to the Editor are also published, making the pages of Analytical Proceedings the most important forum for the discussion of issues of analytical importance.12 issues per annum Subscription 1986 €69.00 ($1 34.00) o/seas €76.00 Ana lytica I Abstracts Analytical Abstracts endeavours to cover the whole field of analytical chemistry, providing around 12,000 abstracts per annum of papers and books considered to be of importance and interest to analytical chemists. The journal comprises nine main sections: general analytical chemistry; inorganic chemistry; organic chemistry; biochemistry; pharmaceutical chemistry; food; agriculture; environmental chemistry; and apparatus and techniques. A subject index is provided in each issue and a volume index is produced annually.12 issues per annum Subscription 1986 821 9.50 ($425.00) o/seas 8241 .OO Ana lytica I Abstracts On I i ne Plans are in hand to make Analytical Abstracts accessible online. Further details may be obtained from Sales & Promotion Dept. The Royal Society of Chemistry The University Nottingham NG7 2RD England. Package Prices 1986 The Analyst, Analytical Abstracts and Analytical Proceedings €375.00 ($726.00) o/seas €41 2.00 The Analyst and Analytical Abstracts €329.00 ($636.00) o/seas €361 .OO The Analyst and Analytical Proceedings €1 84.00 ($356.00) o/seas €202.00vi Analytical Journals from The Royal Society of Chemistry The Analyst An international journal of high repute containing original research papers on the theory and practice of all aspects of analytical chemistry drawn from a wide range of sources.It also publishes regular critical reviews of important techniques and their applications, short papers and urgent communications (which are published in 5-8 weeks) on important new work, and book reviews. Special issues devoted to major conferences and particular analytical themes are regularly published. Over 400 papers are submitted to TheAnalysteach year, 70% of which are from outside the UK; papers are received from about 40 different countries annually. With circulation to nearly 100 countries and 70% of subscribers being outside the UK, The Analyst is a truly international journal. Rapid publication is a feature of the journal, about 20% of all the papers being published in 25 weeks or less from receipt and the median time to publication from acceptance being about 20 weeks.Subscribers are therefore assured of reading the latest, up-to-date work in The Analyst. 12 issues per annum Subscription 1986 €147.00 ($285.00) o/seas El 62.00 Special Issues of The Analyst Special Issues of The Analyst are available separately containing papers from The First and Second Biennial National Atomic Spectroscopy Symposia and SAC '83. The following issues are still available: The Analyst, February 1983 containing papers from the First Biennial National Atomic Spectroscopy Symposium. Price E9.50 ($1 9.50) The Analyst, March 1984 containing papers from the SAC '83 Conference. Price E9.50 ($1 7.00) The Analyst, May 1985 containing papers from The Second Biennial National Atomic Spectroscopy Symposium .Price s12.00 ($22.00) Ordering: Orders should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Road, Letchworth, Herts. SG6 1 HN, U.K. Non-RSC member prices quoted. RSC members are entitled to a discount on mostpublications. Details uvailable from:Assistant Membership Officer, The Royal Society of Chemistry 30 Russell Square, London WClB 5D& Llk US$ prices quoted. Analytical Proceedings Analytical Proceedings is the news and information journal of the Analytical Division of the Royal Society of Chemistry It contains special articles, reports of meetings, extended summaries of original papers presented at meetings organised by the Analytical Division, safety articles, reports of recent legislation, details of new equipment, and many other items of general interest to analytical chemists both in Britain and overseas.This journal provides authors with an excellent opportunity to publish details of ongoing projects and interim results for methods which are not yet sufficiently advanced to be submitted to a primary journal, to contribute non-comprehensive reviews of small areas of a particular discipline and, via the Analytical Viewpoints column, to submit philosophical contributions discussing the future of a particular technique or controversial issues affecting analytical chemists. Letters to the Editor are also published, making the pages of Analytical Proceedings the most important forum for the discussion of issues of analytical importance. 12 issues per annum Subscription 1986 €69.00 ($1 34.00) o/seas €76.00 Ana lytica I Abstracts Analytical Abstracts endeavours to cover the whole field of analytical chemistry, providing around 12,000 abstracts per annum of papers and books considered to be of importance and interest to analytical chemists.The journal comprises nine main sections: general analytical chemistry; inorganic chemistry; organic chemistry; biochemistry; pharmaceutical chemistry; food; agriculture; environmental chemistry; and apparatus and techniques. A subject index is provided in each issue and a volume index is produced annually. 12 issues per annum Subscription 1986 821 9.50 ($425.00) o/seas 8241 .OO Ana lytica I Abstracts On I i ne Plans are in hand to make Analytical Abstracts accessible online. Further details may be obtained from Sales & Promotion Dept.The Royal Society of Chemistry The University Nottingham NG7 2RD England. Package Prices 1986 The Analyst, Analytical Abstracts and Analytical Proceedings €375.00 ($726.00) o/seas €41 2.00 The Analyst and Analytical Abstracts €329.00 ($636.00) o/seas €361 .OO The Analyst and Analytical Proceedings €1 84.00 ($356.00) o/seas €202.00vi Analytical Journals from The Royal Society of Chemistry The Analyst An international journal of high repute containing original research papers on the theory and practice of all aspects of analytical chemistry drawn from a wide range of sources. It also publishes regular critical reviews of important techniques and their applications, short papers and urgent communications (which are published in 5-8 weeks) on important new work, and book reviews.Special issues devoted to major conferences and particular analytical themes are regularly published. Over 400 papers are submitted to TheAnalysteach year, 70% of which are from outside the UK; papers are received from about 40 different countries annually. With circulation to nearly 100 countries and 70% of subscribers being outside the UK, The Analyst is a truly international journal. Rapid publication is a feature of the journal, about 20% of all the papers being published in 25 weeks or less from receipt and the median time to publication from acceptance being about 20 weeks. Subscribers are therefore assured of reading the latest, up-to-date work in The Analyst. 12 issues per annum Subscription 1986 €147.00 ($285.00) o/seas El 62.00 Special Issues of The Analyst Special Issues of The Analyst are available separately containing papers from The First and Second Biennial National Atomic Spectroscopy Symposia and SAC '83.The following issues are still available: The Analyst, February 1983 containing papers from the First Biennial National Atomic Spectroscopy Symposium. Price E9.50 ($1 9.50) The Analyst, March 1984 containing papers from the SAC '83 Conference. Price E9.50 ($1 7.00) The Analyst, May 1985 containing papers from The Second Biennial National Atomic Spectroscopy Symposium . Price s12.00 ($22.00) Ordering: Orders should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Road, Letchworth, Herts. SG6 1 HN, U.K. Non-RSC member prices quoted.RSC members are entitled to a discount on mostpublications. Details uvailable from:Assistant Membership Officer, The Royal Society of Chemistry 30 Russell Square, London WClB 5D& Llk US$ prices quoted. Analytical Proceedings Analytical Proceedings is the news and information journal of the Analytical Division of the Royal Society of Chemistry It contains special articles, reports of meetings, extended summaries of original papers presented at meetings organised by the Analytical Division, safety articles, reports of recent legislation, details of new equipment, and many other items of general interest to analytical chemists both in Britain and overseas. This journal provides authors with an excellent opportunity to publish details of ongoing projects and interim results for methods which are not yet sufficiently advanced to be submitted to a primary journal, to contribute non-comprehensive reviews of small areas of a particular discipline and, via the Analytical Viewpoints column, to submit philosophical contributions discussing the future of a particular technique or controversial issues affecting analytical chemists.Letters to the Editor are also published, making the pages of Analytical Proceedings the most important forum for the discussion of issues of analytical importance. 12 issues per annum Subscription 1986 €69.00 ($1 34.00) o/seas €76.00 Ana lytica I Abstracts Analytical Abstracts endeavours to cover the whole field of analytical chemistry, providing around 12,000 abstracts per annum of papers and books considered to be of importance and interest to analytical chemists.The journal comprises nine main sections: general analytical chemistry; inorganic chemistry; organic chemistry; biochemistry; pharmaceutical chemistry; food; agriculture; environmental chemistry; and apparatus and techniques. A subject index is provided in each issue and a volume index is produced annually. 12 issues per annum Subscription 1986 821 9.50 ($425.00) o/seas 8241 .OO Ana lytica I Abstracts On I i ne Plans are in hand to make Analytical Abstracts accessible online. Further details may be obtained from Sales & Promotion Dept. The Royal Society of Chemistry The University Nottingham NG7 2RD England. Package Prices 1986 The Analyst, Analytical Abstracts and Analytical Proceedings €375.00 ($726.00) o/seas €41 2.00 The Analyst and Analytical Abstracts €329.00 ($636.00) o/seas €361 .OO The Analyst and Analytical Proceedings €1 84.00 ($356.00) o/seas €202.00...Vlll Ramon M. Barnes, Editor Department of Chemistry GRC Tower8 University of Ma8sachurett8 Amherst, MA 01003-0035 Tel. (413) 545-2294 Objective The ICP lnformation Newsletter is a monthly journal published by the Plasma Research Group at the University of Massachu- setts and is devoted exclusively to the rapid and impartial dissem- ination of news and literature information related to the devel- opment and applications of plasma sources for spectrochemical analysis. Background ICP stands for inductively coupled plasma discharge, which dur- ing the past decade has become the leading spectrochemical excitation source for atomic emission spectroscopy.ICP sources are also applied commercially as an atom and ion cell in atomic fluorescence spectrometry and as an ion source for mass spec- trometry. The popularity of this source and the need to collect in a single literature reference all of the pertinent data on ICP stimulated the publication orthe ICP lnformation Newsletter in 1975. Other plasma sources, such as microwave induced plas- mas and direct current plasma jets, have also grown in popularity and are included in the scope of the ICP Information Newsletter. Editorlal The ICP Information Newsletter is edited by Dr. Ramon M. Barnes, Professor of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, with the assistance of a 20-member Board of National Correspondents composed of leading plasma spectroscopists.The Board members from around the world report news, view- points, and developments. Dr. Barnes has been conducting plasma research on ICP and other discharges since 1968. He also serves as chairman of the Winter Conferences on Plasma S pect roc hem ist ry . Regular Featurea *Original submitted and invited research articles by ICP and plasma experts. Complete bibliography of all major ICP publications from 1961 to the present. Abstracts of all ICP papers presented at major US and interna- tional meetings. First-hand accounts of ICP developments from na- tions around the world. Special reports on microwave and other plasma progress. 0 Calendar and advanced programs of plasma meetings. Publication of plasma-related patents. Technical translations and reprints of critical foreign- Critical reviews of plasma-related books. language ICP papers. Conference Activities The ICP lnformation Newsletter has sponsored five international meetings on developments in atomic plasma spectrochemical analysis since 1980 in San Juan, Orlando, San Diego, Leysin, Switzerland, and Kailua-Kona, HI. Meeting proceedings have ap- peared as Developments in A tomic Plasma Spectrochemical Analysis (Wiley), Plasma Spectrochemistry and Plasma Spectrochemistry II (Pergamon Press) as well as in special issues of Specfrochimica Acta, Part 6. Detach and send to: ICP Information Newdetter, Dr. Ramon M. Barne8 Department of Chemistry, GRC Towers, University of Mamachusett8, Amherst, MA 01003-0035 Telephone (413) 545-2294 Start a subscription for the following issues (complete): [ ] Volume(s) - (June 198-- May 198-) or [ ] 198- (January-December) I enclose: [ ] prepayment or [ ] purchase order (No. 1 or [ ] Send invoice. Current subscription rates are $49 (North America), $69 (Europe, South America), or $75 (Africa, Asia, Indian/Pacific Ocean Areas, Middle East, and USSR). Back issues rates available on request.

