摘要:

iv Online access to the world’s An a I y t i ca I Abstracts ONLINE I I Analytical Abstracts Online ... is the online equivalent of hard copy Analytical Abstracts, the western world’s most comprehensive abstracting journal dealing solely with analytical chemistry in all its aspects, Analytical Abstracts Online ... contains bibliographic information on general, inorganic, organic, biochemical, pharmaceutical, food, agricultural and environmental aspects of analytical chemistry, including computer and instrumentational applications in analysis. Analytical Abstracts Online m m . offers: 0 Comprehensive coverage of analytical chemistry 0 Coverage 1980-to date : over 70,000 items 0 Analytical methods in high detail 0 Quality controlled language indexes 0 Easy access via DATA-STAR, (Plaza Suite, 114 Jermyn Street, London SW1Y 6HJ); and PERGAMON INFOLINE Ltd., (1 2 Vandy Street, London EC2A 2DE).For further information contact your chosen host direct or write to:- The Royal Society of Chemistry, The University, Nottingham, NG7 2RD. Tel. 0602 50741 1 Telex: 37488 ROYAL lnformat ion Servicesiv Online access to the world’s An a I y t i ca I Abstracts ONLINE I I Analytical Abstracts Online ... is the online equivalent of hard copy Analytical Abstracts, the western world’s most comprehensive abstracting journal dealing solely with analytical chemistry in all its aspects, Analytical Abstracts Online ... contains bibliographic information on general, inorganic, organic, biochemical, pharmaceutical, food, agricultural and environmental aspects of analytical chemistry, including computer and instrumentational applications in analysis. Analytical Abstracts Online m m . offers: 0 Comprehensive coverage of analytical chemistry 0 Coverage 1980-to date : over 70,000 items 0 Analytical methods in high detail 0 Quality controlled language indexes 0 Easy access via DATA-STAR, (Plaza Suite, 114 Jermyn Street, London SW1Y 6HJ); and PERGAMON INFOLINE Ltd., (1 2 Vandy Street, London EC2A 2DE). For further information contact your chosen host direct or write to:- The Royal Society of Chemistry, The University, Nottingham, NG7 2RD. Tel. 0602 50741 1 Telex: 37488 ROYAL lnformat ion Services

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA98601FX009

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JASPEZ 1(3)161-250,61R-86R (1986) June 1986 Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry Including Atomic Spectrometry Updates CONTENTS NEWS AND VIEWS 161 163 Klaus Dittrich 165 Stanley Greenfield 167 ASU Highlights-John Marshall 167 169 Conferences and Meetings 170 Papers in Future Issues 1986 Pittsburgh Conference and Exposition-Editor and US Associate Editor Atomic Spectrometry Viewpoints- Invited Speakers at 3rd BNASS-Neil W. Barnett PAPERS 171 185 195 203 21 1 221 227 23 1 237 243 247 Thermal Vaporisation for Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry. A Review-Henryk Matusiewicz A Predictive Model of Plasma Matrix Effects in Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry-Michael H. Ramsey, Michael Thompson Studies of a Low-noise Laminar Flow Torch for Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry-John Davies, Richard D.Snook Modification of a Commercial Electrothermal Vaporisation System for Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry: Evaluation and Matrix Eff ects-Hen ryk M atusiewicz, Fred L. Fricke, Ramon M. Barnes Application of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) for Trace Metal Determination in Foods-Seumas Munro, Les Ebdon, David J. McWeeny Determination of Dissolved Inorganic Antimony(V) and Antimony(ll1) Species in Natural Waters by Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-S. C. Apte, A. G. Howard Application of a Simplified Model for Atom Formation by a Tungsten-strip Heater in Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-Susu m u Na ka mu ra Comparative Study of the Sputtering Process in the Conventional and Microwave- coupled Hollow-cathode Discharge-Sergio Caroli, Oreste Senofonte, Nicola Violante, Oriano Falasca, Achille Marconi, Mauro Barbieri Laser-excited Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry as a Practical Analytical Method.Part 1. Design of a Graphite Tube Atomiser for the Determination of Trace Amounts of Lead-Klaus Dittrich, Hans-Joachim Stark SHORT PAPER Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of the Elemental Contamination of Plant Material-Massimo Ottaviani, Paulo Magnatti COMM U N ICATIO N Influence of the Load Coil Geometry on Oxide and Doubly Charged Ion Response in Inductively Coupled Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry-Alan L. Gray ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY UPDATE 61R Instrumentation-John Marshall, Stephen J.Haswell, Richard D. Snook 75R References Typeset and printed by Heffers Printers Ltd, Cambridge, EnglandJASPEZ 1(3)161-250,61R-86R (1986) June 1986 Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry Including Atomic Spectrometry Updates CONTENTS NEWS AND VIEWS 161 163 Klaus Dittrich 165 Stanley Greenfield 167 ASU Highlights-John Marshall 167 169 Conferences and Meetings 170 Papers in Future Issues 1986 Pittsburgh Conference and Exposition-Editor and US Associate Editor Atomic Spectrometry Viewpoints- Invited Speakers at 3rd BNASS-Neil W. Barnett PAPERS 171 185 195 203 21 1 221 227 23 1 237 243 247 Thermal Vaporisation for Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry. A Review-Henryk Matusiewicz A Predictive Model of Plasma Matrix Effects in Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry-Michael H.Ramsey, Michael Thompson Studies of a Low-noise Laminar Flow Torch for Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry-John Davies, Richard D. Snook Modification of a Commercial Electrothermal Vaporisation System for Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry: Evaluation and Matrix Eff ects-Hen ryk M atusiewicz, Fred L. Fricke, Ramon M. Barnes Application of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) for Trace Metal Determination in Foods-Seumas Munro, Les Ebdon, David J. McWeeny Determination of Dissolved Inorganic Antimony(V) and Antimony(ll1) Species in Natural Waters by Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-S. C. Apte, A. G. Howard Application of a Simplified Model for Atom Formation by a Tungsten-strip Heater in Atomic Absorption Spectrometry-Susu m u Na ka mu ra Comparative Study of the Sputtering Process in the Conventional and Microwave- coupled Hollow-cathode Discharge-Sergio Caroli, Oreste Senofonte, Nicola Violante, Oriano Falasca, Achille Marconi, Mauro Barbieri Laser-excited Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry as a Practical Analytical Method. Part 1. Design of a Graphite Tube Atomiser for the Determination of Trace Amounts of Lead-Klaus Dittrich, Hans-Joachim Stark SHORT PAPER Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of the Elemental Contamination of Plant Material-Massimo Ottaviani, Paulo Magnatti COMM U N ICATIO N Influence of the Load Coil Geometry on Oxide and Doubly Charged Ion Response in Inductively Coupled Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry-Alan L. Gray ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY UPDATE 61R Instrumentation-John Marshall, Stephen J. Haswell, Richard D. Snook 75R References Typeset and printed by Heffers Printers Ltd, Cambridge, England

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA98601BX011

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

11 Annual Reports M Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy VdUW 14 Hardcover 46Opp ISBN 0 85186 677 8 Price €65.00 ($1 17.00) Still available: Vol. 3 (1973) 0 85186 253 6 €12.00 ($22.00) Vol. 4 (1974) 0 85186 254 4 211.00 ($30.00) Vol. 5 (1975) 0 85186 757 X E20.00 ($36.00) Vol. 6 (1976) 0 85186 741 2 €26.00 ($41.00) Vol. 7 (1977) 0 85186 737 5 €25.00 ($45.00) Vol. 8 (1978) 0 85186 630 1 €25.00 ($45.00) Vol. 9 (1979) 0 85186 727 8 $37.00 ($66.00) Vol. 10 (1980) 0 85186 717 0 €39.00 ($70.00) Vol. 1 1 (198 1) 0 85 186 707 3 E53.00 ($95.00) Vol. 12 (1982) 0 85186 697 2 E45.00 ($81.00) Vol. 13 (1983) 0 85186 687 5 f55.00 ($99.00) Special Package hice (Vols 3-14) €282.00 ($!508.00) Ordering: Orders should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry, Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Road, Letchworth, Herts.SG6 lHN, U.K. Non-RSCmemberpnces quoted. Ri5C members are entitled to a discount on most publications. Details available from: Assistant Membership Officer, The Royal society of Chemistry, 30 Russell Square, London WClB 5DT, U.K. US prices quoted. ROYAL SOCIETYOF CHEMISTRY Information Services ANNUAL REPORTS ON ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY VOL 14. Edited by L Ebdon, Plymouth Polytechnic and M S Cresser, University of Aberdeen T~E publication reports on current developments in all branches of analytical atomic emission, absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy with reference to papers published and lectures presented during 1984. Much of the information is presented in tabular form for ease of reference. Brief Contents: ATOMIZATION AND EXCITATION: Arcs, Sparks, Lasers and Low-Pressure Discharges; Plasmas; Flames; Electrothermal Atomization; Vapour Generation.INSTRUMENTATION: Light Sources; Optical Systems and Detectors; Background Correction; Automatic Sample Introduction; Instrument Control and Data Processing; Complete Instruments; Commercial Instruments. METHODOLOGY: New Methods; Detection Limits, Precision and Accuracy; Standards and Standardization. APPLICATIONS: Chemicals; Metals; Refractories and Metal Oxides, Ceramics, Slags and Cements; Minerals; An; Water; Sods, Plants and Fertilizers; Foods and Beverages; Body hues and Fluids. REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX 'I. . . . an essential reference work for atomic spectroscopists and for chemists concerned with trace metal analysis." -JE Page, Chemistry and Industry, reviewing Vol.11 Following publication of Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy Vol. 14, this series will be discontinued. Much of the material covered, however, will appear in journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (JXAS) under the heading Atomic Spectrometry Updates.Review Publications for Spectroscopists Electron Spin Resonance Vol. 10A Senior Reporter: M. C. R Symons, University of Leicester This volume cuws the literature published during 1984 and 1985. Rom Vol. 10 onwards the series is split into two parts: Part A cmers organic and bioerganic e.sx and Part B cmers inorganic and bio-inorganic e.s.x parts A and B will be published in alternate years, Vol. 10B will appear in early 1981. MefContex& Organic Radicals in Solution; Organic Radicals in Solidq Riplets and Biradicalq Applications of E.S.R.in Polymer Chemistry; Spin Labels; Biological Systems; Ree Radical Studies in Biology and Medicine; Loop-Gap Resonators. S p s M s t Periodical Report &udcover209pp ISBN0 85186 841 X Rice Es9.50 ($102.00) RSC Members €35.00 Mass Spectrometry Vol. 8 Senior Reportex M. E. Rose, Streffield City Polytechnic This volume reviews the literature published between July 1982 and June 1984. Brief Contents: Ionization Processes and Ion Dynamics; Structures and Reactions of Gas-phase Organic Ions; Photoelectron-Photoion Coincidence Spectroscop~ Developments and Rends in InstrumentatioIx Applications of Computers and Microprocessors in Mass Spectrometry; hurier-transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance; Reactions of Organic Negative Ions in the Gas Phase; Fast-atom- bombardment Mass Spectrometry: Applications to Solution C h e e , Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and High- performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry; Drug MetaboIiam, Phamacokinetks, d Wxicity; Metal-containing and Inorganic Compounds Investigated by Mass Spectrometry “It is difficult to be critical of this invaluable series of reports: the effort in producing these‘duative reviews of the literature is enormous.”