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA98601BP013

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, APRIL 1986, VOL. 1 29R ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY UPDATE-CLINICAL MATERIALS, FOODS AND BEVERAGES Alistair A. Brown Pye Unicam Ltd., York Street, Cambridge CB7 2PX, UK David J. Halls Trace Metals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Royal Infirmary, Castle Street, Glasgow G4 OSF, UK Andrew Taylor Supra-Regional Assay Service Metals Reference Laboratory, Robens Institute of Industrial and Environmental Health and Safety, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 5XH, UK Summary of Contents 1 Clinical Analysis 1.1, Application of Inductively Coupled Plasmas in Clinical and Biological Analysis 1.2. New Ideas and Developments 1.3. Progress for Individual Elements 1.3.1. Aluminium 1.3.2. Arsenic 1.3.3. Cadmium 1.3.4. Calcium and Magnesium 1.3.5. Chromium 1.3.6.Cobalt 1.3.7. Copper and zinc . . 1.3.8. Iron 1.3.9. Lead 1.3.10. Manganese 1.3.1 1. Mercury 1.3.1 2. Nickel 1.3.13. Platinum 1.3.14. Rubidium 1.3.15. Selenium 1.3.16. Thallium 1.3.17. Vanadium 1.4. Conclusions Table 1. Summary of An lyses of Bod! Fluids and Tissues 2 Analysis of Foods and Beverages 2.1. Sample Preparation 2.2. Analytical Techniques 2.3. Reference Materials and Quality Control Programmes 2.4. Topical Applications 2.5. Conclusions Table 2. Summary of Analyses of Foods and Beverages This review is the second Atomic Spectrometry Update and describes developments in the analysis of clinical materials, foods and beverages. It is based upon publications and conference reports, received during the period September 1st 1984 to August 31st 1985.The references cited, prefixed by S/ or, for conference reports, S/C, may be found in the supplement distributed to subscribersjo JAAS. References prefixed 86/ will appear in Volume 1 of JAAS. The format of tables is similar to that used in A a d a I Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy. In the tables, in addition to the abbreviations listed elsewhere, Hy is used to show where hydride generation was employed and S, L and G in the "Analyte form" column signify solid, liquid or gaseous sample introduction, respectively. At a first glance (see tables) it is apparent that the analysis of clinical materials attracted the majority of research interest. This may be related to the severe difficulties encountered in the analysis of these samples especially for the determination of those elements which are present at microgram per litre levels in body fluids and tissues.In contrast, the analysis of foods and beverages received little attention and this is reflected in the contributions to this subject. The authors have tried to present a critical appraisal of the reviewed literature. Readers who wish to comment on the text are welcome to express their views through the letters section of JAAS. The authors would welcome any comments or suggestions for improvements to future reviews.30R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, APRIL 1986, VOL. 1 1. CLINICAL ANALYSIS For the period of this review, two particular areas are prominent. One is the large number of papers on ICP-OES produced as new and experienced users try to justify a role for it in the clinical laboratory.This is reviewed separately. The second is the large number of papers on Al, which surely qualifies it for the title “Element of the Year.” Interesting new developments have occurred in FAAS, ETA-AAS and ETA-AES for clinical applications. After these developments are reviewed, progress for individual elements is summarised. 1.1. Application of Inductively Coupled Plasmas in Clinical and Biological Analysis The large number of recent papers shows an increasing interest in the use of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry in this field (TableJ). Some of the work is exploratory [e.g., Ca in serum (WOO) and Cd and Pb in whole blood (S/176)] and appears to offer little advantage over existing AAS techniques.The true multi-element capability of ICP-OES is realised in studies such as that of Smith et al. (S/592) on the determination of 12 metallic elements and B in teeth enamel and dentine and that of Wanot et al. (S/981) who determined Ca, Mg and P in stones. One advantage of the ICP-OES technique is the ability to determine non-metals such as B, P and S. This, together with the ability to determine Ba, Bi, Ca, Mg and Sr with better sensitivity than existing techniques, is cited by Allain and Mauras (S/C417) as reasons for the spread of the technique. For the last five years, they have routinely used a simultaneous Jobin-Yvon 48 spec- trometer with 35 lines for the determination of Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, P, S, Si and Sr in whole blood, plasma, urine, dialysis fluids and tissue samples.The advantages of ICP-OES in serum analysis seem somewhat limited in that only a few of the important elements have high enough concentrations to be determined. Kohl- meier and Diehn (S/C530) introduced the technique into their laboratory for the simultaneous determination of Cu, Fe and Zn giving a between-batch RSD of less than 5% for all elements. Deijk et al. (MOO) compared different pre- treatment methods for the determination of Ca in a serum reference material (Precinorm U). Direct dilution gave results which agreed with high-pressure digestion and low- temperature ashing. Pre-concentration can be used to extend the range of elements. Trace elements in digested samples can be chelated on a poly(dithi0carbamate) resin which is then digested with H202 and HN03.This procedure was applied by Mianshi and Barnes (S/984) to the determination of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mo, V and Zn in serum; As and Se were determined by hydride generation ICP-OES. With all these steps, the possibilities of contamination increase and this was reflected in unrealistically high values for Mo (20.7 yg 1-1) and V (98.5 pg 1-1) in a normal serum. As others have shown [e.g., Kollmeier and Diehn (S/C530)], it is not necessary to pre-concentrate for Cu, Fe or Zn. An alternative approach is to use electrothermal atomisation. Matusiewicz and Barnes (S/974) determined A1 and Si by injecting 5 yl of serum, urine or dialysate fluid on to a Varian-Techtron CRA90 electrothermal atomiser for atomisation into a Plasma-Therm ICP.Detection limits of 1.5 and 500 yg 1-1 were achieved for A1 and Si, respectively. To determine Cd and Pb in 5 ml of whole blood, Deijck et al. (S/176) tried three different approaches: the matrix-modification procedure of Stoeppler et al. (Analyst, 1978, 103, 714), low-temperature ashing and dry ashing. The last two techniques were applied with pre-concentration using 8-hydroxyquinoline immobilised on controlled-pore glass. Final determination was by microsampling of the analyte essentially free from the matrix. While dry ashing followed by pre-concentration gave reasonable results, it was recom- mended that to determine just these elements alone, AAS or electrochemistry was simpler. The technique of ICP-OES seems more at home with the analysis of materials such as soft tissue (S/172, S/C455, S/613, S/928), hair (S/506), nails (S/C455 , S/C679), teeth (S/592), stones (S/981) and bone (S/193, S/C455, S/613).Procedures generally involve wet digestion with acid mixtures (S/193, S/928, S/981); some workers prefer pressure digestion (S/172, S/506, S/592). Chen et al. (S/506) compared dry ashing at 500-600 “C with HN03 digestion under pressure followed by a further HF - HC104 digestion. Dry ashing at 500 “C gave comparable results to acid digestion but losses of A1 and Mg were found on ashing at 600 “C. Good analytical performance for the analysis of digested material is generally achieved for a wide range of elements. For example, Marquardt et al. (S/193) achieved RSDs of 0.5-1.6% for P; 1-3% for Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Sr and Zn; and 4 9 % for K and Na.Sulphur determination by ICP-OES using a VUV spec- trometer at 180.7 nm has been investigated by Morita et al. (S/921). Standard reference materials (serum, hair, liver, mussel, Chlorella and orchard leaves) were analysed with satisfactory accuracy following a high-pressure digestion with HN03. The detection limit was about 10 yg 1-1. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry has yet to make its impact on clinical or biological analysis; only one p a s x (S/C294) discussed a biological analysis, oyster tissue. 1.2. New Ideas and Developments The greater speed and convenience of flame atomic absorption spectrometry compared with ETA-AAS make it the preferred technique whenever sensitivity and sample size allows. An interesting development in this area was the use of a slotted quartz tube in the flame by Brown et al.(S/198,86/193) to give greater sensitivity allowing the determination of Cd, Cu and Pb in urine and Cd and Pb in blood after deproteinisation with TCA. Devitrification of the quartz tube by urine samples was reduced by coating the tube with La203. The technique has also been applied to the determination of Cu and Zn in serum (S/996) where the greater sensitivity allows greater dilution of the sample (1 + 20) and a reduction of the sample volume, if necessary, down to 20 yl. For the determination of Cu and Zn in fractionated blood plasma, Bahreyni-Toosi et al. (S/999) looked at various ways to increase sensitivity and decrease sample requirement: pulse nebulisation, the slotted quartz tube with pulse nebulisation and atomisation from a Delves cup and from a Mo wire loop.They found only modest improvements with the slotted quartz tube, preferring direct pulse nebulisation for their particular determination. The range of analyses possible by FAAS can also be extended by pre-concentration. Platzer et al. (S/C514) enriched trace metals from 100 ml of sample by using dithiocarbamate groups bound to a solid carrier. The dithio- carbamate chelates were then volatilised directly into the burner of an FAAS instrument. Detection limits for Cd, Co, Cu, Ni and Pb were between 0.02 and 0.2 yg 1-1. Realistic applications of this technique are awaited. Rocks and co-workers have coupled flow injection with FAAS for the determination of Ca and Mg in serum (S/964) and have taken the technique one step further with a new development called “controlled-dispersion analysis’’ (CDA) (Analyst, 1985, 110, 493).In this, a computer-controlled peristaltic pump takes up a fixed volume of sample. The sample probe then moves to the carrier solution and the pump propels the sample slug within the carrier stream to the spectrometer. This eliminates sample wastage as in conven- tional FI sampling systems. Controlled-dispersion analysis has been applied to the determination of Ca, Cu, Li, Mg and Zn in serum. If electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry is to cope with increasing workloads in clinical laboratories, it must runJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, APRIL 1986, VOL. 1 31R Table 1. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF BODY FLUIDS AND TISSUES Element h/nm A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 As As As As Ca Ca Ca Ca Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd - - - - - - - 309.3 - - 308.2 - - 309.3 - 309.3 309.3 - - - - 393.37 - - 315.9 228.8 220.35 228.8 - 228.8 - Matrix Concentration Dialysis fluids 4-67 pg I-' Serum 6-220 pg I-' Biological samples, - acid rain Serum 5-50 pg 1-1 Bone - Serum, blood, 2-77 pg 1-1 urine and tissues Serum Haemodial ysis concentrates Serum, hair Body fluids Biological Serum materials Biological samples Dialysis fluids Biological Serum materials Biological materials Body fluids, foods / Marine biological tissues Dietary supplements Biological samples Serum Tissue Serum Human stones Urine Blood Biological materials Biological materials Liver tissue Hair 1-150 pg I-' - 9-300 pg 1-1 0-80 pg 1-1 0-100 pg I-' 0-100 pg I-' 0.3-300 pg 1-1 1-120 pg 1-1 - - - - - - - - - - - 0-2 pgl-1 - - - - - Technique; a tomisa tion ; analyte form AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; L AE; ICP; Lor AA; F, AA; ETA; L NzO - CzH2; L AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; L AE; ICP with ETA; L AA; ETA; L AE; ICP; L AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; Lor AA; ETA; L AE; ETA; L NAA AA; Hy; L AA; Hy; L AA; ETA; L AA; Hy; L AE; ICP; L AA;-;L AA; F, air - C2H2; L AE; ICP; L AA; ETA; L AE; ICP; L AA; ETA; S AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; L or S AA; -; L Sample treatment Reference ETA-AAS with L'vov platform ETA-AAS with Zeeman background correction ETA-AAS with metal atomiser and Zeeman background correction Samples analysed directly or with dilution, graphitelzr-coated graphite furnace Comparison of ICP-OES versus FAAS; both rechniques gave reliable results, ICP-OES gave better detection limit Liquid samples diluted with Triton X-100, tissues wet ashed Samples diluted 1 + 1 with H20, platform atomisation, integrated absorbance, matrix modifications plus O2 ashing Concentrated NO3 added as matrix modifier Matrix destroyed by O2 ashing in a Zr-coated graphite tube at 500 "C Samples incubated with 2,4-pentanedione, extracted with 4-methyl-2-pentanedione None Comparison of a direct analysis using L'vov platform and matrix modification with a protein precipitation method internal standard HN0, as matrix modifier Matrix modification with Cs, Ga used as Matrix effects overcome by addition of 2% Comparison of ETA-AAS versus NAA Optimisation of gases, tube materials, wavelengths and matrix modifiers Samples digested in HNO, Total As determined after wet ashing with HNO, - HC104 - H2S04 Also includes determination of Hg and Se; samples digested in pressure bomb with HNO, for Hg; digested further with HC104 - H2S04 for As and Se determination Metals separated from the matrix by solvent extraction with APDC - IBMK system Wet digestion with HNO, - H2S04 - K2Cr207; both organic and inorganic As compounds determined High-pressure ashing, low-temperature ashing and direct dilution of sample investigated; simple dilution preferred Content and intracellular distribution of Ca and Mg studied Flow injection coupled with FAAS, 4 pl of sample injected into a flowing, non-segmented reagent stream Samples digested in HN03 - HC104 Standard-additions procedure; samples Comparison of digestion procedures Solid sampling on to a graphite boat; Zeeman background correction Applications of O2 ashing in ETA-AAS acidified with HN03 Comparison of solid sampling and Zeeman Samples soaked in neutral detergents, ETA-AAS versus a wet-digestion procedure washed with de-ionised H20, treated with 95% ethanol; hair finally digested with 7 ml HN03 + 3 ml HC104, evaporated, re-dissolved in 0.1% Na2S04 Sl118 9192 SIC268 s1479 Sl480 s1642 Sl858 Sl965 Sl967 s/973 s1974 Sl985 86147 86165 86lC 160 861195 861197 Sl166 S/590 Sl863 Sl976 s1100 S1647 Sl964 Sl981 s1159 Sl176 Sl182 SIC553 SIC555 Sl58932R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, APRIL 1986, VOL.1 Table 1.SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF BODY FLUIDS AND TISSUES-continued Element Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd Cd c o c o Cr Cr Cr Cr Cr c u c u c u c u c u c u c u Fe Fe Fe Hg Hg Hg Hi? Hg K hJnm - 228.8 228.8 - 228.8 or 326.1 228.8 - - - - - - - 357.9 324.7 - 324.7 - - 324.7 324.7 - 248.3 - 253.7 - - - - 404.4 or Matrix Concentration Dietary - supplements Urine ' - Urine 0.1-164 yg 1-' Teeth - Pancreatic tissue - Urine - Liver, renal cortex - Plasma 0.15-10 1.18 I-' Whole blood, - urine Hair - Plasma, urine 0-3 yg 1-1 Serum - Enteral nutritional - solutions Faeces Plasma protein fractions Muscle tissue Liver Liver Serum Serum, urine Plasma protein fractions Liver Liver Serum Blood, urine Biological materials Biological materials Marine biological tissues Blood, fish tissue Biological 766.5 samples - - - 0-1000 yg 1-1 - - - - 0-5 yM 0-1500 yg 1-1 - 1.7-5 pg 1-1 - - - (Moo pgl-1 1-600 yg ml-1 Technique ; atomisation; analyte form AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; S AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; L AA;-;L AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; L AA; -; L AE; ICP; L AA; ETA; L AA; F, air - AA; F, air - CzH2; L C2H2; L AA; -; L AA; ETA; L AA; F, air - CzH2; L C2H2; L AA; F, air - AA; F; L, or AA; ETA; L AA; F, air - AA; ETA; L AA; cold vap.; L AA; cold vap. ; L C2H2; L AA; ETA; S AA; cold vap. ; L AA; cold vap.; L or AE; DCP; L AA; F, air - C2H2; L Sample treatment Reference See As, ref. Sl863 Investigation of various matrix modifiers, HN03 was preferred Samples diluted 1 + 1 with HzO, standard- additions method and L'vov platform Samples wet digested, solvent extracted into CHC13 then injected into graphite furnace Samples incubated at 37 "C with physiological saline, freeze dried, solid sampling of 1-13 pg sample masses into graphite furnace Comparison of calibration procedures Investigation of Cd body burden between non- , medium- and heavy-smokers Samples digested with HN03 - HC104; solvent extraction with APDC - IBMK; direct injection into graphite tube Samples homogenised then direct injection into graphite furnace; results compared with an electrochemical procedure See Cd, ref.Sl589 Standard-additions procedure Samples dry ashed with Mg(N03)z, re-dissolved in 0.1 M HC1 Wet ashing of samples Samples digested with HN03 - HC104 Comparison of 5 different graphite furnace 0.8-12.0 mg of sample extracted with HN03 systems Samples digested with HN03 - H2S04 for 1 h at 120 "C, diluted to 500 pl Samples digested with concentrated HN03 at 60 "C; collaborative study Samples diluted 1 + 2 1 with 1% Triton X-100, M HNO, and 30 mM NH4 NO3; platform atomisation plus peak-area measurement enabled calibration with acid standards; continuum source AAS (SIMAAC) slotted quartz tube; sensitivity improvement Samples diluted 1 + 20, aspirated into a X 2-3 Comparison of FAAS techniques for the determination of Cu and Zn in plasma protein fractions; techniques included pulse nebulisation, slotted quartz tube and Delves cup Comparison of 3 analytical methods (FAAS, ETA-AAS, colorimetric analysis) for the determination of Fe in liver biopsies See Cu, ref.Sl785 See Cu, ref.Sl987 Automated - computerised procedure for Hg determination Comparison of digestion procedures, semi- closed or closed silica vessels required; digest with HN03 - HC104 at 200 "C, time required varied from 1.5 to 8 h depending on sample See Cd, ref. Sl182 See As, ref. Sl590 Various digestion procedures including HNO,, HN03 - H2S04 and H2SO4 - KMn04 1 + 99 with 1% CsCl Solid samples dry ashed, samples diluted Sl863 Sl963 Sl966 Sl970 Sl975 9998 86/60 Sl982 Sl994 Sl589 Sl615 Sl616 Sl789 Sl980 Sl184 S1645 Sl987 Sl923 Sl785 Sl996 Sl999 Sl646 Sl785 Sl987 Sl2 9157 SO82 Sl590 Sl904 Sl787JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, APRIL 1986, VOL. 1 33R Table 1. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF BODY FLUIDS AND TISSUES--continued Element Mg Mg Mg Mg Mn Mn Mn Na Ni Ni Ni Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pt Pt Rb Rb S Se Se Se hlnm - - - 323.83 - 279.5 403.08 330.2 or 589.0 - - 232.0 - 283.3 220.35 - - - - - - - - - - 283.3 - - - 780.0 - 180.7 - 196.0 196.0 Matrix Concentration Whole blood, - serum, urine Muscle - Serum - Human stones - Whole blood - Urine - Urine - Biological samples 1-600 pg ml-1 Rat tissue Serum Serum, water Blood, melted Blood snow Blood Biological materials Blood, serum, urine, tissues Tissue Biological Tissue Hair Whole blood Urine materials Dietary Whole blood Whole blood supplements Whole blood Animal tissue Plasma ultrafiltrate, urine Blood, plasma Erythrocytes, Dlasma Biological samples - Whole blood - Body fluids 5-100 pg I-' Marine biological - tissues Technique ; atomisation; analyte form AF; F; L AA;-;L AA; F; L AE; ICP; L AA; ETA; L AA; F, air - C2H2; L AE; ETA; L AA; F, air - AE; ICP; L AA; ETA; L C2H2; L AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; L AE; ICP; L AA; ETA; S AA; ETA; L or S AA; ETA; S AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; S AA; F; L AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; L AF; F, air - C2H2; L AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; L AE; F, air - C2H2; L AA; ETA; L AE; ICP; L AA; ETA; L AA; Hy; L AA; Hy; L Sample treatment Reference Whole blood and serum deproteinised with 1 M HNO,; urine samples acidified with 0.04 M HCI; 200 PI sample aliquots aspirated into flame; line and continuum source AFS See Ca, ref.Sl647 See Ca, ref. Sl964 See Ca, ref. Sl983 Dilute 1 + 4 with 0.5% Triton X-100, pyrolytic Coprecipitate Mn with La(OH)3, re-dissolve; Samples acidified with 10-2 M HN03, 1 + 1 graphite tube, platform atomisation direct aspiration or 1 + 5 dilution, acidified aqueous standards for calibration See K.ref. Sl787 Study of Ni uptake in the rat Matrix modification with NH4 oxalate, standard additions for calibration Minimal sample preparation Samples introduced into a pre-heated furnace on a W-wire probe Sample added to solution containing 1 M HN03 plus 0.1% Triton X-100, centrifuged; 10 or 20 pl of supernatant injected into graphite furnace See Cd, ref. Sl176 See Cd and Hg, ref. Sl182 Radiotracer study on the usefulness of various matrix modifiers; platform atomisation and NH4H2P04 recommended Slurry atomisation into graphite furnace after homogenisation of tissue samples See Cd, ref. SIC553 See Cd, ref. SIC555 See Cd, ref. S1589 Use of O2 ashing in the graphite furnace Determination of Et2Pb in urine, chelation with glyoxalbis(2-hydroxyanil), extraction into IBMK See As, ref.Sl863 Review on the use of reference samples rather than reference methods Samples diluted 1 + 9 with H20, fluorescence excitation at 283.3 nm, measured at 405.8 nm, laser-excited FAFS method Studies on the storage of blood samples for Pb determination Wet digestion of samples, interference from HN03 removed by addition of NH3 to the graphite furnace during the ash stage Samples reacted with NaDDC, extracted into CHC13, direct insertion into graphite furnace solution containing 2.5 g 1-1 Cs, standards matrix matched with inorganic constituents Blood diluted 1 + 99, plasma 1 + 9, with a - High-pressure decomposition with HNO, Study on the use of O2 ashing, Ni matrix modification and the interference of Fe on Se Samples digested in HNO, - HC104 - H2S04 with a final temperature of 310 "C See As, ref.Sl590 s17 Sl647 s1964 Sl981 SIC528 s1977 8612 1 1 9787 Sl187 Sl196 Sl810 Sl28 Sl158 Sl176 Sl182 S/191 SIC246 SIC553 SIC555 Sl589 SIC69 1 Sl811 Sl863 Sl895 s1995 Sl1200 s1979 Sl986 Sl497 Sl857 s1921 SIC27 1 s1494 s159034R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, APRIL 1986, VOL. 1 Table 1. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF BODY FLUIDS AND TISSUES--continued Element Se Se Se Si T1 Tl Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Various Various (7) (6) (11) (18) (11) (7) Various Various Various Various Various ( 5 ) Various Various Various (11) (12) (4) Various (17) Various (13) Various Various (21) hlnm - - 196.0 250.7 276.8 276.8 213.9 213.9 213.9 - - 213.9 213.9 - 213.9 213.9 213.9 - - - - - - Matrix Liver Enteral nutritional solutions Serum Serum, urine, haemodialysis fluids hair Blood, urine, Urine Serum Tissue Red blood cells Plasma protein fractions Blood cells Muscle Liver Serum Serum, urine Serum, plasma Plasma Biological materials Animal tissue Hair Biological samples Biological samples Serum Human placenta Brain tissue, bone, nails Blood, plasma, urine Biological materials Hair Teeth Biological material Nails Technique; atomisation; Concentration analyte form - AA; Hy; L - AA;-; L 0.01-0.1 pg ml-l AA; ETA; L 0-100 pg 1-1 0-200 pg 1-1 0-1.65 yg 1-1 - 40-400 pg 1-1 - - - - 0-1000 pg 1-1 - - - - - - - - - - AE ;' ICP ; L AA; ETA; Lor AA; ETA; S AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; L AA; F, air - CzHz; L or AA; ETA; L AA;-;L AA; ETA; L AA; F, air - C2H2; L AA; F, air - W z ; L AA; F, air - C2H2; L AA; ETA; L AA; F, air - CzHz; L AA; F, air - CzH2; L AA; F, air - CzH2; L AE; DCP; L AE; ICP; L AA; For ETA; L AE; ICP; L AE; ICP; L AA; ETA; L AA; F; L AE; ICP; L AE; ICP; L AE; DCP, Hy; G AE; ICP; L AE; ICP; L AE; ICP; L AE; ICP; L Sample treatment Reference Samples digested in HNO, - HC104 with a See Cr , ref.Sl789 final temperature of 210 "C Addition of 1 YO Ni as matrix modifier See Al, ref. 9974 Blood and urine samples diluted with 0.1 M HN03, hair analysed directly by solid sampling Urine pH adjusted to pH 7 , NaDDC added, extracted into toluene Serum proteins separated by gel-filtration chromatography and affinity chromatography, Zn associated with az- macroglobulin Samples digested in HNO, Samples diluted 1 + 19 with HzO See Cu, ref.Sl184 Blood samples separated on a discontinuous See Cu, ref. Sl645 gradient of colloidal Percoll See Cu and Fe; ref. Sl785 See Cu and Fe, ref. Sl987 See Cu. ref. Sl996 Comparative study of FAAS methods for the determination of Zn in serum and plasma See Cu, ref. Sl999 Optimisation of parameters for d.c. arc Samples decomposed by dry ashing at 700- excitation (Ag, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) 800 "C or wet digested with HN03 - HC104 (Ce, La, Nd, Pr, Sm and Y) Multi-element analyses of hair samples Samples digested with HNO, - HC104 Samples digested with HN03 - HC104, Co used as internal standards Simultaneous multi-element determination of trace elements by SIMAAC, 2-ml serum sample dry ashed with Mg(N03)2, re- dissolved with 0.5 ml Of 0.5% HNO,, platform atomisation (Al, Co, Cr, Mn, Mo, Ni and V) Optimisation of digestion procedures; H2S04, HNO,, HN03 - HZSO4 all gave good results (Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) - Advantages of ICP-OES in the clinical laboratory Continuous-flow hydride or cold vapour generation with d.c.arc determination (As, Se, Te and Hg) Samples digested in HNO, - HF - HC104 Teeth cleaned with H202, digested in Review pressure bomb with HN03 International comparison of the concentration of 21 elements in human nails SIC680 Sl789 Sl968 s1974 Sl160 9643 s1103 s1104 Sl106 Sl184 9617 Sf645 9785 9987 Sl996 s1997 s1999 S18 Sl108 Sl156 s1172 s1193 s1194 s1195 SIC455 SIC417 SIC473 Sl506 Sl592 Sl613 SIC679JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, APRIL 1986, VOL.1 35R Table 1. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF BODY FLUIDS AND TISSUES-continued Element hlnm Various - Various - (20) Various - Various - (7) (4) Various - ( 5 ) Various - (9) Various - Various - Various - (4) (4) (4) Various - (6) Various - (4) Matrix Biological materials Blood, urine Animal tissue Whole blood, serum, urine Hair, urine Serum Technique; atomisation; Concentration analyte form - AE; ICP; L - AA; For ETA; L - AA; F, air - CZHZ; L AA; ETA; L Serum, urine - Lung tissue - Platelets - Urine - Blood, serum, - urine AE; ICP; L AA; ETA; L AA;-;L AA; F; L AE; ICP; L AA; F, air - C2H2; L Sample treatment Reference Multi-element analysis in veterinary medicine, review Electrothermal vaporisation for ICP-OES, review Automated wet digestion of samples (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se and Zn) General review on the advantages of the slotted quartz tube and FAAS (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) in PTFE bomb, platform atomisation and matrix modification recommended (As, Cd, Cr , Pb and Se) Samples digested in HNO, - HCIO, in pressure bomb, pre-concentrated on ion- exchange resin, resin digested with H202 - HNO, (As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mo, Se , V and Zn) Improving analysis time of ETA-AAS analytical methods (Al, Cd, Cu and Pb) Review of digestion procedures (Al, Ga, Mg and Si) Samples digested in sealed decomposition bomb, discrete nebulisation (Ca, K, Mg and Pressure digestion of samples with HN03 zn) Sample introduced into ICP on a wire loop; sample dried near base of ICP for 30 s (Al, As, Be, Cd, Pb and Se) Applications of a slotted quartz tube to the analysis of biological materials; serum diluted 1 + 20, whole blood deproteinised with TCA, urine acidified with 0.1% HCI (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) SIC709 SIC719 9862 S/918 S1969 S1984 Sl993 SIC1136 s11203 86lC157 861193 faster.Again in the pursuit of a rapid, sensitive method for the determination of Cu and Zn in plasma fractions, Bahreyni- Toosi et al. (S/184) compared five separate laboratory-built ETA systems. A conventional Massman furnace was the most sensitive, but also the slowest. None of the systems were rapid enough to meet the stipulated requirement (cycle time < 30 s). Halls (S/993), using a commercial Perkin-Elmer furnace with uncoated tubes, was able to achieve cycle times of around 60 s for Cd and Pb in blood after deproteinisation, A1 in water and Cu in urine; the short programmes accentuated the slowness of the autosampler (operation time 29 s).Drying of samples could be achieved in under 10 s and in some analyses (Pb in blood and Cu in urine) the ashing stage could be omitted without affecting the performance of the method. Similar ideas were applied to the determination of A1 in dialysate fluids (86/65), which resulted in a two-step programme (combined dry - ash and atomise) of cycle time 56 s. Development of the stabilised temperature plalform furnace concept (STPF) continues. Voellkopf and Grobenski (9969) have applied it to the determination of As, Cd, Cr, Pb and Se in milk powder, human hair and urine using Zeeman-effect background correction. Different matrix modifiers were applied for each element.Stoeppler et al. (S/CSSl) have described their experience in the use of the STPF concept in the determination of Al, Cd and Pb in biological and environmental materials. They concluded that for measure- ment near detection limits, peak height should be used and direct comparison made with practically identical control materials or a matrix-matched standard curve should be used. This would seem to indicate that the STPF concept, designed to eliminate interferences and allow direct analysis, may not always be successful. Another way of ensuring that the temperature within the furnace is higher than the sample is to introduce the sample on a wire probe, as Edmonstone and Van Loon (S/28) have described for the determination of Pb in blood.Simultaneous multi-element atomic absorption spectrometry with continuum source (SIMAAC) and with electrothermal atomisation has been applied by Lewis et al. to the determina- tion of Cu, Fe and Zn in serum (S/987) and to Al, Co , Cr , Mn , Mo, Ni and V in serum (S/194). In the first paper, serum samples were diluted 1 + 20 with a diluent containing 0.1% WVTriton X-100,O.Ol M HN03 and 0.03 M NH4N03. In the second, a four-fold pre-concentration was achieved by dry ashing 2 ml of serum with Mg(NO& as an ashing aid - matrix modifier; the ash was re-dissolved in 0.5 ml of 5% V/V HN03. While normal levels of Al, Cr, Mn and Ni could be determined successfully, insufficient sensitivity was available for Co, Mo and V determination.Day-to-day precision was of the order of Clinical applications of electrothermal atomisation atomic emission spectrometry continue to show that for many analyses, it is at least as sensitive and accurate as ETA-AAS. Two recent applications are the determination of Mn in urine by Frech et al. (86/211) and A1 in blood, cortex and liver by Baxter et al. (86/197). There have been some interesting developments in solid sampling for ETA-AAS. Fietkau (S/C246) homogenised animal tissue in a commercial homogeniser to a median particle size of about 6 pm, diluted it to 1-10% m/m total solids and pipetted this directly into the graphite furnace. The problem of smoke causing a high non-specific absorbance was overcame by using air ashing as part of the furnace pro- gramme.Lead could be determined down to 60 pg kg-1 in liver tissue giving results in good agreement with those obtained after wet ashing. Rosopulo et al. (S/182) used the graphite-boat technique for sample introduction and a Zee- man system to overcome the effect of high background. 2O-3OYo RSD.36R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, APRIL 1986, VOL. 1 Results obtained on the analysis of SRMs (e.g., bovine liver) were within the certified range. The precision of solid sampling analysis was found to equal that of conventional ETA-AAS determination after wet digestion. The same approach was applied to the determination of Cd and Pb in liver tissue from animal carcasses for legal inspection purposes (S/C555). In situ ashing with 0 2 in the graphite tube has been used by Mohl et al.(S/C553) for the pre-treatment of difficult materials, such as cow and human milk, serum and animal muscle. Liquid samples were injected directly after addition of Triton X-100, whereas solid samples were inserted directly using the Perkin-Elmer solid sampling accessory. 1.3. Progress for Individual Elements 1.3.1. Aluminium It is a measure of the difficulty of an analysis when a large number of papers on that determination appear (Table 1) often with the adjective “improved” in the title. Amidst the claims and counter-claims of the accuracy of analysis based on simple aqueous standards, it is refreshing to find a paper that looks at some of the fundamental problems of serum A1 determination by ETA-AAS and helps to clarify the situation.Gardiner et al. (86/195) compared signals from A1 standards and A1 in serum in the presence and absence of various matrix modifiers for a standard uncoated tube, a pyrolytically-coated tube and a L‘vov platform in a pyrolytically-coated tube. The effect of different sheath gases was also examined. Whereas with uncoated tubes, serum could be analysed directly against aqueous standards using 0.1% Triton X-100 in 0.001 M HN03 as a diluent with or without the addition of Mg(N03)2 as a matrix modifier, the use of pyrolytically-coated tubes gave a matrix effect which was not eliminated by the use of Mg(N03)2. With the platform, Mg(N03)2 did eliminate the interference and allowed calibration against standards simil- arly diluted. Other factors that were considered important in the choice of tube were sensitivity (the platform is the most sensitive), sample load and number of firings possible with each tube.An interesting suggestion was the use of the alternative 396.2-nm line for analysis, which gave greater linearity with only about 20% loss in sensitivity. Brown et al. (S/985) found that the method of Leung and Henderson (Clin. Chem., 1982, 28, 2139) based on a L’vov platform and Mg(N03)2 as a matrix modifier did not allow the use of simple aqueous standards as had been claimed. They found mean slopes of 1.35, 3.44, 2.41 and 1.80 X 10-3 absorbance 1 pg-1 for aqueous standards, normal sera, uraemic sera (<300 yg 1-1) and uraemic sera (>300 pg l-l), respectively. By contrast, Bettinelli et al. (S/858), using a very similar procedure, but with an O2 ashing step, found good agreement between calibration slopes in aqueous solution and serum samples.Brown et al. (S/985) recommended the method of standard additions for calibration or alternatively the pre-treatment of the serum with HN03 to precipitate the proteins and then the analysis of the supernatant against simple aqueous standards. Good agreement was obtained between the two approaches. Whether a platform is necessary for A1 determination is debatable. D’Haese et al. (S/642) using an uncoated graphite tube, determined A1 in serum against simple aqueous stan- dards using H20 only as a diluent. Identical results were obtained with direct and standard-additions calibration and excellent results in the Trace Elements Quality Assurance Scheme run by the University of Surrey were obtained. The mean serum A1 concentration for ten healthy controls was 2.0 k 0.4 pg 1-1. Zirconium-coated tubes have been used by a number of workers (9479, S/642, S/967). Whole blood analysis by ETA-AAS using dilution of samples 1 + 3 with 2 g 1-1 Triton X-100 and direct analysis against standards also in Triton X-100 was examined by D’Haese et al.(S/642). For patients on haemodialysis, serum and whole blood concentrations were not significantly differ- ent, although whole blood concentrations for healthy subjects (12.1 k 1.5 pg 1-1) were higher than for serum (see above). Dialysate fluids cause a negative matrix interference in the determination of A1 in an uncoated graphite tube. Fagioli et al. (S/118) used a L’vov platform to overcome this and found good recoveries both with and without the addition of Mg(N03)2 as a matrix modifier.Total furnace programme time was 97 s. Halls and Fell (86/65) overcame the interference by acidifying to 2% V/V with HN03 and used a two-stage programme (combined dry - ash and atomise) to achieve a furnace programme time of only 30 s. Nitric acid was also used by Allain et al. (S/965) as a modifier for the analysis of haemodialysis concentrates by ETA-AAS . Even faster throughput of samples is undoubtedly possible with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Mauras and Allain (86/47) have described their automated method for A1 in plasma, dialysate fluid and water using Ga as an internal standard and Cs as a matrix modifier.Good correlation of results was obtained with ETA-AAS for plasma and water samples. As this direct approach is possible, the use of ICP-OES combined with electrothermal atomisation pro- posed by Matusiewicz and Barnes (S/974) for the determina- tion of A1 in these matrices seems unnecessarily complicated. An alternative approach to A1 determination is the use of electrothermal atomisation atomic emission spectrometry. Baxter et al. (861197) applied this technique with a constant- temperature furnace to the analysis of whole blood, cortex and liver samples after digestion with HN03. Good agreement was found with results obtained using a conventional ETA-AAS system and the L’vov platform. Other biological samples that have been examined are hair (S/967), soft tissues (S/642) and bone (S/480, S/642).Homogeneity of material can be a problem as found by Kratchovil et al. (86/C160) who examined a reference material, TORT-1 (marine biological material), and found that when sample aliquot size was decreased from 300 to 30 mg, the between-aliquot variation increased. This was blamed on inhomogeneity caused by microparticulates of Al. 1.3.2. Arsenic For the hydride generation AAS analysis of marine biological tissue, Welz et al. (S/590) applied a digestion with HN03, H2S04 and HC104 at a final temperature of 310 “C. Good agreement was found with results obtained after combustion of the sample in a stream of 02. Webb and Carter (S/976) preferred a digestion with HN03, H2S04 and K2Cr207 to give a quantitative breakdown of dimethylarsonic acid.They applied their method to the determination of As in water, urine, faeces and whole blood with recoveries in the range More important often than a knowledge of total As is to know the proportions of the various species. Stoeppler and Ape1 (S/166) differentiated between toxic inorganic As and its metabolites and the more stable and much less toxic arseno- betaines (which occur in fish). Wet digestion with HN03, HC104 and H2S04 was used followed by hydride generation AAS. 92-105%. 1.3.3. Cadmium In tissue analysis for Cd, possibilities of solid sampling have been explored. Nilsson and Berggren (S/975) freeze-dried pancreatic tissue and then analysed 1-13 yg amounts directly in a Varian CRA90 furnace. For Cd in liver tissue, Rosopulo et al.(S/C553) used direct solid analysis with Zeeman AAS and found good agreement with results after wet digestion. More conventional wet digestion - AAS procedures have been used for Cd in prostate glands (S/920), teeth (S/970) and liver and renal cortex (86/60). The last study, an estimate of the Cd body burden of an occupationally non-exposed population inJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, APRIL 1986, VOL. 1 37R Southern Bavaria, again confirmed the great increase in body burden caused by smoking. Determination of Cd in urine by ETA-AAS continues to be a problem. Feitsma et al. (S/963) concluded that of the various matrix modifiers they examined , HN03 was preferable. Nitric acid was also used by Dungs and Neidhart (S/998) in the determination of Cd in urine on the L'vov platform by a standard-additions procedure.A graphics display, giving both corrected and uncorrected signals, was considered of great importance and was shown to be of value when examining a reference material (Lanonorm Control Urine). This sample gave problems with background correction, even with a Zeeman system, which were not seen with natural urines. Further modification of the method was needed for this sample. McAughey and Smith (S/966) tried a combination of the L'vov platform and (NH4)2HP04, but found that the modifier could only be used after time-consuming purification to reduce blank levels. Instead they developed a method based on selective volatilisation of Cd at 800 "C from a L'vov platform. Calibration was by standard additions and a detection limit of 0.06 pg 1-1 was achieved.A similar method based on standard additions but using an uncoated graphite tube was used by De Groot et al. (S/159). 1.3.4. Calcium and magnesium Although Ca and Mg determinations in serum, urine and tissues are well established, there is still some development in the measurement of Ca and Mg levels in blood cells, some at very low levels. Gerlach et al. (S/C531) determined low levels of Ca in erythrocytes (<1 pg g-1) by ETA-AAS. All steps in the analysis were verified by the use of a 47Ca tracer. Dust-free conditions had to be used to reduce contamination. Mono- nuclear cells were separated on a discontinuous Ficoll - Hypaque gradient by Elin and Hosseini (S/922). After lysing and dilution with La solution, the Mg content was determined by FAAS. Makino (S/1203) separated platelets by differential centrifugation and digested them in a PTFE bomb.Discrete nebulisation FAAS was used for the measurement of Ca and Mg* 1.3.5. Chromium To determine Cr in serum by ETA-AAS, Veillon et al. (S/616) used Mg(NO& as an ashing aid and matrix modifier. Samples with Mg(N03)2 added were lyophilised and dry ashed in silanised quartz tubes. Chromium was determined after the ash had been re-dissolved in 0.1 M HC1. A mean normal Cr concentration of 0.11 k 0.07 pg 1-1 was found for 15 adults. Very strict control of contamination was necessary. The method has been applied to studies of the effect of Cr supplementation and glucose loading (S/927) , from which it was concluded that serum Cr concentration does not appear to be a meaningful indicator of Cr status.The same dry-ashing procedure was used by Lewis et al. (S/194) to give a four-fold pre-concentration for determination by ETA-SIMAAC. Their mean value for 30 normal subjects was 0.24 1-18 1-1. Morris and Kemp (S/615) determined Cr in plasma and urine by ETA-AAS with a W lamp source for background correc- tion. Samples were diluted 1 + 1 with 0.3% V/VTriton X-100 and analysed by use of standard additions. Mean normal values of 0.82 k 0.52 yg 1-1 for plasma Cr and <1.0 pg 1-1 for urine were obtained. Since the value for plasma is higher than what is now regarded as a realistic value (<0.5 pg 1-I), it can be concluded that insufficient precautions were taken in sample collection (e.g., stainless-steel needles were used).1.3.6. Cobalt The problem of determining the low levels of Co in serum by ETA-AAS was approached by Anderson and Hoegetveit (S/982) through the use of solvent extraction of digested plasma with APDC into IBMK. Recovery was checked with a ~ C O tracer. A detection limit of 0.05 pg 1-1 and a mean normal concentration of 0.15 yg 1-1 was obtained. The application of the ETA-SIMAAC system to the determination of Co (S/194) gave a detection limit of 0.57 pg l-l, which was insufficient to give reliable values for normal levels. Similar problems of insufficient sensitivity were encoun- tered by Heinrich and Angerer (S/C525) in the development of a method for Co in whole blood. To remove matrix interferences in ETA-AAS , samples were diluted eight-fold and a multi-stage ashing procedure was used. The method was suitable for occupational levels, but not for natural levels. Urine was analysed after solvent extraction.1.3.7. Copper and zinc As with Ca and Mg, developments for Cu and Zn are mainly in studies of the cellular components of blood and the distribution in plasma. Milne et al. (S/617) separated platelets, mono- nucleated cells, polymorphonucleated cells and erythrocytes by use of a discontinuous Percoll gradient and measured the Zn content of the cells by HN03 digestion and FAAS using pulse nebulisation. Because of the high Zn concentration of platelets, the values for mononuncleated cells depended greatly on the extent of contamination from platelets. Makino (S/1203) measured Zn in platelets using separation by differential centrifugation, digestion in a PTFE bomb and analysis by FAAS using pulse nebulisation.Red cells were analysed by Chen and Zhao (S/106) for Zn by FAAS after dilution 1 + 19 with distilled water. Their conclusion that erythrocyte Zn was a better index than plasma or serum for nutritional and metabolic studies is one that few are likely to agree with. Using gel-filtration chromatography combined with affinity chromatography (to separate albumin) and ETA-AAS, Foote and Delves (S/103) found that most of the Zn in the globulin fraction of human serum was bound to a*-macroglobulin; no Zn was associated with transferrin. Although tissue analysis for Cu and Zn seems straight- forward, it is apparent from a collaborative study on the determination of Cu by Osheim and Ross (S/923) that agreement between laboratories could still be improved.In this study, 11 laboratories analysed four blind duplicate pairs of bovine liver samples by digestion with HN03 at 60 "C and determination by AAS. Within-laboratory variation ranged from 5.6 to 19% RSD and between-laboratory variation was 7.1-21% RSD. Most methods for tissue analysis use acid digestion followed by FAAS determination and similar methods have been applied to Cu and Zn in liver biopsies (S/785), Zn in prostate tissue (S/920) and Zn in rat intestine, kidney and liver (S/104). For determinations of Cu and Zn in human placenta, Imaeda et al. (S/195) used acid extraction with 0.5 M H2SO4 or 1 M HN03. Results compared well with those obtained after wet digestion in a PTFE bomb.1.3.8. Iron Kreeftenberg et al. (S/646) have compared the determination of Fe in liver biopsies by the three different methods: colorimetry using thiocyanate as a complexing agent, FAAS and ETA-AAS. A good correlation was found between all three methods. Of the three, the FAAS method was quickest, but the ETA-AAS method was more suited to small sample masses. Serum Fe has been determined after deproteinisation with TCA by Zhong et al. (S/105). Triton X-100 and NH4N03 were used as matrix modifiers in the final determination by ETA-AAS with Zeeman-effect background correction. Li et al. (S/971) used FAAS with tartaric acid as a matrix modifier to increase the sensitivity and reduce interferences. 1.3.9. Lead Direct determination of Pb in whole blood by ETA-AAS has been frequently described in previous years.Oxygen ashing38R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, APRIL 1986, VOL. 1 has been used by Shiowatana and Matousek (S/C691) to help resolve Pb peaks from the interfering background absorption. Direct calibration with aqueous standards was possible. Schmid and Krivan (S/191) investigated the behaviour of Pb in the graphite furnace during ashing with 203Pb as a radiotracer for a number of matrices including blood, serum and urine. Optimum elimination of matrix effects was achieved by simultaneous use of a L'vov platform and NH4H2P04 as a matrix modifier. Stoeppler et al. (S/158) have described a modified version of the original Stoeppler , Brandt and Rains method for Pb in blood (Analyst, 1978, 103, 714).Samples were diluted with 1 M HN03 containing 0.1% Triton X-100. After centrifuging off precipitated cells and proteins, the supernatant was analysed by ETA-AAS. Comparison of results was made with isotope dilution MS and differential pulse ASV. Blood samples for Pb determination were shown by Wang and Frank (S/1200) to be stable for at least ten weeks whether stored at 22, 4 or -20 "C using either EDTA or heparin as an anticoagulant. Omenetto et al. (S/995) showed that the determination of Pb in blood was possible by laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Samples diluted ten-fold were nebulised into an air - C2H2 flame. Excitation at 283.3 nm by a frequency- doubled pulsed tunable dye laser stimulated fluorescence which was measured at 405.8 nm.A detection limit of 4 pg 1-1 was achieved and results were in good agreement with those obtained by ASV and Delves cup AAS. Extracted tetramethyllead from whole blood was deter- mined by combining high-resolution GC with ETA-AAS (S/978). A detection limit of 10 pg 1-1 as tetramethyllead was obtained. Diethyllead in urine can be measured by chelation with glyoxal-bis-(2-hydroxyanil) and extraction into IBMK, as Turlakiewicz et al. have shown (SBll). Determination of Pb in the extract was made by ETA-AAS. The method success- fully discriminated against both triethyllead and inorganic lead. 1.3.10. Manganese The technique of ETA-AES has been applied to the determi- nation of Mn in urine by Frech et al. (86/211). Urines diluted 1 + 5 with 0.01 M HN03 were analysed at the 403.1-nm line directly against standards in 0.01 M HN03.The results correlated well with those obtained using an ETA-AAS method. Pre-concentration of Mn in urine by co-precipitation with La(OH)3 formed the basis of an FAAS method elabor- ated by Holler et al. (S/977). Bayer (S/C528) proposed that, since over 90% of Mn in blood is present in red cells, whole blood Mn determination may be more appropriate than serum analysis. Blood (200 pl) was diluted with 500 pl of 0.5% V/VTriton X-100 and the Mn determined by standard additions on a L'vov platform in an ETA-AAS system. The ETA-SIMAAC system of O'Haver and co-workers (S/194) gave a mean normal Mn concentration of 0.48 pg 1-1 for serum; measurements were close to the detection limit (0.11 pg 1-1).As a result of hair Mn measurements on newborns and their mothers, Saner et al. (86/3) concluded that determination of Mn in prenatal maternal hair may prove to be a reliable indicator of the risk of intrauterine malformations. Hair samples were dry ashed, dissolved in HCl and analysed by ETA-AAS. 1.3.11. Mercury Since Hg is so volatile, losses can easily occur during the sample pre-treatment stage. May and Stoeppler (S/157) avoided losses by digestion with HN03 and HClO4 in partly closed or completely closed silica vessels heating cautiously from 20 to 200 "C over 1&15 min. Welz and Melcher (S/590) recommended pressure digestion with HN03 in a PTFE bomb for marine biological tissues. Cold-vapour AAS is still the most popular technique for measurement of Hg.Welz and Melcher (S/590) combined it with an amalgamation technique to achieve greater sensitivity. Einarsson et al. (S/2) automated the determination so that the digested samples (blood, urine or other biological material) were introduced by an automatic sampler into a computer- controlled cold-vapour AAS system. Comparison of cold- vapour AAS with DCP-OES for the determination of Hg in blood and fish samples has been made by Lajunen et al. (S/904). Mercury -containing drugs have been analysed by Holak (S/1088) using HPLC with cold-vapour AAS. 1.3.12. Nickel Drazniowsky et al. (S/810) determined Ni in serum by ETA-AAS after dilution 1 + 1 with 0.2% V/VTriton X-100 using matrix-matched standards. For 71 normal subjects a median normal value of 1.0 pg 1-1 was obtained; patients on haemodialysis had much higher levels (predialysis median value 7.4 pg 1-1).Wei and Qi (9196) in their ETA-AAS method used ammonium oxalate to eliminate interference from chlorides. Their mean normal value (21.6 pg 1-1) is very high and suggests that inadequate care was taken to minimise contamination. 1.3.13. Platinum Most determinations are concerned with the use of cis- diamminodichloroplatinum as an anti-tumour agent. In their study of rats, Wagner and Engelmann (S/C522) diluted serum samples 1 + 1 with 10-4 M HN03 for analysis by ETA-AAS using matrix-matched standards. Drummer et al. (S/986) used an HPLC assay for human serum ultrafiltrate and compared it with an ETA-AAS method. Nitric acid causes an interference in the determination of Pt in tissues by ETA-AAS.Matsumato et al. (S/979) removed it by adding NH3 to vaporise it in the ashing stage as NH4N03. Their method was applied to rat organs. 1.3.14. Rubidium Flame atomic emission spectrometry was used by Allain et al. (S/497) to determine Rb in plasma and whole blood after dilution 10- and 100-fold, respectively, with a 2.5 g 1-1 Cs solution as an ionisation suppressor. A standard AA spec- trometer was used in the emission mode with an air - C2H2 flame and a red-sensitive photomultiplier. Mean normal values for plasma of 2.29 k 0.29 pmol l-1 for 27 males and 1.96 k 0.46 pmol 1-1 for 17 females were obtained. Hallis et al. (S/857) used ETA-AAS for the determination of Rb in plasma and erythrocytes using a 20- and 50-fold dilution, respectively.Calibration was by standard additions. Their normal values were 3.1 pmol l-1 for plasma and 61 pmol l-1 for erythrocytes. 1.3.15. Selenium Successful Se determination in body fluids and tissues by hydride generation depends greatly on the prior digestion. Welz et al. (S/494, S/590) have shown that the use of HN03 alone gave low recoveries. They recommended a digestion with HN03, H2S04 and HC104 at a final temperature of 310 "C to give complete breakdown of organoselenium com- pounds. This has been applied to serum, whole blood and urine (S/494), and to marine biological tissue (S/590). In their method for Se in liver, Kompiang and Coates (S/C680) used an HN03 - HC104 digestion. This gave good results with NBS bovine liver. The now well-established ETA-AAS procedure for serum analysis using Ni as a matrix modifier has been applied to sheep serum by Prosbova et al.(S/789). This approach has been found to fail when tried with whole blood because of spectral interference from Fe. According to Droessler and Holcombe (S/C271), this interference is due to a molecularJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, APRIL 1986, VOL. 1 39R iron oxide band formed by the combination of Fe with entrained air. 1.3.16. Thallium Chandler and Scott (S/643) determined T1 in urine by extraction with NaDDC at pH 7 into toluene. The toluene extracts were analysed by ETA-AAS for concentrations of 0-1.65 pg 1-1. The method is suitable for determining T1 levels in persons not normally exposed to T1. Direct determination by ETA-AAS for both blood and urine after dilution with 0.1 M HN03 was shown to be possible by Matsuno et al.(S/160). Good agreement was found with solvent extraction methods. Wakid and Cortas (S/992) have compared a spectrophoto- metric procedure and an FAAS method after solvent extrac- tion for the determination of T1 in urine. Hair analysis has been proposed as a suitable marker for following TI poisoning (S/C529). Matsuno et al. (S/160) analysed hair directly by insertion into a graphite cup of an ETA-AAS system. 1.3.1 7. Vanadium Mousty et al. (S/988) reported that up to 20% of V is retained by the graphite tube after atomisation in ETA-AAS. Despite this, the determination of V in ten urine samples showed good agreement with NAA results. Chen and Angerer (S/989) preferred a solvent extraction step with APDC into diiso- propyl ketone and xylol in their ETA-AAS method.1.4. Conclusions With time, some of the less realistic applications of ICP-OES will disappear and it will find its true place in the clinical laboratory. The technique can have an important role, as the pioneering work of Allain and Mauras (S/C417) has shown. For Al, although ETA-AAS methods continue to be developed that work in the authors' laboratories, the scene must seem very confusing to a newcomer. The work of Gardiner et al. (86/195) has helped to clarify the situation, but more needs to be done. All developments that produce easier and quicker methods are welcome and some were featured in section 1.2. The amazing accuracy produced by direct solid sampling ETA- AAS and the use of O2 ashing for in situ pre-treatment of samples in the graphite tube are of particular interest.For elements at low concentrations in clinical samples, it is apparent that the ideas expressed by Versieck and Cornelis (Anal. Chim. Acfa, 1980, 116, 217) in the comparison of normal levels in establishing accuracy are becoming recog- nised. Unfortunately, there are still papers appearing in which previous literature on sample contamination and handling is ignored and which result in normal values that are far too high. 2. ANALYSIS OF FOODS AND BEVERAGES The use of atomic spectrometry for trace element analysis of foods and beverages is now well established and few papers describing new or novel approaches have been published recently.Owing to this rather static situation more attention has been given to analytical accuracy, which is reflected in the increasing number of papers reporting results from inter- laboratory quality control programmes. An important trend, however, is the use of direct introduction of samples into flames, plasmas and graphite furnaces as slurries, suspensions or emulsions. As in the majority of application areas, speciation is another topic of interest. A major area of concern in the food industry is the possible contamination of foods from wrapping or container materials. 