-Dr G.Wiudnson, Laboratozy News, reviewing Vol. 6. Specialkt Periodical Report Hudcaesr 326pp ISBN 0 85186 328 0 Rice €10.00 ($126.00) RSC Membexm €40.00 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Vol. 14 Senior Reporter: G. A. Webb, Umiersity of Surrey This book reviews the literature published between June 1983 and May 1984.Brief Contentic Theoretical and Physical Aspects of Nuclear Shielding; Applications of Nuclear Shielding; Theoretical Aspects of Spin- Spin Couplings; Applications of Spin-Spin Couplings; Nuclear Spin Relaxation in Liquids and Gases; Solid State N.M.R.; Multiple Resonance; Natural Macromolecules; Synthetic Macromolecules; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Living Systems; N.M.R. of Paramagnetic Species; N.M.R. of Liquid Crystals and Micellar Solutions. “. . . . I strongly recommend this book as a reference bibliographic book for anyone active in the NMR field.” - C. Brevard, %rids in Analytical Ctremistzy, reviewing Vol. 13. Specialist Periodical Report Hardcaeer 405pp ISBN 0 85186 322 8 Rice €81.00 ($152.00) RSC Members €48.00 Spectroscopic Properties of Inorganic and Organornetallic Compounds Vol.18 Senior Reporters: G. Davidson, University of Nottingham and E. A. V. Ebmrth, University of Edinburytr This book reviews the recent literature published up to late 1984. Brief Contentic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Nuclear Quadruple Resonance Spectroscopy; Rotational Spectroscopy; Characteristic Vibrations of Compounds of Main-group Elements; Vibrational Spectra of Transition-element Compoundq Vibrational Spectra of Some Co-ordinated Ligandq Mijssbauer Spectroscopy; Gas-phase Molecular Structures Determined by Electron Diffraction. ‘This latest voiume in an excellent series maintains the high standards of its predecessors.” - Colin Eaborn, Journal of Oryanometallic Chemism, reviewing Vol.16. Specialist Periodical Report Eaxdcover 481pp ISBN 0 85186 163 6 Rice €95.00 ($111.00) RSC Membezs €50.00 orderkrg: RSC Members should send their orders to: The Assistant Membership Officez The Royal society of Chemistry, 30 Russell Square, London WClB 5DT Non-RSC Members should send their orders to: The Royal Society of C h e m Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Road, Letchmrth, Hertssc6 1HN. Information ServicesReview Publications for Spectroscopists Electron Spin Resonance Vol. 10A Senior Reporter: M. C. R Symons, University of Leicester This volume cuws the literature published during 1984 and 1985. Rom Vol. 10 onwards the series is split into two parts: Part A cmers organic and bioerganic e.sx and Part B cmers inorganic and bio-inorganic e.s.x parts A and B will be published in alternate years, Vol.10B will appear in early 1981. MefContex& Organic Radicals in Solution; Organic Radicals in Solidq Riplets and Biradicalq Applications of E.S.R. in Polymer Chemistry; Spin Labels; Biological Systems; Ree Radical Studies in Biology and Medicine; Loop-Gap Resonators. S p s M s t Periodical Report &udcover209pp ISBN0 85186 841 X Rice Es9.50 ($102.00) RSC Members €35.00 Mass Spectrometry Vol. 8 Senior Reportex M. E. Rose, Streffield City Polytechnic This volume reviews the literature published between July 1982 and June 1984. Brief Contents: Ionization Processes and Ion Dynamics; Structures and Reactions of Gas-phase Organic Ions; Photoelectron-Photoion Coincidence Spectroscop~ Developments and Rends in InstrumentatioIx Applications of Computers and Microprocessors in Mass Spectrometry; hurier-transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance; Reactions of Organic Negative Ions in the Gas Phase; Fast-atom- bombardment Mass Spectrometry: Applications to Solution C h e e , Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and High- performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry; Drug MetaboIiam, Phamacokinetks, d Wxicity; Metal-containing and Inorganic Compounds Investigated by Mass Spectrometry “It is difficult to be critical of this invaluable series of reports: the effort in producing these‘duative reviews of the literature is enormous.”-Dr G.Wiudnson, Laboratozy News, reviewing Vol. 6. Specialkt Periodical Report Hudcaesr 326pp ISBN 0 85186 328 0 Rice €10.00 ($126.00) RSC Membexm €40.00 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Vol.14 Senior Reporter: G. A. Webb, Umiersity of Surrey This book reviews the literature published between June 1983 and May 1984. Brief Contentic Theoretical and Physical Aspects of Nuclear Shielding; Applications of Nuclear Shielding; Theoretical Aspects of Spin- Spin Couplings; Applications of Spin-Spin Couplings; Nuclear Spin Relaxation in Liquids and Gases; Solid State N.M.R.; Multiple Resonance; Natural Macromolecules; Synthetic Macromolecules; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Living Systems; N.M.R. of Paramagnetic Species; N.M.R. of Liquid Crystals and Micellar Solutions. “. . . . I strongly recommend this book as a reference bibliographic book for anyone active in the NMR field.” - C. Brevard, %rids in Analytical Ctremistzy, reviewing Vol.13. Specialist Periodical Report Hardcaeer 405pp ISBN 0 85186 322 8 Rice €81.00 ($152.00) RSC Members €48.00 Spectroscopic Properties of Inorganic and Organornetallic Compounds Vol. 18 Senior Reporters: G. Davidson, University of Nottingham and E. A. V. Ebmrth, University of Edinburytr This book reviews the recent literature published up to late 1984. Brief Contentic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Nuclear Quadruple Resonance Spectroscopy; Rotational Spectroscopy; Characteristic Vibrations of Compounds of Main-group Elements; Vibrational Spectra of Transition-element Compoundq Vibrational Spectra of Some Co-ordinated Ligandq Mijssbauer Spectroscopy; Gas-phase Molecular Structures Determined by Electron Diffraction. ‘This latest voiume in an excellent series maintains the high standards of its predecessors.” - Colin Eaborn, Journal of Oryanometallic Chemism, reviewing Vol.16. Specialist Periodical Report Eaxdcover 481pp ISBN 0 85186 163 6 Rice €95.00 ($111.00) RSC Membezs €50.00 orderkrg: RSC Members should send their orders to: The Assistant Membership Officez The Royal society of Chemistry, 30 Russell Square, London WClB 5DT Non-RSC Members should send their orders to: The Royal Society of C h e m Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Road, Letchmrth, Hertssc6 1HN. Information ServicesReview Publications for Spectroscopists Electron Spin Resonance Vol. 10A Senior Reporter: M. C. R Symons, University of Leicester This volume cuws the literature published during 1984 and 1985. Rom Vol.10 onwards the series is split into two parts: Part A cmers organic and bioerganic e.sx and Part B cmers inorganic and bio-inorganic e.s.x parts A and B will be published in alternate years, Vol. 10B will appear in early 1981. MefContex& Organic Radicals in Solution; Organic Radicals in Solidq Riplets and Biradicalq Applications of E.S.R. in Polymer Chemistry; Spin Labels; Biological Systems; Ree Radical Studies in Biology and Medicine; Loop-Gap Resonators. S p s M s t Periodical Report &udcover209pp ISBN0 85186 841 X Rice Es9.50 ($102.00) RSC Members €35.00 Mass Spectrometry Vol. 8 Senior Reportex M. E. Rose, Streffield City Polytechnic This volume reviews the literature published between July 1982 and June 1984. Brief Contents: Ionization Processes and Ion Dynamics; Structures and Reactions of Gas-phase Organic Ions; Photoelectron-Photoion Coincidence Spectroscop~ Developments and Rends in InstrumentatioIx Applications of Computers and Microprocessors in Mass Spectrometry; hurier-transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance; Reactions of Organic Negative Ions in the Gas Phase; Fast-atom- bombardment Mass Spectrometry: Applications to Solution C h e e , Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and High- performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry; Drug MetaboIiam, Phamacokinetks, d Wxicity; Metal-containing and Inorganic Compounds Investigated by Mass Spectrometry “It is difficult to be critical of this invaluable series of reports: the effort in producing these‘duative reviews of the literature is enormous.”-Dr G.Wiudnson, Laboratozy News, reviewing Vol.6. Specialkt Periodical Report Hudcaesr 326pp ISBN 0 85186 328 0 Rice €10.00 ($126.00) RSC Membexm €40.00 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Vol. 14 Senior Reporter: G. A. Webb, Umiersity of Surrey This book reviews the literature published between June 1983 and May 1984. Brief Contentic Theoretical and Physical Aspects of Nuclear Shielding; Applications of Nuclear Shielding; Theoretical Aspects of Spin- Spin Couplings; Applications of Spin-Spin Couplings; Nuclear Spin Relaxation in Liquids and Gases; Solid State N.M.R.; Multiple Resonance; Natural Macromolecules; Synthetic Macromolecules; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Living Systems; N.M.R. of Paramagnetic Species; N.M.R. of Liquid Crystals and Micellar Solutions. “. . . . I strongly recommend this book as a reference bibliographic book for anyone active in the NMR field.” - C.Brevard, %rids in Analytical Ctremistzy, reviewing Vol. 13. Specialist Periodical Report Hardcaeer 405pp ISBN 0 85186 322 8 Rice €81.00 ($152.00) RSC Members €48.00 Spectroscopic Properties of Inorganic and Organornetallic Compounds Vol. 18 Senior Reporters: G. Davidson, University of Nottingham and E. A. V. Ebmrth, University of Edinburytr This book reviews the recent literature published up to late 1984. Brief Contentic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Nuclear Quadruple Resonance Spectroscopy; Rotational Spectroscopy; Characteristic Vibrations of Compounds of Main-group Elements; Vibrational Spectra of Transition-element Compoundq Vibrational Spectra of Some Co-ordinated Ligandq Mijssbauer Spectroscopy; Gas-phase Molecular Structures Determined by Electron Diffraction. ‘This latest voiume in an excellent series maintains the high standards of its predecessors.” - Colin Eaborn, Journal of Oryanometallic Chemism, reviewing Vol.16. Specialist Periodical Report Eaxdcover 481pp ISBN 0 85186 163 6 Rice €95.00 ($111.00) RSC Membezs €50.00 orderkrg: RSC Members should send their orders to: The Assistant Membership Officez The Royal society of Chemistry, 30 Russell Square, London WClB 5DT Non-RSC Members should send their orders to: The Royal Society of C h e m Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Road, Letchmrth, Hertssc6 1HN. Information ServicesV Online access to the world’s 1 chemistry literature lable ... now avail .,,from the Analytical Abstracts ONLINE \ I Analytical Abstracts Online ...is the online equivalent of hard copy Analytical Abstracts, the western world’s most comprehensive abstracting journal dealing solely with analytical chemistry in all i t s aspects. Analytical Abstracts Online ... contains bibliographic information on general, inorganic, organic, biochemical, pharmaceutical, food, agricultural and environmental aspects of analytical chemistry, including computer and instrumentational applications in analysis. Analytical Abstracts Online ... offers: 0 Comprehensive coverage of analytical chemistry 0 Coverage 1980-to date : over 70,000 items 0 Analytical methods in high detail 0 Quality controlled language indexes 0 Easy access via DATA-STAR, (Plaza Suite, 1 14 Jermyn Street, London SW1 Y 6HJ); and PERGAMON INFOLINE Ltd., (1 2 Vandy Street, London EC2A 2DE).For further information contact your chosen host direct or write to:- The Royal Society of Chemistry, The University, Nottingham, NG7 2RD. Tel. 0602 50741 1 Telex: 37488 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY Information ServicesV Online access to the world’s 1 chemistry literature lable ... now avail .,,from the Analytical Abstracts ONLINE \ I Analytical Abstracts Online ... is the online equivalent of hard copy Analytical Abstracts, the western world’s most comprehensive abstracting journal dealing solely with analytical chemistry in all i t s aspects. Analytical Abstracts Online ... contains bibliographic information on general, inorganic, organic, biochemical, pharmaceutical, food, agricultural and environmental aspects of analytical chemistry, including computer and instrumentational applications in analysis. Analytical Abstracts Online ... offers: 0 Comprehensive coverage of analytical chemistry 0 Coverage 1980-to date : over 70,000 items 0 Analytical methods in high detail 0 Quality controlled language indexes 0 Easy access via DATA-STAR, (Plaza Suite, 1 14 Jermyn Street, London SW1 Y 6HJ); and PERGAMON INFOLINE Ltd., (1 2 Vandy Street, London EC2A 2DE). For further information contact your chosen host direct or write to:- The Royal Society of Chemistry, The University, Nottingham, NG7 2RD. Tel. 0602 50741 1 Telex: 37488 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY Information Services