2.1. Sample Preparation In most reports, sample preparation was achieved by acid digestion but in a comparative study this technique was found to give inconsistent results for As, Hg and Se (S/590).Pressure decomposition in a PTFE bomb led to low results for As and Se (3590) although other workers obtained satisfactory results for similar samples with this procedure (S/936). The comparative study obtained best results following combustion in a stream of O2 (S/590). Extraction of trace elements from foods merely by leaching with concentrated acid was found to be as effective as acid digestion or dry ashing but was simpler and faster (YC362). With suitable nebulisers tolerant to high suspended or dissolved solids, slurries and homogenates have been assayed (S/C298, S/C321). Some interest in speciation was evident with the publication of recommendations from the Trace Element Speciation in Foodstuffs Sub-committee of the Analytical Methods Com- mittee of the Royal Society of Chemistry (S/926).This Sub-Committee proposed that enzyme digestion at body temperature should be used for fractionation studies. They considered that the work was of sufficient importance to suggest the establishment of a full-time team of scientists. Separation of HgC12, MeHgCl and EtHgCl by HPLC with on-line formation of Hg vapour and detection by ICP-OES was described. This method resulted in detection limits of 50-75 p.p.b. and was applied to the analysis of fish samples (S/C334). Extraction of inorganic As from acid solution allowed the selective determination of inorganic and organic As compounds; further solvent extraction separated the dimethylarsenic acid from phenylarsonic acid (S/180). Sample collection and storage was considered in a study of the determination of Pb in drinking water (S/832).Acidification was shown to be necessary but that this could be delayed for up to 14 d after collection without irreversible loss of Pb. 2.2. Analytical Techniques The most commonly employed analytical technique was AAS although a wide range of other procedures were also used. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry was adopted for a number of studies (Table 2) including inter- laboratory comparisons (S/482, S/938) and the determination of trace elements in reference materials (S/lO, S/C366, S/482, 9897, S/937). Unusual or novel techniques included the complexometric determination of Ca in cheese (86/1) , dithi- zone colorimetry (S/9), the determination of Pb in beer using the slotted quartz tube and FAAS (S/893) and hydride generation AAS for the determination of As, Sb and Se in a single-cell protein.This last report referred to the use of a liquid N2 trap to collect and concentrate the hydrides and an air - H2 flame within the quartz atomiser tube to increase atomisation efficiency (86/C146). Detection limits of 0.1-0.5 ng were obtained with this technique. A procedure to measure the proportion of residual bone within beef products was described that involved the preparation of homogenised sample, to contain 5% solids, which was immediately aspir- ated into a slurry nebuliser for Ca emission analysis with an air - C2H2 flame (S/C298). Studies for the certification of reference materials involved many other techniques (Table 2).40R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, APRIL 1986, VOL.1 ~~ Table 2. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF FOODS AND BEVERAGES Technique ; atomisation; analyte form AA; Hy; L Matrix Concentration Sample treatment Reference Element Unm S/180 As Foods 5-10 g sample homogenised with 20 ml30% HC1 and 2 ml2O0/0 ascorbic acid, extracted into CH2C12 for As(II1) determination; organo-As compounds determined after decomposition of HCl phase with HN03 Comparison of 3 digestion procedures: pressure decomposition with HN03, decomposition with HN03 - H2S04 - HClO,, decomposition in O2 stream. Pressure decomposition with HN03 for Hg, followed by H2S04 - HClO, treatment for As and Se recommended Wet digestion of samples; hydride collected in liquid N2 trap, released by rapid heating; T-shaped quartz tube with internal air - H2 flame as atomiser Digest in HN03 - NaOAc As 193.7 Marine tissue - AA; Hy; L St590 As Single-cell protein 10-500 pg 1-1 AA; Hy; L 86lC146 AA; F, air - AA; F, air - ,C2H2; L C2H2; L Ca Ca Foods s/110 St242 - 422.7 622.5 Animal feedstuffs 1-5 g sample ashed at 550 "C, re-dissolved in concentrated HC1, evaporated to dryness, residue dissolved in 6 M HC1 and filtered homogenised, diluted with 2% HN03 to 5% solids range, shaken for 10 s, aspirated via slurry nebuliser into flame Sample treated for 2 min in Polytron, Ca Beef 50-200 mg 1-1 AE; F, air - C2H2; slurry SIC298 AA; F, air - AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; L C2H2; L Sl1211 Ca Fruit juice Cd Cd Baby foods Food packaging papers Breast milk IBMK solvent extraction procedure 100-200 mg sample digested with HN03 - Breast milk from 10 women analysed for Cd H2S04 at 140 "C for 30 min and Pb; samples examined at regular intervals over a 3-month period Wet digestion of sample, Fe removed by liquid - liquid extraction Samples digested with HN03 Samples wet ashed St863 Sl1207 AA; -; L 86/59 Cd Foods AA; F; L 86/52 c o AA; ETA; L AA;-; L Cr Cr Beer Enteral formulations Meats, frozen vejetables Milk 0.246 pg 1-1 - St243 St789 AA; -; L Nutritional survey of various foods 9111 c u c u AA; ETA; L Lipids and proteins removed by shaking with H2S04 - CCl,; no interferences found; residual C removed from furnace by O2 introduction during tube clean phase Accuracy comparison between dithizone method of Hg determination and cold- vapour AAS Speciation of HgC12, MeHgCl and EtHgCl by an HPLC - cold vapour-ICP technique; separation using C18 reversed-phase column with mobile phase containing 2-mercaptoethanol See As, ref. Sl590 Solid sample (300 mg) mixed with mixture of A1203 - MgO, heated in O2 stream; Hg collected in acidified permanganate - dichromate solution Comparison of two different cold-vapour AAS instruments; comparison of 8 different digestion methods Comparison of different digestion procedures using HN03 - H2S04 and H2SO4 - KMnO, mixtures; comparison of cold- vapour AAS and DCP-OES 5-50 g sample digested in HN03 - H2S04 Sl593 Foods AA; cold vap.; L s/9 AE; ICP, cold vap.; L Shark or swordfish 50-75 pg 1-1 SIC334 Marine tissue - Vegetation - AA; coldvap.; L -; cold vap .; gold film analyser St590 SIC692 StC693 Fish tissue 0.79-2.1Opgg-' AA;coldvap.; L Fish tissue 0-600 pg 1-1 AA; cold vap.; L or AE; d.c. arc; L St904 Foodstuffs Foods Wine - AA; F; Lor AE; F; L - AA; F, air - C2H2; L - AA;-;L 861201 s/110 St925 See Ca, ref. S/110 Studies on Ni content in wine pre- and post storage in stainless-steel tanks and glass bottlesJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, APRIL 1986, VOL. 1 41R Table 2. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF FOODS AND BEVERAGES-continued Technique ; atomisation; analyte form AA; F, air - C2H2; L Matrix Foods Milk Baby food Beer Element P Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Sb Se Se Se Se Se Si Sn Zn Zn Concentration - Sample treatment Reference s/110 SIC94 S1863 S/893 S1940 s/1206 86/59 86lC146 S1243 S1590 S1786 9789 86lC146 9197 S1861 Sllll Sl648 s/10 S116 s/49 Sl50 S/109 s/112 SIC321 SIC362 SIC366 SIC367 S/482 SIC548 SIC549 SIC727 Phospho - vanado - molybdate amplification procedure for P determination (see Ca, ref.S/110) - See Cd, ref. S1863 Samples degassed by rapid shaking, acidified with 1% HC1, aspirated directly into a slotted quartz tube mounted above a conventional burner of Pb in 3 infant formulas HCl, HNO, added to dissolve precipitated Cu, solution analysed for Pb by FAAS Round-robin study for the determination Samples placed in solution of CuS04 - See Cd, ref. 86/59 See As, ref. 86lC146 Digest with HN03 - HC104 (see Cr, ref. See As, ref. Sl590 Digest samples with HNO, - HClO, - 9243) HC104; results compared with alternative procedures See Cr, ref. 9789 AA; ETA; L AA; ETA; L AA; F, air - C2H2; L Infant formulas AA; ETA; L Tin coatings AA; F; L Milk Single-cell protein Beer AA; -; L AA; Hy; L AA; ETA; L AA; Hy; L AA; Hy; L - 10-500 pg 1-1 0.2-15 pg 1-1 - - Marine tissues Foods Enteral formulations Single-cell protein Food AA;-;L 10-500 pg 1-1 - AA; Hy; L AA; -; L AA; F, N20 - C2H2; L AA; F, air - C2H2; L AA; -; L See As, ref.86lC146 Samples dry ashed, fused with Na2B407, re-dissolved in dilute HNO, Samples digested in HNO, - HC1 Canned foods 10-450 pg g-' Meat, frozen vegetables Fruit juice See Cu, ref. S/111 Samples digested in concentrated HNO,, evaporated to dryness, re-dissolved in 2 M HCl, concentrated on anion-exchange resin eluted with 0.01 M HCl, evaporated to dryness, re-dissolved in 1% HN03 Certification of a skim milk powder reference material (Ca, K, Mg, Na and P) Samples mineralised with HN03 - HC104 (Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) Acid - peroxide wet ashing of samples Study of the variation of element concentrations in the milk of lactating women (Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg and Zn) Concentration of trace-heavy elements in foods with chelating resins (Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) Wet digestion of samples with HN03 - HC104 - H2S04 or HN03 - HC104 (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg , Mn, Na, P and Zn) Dilution of sample (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P and Zn) Acid leach of sample (2-10 g) with 20 ml of 1 + 9 concentrated HC1- HN03, heated at 82-93 "C for 30 min, filtered through Whatman No.541 paper, aspirated directly Certification of trace element content by a variety of analytical techniques Study involving the leaching of trace elements from various containers Certification of trace elements in 3 samples of skim milk powder by a variety of analytical techniques (Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg and Zeeman background correction (Cd, Hg, Pb Study of toxic and essential trace elements Pb) and Zn) pre- and post-canning (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) General review on the use of ZCP-OES to solve problems related to the food- processing industry Various - Various - Various - Various - ( 5 ) (7) ( 5 ) Various Skim milk powder Rhubarb AA; F, air - C2H2; L AA;-; L AA; F; L Canned food Breast milk Various - (10) Foods Trace metals AA;-;L Various - (9) Maternal diet solutions <25 pg I-' to >lo0 mg 1-1 AE; ICP; L Various - Various - (9) (11) Nutritional Foods formulations AE; d.c. arc; L AA; F; L Trace elements Various - Various - Various - (17) (22) Diet reference material Orange and grapefruit juice Skim milk powder Trace elements AA; For ETA; L AE; ICP; L Various Various - Various - (4) (6) Fish tissue Tuna fish Foods and beverages AA; ETA; L AA; For ETA; L Various - AE; ICP; L42R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, APRIL 1986, VOL.1 Table 2. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF FOODS AND BEVERAGES-continued Technique ; atomisation; Element Unm Matrix Concentration anal@ form Various - Milk and infant - AA; ETA; L (6) formulas Various - Peanuts and - AA;-;L (7) peanut oil Various - Skim milk powder - AE; ICP; L Various - Food - AA;-;- (4) Various - Various - Various - Various - Food Food Food Foods Various - Food and biological Various - Foods - materials Various Various .. --- 3 , Various AE; ICP; Lor AA; F; L . . --- 7 , Various - Spinach - AE; ICP; L Various - Foods - AE; ICP; L (14) Sample treatment Reference Study of the levels of trace elements in human milk, cow milk and infant formulas (Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Mo and Ni) Study of the differences in the concentration of trace elements in two different varieties of peanut (Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Pb and Zn) Pressure digestion with HN03 (Ca, Mg, Na and P) Report on the work and recommendations of the Trace Element Speciation in Foodstuffs Sub-committee of the Analytical Methods Committee of the RSC and trace elements in foods A review on the determination of mineral A review with 90 references A review with 29 references on sampling methods and data evaluation and handling in the food industry A review with 91 references on principles and instrumentation of atomic spectrometry with particular reference to the food industry described programme for the determination of 12 elements in raw foodstuffs and crops a graphite cup direct insertion technique recommended A new low-contamination digestion bomb is Development of a quality assurance Sample introduction into the ICP by Wet digestion with HN03 - HC104 Sf788 Sf814 Sf897 Sf926 St932 st933 Sf934 Sf935 Sf936 Sf937 Sf939 Sf1208 2.3.Reference Materials and Quality Control Programmes Preparation of materials for reference purposes were des- cribed for skim milk (S/lO, S/482), vegetables (S/937) and a freeze-dried “diet” (S/C366). Suggested concentrations were set out for Ca, C1, K, Mg, Na, Ni and P (S/lO) and Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg and Pb (S/482) in milk, for 12 elements in vegetables (S/937) and for 17 elements in the lyophilised diet (S/C366). Analytical quality assurance was comprehensively reviewed (S/934) and an inter-laboratory quality assessment programme for trace elements in infant formulas (S/938) was described.Between-laboratory coefficients of variation for the nine elements in the infant formula study were less than 9% with two-thirds of the samples. This programme had six partici- pants and all used the same analytical procedure (S/938). 2.4. Topical Applications Two areas of particular concern are evident from recent work: firstly, the effect of food packaging upon the trace element concentrations of their contents; and secondly, the assessment of likely intakes of trace elements by neonates from milk and infant food formulas.The concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb in tuna fish, analysed before and one year after canning, showed no significant change, but the mean Cd and Zn concentrations were significantly increased from 0.05 and 16.49 to 0.07 and 18.45 p.p.m., respectively (S/C549). In a second study, many metals were measured in a wide range of canned foods, fruit juices and syrups and in the alloy of the container (S/49). The pH of the contents was an important factor in the dissolution of metal from the can and the authors made various recommendations concerning packaging and storage (S/49). Nikdel and Carter (S/C367) found that orange and grapefruit juices showed minimal changes in trace element concen- trations even after prolonged periods of storage in various containers.Defective packaging, however, resulted in major contamination from the container materials (S/C367). Glass was shown to adsorb Ni from wines (S/925). Papers used for wrapping foods, for bags and for kitchen towels contained Cd at concentrations too low to be of toxicological importance (S/1207). Improved methods to determine Pb in tin coatings (S/1206) and Sn in foodstuffs (S/861) were described while, as an example of the versatility of ICP-OES, the determination of trace elements in foods and containers following customer complaints was cited (SK727). The concentrations of Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Mo and Ni were measured in human milk, cow milk and infant formulas. The levels in formulas were at least those found in breast milk with much greater concentrations of Fe and Mn noted (S/788).Samples of human milk and colostrum from Nigerian women were analysed for Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg and Zn to determine changes with lactation age. The concentrations of all of the elements studied, but especially Zn, steadily decreased during at least nine months of lactation and intakes were inadequate when compared with recommended dietary intakes (S/50). In other studies Cd (S/863, 86/59), Cu (S/593) and Pb (S/C94, S/863, 86/59) were also determined in human and cow milk and in infant foods. Intakes of Cd and Pb by breast-fed infants were higher in urban compared with rural areas (86/59). Four review articles with particular emphasis on the methods of analysis for the determination of inorganic elements in foods were published (S/932, S/933, S/934, S/935).JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, APRIL 1986, VOL. 1 43R 2.5. Conclusions In addition to methods applied to a general range of food types or to reference materials (Table 2) and the measurements in milk and formulas, the more specific applications during the year have included analyses of enteral products, animal feeds (laboratory and farm), oils and fats, fruit juices, wine and beer and a novel single-cell protein source, pruteen. The determination of Hg in fish continued to receive much attention. The proportion of papers reporting multi-element analysis has increased, reflecting the growth of ICP-OES in this area. Results from inter-laboratory quality control programmes indicated that with a selected group of centres, acceptable analytical performance was possible, but this scheme was too limited for more useful conclusions to be reached.44R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, APRIL 1986, VOL. 1 Glossary of Abbreviations Whenever suitable, elements may be referred to by their chemical symbols and compounds by their formulae. The following abbreviations are used extensively in the Atomic Spectrometry Updates. a.c. AA AAS AE AES AF AFS APDC ASV CMP CRM cw d.c. DCP DMF DNA EDL EDTA ETA FAAS FAES FAFS FI GC GDL HCL h.f. HPLC IBMK alternating current atomic absorption atomic absorption spectrometry atomic emission atomic emission spectrometry atomic fluorescence atomic fluorescence spectrometry ammonium p yrrolidinedithiocarbamate (ammonium tetramethylenedithio- carbamate) anodic-stripping voltammetry capacitively coupled microwave plasma certified reference material continuous wave direct current d.c. plasma N, N-dimethylformamide deoxyribonucleic acid electrodeless discharge lamp e t h y lenediamine t et raace tic acid electrothermal atomisation flame AAS flame AES flame AFS flow injection gas chromatography glow discharge lamp hollow-cathode lamp high-frequency high-performance liquid chromatography is0 but yl methyl ketone (4-me th y lpen t an- 2-one) ICP IR LC LTE MECA MIP MS NAA NaDDC NTA OES PMT p.p.b. p.p.m. PTFE r.f. REE RM RSD SBR SEM SNR SSMS TCA TLC TOP0 u.h.f. uv VDU vuv XRF inductively coupled plasma infrared liquid chromatography local thermal equilibrium molecular emission cavity analysis microwave-induced plasma mass spectrometry neutron-activation analysis sodium diethyldithiocarbamate nitrilotriacetic acid optical emission spectrometry photomultiplier tube parts per billion parts per million polytetrafluoroethylene radiofrequency rare earth element reference material relative standard deviation signal to background ratio scanning electron microscopy signal to noise ratio spark-source mass spectrometry trichloroacetic acid thin-layer chromatography t rioct y lp hosp hine oxide ultra-high-frequency ultraviolet visual display unit vacuum ultraviolet X-ray fluorescence