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA98601FP017

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

VERSATILE ACCESSORIES FOR ICP, DCP AND AA INSTRUMENTS ELECTROTHERMAL VAPORISER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Specially designed for ICP/OES and ICP/MS Four discrete time and voltage levels per program Up to 10 programs stored in memory from direct operation Easily linked to all systems RS232 interface as standard for program adjustment and remote start Software control allows easy program modification Signals available to activate changeover valve and integration routines Optional temperature read out facility HYDRIDE GENERATOR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AUTOSAMPLERS 0 80 x 30ml sample bottles 0 Variable sample wash times 0 Unique washpot 0 0 RS232 random access option 0 Septum piercing probe option 0 Magnetic stirrer option 0 Simple TTL logic interface as standard Ideal for AA & ICP uses and also HPLC Rapid Analysis of As, Bi, Sn.Sb, Se Te Ge as Hydrides (40-50 Samples per hour) Detection levels in region of 0.1 ppb for above by ICP and AA Stable continuous hydride generation allows greater precision and accuracy Simple visual checking of instrument performance Sample levels measured against blank background level Easy and simple to interface to any plasma or atomic absorption instrument Also suitable for Hg measurements by cold vapour technique Stand alone operation or remote link to computer system for control and data capture For further information please contact Arthur House. Cray Avenue. Orpington. Kent BR5 3TR. UK. Tel No: 0689 31632. Telex: 895 1182. In USA contact: Questron Corporation, P.O. Box 2387. Princetown. New Jersey 08.540. Tel: 6OY 37.5 077Y.Telex: Y iO3SO3424. PSA Analytical Limited... Vlll ~ ~ Following publication of Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy Vol. 14, this series will be discontinued. Much of the material covered, however, will appear in journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry OMS) under the heading Atomic Spectrometry Updates. ANNUAL REPORTS Annual Reports M Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy Vdums 14 Hardcover 460pp ISBN 0 85186 677 8 Price $65.00 ($1 17.00) Still available: Vol. 3 (1973) 0 85186 253 6 212.00 ($22.00) Vol. 4 (1914) 0 85186 254 4 217.00 ($30.00) Vol. 5 (1975) 0 85186 751 X $20.00 ($36.00) Vol. 6 (1916) 0 85186 747 2 226.00 ($41.00) Vol. 1 (1977) 0 85186 731 5 525.00 ($45.00) Vol. 8 (1918) 0 85186 630 1 225.00 ($45.00) Vol. 9 (1979) 0 85186 727 8 237.00 ($66.00) Vol.10 (1980) 0 85186 717 0 239.00 ($70.00) Vol. 11 (1981) 0 85186 701 3 E53.00 ($95.00) Vol. 12 (1982) 0 85186 697 2 E45.00 ($81.00) Vol. 13 (1983) 0 85186 687 5 255.00 ($99.00) Special Package Price (Vols 3-14) 2282.00 ($508.00) Ordering: Orders should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry, Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Road, Letchworth, Herts. SG6 lHN, U.K. Non-RSC member prices quoted. RSC members are entitled ro a discounr on most publications. Derails available from: Assisrant Membership Officer, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 30 Russell Square, London WClB 5DT, U.K. US$ prices quoted. ROYAL Information Services ON ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY VOL 14. Edited by L Ebdon, Plymouth Polytechnic and M S Cresser, University of Aberdeen This publication reports on current developments in all branches of analytical atomic emission, absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy with reference to papers published and lectures presented during 1984.Much of the information is presented in tabular form for ease of reference. Brief Contents: ATOMIZATION AND EXCITATION: Arcs, Sparks, Lasers and Low-Pressure Discharges; Plasmas; Flames; Elect ro t her ma1 Atomization; Vapour Generation. INSTRUMENTATION: Light Sources; Optical Systems and Detectors; Background Correction; Automatic Sample Introduction; Instrument Control and Data Processing; Complete Instruments; Commercial Instruments. METHODOLOGY: New Methods; Detection Limits, Precision and Accuracy; Standards and Standardization. APPLICATIONS: Chemicals; Metals; Refractories and Metal Oxides, Ceramics, Slags and Cements; Minerals; Air; Water; Sods, Plants and Fertilizers; Foods and Beverages; Body Tissues and Fluids.REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX ‘I. . . , an essential reference work for atomic spectroscopists and for chemists concerned with trace metal analysis.” - J E Page, Chemistry and Industry, reviewing Vole 11... Vlll ~ ~ Following publication of Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy Vol. 14, this series will be discontinued. Much of the material covered, however, will appear in journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry OMS) under the heading Atomic Spectrometry Updates. ANNUAL REPORTS Annual Reports M Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy Vdums 14 Hardcover 460pp ISBN 0 85186 677 8 Price $65.00 ($1 17.00) Still available: Vol.3 (1973) 0 85186 253 6 212.00 ($22.00) Vol. 4 (1914) 0 85186 254 4 217.00 ($30.00) Vol. 5 (1975) 0 85186 751 X $20.00 ($36.00) Vol. 6 (1916) 0 85186 747 2 226.00 ($41.00) Vol. 1 (1977) 0 85186 731 5 525.00 ($45.00) Vol. 8 (1918) 0 85186 630 1 225.00 ($45.00) Vol. 9 (1979) 0 85186 727 8 237.00 ($66.00) Vol. 10 (1980) 0 85186 717 0 239.00 ($70.00) Vol. 11 (1981) 0 85186 701 3 E53.00 ($95.00) Vol. 12 (1982) 0 85186 697 2 E45.00 ($81.00) Vol. 13 (1983) 0 85186 687 5 255.00 ($99.00) Special Package Price (Vols 3-14) 2282.00 ($508.00) Ordering: Orders should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry, Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Road, Letchworth, Herts. SG6 lHN, U.K. Non-RSC member prices quoted. RSC members are entitled ro a discounr on most publications.Derails available from: Assisrant Membership Officer, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 30 Russell Square, London WClB 5DT, U.K. US$ prices quoted. ROYAL Information Services ON ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY VOL 14. Edited by L Ebdon, Plymouth Polytechnic and M S Cresser, University of Aberdeen This publication reports on current developments in all branches of analytical atomic emission, absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy with reference to papers published and lectures presented during 1984. Much of the information is presented in tabular form for ease of reference. Brief Contents: ATOMIZATION AND EXCITATION: Arcs, Sparks, Lasers and Low-Pressure Discharges; Plasmas; Flames; Elect ro t her ma1 Atomization; Vapour Generation.INSTRUMENTATION: Light Sources; Optical Systems and Detectors; Background Correction; Automatic Sample Introduction; Instrument Control and Data Processing; Complete Instruments; Commercial Instruments. METHODOLOGY: New Methods; Detection Limits, Precision and Accuracy; Standards and Standardization. APPLICATIONS: Chemicals; Metals; Refractories and Metal Oxides, Ceramics, Slags and Cements; Minerals; Air; Water; Sods, Plants and Fertilizers; Foods and Beverages; Body Tissues and Fluids. REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX ‘I. . . , an essential reference work for atomic spectroscopists and for chemists concerned with trace metal analysis.” - J E Page, Chemistry and Industry, reviewing Vole 11... Vlll ~ ~ Following publication of Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy Vol.14, this series will be discontinued. Much of the material covered, however, will appear in journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry OMS) under the heading Atomic Spectrometry Updates. ANNUAL REPORTS Annual Reports M Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy Vdums 14 Hardcover 460pp ISBN 0 85186 677 8 Price $65.00 ($1 17.00) Still available: Vol. 3 (1973) 0 85186 253 6 212.00 ($22.00) Vol. 4 (1914) 0 85186 254 4 217.00 ($30.00) Vol. 5 (1975) 0 85186 751 X $20.00 ($36.00) Vol. 6 (1916) 0 85186 747 2 226.00 ($41.00) Vol. 1 (1977) 0 85186 731 5 525.00 ($45.00) Vol. 8 (1918) 0 85186 630 1 225.00 ($45.00) Vol. 9 (1979) 0 85186 727 8 237.00 ($66.00) Vol. 10 (1980) 0 85186 717 0 239.00 ($70.00) Vol. 11 (1981) 0 85186 701 3 E53.00 ($95.00) Vol.12 (1982) 0 85186 697 2 E45.00 ($81.00) Vol. 13 (1983) 0 85186 687 5 255.00 ($99.00) Special Package Price (Vols 3-14) 2282.00 ($508.00) Ordering: Orders should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry, Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Road, Letchworth, Herts. SG6 lHN, U.K. Non-RSC member prices quoted. RSC members are entitled ro a discounr on most publications. Derails available from: Assisrant Membership Officer, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 30 Russell Square, London WClB 5DT, U.K. US$ prices quoted. ROYAL Information Services ON ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY VOL 14. Edited by L Ebdon, Plymouth Polytechnic and M S Cresser, University of Aberdeen This publication reports on current developments in all branches of analytical atomic emission, absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy with reference to papers published and lectures presented during 1984.Much of the information is presented in tabular form for ease of reference. Brief Contents: ATOMIZATION AND EXCITATION: Arcs, Sparks, Lasers and Low-Pressure Discharges; Plasmas; Flames; Elect ro t her ma1 Atomization; Vapour Generation. INSTRUMENTATION: Light Sources; Optical Systems and Detectors; Background Correction; Automatic Sample Introduction; Instrument Control and Data Processing; Complete Instruments; Commercial Instruments. METHODOLOGY: New Methods; Detection Limits, Precision and Accuracy; Standards and Standardization. APPLICATIONS: Chemicals; Metals; Refractories and Metal Oxides, Ceramics, Slags and Cements; Minerals; Air; Water; Sods, Plants and Fertilizers; Foods and Beverages; Body Tissues and Fluids.REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX ‘I. . . , an essential reference work for atomic spectroscopists and for chemists concerned with trace metal analysis.” - J E Page, Chemistry and Industry, reviewing Vole 11... Vlll ~ ~ Following publication of Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy Vol. 14, this series will be discontinued. Much of the material covered, however, will appear in journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry OMS) under the heading Atomic Spectrometry Updates. ANNUAL REPORTS Annual Reports M Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy Vdums 14 Hardcover 460pp ISBN 0 85186 677 8 Price $65.00 ($1 17.00) Still available: Vol. 3 (1973) 0 85186 253 6 212.00 ($22.00) Vol. 4 (1914) 0 85186 254 4 217.00 ($30.00) Vol.5 (1975) 0 85186 751 X $20.00 ($36.00) Vol. 6 (1916) 0 85186 747 2 226.00 ($41.00) Vol. 1 (1977) 0 85186 731 5 525.00 ($45.00) Vol. 8 (1918) 0 85186 630 1 225.00 ($45.00) Vol. 9 (1979) 0 85186 727 8 237.00 ($66.00) Vol. 10 (1980) 0 85186 717 0 239.00 ($70.00) Vol. 11 (1981) 0 85186 701 3 E53.00 ($95.00) Vol. 12 (1982) 0 85186 697 2 E45.00 ($81.00) Vol. 13 (1983) 0 85186 687 5 255.00 ($99.00) Special Package Price (Vols 3-14) 2282.00 ($508.00) Ordering: Orders should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry, Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Road, Letchworth, Herts. SG6 lHN, U.K. Non-RSC member prices quoted. RSC members are entitled ro a discounr on most publications. Derails available from: Assisrant Membership Officer, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 30 Russell Square, London WClB 5DT, U.K.US$ prices quoted. ROYAL Information Services ON ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY VOL 14. Edited by L Ebdon, Plymouth Polytechnic and M S Cresser, University of Aberdeen This publication reports on current developments in all branches of analytical atomic emission, absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy with reference to papers published and lectures presented during 1984. Much of the information is presented in tabular form for ease of reference. Brief Contents: ATOMIZATION AND EXCITATION: Arcs, Sparks, Lasers and Low-Pressure Discharges; Plasmas; Flames; Elect ro t her ma1 Atomization; Vapour Generation. INSTRUMENTATION: Light Sources; Optical Systems and Detectors; Background Correction; Automatic Sample Introduction; Instrument Control and Data Processing; Complete Instruments; Commercial Instruments.METHODOLOGY: New Methods; Detection Limits, Precision and Accuracy; Standards and Standardization. APPLICATIONS: Chemicals; Metals; Refractories and Metal Oxides, Ceramics, Slags and Cements; Minerals; Air; Water; Sods, Plants and Fertilizers; Foods and Beverages; Body Tissues and Fluids. REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX ‘I. . . , an essential reference work for atomic spectroscopists and for chemists concerned with trace metal analysis.” - J E Page, Chemistry and Industry, reviewing Vole 11... Vlll ~ ~ Following publication of Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy Vol. 14, this series will be discontinued. Much of the material covered, however, will appear in journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry OMS) under the heading Atomic Spectrometry Updates.ANNUAL REPORTS Annual Reports M Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy Vdums 14 Hardcover 460pp ISBN 0 85186 677 8 Price $65.00 ($1 17.00) Still available: Vol. 3 (1973) 0 85186 253 6 212.00 ($22.00) Vol. 4 (1914) 0 85186 254 4 217.00 ($30.00) Vol. 5 (1975) 0 85186 751 X $20.00 ($36.00) Vol. 6 (1916) 0 85186 747 2 226.00 ($41.00) Vol. 1 (1977) 0 85186 731 5 525.00 ($45.00) Vol. 8 (1918) 0 85186 630 1 225.00 ($45.00) Vol. 9 (1979) 0 85186 727 8 237.00 ($66.00) Vol. 10 (1980) 0 85186 717 0 239.00 ($70.00) Vol. 11 (1981) 0 85186 701 3 E53.00 ($95.00) Vol. 12 (1982) 0 85186 697 2 E45.00 ($81.00) Vol. 13 (1983) 0 85186 687 5 255.00 ($99.00) Special Package Price (Vols 3-14) 2282.00 ($508.00) Ordering: Orders should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry, Distribution Centre, Blackhorse Road, Letchworth, Herts.SG6 lHN, U.K. Non-RSC member prices quoted. RSC members are entitled ro a discounr on most publications. Derails available from: Assisrant Membership Officer, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 30 Russell Square, London WClB 5DT, U.K. US$ prices quoted. ROYAL Information Services ON ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY VOL 14. Edited by L Ebdon, Plymouth Polytechnic and M S Cresser, University of Aberdeen This publication reports on current developments in all branches of analytical atomic emission, absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy with reference to papers published and lectures presented during 1984. Much of the information is presented in tabular form for ease of reference. Brief Contents: ATOMIZATION AND EXCITATION: Arcs, Sparks, Lasers and Low-Pressure Discharges; Plasmas; Flames; Elect ro t her ma1 Atomization; Vapour Generation. INSTRUMENTATION: Light Sources; Optical Systems and Detectors; Background Correction; Automatic Sample Introduction; Instrument Control and Data Processing; Complete Instruments; Commercial Instruments. METHODOLOGY: New Methods; Detection Limits, Precision and Accuracy; Standards and Standardization. APPLICATIONS: Chemicals; Metals; Refractories and Metal Oxides, Ceramics, Slags and Cements; Minerals; Air; Water; Sods, Plants and Fertilizers; Foods and Beverages; Body Tissues and Fluids. REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX ‘I. . . , an essential reference work for atomic spectroscopists and for chemists concerned with trace metal analysis.” - J E Page, Chemistry and Industry, reviewing Vole 11

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA98601BP023

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL. 1 61R ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY UPDATE-INSTRUMENTATION John Marshall* ICI plc, Petrochemicals and Plastics Division, PO Box No. 90, Wilton, Middlesbrough, Cleveland TS68JE, UK Stephen J. Haswell Thames Polytechnic, Wellington Street, Woolwich, London SE 78 6PF, UK Richard D. Snook Chelsea Instruments Ltd., 5 Epirus Road, London SW6 7UR, UK Summary of Contents 1 Light Sources 2 Optical Systems and Detectors 2.1. Optical Systems 2.2. Detectors 3 Background Correction 4 Automatic Sample Introduction 5 Instrumental Control and Data Processing 5.1. Emission 5.2. Absorption 6 Complete Instruments 6.1. Emission 6.2. Absorption 6.3. FI u o resce nce 6.4. Mass Spectrometry 7 Commercial Instruments 7.1. Emission 7.2. Absorption 7.3.Fluorescence 7.4. Mass Spectrometry Table 1. Commercially Available Instruments Table 2. Instrument Company Addresses This review is the first in a series of annual "Updates" describing developments in atomic spectroscopy relevant to instrumentation. It is based on publications and conference reports received during the year ending 31st October 1985, and considers light sources, optical systems and detectors, background correction, automatic sample introduction, instrument control and data processing and complete instruments. A section of the review is devoted to the description of new commercial instruments, and the current range of equipment available from manufacturers is presented in tabular form. Although the review follows chronologically from the corresponding sections of Chapter 2 of Volume 140f Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy, in the interests of continuity, important developments from the latter months of 1984 included in that Volume are discussed again here.The references cited, prefixed by S/, or for conference reports, S/C, may be found in the supplement distributed to subscribers to JAAS. The manner in which the material is presented in this first "Update" on instrumentation is close to that used in ARAAS. The authors would welcome any comments or suggestions for future reviews. 1. LIGHT SOURCES The application of lasers to atomic spectrometry has largely of the LAFS technique has recently been described by Michel been confined to diagnostics and laser ablation for sample and co-workers (S/841, S/C1152). In these papers the introduction, with the possible exception of laser-excited principal analytical advantage was considered to be the long atomic fluorescence spectrometry (LAFS) which employs a linear dynamic range of the calibration graphs that extend laser as a source of radiation.The continued development over greater than six orders of magnitude. A gated photo- multiplier technique was also described that overcame the problem of high light levels associated with LAFS (see section 6.3). Smith et al. (S/1082) used a combination of techniques in * Review Topic Co-ordinator, to whom correspondence should be addressed.62R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY7 JUNE 1986, VOL. 1 which a pulsed demountable glow discharge was used as an atom cell for laser excited fluorescence.Sputtered atoms were excited by a pulsed, frequency doubled dye laser after the discharge was switched off. The glow discharge served to produce a stable ground-state atom population and the laser to induce atomic fluorescence free from background emission. The technique also allowed for the direct determination of solids. A pulsed nitrogen laser with a peak power of 400 kW (pulse duration of 8 ns) was employed (86/C585) to study time- resolved phosphorescence of Ed+. It was suggested that the technique may be useful for the immunoassay of Eu3+ coupled to biological molecules. This seems, however, a rather extreme technique for an analytical procedure which conven- tionally uses simple fluorescence techniques. Laser atomic fluorescence spectrosopy below 220 nm has been demon- strated (86/C527) using a frequency doubled dye laser and anti-stokes Raman shifting to access several atomic lines in this spectral region.A continuous optical discharge (COD) has been investi- gated by Cremers et al. (86/101). The COD was formed by focusing a 45-W CW-C02 laser beam into a gas cell filled with xenon at pressures of between 1150 and 3200 Torr. Using this apparatus they obtained analytical calibrations for Clz and 02. Detection limits were also determined for solid materials laser ablated into the COD. Recent work in the area of hollowcathode sources has shown that it is possible to form a plasma plume in front of a hollow cathode thus enabling the sputtered atoms to be excited and determined spectrochemically .Marcus and Harri- son (86/259) demonstrated the technique by obtaining atomic emission and absorption profiles in the plume. The sample was incorporated into the hollow cathode as a small metal disc. These workers further suggested that the hollow-cathode plume may also be useful as a source for mass spectrometry. Lowe (86/194) used a high-temperature hollow-cathode lamp for simultaneous determination of low boiling-point trace elements in nickel base super alloys. These techniques proved useful for solid sample analysis. Glow discharges still attract attention especially in combi- nation with other sources. For example, Laqua and co- workers (86/C624) have combined such a discharge apparatus with a TMolo microwave cavity to boost spectral emission.Improved detection power, reported as background equi- valent concentration, was obtained at low pressures. This technique has also been investigated (86/C239) for the determination of several elements in airborne dusts. A modified modular glow discharge lamp which employed plane cathodes of the type used in the Grimm lamp has also been reported (86/C625). The authors claimed superior detection limits to those obtainable with a conventional glow discharge lamp due to slightly improved line to background ratio and higher precision. A voltage modulation technique has been applied to a glow discharge (S/123) to provide discrimination against the predominant noise in the source. Signal to noise ratios were improved by a factor of 20-50 and it was thought that this was due to a modification of the sputtering process.2. OPTICAL SYSTEMS AND DETECTORS 2.1. Optical Systems Few novel applications of grating spectrometers were re- ported although Stehle (S/C431) described a novel mount, which consisted of a 0.4-m focal length monochromator with a double quartz prism coupled with a 1.5-m focal length tchelle grating monochromator. The instrument was claimed to provide resolution of 0.0015 nm over the spectral range 175-900 nm. Boumans and Vrakking (S/1078, S/1079) reported the use of a 50 MHz ICP with a new type of echelle spectrometer for analytical optimisation, and the study of line wings as a contribution to the background in line-rich spectra. This Cchelle spectrometer equipped with a pre-disperser in a parallel slit arrangement provided high resolution, which was considered important in the evaluation of ICP emission spectra (see section 6.1). Levy et al.(S/C325) reported an order sorter (recombination) spectrometer, equipped with a 1024 photodiode array detector, thus negating the require- ment for slow scanning. Spectral resolution of 0.008 nm in the UV region was reported. The most significant advances in high-resolution spectro- metry have been made combining the ICP with a Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) which is based on a Michelson design. Faires et al. (86/110) have applied this combination to the determination of line widths and line profile analysis. They analysed 81 Fe lines with an SNR of 100 when observing emission in the normal analytical region of the ICP and found that the line profiles were dominated by the Gaussian component.A significant Lorentzian contribution (Voight factors of ca. 0.10) to the line shape was noted and translational temperature measurements resulted in mean ICP values of 6310 K (RSD 217 K). In a further paper Faires et al. (86/109) investigated the near infrared region between 1 .O and 2.0 pm using the ICP-FTS combination. An SNR greater than four was reported for 109 Ar lines with wavenumbers to within 0.001 cm-1. These two papers bring out the essence of ICP-FTS in that studies at high resolution with excellent wavelength accuracy can be performed over a wide spectral range. In addition, the entire spectrum between the wavelength limits can be obtained at high resolution. Davies et al.