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA986010029R

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

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Gong, B., Lin, Y., Lin, T., Spectral interference by iron during determination of chromium, manganese, nickel and titanium by ICP (inductively coupled plasma) AES, Cuangpuxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi, 1985, 5(1), 54. (Dalian Inst. Chem. Phys., Acad. Sin., Dalian, China). ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, APRIL 1986, VOL. 1 861434. 861435. 861436. 861437. 861438. 861439. 861440. 861441. 861442. 861443. Wu, J., Zeng, M., Xu, Q., Determination of cadmium in rocks by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, Guangpuxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi, 1985,5(1), 57. (Guengxi Prov.Geol. Cent. Exp. Lab., China). Ji, Z., Li, Y., Zhang, T., Yue, Y., Determination of fifteen elements in silicate rocks by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, Guangpuxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi, 1985, 5(2), 69. (Beijing Geol. Bur., Beijing, China). Xu, B., Interference of elements and its elimination in hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometric determination of selenium, Fenxi Huaxue, 1985, (l), 29. 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Boumans, P. W. J. M., A century of spectral interferences in atomic emission spectroscopy-can we master them with modern apparatus and approaches?, (Philips Res. Lab., PO Box 80.000, 5600 JA Eindhoven, The Nether- lands). de Galan, L., Low power ICP-physical principles and analytical applications, (Laboratorium voor Analytische Chemie, TH Delft, Jaffalaan 9, 2628 BX Delft, The Netherlands). Mizuike, A., Pre-concentration techniques for inorganic trace analysis, (Fac. Engineering, Nagoya Univ., Chikusa- ku, Nagoya 464, Japan). Fuwa, K., Analysis of environmental materials using spectroscopic methods, (Dept. Chem., Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan).JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, APRIL 1986, VOL.1 51R 86lC449. 86lC450. 86lC45 1. 86lC452. 86lC453. 86lC454. 861C455. 86lC456. 861C457. 86lC458. 86lC459. 86lC460. 85lC46 1. 86/C462. 86lC463. 86lC464. 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G., Nieuwenhuize, J., Environmental heavy metals in a salt marsh and their effect on sheep, (Central Veterinary Inst., Dept. Anal. Chem. Toxicol., PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands). Pedersen, B., The determination of multiple inorganic arsenic species in workplace air, (Danish Natl. Inst. of Occupational Health, Baunegaardsvej 73, DK-2900 Helle- rup, Denmark).Oreshkin, V. N., Belyaev, Yu. I., Vnukovskaya, G. L., Innovation in atomic absorption determination of heavy metals in environmental samples by direct flameless atomisation of powders, (Inst. Soil Sci. Photosynthesis, Vernadsky Inst. Geochem. Anal. Chem., Acad. Sci. of the USSR, Moscow, USSR). Klok, A., Tiggelman, J. J., Weij, P., van Dalen, J. P. J., de Galan, L., Metal analysis in plaster of Paris and industrial phosphoric acid using ICP-AES, X-RFS and other spec- troscopic techniques, (Delft Univ. Technol., Lab. Anal. Chem., Jaffalaan 9, 2628 BX Delft, The Netherlands). Mazzucotelli, A., Frache, R., Behaviour of rarer metal elements in environmental samples in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, (Istituto di Chimica Generale, Universita’ di Genova V.le Benedetto XV, 16132, Genova, Italy).Aziz, A., Sabet, A., Abu-Dagga, F., Trace metal determi- nation in environmental reference materials-an evalua- tion of ICP-OES method for environmental application, (Central Anal. Lab., Kuwait Inst. Scientific Res., PO Box 24885, Safat, Kuwait). Moura, M. J. M. P., Vasconcelos, M. T. S. D., Machado, A. A. S. C., Determination of lead in atmospheric aerosols by direct analysis of filters by graphite furnace AAS, (Chem. Dept., Fac. Sci., 4000 Porto, Portugal). Gulko, N. I., Usage of the reference elements in analysis of monomineral microsamples by AES with ICP, (Inst. Lithosphere of the USSR Acad. Sci., Staromonetny per., 22, Moscow, USSR). Garbutt, D. C. F., Hardman, D., Noble, M. A., Verbeek, A. A., On single channel internal standardisation and tree analysis using ICP-OES, (Inst.Commercial Forestry Res., PO Box 375, Pietermaritzburg 3200, South Africa). Barnett, N. W., Spillane, D. E. M., Taobi, A. A. H., Some practical measurements of noise spectra in plasma emis- sion spectroscopy, (Dept. Instrumentation and Anal. Sci., UMIST, PO Box 88, Manchester M60 lQD, UK). Sermin, D. F., The role of internal standards in ICP-OES spectrometry, (ARL Applied Res. Lab. SA, En Vallaire, CH-1023 Ecublens, Switzerland). Delijska, A., Vouchkov, M., Possibilities for correcting the influence of mineral acids and of drift in ICP emission spectra analysis, (Res. Design Inst. of Mining and Ore Dressing “NIPRORUDA,” Stambolijski 205, Sofia 1309, Bulgaria). 86lC465. 86lC466. 86lC467. 86lC468.86lC469. 86/C470. 86lC471. 86lC472. 86lC473. 86lC474. 86lC475. 86lC476. 861C477. 86lC478. 86lC479. 86lC480. 86lC481. Schrader, W., Grote, B., The use of Meyers - Tracy signal compensation technique in ICP-AES for the analysis of samples containing high dissolved solids, (Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer & Co. GmbH, Berliner StraDe, 6050 Offen- bachlMain, FRG). Goldfarb, V. M., Excitation and ionisation in a capacitive current region above the inductively coupled plasma, (Avco Everett Res. Lab., Inc., Everett, MA 02149, USA). Farnsworth, P. B., Studies of energy transport and analyte excitation in the inductively coupled plasma using pulsed excitation, (Brigham Young Univ., Dept. Chem., Provo, Utah 84602, USA). Gillson, G., Horlick, G., Measurement of ground state neutral atom and ion spatial distributions in the ICP using dye laser excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry, (Dept.Chem., Univ. Alberta, Edmonton, Alb. T6G 2G2, Canada). Faires, L. M., Inductively coupled plasma - Fourier trans- form spectrometry: a new approach to spectrochernistry and spectrophysics, (Anal. Chem. Group, Chem. Div., Los Alamos Natl. Lab., Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA). Ediger, R. D., Barrett, P., Schrader, W., Design of an integrated ICP - robotic sample preparation system, (Per- kin-Elmer Corp., Atomic Spectroscopy Dept., 761 Main Avenue, Norwalk, CT 06859-0906, USA). Davies, J., Snook, R. D., Studies of a low noise indu‘ctively coupled plasma (ICP) and torch for Fourier transform spectrometry (FTS), (Trace Anal. Lab., Dept. Chem., Imperial Coll.of Sci. and Technol., London SW7 2AY, UK). van der Plas, P. S. C., de Galan, L., Analytical applica- tions of an air-cooled ICP, using 1 1 min-’ total argon, (Laboratorium voor Analytische Scheikunde, Technische Hogeschool Delft, Jaffalaan 9, 2628 BX Delft, The Netherlands). Wrembel, H. Z., Mercury-assay using RDP-AES, (Dept. Phys., Pedagogical Univ., ul. Arciszewskiego 22, PL 76-200 Wpsk, Poland). Broekaert, J. A. C., Leis, F., Laqua, K., Improved signal acquisition for the ICP-injection method, (Inst. fur Spek- trochemie und angewandte Spectroskopie Postfach 778, D-4600 Dortmund 1, FRG). Grote, B., Schrader, W., ICP-AES analysis of trace constituents in W, Nb, Ta, Mo and V using a high resolution spectrometer, (Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer & Co. GmbH, Berliner StraDe 312, 6050 OffenbachIMain, FRG) .Pyrlik, H., Dietze, K., Slickers, K. A., Spektrometrische Flussigkeitsanalyse mit Spectroflame - ICP, (Firma SPECTRO GmbH, Boschstrasse 10, 4190 Kleve, FRG). Wang, X., Barnes, R. M., Model for continuous hydride generation and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry, (Univ. Massachusetts, Dept. Chem., GRC Towers, Amherst, MA 01003-0035, USA). Marra, S., Horlick, G., Signal-to-noise ratio characteris- tics of an inductively coupled plasma Fourier transform spectrometer, (Dept. Chem., Univ. Alberta, Edmonton, Alb. T6G 2G2, Canada). Sturgeon, R. E., Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry: facts and fiction, (Div. Chem., Natl. Res. Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ont. K1A OR9, Canada). Chakrabarti, C. L., Byrne, J.P., Chang, S. B., Tan, C. K., A thermodynamic equilibrium model for atomisation in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, (Dept. Chem., Carleton Univ., Ottawa, Ont. KlS 5B6, Canada). Dittrich, K., Molecule formation in electrothermal ato- misers-interferences and analytical possibilities by absorption, emission and fluorescence processes, (Karl- Marx-Universitat Leipzig, Sektion Chemie, WB Analytik, Talstr. 35, DDR-7010 Leipzig, GDR).52R 86lC482. 86lC483. 86lC484. 86lC485. 86lC486. 86lC487. 86/C488. 86lC489. 86lC490. 86lC491. 86lC492. 86lC493. 86lC494. 86lC495. 86lC496. 86lC497. 86lC498. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, APRIL 1986, VOL. 1 RuiiEka, J., Flow injection analysis-a survey of its potential for spectroscopy, (Chem. Dept. A, Technical Univ.Denmark, Building 207,2800 Lyngby, Denmark). 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Occupational and Environmental Health, Univ. Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Pap, T. L., Inczedy, J., Effect of different smoothing methods on spectra lines in emission spectrographic analysis, (Inst. Anal. Chem., Univ. VeszprCm, PO Box 158, H-8201 VeszprCm, Hungary). Karanassios, V., Horlick, G., Spectral characteristics of a new spectrometer design for atomic emission spec- trometry, (Dept. Chem., Univ. Alberta, Edmonton, Alb. T6G 2G2, Canada). Timmins, K. J., Sample introduction into a microwave- induced plasma, (Directorate of Quality Assurance1 Technical Support, Royal Arsenal East, Woolwich, Lon- don SE18 6TD, UK). Ishida, R., Fujishiro, Y., Nishiura, S., Mizuno, H., Onaki, E., Nishiura, N., A d.c.-plasma light source, (Natl.Chem. Lab. Industry, Tsukuba Res. Cent., Higashi 1-1, Yatabe- Machi, Tsukuba-Gun, Ibaragi-Ken 305, Japan). Barnett, N. W., Chen, L.S., Greenway, G.M., Sample introduction techniques for use with microwave-induced plasmas, (Dept. Instrumentation and Anal. Sci., UMIST, PO Box 88, Manchester M60 lQD, UK). Meyer, G. A., Conical three-electrode direct current plasma for optical emission spectrometry, (The Dow Chemical Co., Michigan Applied Science and Technology Labs., Midland, MI 48674, USA). Savinova, E. N., Shumskaya, T.V., The plasma jet as a source of excitation of atomic spectrums of non-metals, (Vernadsky Inst. of Geochem. Anal. Chem., USSR Acad. Sci., Moscow, USSR). Abdillahi, M. M., Snook, R.D., Microwave induced plasmas for the determination of non-metals, (Dept. Chem., Imperial Coll. Sci. and Technol., London SW7 2AY, UK). Pavlovic, N .Z., Marinkovii., M., The application of new construction of stabilised arc device with aerosol supply for direct plasma diagnostics, (“Djuro Salaj” Non-Ferrous Metals Works, Res. Dept., PO Box 252, 18000 NiS, Yugoslavia). Jaxa-Bykewski, W., Spectrochemical determination of contaminations in high purity calcium phosphate, (Res. Develop. Cent., Polam, Warsaw, Poland). Taddia, M., Determination of silicon in gallium arsenide by electrothermal AAS using the L’vov platform, (Univ.Bologna, “G.Ciamician” Chem. Inst., Via Selmi 2, 1-40126 Bologna, Italy). 86lC499. 86lC500. 86lCSO1. 86/C502. 86/C503. 86lC504. 86lC505. 86lC506. 86lC507. 86/C508. 86lC509. 86/C5 10. 86lC511. 86lC5 12. 86lC513. 86lC5 14. SphaEkova, V., Determination of some impurities in ammonium diurante by atomic absorption spectrometry, (Dept. Nucl. Chem., Tech. Univ. Prague, Biehovh 7, 115 19 Prague 1, Czechoslovakia). Tanaka, M., Sushida, K., Saisho, H., Determination of trace elements in zirconia ceramics by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry, (Toray Res. Cent., Inc. 2-1, 3-Chome, Sonoyama, Otsu, Shiga 520, Japan ). 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Div., Natl. Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA). Gonzalez-Portal, A., Baluja-Santos, C., Bermejo- Martinez, F., Calcium and magnesium analysis in mineral waters by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, (Dept. Anal. Chem., Fac. Chem., Univ. Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain).Pavlenko, L. I., Simonova, L. V., Starshinova, N. P., Analysis of environmental objects by means of atomic emission spectroscopy, (Vernadsky Inst. Geochem. and Anal. Chem., Acad. Sci. of the USSR, Moscow, USSR). Kore2kova, J., Determination of beryllium in surface waters by atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace, (Geol. Survey, MalostranskC nhmksti 19, 118 21 Prague, Czechoslovakia). Lazar, J., Vamos-Szilvassy, Zs., Horvath, M., Spectroa- nalytical examination of some Balaton-Highland springs, (Transdanubian Regional Water Company, Balanton- fured H-8230, Hungary). Florian, K., Koller, L., Krakovska, E., Reitznerovh, E., PlieSovska, N., Uberwachung der Konzentration von Spurenelementen in Oberflachenwassern und Sedimen- ten, (Technische Hochschule, Svermova 9, CS-043 85 Kosice, Czechoslovakia).Miles, D. L., Lewin, K., Determination of trace levels of sulphide in natural waters by ICP-OES, (Hydrogeology Res. Group, British Geol. Survey, Wallingford, Oxford- shire OX10 8BB, UK). key). 86lC596. 861C597. 861C598. 86lC599. 86/C600. 86lC60 1. 86/C602. 86lC603. 86lC604. 86lC605. 861C606. 861C607. 86lC608. 86lC609. 861C610. 861C6 861C6 Brenner, I. B., McClaren, J. W., Berman, S. S., Simul- taneous determination of As, Sb and Se in sea water and brines-a re-evaluation of hydride generation ICP-AES, (Geological Survey of Israel, 30 Malkhe Israel Street, 95501 Jerusalem, Israel). Protasowicki, M., Comparison of techniques of fish sample preparation for heavy metals analysis by flame AAS, (Acad. Agriculture, Inst.Ichthyology, Kazimierza Krdewicza 4, 71-550 Szczecin, Poland). Heltai, Gy., Percsich, K., Comparison of several extrac- tion methods in AAS and ICP analysis of soils, (Univ. Agriculture, H-2103 GodollB, Hungary). Burba, P., Willmer, P. G., Broekaert, J. A. C., Multi- element pre-concentration for atomic spectroscopy by means of metal hydroxide-coated cellulose, (Inst. fur Spektrochemie und angewandte Spektroskopie, Postfach 778, D-4600 Dortmund 1, FRG). Liihrmann, M., Kettrup, A., The development of a method for the determination of metals in water by modified silica extraction and X-ray fluorescence spectro- scopy, (Univ. Paderborn, Angewandte Chemie, War- burger Str. 100, D-4790 Paderborn, FRG). Grote, M., Huppe, U., Kettrup, A., The development of a method for the determination of silver in metals and geological samples by formazan extraction and DCP emission spectroscopy, (Univ.Paderborn, Angewandte Chemie, Warburger Str. 100, D-4790 Paderborn, FRG). Beinrohr, E., Berndt, H., Determination of trace metals by AAS after their pre-concentration from pure selenium, (Dept. Anal. Chem., Slovak Technical Univ., Janska 1, CS-812 37 Bratislava, Czechoslovakia). Sun, F. -S., Julshamn, K., An indirect determination of iodine using HgI, complexes and cold vapour atomic absorption analysis of mercury, (Chem. Eng. Dept., Wuxi Inst. Light Industry, Wuxi, Iiangsu, China). Agterdenbos, J., van Elteren, J. T., Bax, D., The determination of arsenic with hydride generation AAS- reactions in the absorption cuvette, (Analytisch Chemisch Laboratorium van de Rijksuniversiteit, Croesestraat 77A, 3522 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands).Bax, D., van Elteren, J. T., Agterdenbos, J., Determina- tion of selenium in coal with hydride generation AAS, (Analytisch Chemisch Laboratorium van de Rijsuniver- siteit, Croesestraat 77A, 3522 AD Utrecht, The Nether- lands). Brown, A. A., Dymott, T. 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F., Background corrections in electrothermal atomic absorption spec- trometry applications in sodium chloride matrix, (Laborat- oire de GCochimie et MCtallogCnie, (L.A. CNRS 196), UniversitC Pierre et Marie Curie, 4, Place Jussieu, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France). Deninger, R., Ganz, S., GroB, M., Hermann, G., Schar- mann, A., Determination of stable lead isotopes with Zeeman atomic absorption spectrometry, (I. Physikalisc- hes Institut der Justus-Liebig-Univsersitat GieBen, Hein- rich-Buff-Ring 16, D-6300 GieBen, FRG). Hadeishi, T., A portable simultaneous multi-element detector with Zeeman background compensation, (Law- rence Berkeley Lab., Univ. California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA).de Loos-Vollebregt, M. T. C., de Galan, L., Extended range a.c. Zeeman atomic absorption spectrometry, (Lab- oratorium voor Analytische Scheikunde, TH Delft, Jaffa- laan 9, 2628 BX Delft, The Netherlands). Lum, K. R., McIsaac, G. 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P., Elec- trothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry with the direct introduction of slurries. Determination of trace metals in the soil, Analyst, 1985, 110,947. (Dept. of Chem., Univ. Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask. S7N OWO, Canada). 861660. 861661. 861662. 861663. 861664. 861665. 861666. 861667. 861668. 861669. 861670. 861671. 861672. 861673. Jeffrey, A.J., Lyons, D. J., Determination of marker rubidium in Heliothis moths using two analytical tech- niques, Analyst, 1985, 110, 951. (Agricultural Chem. Branch, Dept. Primary Industries, Indooroopilly, Queen- sland 4068, Australia). Lyons, D. J., Spann, K. P., Roofayel, R. L., Determina- tion of total calcium, zinc, manganese, iron, magnesium and phosphorus in animal feeds and plant material using inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry, Analyst, 1985, 110, 955. (Agricultural Chem. Branch, Dept . Primary Industries, Indooroopilly , Queensland 4068, Australia). Walsh, J. N., Determination of boron at trace levels in rocks by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry, Analyst, 1985, 110, 959. (Dept. Geology, King’s College, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK).Hulanicki, A., Bulska, E., Wrobel, K., Effect of inorganic matrices on the determination of cadmium by atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomisation, Analyst, 1985, 110, 1141. (Dept. Chem., Warsaw Univ., Warsaw, Poland). Stephen, S. C., Littlejohn, D., Ottaway, J. M., Evaluation of a slurry technique for the determination of lead in spinach by electrothermal atomic absorption spec- trometry, Analyst, 1985, 110, 1147. (Dept. Pure and Applied Chem., Univ. Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral St., Glasgow G1 lXL, UK). Carroll, J., Miller-Ihli, N. J., Harnly, J. M., Littlejohn, D., Ottaway, J. M., O’Haver, T. C., Simultaneous multi-element analysis by continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite probe electrother- mal atomisation, Analyst, 1985, 110, 1153.(US Dept. Agriculture, Nutrient Composition Lab., BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA). Kojima, I., Uchida, T., Iida, C., Goto, K., Determination of the absolute mass of an analyte by flame atomic absorption spectrometry with discrete nebulisation, Analyst, 1985,110,1161. (Lab. Anal. Chem., Nagoya Inst. Technol., Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466, Japan). Satake, K., Uehiro, T., Carbonisation technique for pre-treatment of biological materials in X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, Analyst, 1985, 110, 1165. (Natl. Inst. Environmental Studies, Yatabe, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan). Castillo, J. R., Mir, J. M., Val, J., Colon, M. P., Martinez, C., Study of interferences in the determination of lead by hydride generation - direct flame atomic absorption spec- trometry when oxidising agents are employed to increase the sensitivity, Analyst, 1985, 110, 1219. (Dept.Anal. Chem., Fac. Sci., Univ. Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain). Kassir, Z. M., Taher, M. B., Determination of tellurium and lead at picogram levels by candoluminescence spec- trometry, Analyst, 1985, 110, 1223. (Dept. Chem., Coll. Sci., Univ. Basrah, Basrah, Iraq). Robinson, J. W., Wu, J. C., Improved flame AA sensitivities using a titanium ultrasonic nebuliser, Spec- trosc. Lett., 1985, 18, 399. (Dept. Chem., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA). Greene, B., Uranga, A., Sneddon, J., Observations on the determination of uranium in waters by direct current argon plasma emission spectroscopy, Spectrosc. Lett., 1985, 18, 425. (Dept. Chem., New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA).Robinson, J. W., Wu, J. C., Speciation of mercury compounds in biological samples using GC-AA , Specrrosc. Lett., 1985, 18, 47. (Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA). Marinescu, D. R., Delayed atomisation furnaces for electrostatic sampling of atmospheric particulates, Spec- trosc. Lett., 1985, 18, 527. (Dept. Environmental Hygiene, Inst. Hygiene and PublicHealth, Str. Dr. Leonte 1-3, Bucharest 76256, Rumania).58R 861674. 861675. 861676. 861677. 861678. 861679. 861680. 861681. 861682. 861683. 861684. 861685. 861686. JOURNAL OF Douglas, D. J., Houk, R. S., Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, Prog. Anal. At. Spectrosc., 1985,8(1), 1. (SCIEX, 55 Glen Cameron Rd., Unit 202 Thornhill, Ont., Canada).Chang, S. B., Chakrabarti, C. L., Factors affecting atomisation in graphite furnace AAS, Prog. Anal. At. Spectrosc., 1985,8(2), 83. (Dept. Chem., Carleton Univ., Ottawa, Ont. KIS 5B6, Canada). Veillon, C., Lewis, S. A., Patterson, K. Y., Wolf, W. R., Harnly, J. M., Versieck, J., Vanballenberghe, L., Corne- lis, R., O’Haver, T. C., Characterisation of a bovine serum reference material for major, minor and trace elements, Anal. Chem., 1985,57,2106. (Beltsville Human Nutrition Res. Cent., US Dept. Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA). Lloyd, J. B. F., Robust, low contamination centrifugal filter for trace analysis, Anal. Chem., 1985, 57, 2159. (Home Office Forensic Science Lab., Priory House, Gooch Street North, Birmingham B5 6QQ, UK). Zhou, L., Chao, T. T., Sanzolone, R.F., Removal of iron interferences by solvent extraction for geochemical analy- sis by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Talanta, 1985,32,475. (US Geological Survey, Box25046, Denver, CO 80225, USA). Hou, Q. -L., Hughes, T. C., Haukka, M., Hannaker, P., Determination of the rare-earth elements in geological materials by thin-film X-ray fluorescence and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, Talanta, 1985, 32, 495. (Dept. of Geol., School of Earth Sciences, Univ. Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia). Brajter, K., Klejny; K., Determination of beryllium in Pt - Be alloy by atomic absorption spectrometry after ion-exchange separation, Talanta, 1985, 32, 521. (Dept. Chem., Univ Warsaw, 02093 Warsaw, Poland). Potter, N. M., Vergosen, H.E., 111, Determination of neodymium and boron in iron - neodymium - boron alloys by direct-current plasma atomic emission spec- trometry, Talanta, 1985; 32, 545. (Anal. Chem. Dept., General Motors Res. Lab., Warren, MI 48090, USA). Hubert, A. E., Chao, T. T., Determination of gold, indium, tellurium and thallium in the same sample digest of geological materials by atomic absorption spectroscopy and two-step solvent extraction, Talanta, 1985, 32, 568. (US Geological Survey, Box 25046, MS 955, DFC, Denver, CO 80225, USA). Takada, T., Fujita, K., Use of thiosemicarbazide as masking agent for the direct determination of bismuth in copper by atomic absorption spectrometry with hydride generation, Talanta, 1985,32,571. (Dept. Chem., Col!zge of Science, Rikkyo (St Paul’s) Univ., Nishi-Ikebbkuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171, Japan).Parks, E. J., Blair, W. R., Brinckman, F. E., GFAAS determination of ultratrace quantities of organotins in sea water by using enhancement methods, Talanta, 1985, 32, 633. (Chemical and Biodegradation Processes Group, Natl. Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC 20234, USA). Batistoni, D. A., Erlijman, L. H., Fuertes, M. I., Atomic absorption spectrometric determination of trace metals in zirconium and zircaloy by discrete sample nebulisation, Talanta, 1985, 32, 641. (Departamento Quimica, Comi- si6n Nacional de Energia Atbmica, Avenida del Liberta- dor 8250, 1429 Buenos Aires, Argentina). Honjo, T., Okazaki, A., Terada, K., Kiba, T., Extraction of rnanganese(II), iron(II), cobalt(II), nickel(II), cop- per(II), zinc(I1) and cadmium(I1) into 1,2-dichIoroethane with 4,7-diphenyl-l,lO-phenanthroline and perchlorate, Talanta, 1985,32,771.(Dept. Chem., Fac. Sci., Kanazawa Univ., Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920, Japan). ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, APRIL 1986, VOL. 1 861687. 861688. 861689. 861690. 86/69 1. 861692. 861693. 861694. 861695. 861696. 861697. 861698. 861699. Corsini, A,, DiFruscia, R., Herrmann, O., Multi-element pre-concentration of trace metals with meso-tetra@- sulphonatophenyl) porphine, Talanta, 1985, 32, 791. (Dept. Chern., McMaster Univ., Hamilton, Ont., Canada). Salbu, B., Bjgrnstad, H. E., Lindstrfim, N. S., Lydersen, E., Brevik, E. M., Rambaek, J. P., Paus, P. E., Size fractionation techniques in the determination of elements associated with particulate or colloidal material in natural fresh waters, Talanta, 1985, 32,907.(Dept. Chem., Univ. Oslo, Blindern, Oslo 3, Norway). Takada, K., Enhancement of sensitivity in atomic absorp- tion spectrometry by addition of a graphite lid to a cup furnace, Talanta, 1985,32,921. (Res. Inst. Iron, Steel and Other Metals, Tohoku Univ., Sendai 980, Japan). Ghe, A. M., Lippolis, M. T., Pastorelli, L., Determination of nickel in the serum of occupationally exposed workers, by means of flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, Talanta, 1985, 32, 949. (Istituto Chimico G . Ciamician dell’Universita, Scuola di Specializzazione in Chimica Analitica, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy). Strelow, F. W. E., Separation of silver from zinc, cadmium, copper, nickel and other elements in nitric acid with a macroporous resin, Talanta, 1985, 32, 953.(Natl. Chem. Res. Lab., PO Box 395, Pretoria, South Africa). Welsch, E. P., A rapid method for determining tin and molybdenum in geological samples by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, Talanta, 1985, 32, 996. (US Geological Survey, Box 25046, Denver Federal Cent., MS 973 Denver, CO 80225, USA). Xu, B.-X., Xu, T.-M., Shen, M.-N., Fang, Y.-Z., Determi- nation of sub-ng ml-1 levels of mercury in water by electrolytic deposition and electrothermal atomic absorp- tion spectrophotometry, Talanta, 1985, 32, 1016. (Dept. Chem., East China Normal Univ., 3663 Chung Shan Road (N), Shanghai, China). Eljoundi, A., Batal, A., Mermet, J. M., Dielectronic recombination in the zinc spectrum observed in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, Spectro- chim. Acta, Part B , 1985, 40, 1007. (Laboratoire de Physicochimie Industrielle, INSA, Bat 401,69621 Villeur- banne Cedex, France). Furuta, N., Spatial profile measurement of ionisation and excitation temperatures in an inductively coupled plasma, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B , 1985, 40, 1013. (Div. Chem. and Physics, Natl. Inst. Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Yatabe, Ibaraki 305, Japan). Zander, A. T., Miller, M. H., Electron density spatial profiles of the DCP source, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B , 1985, 40, 1023. (SpectraMetrics, Inc., 75 Foundation Avenue, Haverhill, MA 01831, USA). McGeorge, S. W., Salin, E. D., Data acquisition considera- tions for spectrometry with photodiode array detection systems, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B , 1985,40,1039. (Dept. Chem., McGill Univ., 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec, Canada). Nedjalkova, N., Krasnobaeva, N., VukanoviE, V., Pav- lovie, B., The effect of controlled atmospheres in the graphite arc method, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B , 1985,40, 1047. (Inst. General and Inorg. Chem., Bulgarian Acad. Sci., Sofia 1000, Bulgaria). Hasegawa, T., Haraguchi, H., Appreciation of a collision- a1 - radiative model for the description of an inductively coupled argon plasma, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B , 1985, 40,1067. (Dept. Chem., Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo, Bunkyo- ku, Tokyo 113, Japan).JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, APRIL 1986, VOL. 1 59R 861700. 86/70 1. 861702. 861703. Boumans, P. W. J. M., Vrakking, J. J. A. M., Spectral interferences in inductively coupled plasma atomic emis- sion spectrometry-I. A theoretical and experimental study of the effect of spectral band width on selectivity, limits of determination, limits of detection and detection power, Spectrochirn. Acta, Part B , 1985,40, 1085. (Philips Res. Lab., PO Box 80.000, 5600 JA Eindhoven, The Netherlands). Boumans, P. W. J. M., Vrakking, J. J. A. M., Spectral interferences in inductively coupled plasma atomic emis- sion spectrometry-11. An experimental study of the effect of spectral band width on the inaccuracy in net signals originating from wavelength positioning errors in a slew- scan spectrometer, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B , 1985, 40, 1107. (Philips Res. Lab., PO Box 80.000, 5600 JA Eindhoven, The Netherlands). Ayad, M. M., Khayyal, S. E., Farag, N. M., Atomic absorption determination of nicotine in tobacco, Spectro- chim. Acta, Part B , 1985, 40, 1127. (Fac. Pharmacy, Zagazig Univ., Zagazig, Egypt). Takada, T., Satho, M., Change in ionisation of barium in calcium and direct determination of barium in calcium by flame atomic absorption spectrometry using the Ba ion resonance line, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B , 1985,40, 1133. (Dept. Chem., Rikkyo (St. Paul’s) Univ., Nishi- Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171, Japan). 861704. 861705. 861706. 861707. 861708. 861709. Salmon, J. T., Laurendeau, N. M., Analysis of probe volume effects associated with laser-saturated fluores- cence measurements, Appl. Opt., 1985,24,1313. (Purdue Univ., School of Mechanical Engineering, Flame Diagnos- tics Lab., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA). Dubinsky, R. H., Carswell, A. I., Pal, S. R., Determina- tion of cloud microphysical properties by laser backscatter- ing and extinction measurements, Appl. Opt., 1985, 24, 1614. (York Univ., Downsview, Ont. M3J 1P3, Canada). Stepowski, D., Garo, A., Local absolute OH concentration measurement in a diffusion flame by laser induced fluorescence, Appl. Opt., 1985, 24, 2478. (University of Rouen, FacultC des Sciences, Laboratoire de Thermody- namique (U.A. CNRS 230), B.P. 67, 76130 Mont-Saint- Aignan, France). Zolotov, Yu. A., Grasserbauer, M., General aspects of trace analytical methods: Part VI. Trace analysis of semiconductor materials-Part A: bulk analysis, Pure Appl. Chem., 1985,57, 1133. (Vernadskii Inst. Geochem. Anal. Chem., Moscow, USSR). Dreyfus, R. W., Jasinski, J. M., Walkup, R. E., Selwyn, G. S., Optical diagnostics of low pressure plasmas, Pure Appl. Chem., 1985, 57, 1265. (IBM, T. J . Watson Research Cent., PO Box 218, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA). Boulos, M. I., The inductively coupled RF (radio fre- quency) plasma, Pure Appl. Chem., 1985, 57, 1321. (Chemical Engineering Dept., UniversitC de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1, Quebec, Canada).