(861190) used a conventional inductively coupled plasma torch in an axial rather than vertical configuration. They investigated the operating parameter dependence of spatial emission profiles and electron densities and concluded that using axial viewing with their chosen image transfer optics these profiles were smoothed by optical integration. Faires et al. (S/653) in a similar series of experiments showed that “top down” viewing leads to improved detection limits for many elements. In a separate experiment Davies and Snook (86/C471) demonstrated a laminar flow inductively coupled plasma torch which has considerably improved noise charac- teristics (reported as noise to background ratios) than a conventional vortex stabilised torch. Consequently, detection limits for several elements were shown to be superior to those obtained with the conventional torch.2.2. Detectors The few advances reported in detection technology are related to charge injection or charge coupled devices (S/C337, S/C 370) and to photodiode arrays. A paper by McGeorge and Salin (86/697) described in depth the data acquisition considerations for spectrometry using photodiode arrays with respect to both hardware and software. In a different paper the same authors (86/84) considered theoretical and practical aspects of photo- diode arrays used as detectors for ICP-OES and concluded that for wavelengths above 230 nm performance is comparable to that of a PMT detector. Keane and Fry (S/C262) described the detection of Br, C, C1, F, H, N, 0 and S using a spectrometer equipped with a photodiode array detector.The spectrometer used was a small crossed Czerny - Turner type chosen to prevent vignetting atJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL. 1 63 R the focal plane, a problem that was experienced in earlier experiments when an Ebert spectrometer was employed. A coarse grating was used to compress the entire red and near infrared region of the spectrum on to the 1024 element diode array. A 300-nm spectral window was accessible above 650 nm where the non-metal emission lines are evident. 3. BACKGROUND CORRECTION Background correction techniques continue to be developed for AAS, there being particular interest in Zeeman-effect background correction. Hadeishi (86/C653) has described a self-contained rugged simultaneous multi-element atomic absorption spectrometer.The spectrometer employed a resis- tively heated tungsten electrothermal atomiser rather than a graphite furnace in order to reduce power consumption and hence the size of the Zeeman-effect background power supply for the atomiser . Compensation was accomplished by applying a static transverse magnetic field of 7-9 kG to the tungsten atomiser. To achieve ruggedness, the rotating polariser used in most Zeeman equipment was replaced with a Wollaston prism and tuning fork chopper operated at 400 Hz to isolate the o and x Zeeman components. The author claims that this instrument is capable of improved characterisation and correction of transient background signals. de Loos- Vollebregt and de Galan (86/C654) have used a.c.Zeeman- effect AAS to extend the dynamic range of analytical curves by a factor of five in comparison with conventional AAS. This has been achieved by using homogeneous high field strengths (see section 6.2). The phenomenon of overcompensation using Zeernan-effect background correction gives rise to serious negative systematic errors caused by spectral interference at the Zeeman shifted wavelengths. This phenomenon has been investigated (S/489) by studying the effect of iron lines on some 30 elements and 49 Zeeman split lines. Significant overcompensation was found for Ga and Zn when using the 287.4- and 213.9-nm lines, respectively. The interferences were avoided, however, by using the Ga 294.4-nm and Zn 213.9-nm lines. Guo and Stephens (S/577) discussed the use of air-coofed solenoids for generating pulsed magnetic fields of strengths suitable for Zeeman-effect background correction.It was suggested that the advantages of this approach were that solenoids are small and light enough to be easily mounted in the vicinity of the atom cell or source and require only a modest power supply. These advantages allow the magnet assembly to be adjusted as simply as any of the other optical devices present in a modular AA spectrometer. Optical forward scattering spectrometry (86/C525) has been shown to be a useful technique for multi-element analysis because only atomic resonance lines appear, simplifying the spectra and facilitating the use of low-resolution spectro- meters. Such systems may be used in conjunction with vidicon or diode array detectors.Debus et al. (86/C526) described a polarisation modulation method by which non-specific trans- mission losses can be compensated for. The technique has been used successfully for the determination of Cd in blood serum using graphite furnace AAS. The background correc- tion technique was found to be efficient at levels of back- ground signal 1200% higher than the analytical signal. 4. AUTOMATIC SAMPLE INTRODUCTION Fully automated sample preparation systems for the intro- duction of samples into atomic spectroscopic instrumentation have been developed using computer-controlled robotics (S/C341, 86/21). An integrated robotic system specifically for ICP-OES applications, described by workers from the Perkin- Elmer Corporation (86/C470), used an IBM-PC computer with a high-level language for control.The robotic arm performed tasks such as weighing, solution dispensing and sample mixing. The interfacing of the computer to other laboratory devices was also briefly outlined. An automatic microprocessor controlled solid sample preparation tech- nique, for non-metallic samples has been described (86/21). Based on high-frequency heating, fusion took place in a continuously swirled crucible. The apparatus performed an analysis in <7 min, automatically introducing an aqueous sample into an ICP-OE spectrometer. Numerous papers have appeared on the application of flow injection (FI) to atomic spectroscopic determinations. A review on FI-FAAS (86/365) and a second more general review by Mercedes et al.(S/840) outlined the analytical attractions of this methodology, namely, automatic call- bration, sample pre-concentration/dilution , matrix modifi- cation and low-volume sample analysis. Various FI manifolds have been designed (86/367) for use with FAAS and a detailed comparison of these designs can be found in a paper by Tyson et al. (86/200). The pre-concentration of analytes appears to be the most popular use of F1 with in-line ion-exchange resins being used for both FAAS (S/585, S/629, S/651) and ICP-OES. (S/585, S/629, 9651) applications. Other approaches to pre- concentration in FAAS have included the use of chelating resins (S/C358), silica-immo bilised 8-hydroxyquinoline for the determination of trace elements in waters (S/631) and solvent extraction based on a potassium thiocyanate - isobutyl methyl ketone system for the determination of Zn at pg 1-1 levels in the presence of 2% iron (S/579).A comparative study between the use of ion-exchange resin (Amberlyst A26) and chelating material (activated alumina) for the determination of low levels of V by ICP-OES (86/C141) suggests that twice the signal may be obtained by use of the alumina column rather than the ion-exchange resin system. Cox et al. (S/1234) demonstrated how chelating materials could be used for the isolation of individual species of Cr(II1) and -(VI) using an automated FI approach. The use of FI in reducing sample matrix interferences has also been an area in which much interest has been shown. Evans and Klueppel (S/931) overcame the problem of variation in matrix viscosity associated with the determination of trace elements in oil by using FI with ICP-OES. Variations in viscosity produced negligible changes in precision, which was reported to be 2-5% at the 95% confidence level, and the method was capable of 80 determinations per hour.A technique combining both pre-concentration and matrix modification has been reported (S/C365) for the determi- nation of Cd, Pb and Zn at the pg 1-1 level in sea-water samples. This technique, referred to as the fully automated chromatographic treatment system (FACT) used columns of ion-exchange or chelating resins to concentrate analytes whilst allowing the matrix to flow to waste. An automatic step gradient subsequently eluted the elements sequentially into a coupled FAA spectrometer.The application of FI for the automatic introduction of small sample volumes (25-500 p1) into ICP (86/220) and DCP (S/C319) systems has been described. Faske (86/220) outlined64R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL. 1 an ICP-OES method for the introduction of sample volumes one hundredth of those normally used for continuous aspir- ation. Despite an acceptable precision being reported there appeared to be some degradation of detection limits. However, surprisingly good recoveries (80-100%) were obtained for NBS bovine liver for the determination of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. Continuous flow systems for the automatic generation of hydrides coupled to FAAS (S/C349, S/1103) have generally incorporated a quartz tube aligned in the optical path of the spectrometer.The introduction of 1 ,lo-phenanthroline as a matrix modifier (S/1101) has been used for the removal of copper and nickel interferences when determining Se at levels below 5 pg 1-1 in acid digested geological reference rock samples. Brown and Dymott (86/C606) reported an enhance- ment of up to 45% in signal response by an FI method over discrete sample introduction (0.5 ml) for the determination of 5-10 pg 1-1 arsenite [As(III)] quoting a detection limit of 1 ng ml-1. A study of the transportation processes of evolved hydrides in continuous flow systems for ICP-OES (86/C477) compared the results of a mathematical model with those from experimental data. The carrier gas flow-rate and gas - liquid separator volumes were identified as important parameters for obtaining optimum signal response. Coleman and Cochran (S/C355) using a DCP for the determination of As, Sb and Se at sub-pg 1-1 levels highlighted the significance of carrier gas flow-rates (25-100 ml min-1) from the gas - liquid separator to the DCP injection jet.They further concluded that small-bore connecting tubing (0.5 mm i.d.) was required for such applications. A paper has appeared on an automatic com- puterised continuous flow system for the determination of Hg in blood by AAS (S/2), but only brief experimental details were given in this reference. An automated electrothermal atomisation sample introduc- tion system for ICP-OES has been reported (S/C290, S/C309) based upon an Instrumentation Laboratory Model 254 FASTAC autosampler and nebuliser deposition system.The method exploited sample deposition times within the furnace of several minutes, resulting in improved detection limits. The hardware and software for interfacing the furnace to a direct reading ICP optical emission spectrometer together with the sample changer/deposition control were discussed in some detail. 5. INSTRUMENTAL CONTROL AND DATA PROCESSING 5.1. Emission A large proportion of recent papers on computer control in atomic spectroscopy were concerned with automated atomic emission systems. General reviews (S/C412, S/C721) of this include one on the concept of laboratory information manage- ment systems (LIMS) (SK755). A brief review by Taylor et al. (S/C413), which includes ICP-OES, evaluates many of these systems examining the strategy, advantages and limitations of current software. Ediger et al.(S/C392) however described an alternative approach to conventional total automation in ICP-OES, utilising an integrated system equipped with multiple microcomputers linked to distinct functioning hard- ware modules, These individual modules were controlled by a 16-bit master computer linked via an IEEE 488 Bus. The software run with this system included artificial intelligence that allowed decision making tasks, traditionally requiring a skilled spectroscopist, to be performed. The use of artificial intelligence was further elaborated upon by the workers from the Perkin-Elmer Corporation (S/C429, S/C751, S/C774) who described the algorithms required for the intelligent control of parameters such as optimisation, pattern recognition and heuristic searches. The analytical value of such systems was examined by Reese (S/20) who critically evaluated computer controlled correction procedures for signal drift. The paper described a novel approach to this problem using software run on an Apple I1 computer.The correction, based on time interpolated standards determined from data accumulated during one entire run, differs from the continual sensitivity adjustments commonly used by other systems. Details were given of the interface between the computer and a DCP instrument. The use of computers for background correction has been the subject of various papers. Spectral libraries for charac- terising interferences (S/C750) and the application of new mathematical techniques for performing a generalised internal reference method (GRIM) in “real-time” (S/C424) have been reported.Measurements of precision and correction proce- dures based on the Myers - Tracy internal standardisation techniques were described in a series of papers (S/C302, S/C426) that give full details of the technique and the computer hardware - software involved. The application of Myers - Tracy correction to ICP-OES analysis of samples containing high dissolved solids was the subject of an interesting paper (86K465). The digital processing of data for calibration purposes has inspired some intriguing papers. Noise filtering has been investigated (86/C488) using moving average, Savitzky - Golay and FT methods. Despite the mathematical nature of this paper, the algorithms are presented well and a comparison of these methods suggests that the optimum value of a signal is obtained by peak height using FT and by peak width for the Savitzky - Golay method.The use of non-linear regression methods to deconvolute analytical signals using a micro- processor was the subject of a further paper (S/915) in this area. Written in FORTRAN 77, the modular program, regression of analytical data (ROAD) was run on a Hewlett-Packard 1000-F computer with an RTE 6 VM operating system. The menu driven software package written with an overlay structure includes library sub-routines. In an impressive paper by Wirsz (S/C393), Hyperspace spectrometry was described, enabling simultaneous multi-elemental data to be evaluated in 38 dimensional space, which through complicated algorithms were expressed as two dimensional non-linear working curves for the individual elements.Instrumental optimisation still stimulates much interest in the area of OES. The application of Simplex optimisation techniques in this field has been the subject of a recent review (S/C772). Smith (S/C775) however strongly criticised the Simplex approach for its non-utilisation of the data discarded with the “poorest response” and suggested the Optiplex technique as a better alternative. Studies of optimisation techniques applicable to DCP-OES, including a critical review (S/C766) and study of Simplex optimisation versus factorial analysis (S/C330), concluded that more than one optimisation strategy was preferable and that confirmation of the optimum was essential using univariate search procedures.A microprocessor-controlled flame photometer equipped with an automatic diluter assembly and an autinject facility was described in two papers (86/351, 86/393). The interface based on an 8-bit microcomputer running programs written in BASIC was fully automated and able to analyse 155 samples per hour for four elements. Applications of this technique have included the analysis of soil and biological samples. Improvements to the Miller - Schleicher - Barnes computer model for the ICP discharge was the topic of a recent paper by Barnes (86/256). The model for a nitrogen ICP discharge used in spectrochemical analysis was improved by the addition ofJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL. 1 65R experimentally determined magnetic flux density distribution data.5.2. Absorption Many papers in the literature have been concerned with the use of computers for systems control and data acquisition in AAS. The concept of signal manipulation rather than post- instrument data handling has been the theme of two interest- ing papers concerned with ETA-AAS (86/C484, 86/C487). Barrett et al. (86/C484), using a Perkin-Elmer Series 7000 Professional Computer, described software for determining base line offset compensation (BOC) measurements prior to atomisation. The BOC time together with integration atom- isation window time, degree of signal smoothing and choice of peak-area or -height measurements were all evaluated by the program.In a second paper, by Herber et al. (861C487) a Plessey LSI 11/23 minicomputer with an RT 11SJ operating system was employed to carry out ( a ) sub-routines for experimental low-pass filtering by FT and (b) several peak- analysis programs. The reported conclusions differed some- what from those of the previous paper (86/C484), identifying peak height rather than peak area as the most suitable method of signal measurement. Some attention has been given to the utilisation of computers for controlling calibration procedures (S/C378,86/238,86/239). One such routine (86/210) described the use of a Commodore PET 2001-32N computer operating in Commodore BASIC. The data produced were processed automatically to give “the best fit” with either rational or quadratic expressions, and computation was made for non- zero standard blank concentrations, changes in sensitivity and base-line drift. The detailed description of the system was not however supported by a program listing.Microcomputer-controlled background correction systems for atomic spectroscopy have been of interest in American - British research collaboration (86/69, 86/204, 861C520). The novel instrumentation described in these papers enabled automatic background correction to be performed in either absorption or emission modes (86/C645). The system des- cribed by Harnly (86/C520) concentrated on a Digital Equip- ment 11/34 microcomputer, whilst O’Haver et al. (86/204) gave a very detailed account of the hardware requirements based on an Apple IIe computer.This latter reference is recommended to those interested in this aspect of spectro- scopy. A totally integrated computer control system has been the subject of a series of papers by workers for Varian (S/C338, S/C683, S/C689, 86/24). This instrument was re- ported to perform a fully automated analysis including self optimisation, data calibration and result presentation (see section 6.2). Various additional programs written in BASIC are available on floppy disc for this system: these include flagging of particular results and report formatting. 6. COMPLETE 6.1. Emission The development of instrumentation for ICP-OES continues to provide the main stimulus for research in emission spectroscopy. However it is clear that the ICP is becoming established as an ion source for mass spectrometry (MS) (see section 6.4) and consequently innovations have to be con- sidered in a somewhat wider context (S/C685, S/C706, 86lC444).Spectral interference effects are widely regarded to be a major limitation in the analytical application of the ICP as an emission source. There has been an increasing trend towards the use of spectrometers offering resolving powers that approach the physical line widths found in the ICP in order to minimise potential spectral interferences (S/C432, S/1078). Echelle spectrometers provide a convenient means of achiev- ing this level of resolution (S/C430, S/C431). In a series of important papers (S/C411, S/1077, S/1078, S/1079), the characteristics of a novel type of echelle spectrometer with pre-disperser for high-resolution ICP-OES were described.It was reported (S/1078) that this instrument provided ICP-OES detection limits that were an order of magnitude better than standard literature values. However, the primary benefits from the use of high-resolution spectroscopy were considered to result from improvements in selectivity and limits of determination rather than in limits of detection, particularly in the case of line overlap (86/700,86/701) (see section 2.1). The characteristics of an echelle spectrometer incorporating a linear photodiode array detector were described (S/C325, 86/C489). Light from the ICP source was pre-dispersed by means of a low-resolution 0.5-m polychromator to select the narrow wavelength regions of interest. This radiation was then recombined and passed to an echelle grating prior to detection.The system provided an ICP-OES detection limit for Ca at 393.36 nm of 0.01 yg ml-1 and a linear dynamic range in excess of five orders of magnitude. There is increasing interest in the application of Fourier transform spectrometers (FTS) in ICP-OES (S/C263, S/C264, S/C741, SIC754, S/C1140, see also section 2.1). The primary advantage of FTS instruments is that the entire spectrum may INSTRUMENTS be observed simultaneously in contrast with wavelength dispersive systems, which only permit observation at selected wavelengths. A further inherent benefit of the technique was that interferometric measurement provided high resolution, which was useful in the characterisation of the ICP spectrum and facilitated the study of line widths and shapes (86/109, 86010).However, it appeared that a so-called multiplex disadvantage existed, in that noise from strong emission lines could degrade detection limits of weaker lines also under observation (861C469, 86/C478). In an analogous approach, spectral scan data derived from a Beckman SMI echelle spectrometer and an ARL 3510 ICP instrument were conver- ted into a function of frequency using a fast Fourier transform routine on a Digital Minc 23 computer (SIC256, S/C762). It was claimed that this procedure provided both quantitative and qualitative results with detection limits in the pg ml-1 range for 70 elements. There has been continued research interest in the develop- ment of low-power, low-flow inductively coupled plasma systems (S/236, S/C317, S/C477, S/581).It was demonstrated (S/C420, S/1076, 86/C446, 86/C472) that it was feasible to operate air-cooled or radiatively-cooled torches at 1 1 min- total argon flow and 0.5-0.6 kW applied power. Other investigations showed that it was possible to reduce total argon consumption to about 6 1 min-1 by modification of the torch design (S/581, S/C1173) and aspirate organic solvents, such as xylene, at input levels as low as 0.3 kW (S/1097). Mermet and Poussel (S/C478, S/C1198) studied the influence of generator frequency on physical parameters of the ICP and indicated that it was easier to reduce flow-rates and power requirements by operating at higher generator frequencies. The development of alternative sample introduction systems for ICP-OES remains an active area of research, with much of the current emphasis on the use of electrothermal vaporisation techniques.Whilst it is claimed that such methods offer comparable sensitivity to ETA-AAS, practical advantages are only likely to be realised in a background corrected multi-element measurement mode. Thus direct66R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL. 1 reading spectrometer systems have been modified both in terms of hardware and software to allow the detection of transient rather than steady-state signals (S/C290, S/C297, S/C309, S/C1138). An alternative approach of using photo- graphic detection proved feasible for simultaneous multi- element analysis using an ICP with electrothermal vaporisa- tion, but sensitivity was consequently reduced (S/171). A dual-channel spectrometer for the measurement of ICP-OES transient signals has been devised (S/C305 , 86/C474).An oscillating quartz refractor plate was used to permit the alternate measurement of line and background intensities with a temporal resolution of less than 0.1 s. This approach is analogous to the use of wavelength modulation for back- ground correction in ICP-OES (86/C147, 86/C645). Electrothermal atomisers are increasingly being used in their own right as sources for atomic emission measurement (S/842, 86/69, 86/204, 86/C288). A constant-temperature graphite furnace was coupled to a computer-controlled Cchelle spectro- meter system (86097, 86/C510). The ETA-AES detection limits obtained with this system were comparable to or better than previously reported literature values.Figures of merit in the pg range were also reported for AES using a tungsten metal microtube atomiser (S/211). Falk et al. (86/C507) described the simultaneous determination of Al, Cu, Fe and Ni in water and nitric acid using furnace atomic non-thermal excitation spectrometry (FANES). The FANES source was operated in conjunction with a 1.5-m polychromator, which allowed measurement on up to ten separate channels. The characteristics of a novel type of plasma, the microwave induced nitrogen discharge at atmospheric pressure (MIN- DAP), were described (S/C409, S/665, 86/22, 86/218). The plasma was operated at 2450 MHz with an applied power of 0.25 kW and a total nitrogen flow-rate of less than 2 1 min-1.Detection limits were reported in the pg 1-1 range and calibration linearity was 3-5 orders of magnitude for most elements. Although some inter-element interference effects were observed, these were removed by the use of ionisation suppressants and releasing agents. 