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA986010045R

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

数据来源: RSC

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JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, APRIL 1986, VOL. 1 97 1986 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry, January 2nd-8th 1986, Kailua-Kona, Hawaii This series of conferences, sponsored by the ICP Information Newsletter, has acquired a reputation both for exotic locations and for identifying the emergent trends in analytical plasma spectrometry. Conference Chairman Ramon Barnes could hardly be faulted for this choice of the Kona Surf Resort, Convention Centre on the big island of Hawaii, for the 1986 site proved to be both beautiful and exotic. Delegates left the 1984 conference at San Diego confident that ICP-MS was about to burst upon a largely unsuspecting world, only time will tell whether the feeling that ICP-Fourier transform spec- trometry will emerge as the analytical technique of tomorrow is justified.The evening panel discussions suggested a sense of disappointment that ICP-MS suffers from some interferences, but this may yet prove to be a premature reaction to a typical phenomenon as a technique becomes widely used. The attractions of the very high resolution of FTS, and the availability of computing power able to utilise the vast amounts of spectral data produced, were demonstrated by Lynda Faires and Anne Thorne, amongst others. It remains to be seen whether noise problems in the ICP source can be over- come to enable full utilisation of the advantages of high resolution. Otherwise dispersive approaches using diode array detectors and 6chelle monochromators may be favoured. It would be wrong to suggest that ICP-MS was in any way in eclipse as the whole day session organised by Sam Houk demonstrated.This featured invited lec- tures by Gary Horlick and Alan Date. Sample introduction provided another whole day of lectures. It was also notice- able that ICP - MS and sample introduc- tion courses were well attended in the short course programme which preceded the main conference. Lively poster ses- sions also attested to the widespread application of conventional ICP-OES . Improvements to instrument design, factors that influence molecular ion inter- ferences and the problems of isotope- ratio determination were the dominant themes of the ICP-MS programme. Gary Horlick was able to illustrate the complex- ity of the interactions of parameters in ICP-MS and there was lively debate as to whether the effects he observed on his recently modified Sciex instrument were also observed by users of the VG instru- ment.In particular the effects from high matrix concentrations seem to be related to orifice sampling and ion introduction features. Clearly there is considerable interest amongst geological analysts in measuring isotope ratios, here several speakers, led by Price Russ, warned of bias being introduced by mass fraction- ation effects. Velmar Fassel’s Plenary Lecture was a highlight of the second day. He estimated that there were some 5500 ICP spec- trometers worldwide, 12 manufacturers and already 55 ICP-MS instruments. He surveyed the causes of imprecision and inaccuracy in ICP-OES and spoke strongly in favour of internal standards and use of procedures such as the Myers - Tracy correction.Not surprisingly he featured the advantages of ultrasonic nebulisation but also advocated research into axial viewing, skimmed plasmas, laminar flow torches, high spectral resolu- tion and ICP-MS. The following lectures on sample introduction gave a good overview of the current status of research on concentric, ultrasonic, frit (or micro- channel) and monodispersive aerosol nebulisation as well as hydride generation and solid-sampling approaches such as arc, spark and electrothermal vaporisation, sample insertion and slurry atomisation. While an excellent Plenary Lecture by Gary Christian acted as a focus for the widespread interest in coupling flow injection to plasma spectrometry other coupled techniques were also discussed on the Saturday, e.g., GC-DCP, GC- MIP, GC-ICP and HPLC-ICP.Two pap- ers on robotics applications were also presented as were some process control applications. These included the total air-ICP now being used by Gerhard Myer for process control at Dow Chemical. With the exception of interest in new high-resolution approaches, e.g., ICP- FTS and ICP-Cchelle-diode array, instru- ment design was not as prominent as in previous conferences. While many ques- tions remain to be answered about plasma mechanisms, this area also produced fewer contributions than in the past. However, chemometrics was shown to be a growth area. Bruce Kowalski in an elegant invited lecture showed that Cali- bration is a form of statistical modelling and how this approach could yield more information from existing data.The appli- cation of computing techniques to enhance the utility of the information content of plasma spectra was another “Sea Breeze,” students from the Pacific and Asia Christian University, whose Poly- nesian songs and dancing provided an electrifying opening to the international Winter Conference on Plasma Spectro- chemistry in Hawaii98 noticeably emergent theme, ably demon- strated by Mike Blades amongst others. The lecture programme was surpris- ingly well attended given the competing, charms of the sun, sand (Hawaii offers white, black and green beaches), surf, reef, volcanoes, hula dancers and shops of Kailua-Kona, not to mention the hotel pool and gardens. The excursion to the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park will remain a highlight for many, but perhaps this conference can lay claim to the most unforgettable opening ceremony. Through the good offices of Howard Malmstadt , the eminent analytical chem- ist now Senior Vice-president of the Pacific and Asia Christian University, the conference was opened by a celebration of Polynesian history and culture per- formed in song, dance (including the traditional hula) and drama, by Sea Breeze, a group of students from the University. That electrifying opening at least will be hard to beat at the next conference in San Diego in January 1988. The conference closed with a traditional Hawaiian Luau Feast, either the feast, location or the lectures ensured that surprisingly few conferees drifted away early. Les Ebdon Plymouth Polytechnic, UK JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, APRIL 1986, VOL. 1

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA9860100097

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

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98 JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, APRIL 1986, VOL. 1 UK ICP-MS Users‘ Group At a meeting in London on 11th Decem- ber 1985 it was agreed to set up a UK ICP-MS Users’ Group, and a Chairman was elected. The group exists to enable UK users of any ICP-MS system to meet and exchange experiences and informa- tion. It aims to meet frequently (probably three times per year) and to produce a Newsletter, also probably three times per year to report on Group Meetings, Con- ferences, data, computer programs, tech- nical updates, observations, hints etc. The group is open to UK users of any ICP-MS system, although all the existing installations (ten instruments in nine lab- oratories) are prototype or production VG Isotopes systems. In addition, poten- tial users will be welcome to attend meetings.Information regarding the group, can be obtained from its Chairman: Mr. R. M. Brown, Chemical Analysis Group, Building 551, Harwell Laboratory, Oxfordshire OX11 ORA, UK; telephone 0235-24141, ext. 4187. A New Book for Mass Spectrometrists Mass Spectrometry Vol. 8 Senior Reporter: M. E. Rose Sheffield City Polytechnic Specialist Periodical Report Hardcover 376pp ISBN 0 851 86 328 0 Price 870.00 ($1 26.00) This volume reviews the literature published between July 1982 and June 1984. Brief Contents: Ionization Processes and Ion Dynamics; Structures and Reactions of Gas-phase Organic Ions; Photoelectron-Photoion Coincidence Spectroscopy; Developments and Trends in Instrumentation; Applications of Computers and Microprocessors in Mass Spectrometry; Fourier-transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance; Reactions of Organic Negative Ions in the Gas Phase; Fast-atom-bombardment Mass Spectrometry Applications to Solution Chemistry; Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and High-performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry; Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, and Toxicity; Metal-containing and Inorganic Compounds Investigated by Mass Spectrometry “It is difficult to be critical of this invaluable series of reports: the effort in producing these evaluative reviews of the literature is enormous.. .the book must be considered an essential reference work for all interested in mass spectrometM’ - Or G. Wilkinson, Laboratory News, reviewing Vol. 6. Still available Vol. 1 (1 968-70) 0 851 86 258 6 € 19.00 ($34.00) Vol. 2 (1 970-72) 0 851 86 268 3 €21 .OO ($38.00) Vol. 3 (1 972-74) 0 851 86 278 0 €24.00 ($43.00) Vol. 4 (1 974-76) 0 851 86 288 8 €32.00 ($57.00) Vol. 6 (1 978-80) 0 851 86 308 6 €43.00 ($77.00) Vol. 7 (1 980-82) 0 851 86 31 8 3 €51 50 ($92.00) Special Package Price (vols. 1=4,6-8) €1 90.00 ($342.00) ORDERING: Orders should be sent to: The Royal Society of Chemistry, Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Road, Letchworth, Herts SG6 1 HN, U.K. Non-RSC Members and US$ prices quoted. RSC Members are entitled to a discount on most RSC books and journals, details available from: Assistant Membership Officer, The Royal Society of Chemistry 30 Russell Square, London WC1 B 5DT. Information Services

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA986010098b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

数据来源: RSC

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JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, APRIL 1986, VOL. 1 99 UK Board Members Visit the USSR Three members of the JAAS and ASU Editorial Boards paid an interesting visit to the USSR from 27th October-2nd November, 1985. The occasion was the organisation by PhilipdPye Unicam of a symposium on Atomic Spectroscopy held at the Vernadsky Institute for Geo- chemistry and Analytical chemistry in Moscow from 29th to 31st October. Dr. Alistair A. Brown and Dr. David Little- john and this author presented a total of nine lectures covering recent develop- ments in atomic absorption and atomic emission spectrometry. Topics covered included the development of microcom- puter controlled instrumentation, carbon furnace atomic emission spectromety and FANES, and continuous flow hydride generation systems.All papers were fol- lowed by lively discussion sessions, none more so than the two presentations deal- ing with total pyrolytic graphite tubes for ETA-AAS. The organisation of the parti- cipation by colleagues from the USSR was carried out by Dr. B. F. Myasoedov, Deputy Director of the Vernadsky Insti- tute and his colleague Dr. E. M. Sedykh. A series of papers were also presented by scientists from the Vernadsky Institute, including carbon furnace atomisation100 JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, APRIL 1986, VOL. 1 mechanisms by Dr. Sedykh, a description of the MFS-9 multi-channel atomic absorption spectrophotometer developed at the Institute by Dr. A. I. Subochev, and some interesting experiments on intracavity laser atomic absorption measurements coupled with laser atom- isation of solid samples by Dr. E.K. Vulfson. Over 200 scientists from all parts of the USSR registered for the sympo- sium, which also included a practical demonstration session, and a lively general discussion period that highlighted developments in absolute analysis by ETA-AAS and ICP-OES. The UK visitors were particularly pleased to meet many USSR scientists who are mainly known only through their publications, including Professor A. B. Karyakin, Dr. C. A. Pelieva, Dr. D. A. Katskov and Dr. M. A. Bolshov. A special pleasure was the opportunity to talk to Professor Boris V. L'vov who visited the Vernadsky Institute on Friday, 1st November. His visit to the UK for SAC 86/BNASS in July 1986 is an event eagerly awaited by many atomic spectro- scopists.John M. Ottaway University of Strathclyde, UK Conference Report I I t h Norwegian Seminar on Atomic Spectroscopy: 6th-9th October 1985, ROROS, Norway The eleventh in the series of Norwegian atomic spectroscopy seminars was held in ROROS from 6th-9th October, 1985. After ten highly successful meetings the organisation has now passed from Per Einer Paus to Dr. Ragnar Bye of the Chemistry Department, University of Oslo. This correspondent was particularly pleased to see Per Einer at the meeting and in evident good spirits, and can confirm that the talent for establishing a highly successful meeting in a relaxed and informal atmosphere has been efficiently transferred to the new organising commit- tee. On this occasion, keynote papers were delivered by Professor Eiliv Steinnes from the University of Trondheim; Professor John M. Ottaway, University of Strathclyde, UK; Dr. Zvonimir Groben- ski, Perkin-Elmer, FRG; Dr. Olle Lindsjo, Outokumpu Oy, Finland; and Dr. Jan-Ola Burman, of Svenska Geolo- giska AB, Sweden. Several sessions of submitted papers were presented, many of them from instrument manufacturers, who also mounted an exhibition of atomic spectrometric equipment. All delegates will no doubt look forward to the 12th meeting scheduled for the spring of 1987. John M. Ottaway University of Strathclyde, UK

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA986010099b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

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100 JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, APRIL 1986, VOL. 1 Historical Corner Analytical Spectroscopy: the Beginnings and the Scottish Connection The origins of both atomic absorption and flame emission are to be found in the report produced by Wollastonl in 1802 of dark lines, the Fraunhofer lines, in the prism spectrum of daylight and, in the spectrum of candlelight, the bright yellow lines, later recognised as the Na doublet, and the five distinct coloured bands of the Swan C2 system although their origin was not realised at the time. Wollaston’s report pre-dated Fraunhofer’s more detailed work2 by some 15 years. Fifty years earlier, in 1752, Thomas Melvill, from Glasgow, observed the light emerging from a prism illuminated by a salt-loaded spirit flame through a circular hole in a sheet of pasteboard.He noted that “all sorts of rays were emitted, but not in equal quantities; the yellow being vastly more copious than all the rest put together; and the red more faint than the green and blue. The hole seen through the prism appears uniformly yellow and as distinctly terminated as through a plain glass. . . . Because the hole appears thro’ the prism quite circular and uniform in colour the bright yellow . . . must be of one determined degree of refrangibility and the transition from it to the fainter colour adjoining, not gradual but im- mediate.” The promise of this perceptive work was not realised because of his death the following year at the age of 27 and were it not for this and his unfortunate choice of a circular aperture the discovery of spectral emission lines might have occurred half a century earlier than it did.His lecture was not published until 1756,3 four years after its presentation to a “society in Edinburgh”; contributors to JAAS please note the improved publica- tion times offered now. The later Scottish involvement in flame spectroscopy largely stemmed from the interest in and the work on the properties of light of a remarkable scientist and character, Sir David Brewster, born in Jedburgh in 1781. Licensed as a minister, his extreme nervousness as a preacher induced him to leave the ministry and take up work as a private tutor. He continued his scientific studies, however, and following a series of papers to the Royal Society mainly on the polarisation of light, was elected a Fellow in 1815 and was subsequently awarded the Copley and Rumford medals. He was intimate with most of the scientists of the day including Henry Fox Talbot, then engaged in his early studies on photo- graphy.He was associated with the found- ing of the British Association in 1831 and held the post of Principal of Edinburgh University until his death in 1868. His connection over many years with the Royal Society of Edinburgh as Secretary and finally as President brought many scientists to Edinburgh to report their work. Brewsters contribution in this field included the construction of a monochro- matic lamp based on an alcohol flame,4 which was much used by other investi- gators including Talbot who studied the spectra of the alcohol flame when loaded with a variety of solutions.Talbot,’ dis- cussing the intense homogeneous yellow light then produced, found that “the same effect takes place whether the wick of the lamp is steeped in the muriate (chloride) sulphate or carbonate of soda while the nitrate, chlorate, sulphate and carbonate of potash agree in giving a blueish-white tinge to the flame. Hence the yellow rays may indicate the presence of soda, but they, nevertheless, frequently appear where no soda can be supposed to be present.” Despite his reservations as to the source of the yellow ray, which can be attributed to the failure to realise that the method was so sensitive that trace con- tamination of other solutions with soda was sufficient to produce the yellow ray, his identification of a red ray of a “definite refrangibility and to be characteristic of the salts of potash,” led him to suggest that “whenever the prism shows a homogeneous ray of any colour to exist in a flame this ray indicates the formation orJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, APRIL 1986, VOL.1 101 the presence of a definite chemical com- pound.” These observations and conclu- sions surely take us to the brink of analytical flame spectroscopy. Talbot, referring to the earlier work of Herschel6 who reported the first diagrammatic rep- resentation of salt-loaded alcohol flames, also opines that the “orange ray in the red fire of the theatres may be the effect of the strontia since Mr. Herschel found in the flame of muriate of strontia a ray of that flames containing specific elements and analytical atomic spectroscopy was born. I am indebted to the work of the late R. L. Mitchell8 who drew our attention again to the well-nigh forgotten contribu- tion of Thomas Melvill. References 1. Wollaston, W. H., Phil. Trans., 1802, 92, 365. 2. Fraunhofer, J . , Ann. Physik., 1817, 56, 264. -- .. colour . ” 3. Melvill, T., “Essays and Observations, It was not, however, until 1840 that Physical and Literary,” Volume 2, G . Kirchoff and Bunsen7 showed that Hamilton and J. Balfour, Edinburgh, specific spectral lines were emitted from 1756, p. 12. 4. Brewster, D . , Trans. R. SOC. Edin- burgh, 1823,9,433. 5. Talbot, H. F., Edinburgh 1. Sci., 1826, 5, 77. 6. Herschel, J . F. W . , Trans. R. SOC. Edinburgh, 1823, 9, 445. 7. Kirchoff, G . , and Bunsen, R. W., Ann. Physik., 1860, 110, 161. 8. Mitchell, R. L., in Dean, J . A., and Rains, T. C., Editors, “Flame Emission and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry,’’ Volume 1, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1969, p. 1. Allan M. Ure Macaulay Institute, Aberdeen, UK

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA9860100100

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

数据来源: RSC