6.2. Absorption Conventional line source AAS, as exemplified by commercial instrumentation, can only provide multi-element analysis on a sequential basis. However, a portable wear metal analyser was described (S/C250) that allowed the simultaneous measure- ment of up to nine elements in aircraft engine oil by ETA-AAS. The system employed two hollow-cathode lamps to provide source radiation for the nine elements and a 20-cm focal length polychromator for detection. The instrument weighed about 50 kg in total and was found, during testing, to operate satisfactorily under extremes of temperature, relative humidity and shock.Relative standard deviations of 2-570 were reported for the determinations. When a continuum lamp is employed as the primary radiation source, it is possible to measure AA at a number of wavelengths simultaneously, in an analagous manner to emission spectrometry (S/C347, S/C510, 86/C520). A single-channel continuum source AA instrument has been constructed (86/69, 861204, see also section 5.2) in which data acquisition and processing functions are performed by an Apple IIe microcomputer. This system offers the unique feature of providing the same method of background correction for both absorption and emission measurement using flame, furnace or plasma atomisers.In a related approach, a high concentration of analyte was aspirated into a DCP, which was then used as a pseudo- continuum source €or AAS (S/575). Whilst the use of a DCP produced a significant reduction in order overlap and far stray radiation in comparison with that produced by the more conventional xenon arc lamp, SNRs were degraded because of plasma emission self-reversal flicker noise. An ICP was used inside the cavity of a flashlamp pumped dye laser for AA measurement using an optogalvanic detection system (S/205, 9221). Detection limits of about 1 pg 1-1 were obtained for six elements, and the limiting noise source was reported to be pulse to pulse fluctuation in the laser output. The design of instrumentation for Zeeman-effect back- ground correction in AAS was the subject of further investi- gation in this review year.It was found possible to extend the dynamic range of calibration graphs in a.c. Zeeman-effect AAS by making absorbance measurements at an intermediate field strength in addition to those made at maximum field strength (86/C654). This was found to result in a curve of growth of reduced initial slope, but a five-fold increase in linearity compared with normal operation. A double-pass Zeeman- effect AA spectrometer was described (86/C649) that was used in conjunction with a rapid cycle ETA device (see also ARAAS, 1984, 14, 67). The development of digital signal processing allowed for simultaneous background correction and improved precision in the measurement. The use of a double-pass optical system was reported to improve sensitivity for Cu by a factor of two.A portable simultaneous multi- element AAS instrument employing Zeeman-effect back- ground correction was described (86/C653). The system employed two multi-element hollow-cathode lamps as sources, a tungsten ribbon electrothermal atomiser and a polychromator that could be fitted with either silicon photo- cells or photomultipliers as detectors. The measurement electronics operated either by pulsing the lamps alternately or by using different modulation frequencies for each. A tungsten coil atomiser was described in which the current supply was pulsed to produce a magnetic field in order to achieve Zeeman-effect background correction (86/C656). However, under the experimental conditions evaluated a magnetic field of 0.2 T was produced, which was insufficient to provide correction.It was suggested that this approach would be feasible if a smaller coil was operated at higher current as a magnetic field of up to 0.8 T could then be generated, which is close to the strength employed in current instrumentation incorporating electromagnet technology. A method has been published which provides a comparison of features of AAS instruments that have been designed for use with ETA (86/209). The optimum configuration of electrothermal atomisers, however, still seems to attract considerable research effort (9147, 3168, S/252, S/1167, 86/C516, 86/C534). Most of the atomiser designs described attempt to achieve a means of establishing stable temperature conditions in the tube at the time of atomisation, although this idea is not new in either conceptual or practical terms.6.3. Fluorescence There has been continued development of instrumentation for laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry (LAFS) , and the current state of the art is reflected in recent reviews (S/898, 86/366, 86/394). Combustion flames have traditionally been used as atomisation cells in AFS, but electrothermal atomisers and ICPs are now increasingly employed for this purpose. Dittrich and Starke (86/C529) described a LAFS system in which an impulse pumped dye laser was used in conjunction with carbon rod or carbon tube atomisers. The detection system consisted of monochromator optics and a boxcar integrator. Sensitivities were reported in the pg range except for involatile elements, which gave a substantially poorer response. Not surprisingly, interference effects were found to be significantly greater using the open-rod type atomiser rather than the graphite furnace.In a similar system (86/C528) a tungsten spiral atomiser was used with a pulsed laser excitation source to achieve detection limits at the pg level. An atomiser heating rate of 106 K s-1 was found to provide optimum fluorescence using a novel unit laser pulse synchron- isation system. Photomultiplier gating has been used to improve detection in LAFS (S/841). It was found possibleJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL. 1 67R using this technique to employ large monochromator slits and improve SNRs without incurring photomultiplier saturation or non-linearity of calibration (see section 1).The inductively coupled plasma has also been used as an atomisation source in LAFS. A system was described that utilised laser pulses of 5 ns duration with a repetition rate of 50 Hz to obtain fluorescence from flame and plasma atomisers (861C125). Signals were detected using a photomultiplier wired for pulsed operation and processed with a boxcar averager. The instrument could also be used for laser- enhanced ionisation by employing a water-cooled molyb- denum electrode immersed in the air - acetylene flame as a detector. Signals were amplified by a pulse amplifier and averaged by a boxcar integrator. Laser-excited atomic fluores- cence spectrometry was also used in conjunction with an ICP for the determination of elements such as As and Se, which exhibit resonance transitions below 220 nm (SIC288).Thus stimulated Raman scattering in the gas was used to produce tunable laser wavelengths in the 180-360 nm region where frequency doubling techniques are not easy to apply. The Raman cell was operated at 77 K in a specially designed liquid nitrogen cooling unit. The instrument exhibited a wavelength coverage of 18@540 nm using a single laser dye and one second harmonic generation crystal. An eight-channel multi-element non-dispersive atomic flu- orescence spectrometer based on a time division multiplex method was described (S/654). The pulsed behaviour of ten EDLs was examined with respect to radiofrequency power, mode of pulsing and step frequency using an air - acetylene flame.A Commodore PET microcomputer was used to control lamp firing and perform data manipulation. Detection limits were claimed to be comparable to those of ICP-OES and FAAS. A comparison was made between helium - oxygen - acety- lene and air-acetylene flames as atom cells for continuum source atomic fluorescence spectrometry (86/87). A 300-W xenon arc lamp was used as a continuum source and a 0.35-m monochromator fitted with two PMTs was used for detection purposes. Detection limits obtained with the helium flame were better by between 13 and 60 times. 6.4. Mass Spectrometry The commercial availability of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry systems has resulted in the rapid growth of applications of the technique and consequently there have been few significant developments in instrumentation re- ported.The topic of sample introduction has received considerable attention in the last year. Quadrupole mass spectrometers are capable of rapid spectral scanning and thus more convenient to use in the detection of transient signals than sequential optical emission spectrometers. Thus laser ablation has been employed as a method of solid sample introduction in ICP-MS (S/1150, 86/196, 86/C545). Elec- trothermal vaporisation has been employed for the analysis of micro-samples in an analogous manner to ICP-OES, and detection limits were reported to be between 10 and 100 times better than in conventional modes of operation (S/C291, 86/C545). In an interesting development, a 100 MHz ICP generator was used as an ion source for mass spectrometry (86/C549).The operation of the system at high frequency allowed the use of a low flow-rate (8 1 min-1) and low power (>1 kW) ICP, which reduces the energy that must be dissipated by the interface, which was grounded to avoid arcing. The quadru- pole MS was used in conjunction with a DEC micro PDP 11 computer using standard software. Investigations were made of the optimum interface conditions used with the 100 MHz ICP system. The development of a system that used an internally tuned cavity to produce a moderate power micro- wave plasma as an ion source for MS was discussed (SlC744). Either helium or argon gases could be used to sustain the plasma discharge. 7. COMMERCIAL INSTRUMENTS Table 1 describes the current commercially available instrumentation, details having been supplied by manufactur- ers and European agents.The most significant developments are summarised below. 7.1. Emission Philips intend to introduce a new range of emission spec- trometers, the PV8030 series, in 1986, to replace the existing PV8020 series. The new instruments will offer improved specification by providing 24 analytical lines, faster operation using the 50 Hz spark source and better data handling facilities using an in-built Philips personal computer, which is IBM PC compatible. Vacuum spectrometers will be available for the analysis of steels and cast irons, as will air versions for non-ferrous applications. Labtam have introduced the Plasmascan 8410, which is distributed in the UK by Techmation.This sequential scanning ICP spectrometer is intended to replace the Plasma- scan 710 series. The monochromator utilises Czerny - Turner optics and provides a wavelength range of 170-800 nm with a resolution of 0.01 nm in the second order. A vacuum option is available for measurement below 200 nm. The plasma operates at 27.12 MHz with a power rating of 2 kW and total gas consumption of 10 1 min-1 of argon. The GMK stop-flow nebuliser is supplied as standard. A comprehensive software package for spectrometer control and data manipulation is available. Spex Industries have developed the DMlB, a spectroscopy laboratory co-ordinator. The DMlB is essentially a computer control unit that can be used in conjunction with any Spex monochromator. It can be employed to scan automatically within defined wavelength limits, control lamps and detectors, receive up to four signals, manipulate acquired data and perform display and storage functions.Several manufacturers appear to recognise the inherent advantages of having a “stand-alone” microcomputer to perform instrument control and/or data management func- tions. Jobin-Yvon have added the JY38 plus sequential spectrometer system to their ICP range. This instrument has automatic start up and shut down procedures and built-in internal standard and wavelength calibration channels. The system employs an IBM PC/XT with a 10 Mbyte hard disk for data processing and incorporates high-resolution colour graphics for spectral evaluation and method development purposes.Allied Analytical Systems have improved their existing sequential ICP spectrometer (S/C274, S/C748) with the introduction of the Plasma 300. Additional features include the installation of automatic radiofrequency tuning and the use of an IBM PC for post-run data management. Software has been developed for spectrum search facilities using colour graphics. In a similar fashion, Applied Research Laboratories have developed the ARL 3510pc, an upgraded version of their existing sequential ICP instrument that utilises an IBM PC for system control and data manipulation. This instrument will be available early in 1986. Figures of merit68R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL. 1 were reported for three ARL sequential ICP systems in an independent study (S/C434).It was considered that the ARL 3520 offered some advantages in terms of analytical speed. In a useful practical survey, criteria were discussed for the evaluation of ICP-OES instruments (S/C760). An evaluation protocol was established based on test procedures related to accuracy, precision, speed and detection power. The relatively recent introduction of the Perkin-Elmer Plasma I1 emission spectrometer (see ARAAS, 1984, 14, 75) has resulted in a number of papers describing its features (S/C392, S/906). In particular, the importance of real-time internal standardisation (S/C302, S/C426, S/C1141 , 86/C465) and optimisation procedures (S/C384, S/C429) were empha- sised (see also section 5.1). The first commercially available instrument for the measurement of atomic emission from an electrothermal atomiser has been introduced by Kontron.A simultaneous multi-element spectrometer is used in conjunction with the FANES source developed by Falk and co-workers (86/C507). A low-pressure gas discharge is initiated within the atomiser tube at the time of atomisation of the sample, giving rise to non-thermal excitation. Detection limits are reported to be comparable to those obtained by ETA-AAS, but with the additional advantage of multi-element operation. 7.2. Absorption The most significant development in atomic absorption instrumentation in the review period was the introduction of the Spectr AA range of spectrometers by Varian (S/C338, S/C682, S/C689, 86/C5814, see also ARAAS, 1984, 14, 76). The instrument is fully computer controlled from a single keyboard and appears to have created a new standard in AA automation. Varian have also reported on developments in the design of a continuous flow hydride apparatus (S/C695, S/800) and an improved nebuliser, which it was claimed was less sensitive to changes of liquid level in the sample vessel (S/C357, S/C694).Perkin-Elmer have introduced the Model 3030B atomic absorption spectrometer, which is an improved and updated version of the older Model 3030. The instrument can be operated with flame, furnace or hydride generation units. It is possible to programme the HGA-600 furnace and AS60 autosampler directly from the system computer. The AS-1 autosampler has now been withdrawn from the product range. Perkin-Elmer continue to promote the stabilised temperature platform furnace concept in conjunction with their Zeeman instrument range (S/C684, 86/192 , 86/C484).A European patent application by Philips (86/43) concerned the design of a tube cell for AAS which maximised the sample volume that could be deposited, whilst minimising the cross-sectional area in order to maximise sensitivity. The tube could accommodate a platform, and a number of cross- sectional geometries, including triangular , were proposed. Pye Unicam also pursued aspects of atomiser design in the evaluation of totally pyrolytic graphite as a cuvette material (S/822,86/198,86/C518) and the use of the slotted quartz tube to improve sensitivity in FAAS (86/C580). 7.3. Fluorescence A patent concerning the use of electrothermal atomisers in AFS has been filed (S/234).It is reported that by increasing the residence time of analyte atoms in the observation volume by means of a design modification, improved detection limits can be obtained in both AAS and AFS. Improved detection limits were also reported for the Baird AFS 2000 system. This was achieved by utilising boosted output hollow-cathode lamps and ultrasonic nebulisation (S/C344, 86/191). 7.4. Mass Spectrometry There has been considerable activity in the promotion of ICP-MS instruments , but developments have largely been confined to the refinement of existing commercial systems (S/C743 , S/C745, S/C771, S/C1142 , 86/C183). The design characteristics of the interface between the ICP and the mass spectrometer have been the subject of controversy, particu- larly in respect of spectral interference problems (S/C295, SfC752, S/C1172).A major review of the historical develop- ment of ICP-MS instrumentation has recently been published (86/674). Table 1. COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE INSTRUMENTS A. Emission Spectrometers Reciprocal dispersion1 Wavelength Supplier* . . . . . . Model nmmm-1 range/nm ( a ) The following instruments are new entries and are described in section 7- Kontron . . . . . . . . FANES 0.5 200-520 PhilipsAnalytical . . . . . . PV8030 0.46 177-4 10 PV 8035 0.69 190-610 ( b ) The following instruments continue to be offered by manufacturerst- Applied Research Laboratories . . . . . . 3360 0.04 3520 0.46 0.60 or 0.30 0.69 or 0.35 0.93or0.46or 0.31 3560 Quantovac As 3520 3580 Quantovac As 3520 3600 0.84 Baird Corporation .. . . . . Spectromet 1000 0.6or 0.3 170-406 170-526 170-609 170-812 As 3520 As 3520 240-450 210-590 190-295 Focal length/m 0.75 1 .o 1 .o 0.5 1 .o As 3520 As 3520 0.5 1 .o Type of source Graphite furnace incorporating low- pressure discharge Monoalternance 50 Hz or 500 Hz spark Monoalternance 50 Hz or 500 Hz spark Foundry analyser Low-voltage spark, d.c. arc, EDL, HCL As 3520 As 3520 Low-voltage spark Arc or spark; rotating disc; modularJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL. 1 69R Table 1. COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE INSTRUMENTS-corttinued A. Emission Spectrometers Reciprocal dispersion/ Wavelength Supplier* . . . . . . Model nmmm- I rangeinm Spectrovac 1000 0.6 or 0.3 173-767 Spectromobile MS3 0.55 190-440 0.6 or 0.3 210-590 FAS 2 Hilger Analytical .. E 1000 Polyvac 0.29or 1.15 156-880 and 766.4 Focal 1 .o As Spectromet 1000 0.75 Spark 1 .o lengt him Type of source Rotrode 1.5 Various, including high repetition condensed arc, ICP, GDL As E 1000 Spark, ICP Spark, ICP “Transource” (high voltage triggered discharge), low voltage triggered d.c. arc “Transource” “Transource ” Universal source Monoalternance 50 Hz spark with high-energy conditions As PV 8020/01 Monoalternance 50 Hz spark, d.c. arc, GDL, HCL or ICP As PV 8350 E 970 0.55 or 0.74 174-670 Jobin-Yvon . . . . . . . . JY32E 0.56 170-830 JY48E 0.56 170-830 Labtest Equipment . . 310 0.56 190-900 0.75 0.5 1.0 1.5 V 25 0.46 170-428 V 82 0.42 or 1.68 170-1040 2100 0.34 or 0.68 185-680 PV 8020/0 1 0.46 177-410 1 .o 1 .o 0.75 1 .o Philips Analytical .PV 8020103 0.69 19&615 PV 8350 vacuum 0.46 177-410 1 .o 1 .o Philips Analytical . . . . . . PV8250air 0.69 190-615 0.59 190-531 0.92 190-820 0.46 190-410 PV 8210 0.55 190-700 PV 8050 0.46 165-485 1 .o 1.5 As PV 8350 1 .o Monoalternance 5-500 Hz high-repetition spark, intermittent d.c. arc 50 MHz ICP, arc or spark Floating anode, spark, arc 1 .o As PV 8050 1 .o 1 .o GDL 1 .o 1 .o As for lOOOA PV 8055 0.46 165-485 PV 8065 0.46 165-485 PV 8370 0.46 170-410 . . . . Spectromet 1000A 0.78 220-750 Spectromet lO0OV 0.36 150-450 Spectromet 1000HV 0.36 110-450 SiemansAG . Spectro . . . 1 .o 0.75 0.50 As for lOOOA D.c. arc, portable D.c. arc, portable . . . . Spectrotest 0.50 220-530 Spectrotest Jr 0.50 21CL500 Spectrolab Vacuum 0.50 165-230 Air 0.50 or 0.67 21CL800 Spectroil 0.50 210-800 SpexIndustries .. . . . . 1404 0.27 175-1040 1877 1.4 185-1000 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.85 0.60 2.07 Spark Spark D.c. arc Various Various Arc or spark VEB Carl Zeiss Jena . . PG 52 0.74 or 0.37 200-2800 B. Plasma Spectrometers Generators Operating frequency1 MHz Reciprocal dispersion/ Focal Supplier* Model nm mm-1 length/m (a) The following instruments are new entries and are described in section 7- Allied Analytical Jobin-Yvon . . . . JY38Plus 0.4 1 .0 - Systems . . . . Plasma300 - (0.2 in second order) Labtam . . . . . . 8410 0.37 0.75 ( b ) The following instruments continue to be offered by manufacturers$- Allied Analytical - - Systems . . . . Plasma200 ICAP 9000 ICAP - 0.75 - 0.75 Output powerIkW 2.5 2.3 27.12 40.68 2.0 27.12 2.5 2.5 2.5 27.12 27.12 27.1270R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL.1 Table 1. COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE INSTRUMENTS-continued Generators B. Plasma Spectrometers Reciprocal dispersion/ nm mm-1 ~ Operating frequency1 MHz Focal lengthlm output powerlkW Supplier* Model Applied Research Laboratories . . . . 3510 3520 0.65 or 0.32 0.93 or 0.46 or 0.31 0.93 or 0.46 or 0.31 0.93 or 0.46 or 0.31 1 .o 1.0 0.90-1.5 0.90-2.0 27.12 27.12 3560 1 .o 0.90-2 .0 27.12 3580 1 .o 0.90-2.0 27.12 Baird Corporation . . Plasma or AFS Plasma Plasma Spectrovac Spectromet Beckman Instruments Inc. . . . . . . Spectraspan IV Spectraspan V Spectraspan V ICP Spectraspan VI HilgerAnalytical . . E970 E 1000 Polyvac Jobin-Yvon . . . .JY32P JY 38 PI JY 38 SHR JY 38 VHR JY 48 JY 70 DCP (combination of any JY 38 + JY 32) Kontron . . . . . . Plasmakon15 Plasmakon 135 1.0 2.5 or 5.0 40 27.12 or 40.68 - 0.66 or 0.33 or 0.22 As Spectromet - 1 .o 1 .o 2.5 or 5.0 27.12or40.68 0.06-0.27 0.75 D.c. As IV As IV As IV 0.55-0.74 0.27-1.15 As IV As IV As IV D.c. 27.12 D.c. - 1.5-5.0 0.75 1.5 0.5 1 .o 1 .o 1 .o 1 .o 1 .o 2.5 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 27.12 27.12 0.56 0.4 0.4 (1st order) 0.28 (1st order) 0.56 0.4 56 56 56 56 56 56 0.6 0.6 0.6 or 0.5 0.62 0.75 0.083 (200 nm) - 0.27 (800 nm) - UV 0.65 0.4 Visible 1.3 0.229or0.527 2 x 1 m 0.46 1 0.6 or 0.75 1.5 1.5 or 3.5 2 27.12 27.12 Labtest . . . . . . Plasmatest75 LeemanLabs . . . . Plasmaspec 40 27.12 2.5 Perkin-Elmer . . . . ICP6500 Plasma I1 Philips Analytical .. PV 8060 PV 8065 PV 8210 air PV 8250 and ICP 5500B 2.0 27.12 1.8 2.0 27.12 50 0.55 or 0.28 1.5 0.69 or 0.35 1.0 0.92 or 0.46 0.46 or 0.23 0.46 1 .o 0.08 (300 nm) 1.5 2.0 2.0 50 50 PV 8350 vacuum Sopra . . . . . . DPS1500 Spectra Analytical . . Spectroflame SpexIndustries . . . . 1870 1702 1704 1269 Sciex . . . . , . Elan VGIsotopes . . . . Plasmaquad 2.0 2.0 1.5 50 50 27.12 27.12 27.12 27.12 27.12 27.12 27.12 1.6 0.5 1.1 0.75 0.8 1.0 0.65 1.26 Quadrupole mass spectrometer 2.5 1.5 Quadrupole mass spectrometer C. Atomic Absorption Spectrometers Model (single/ Resolution/ Background double beam) nm correction type Data output Supplier* (a) The following instrument is a new entry and is described in section 7- Perkin-Elmer . . . . . . . . 3030B (double) 0.07 D2 lamp RS 232C, 2 way71R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL.1 Table 1. COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE INSTRUMENTS-continued C. Atomic Absorption Spectrometers Model (single/ Resolution/ ( b ) The following instruments continue to be offered by manufacturers§- Supplier* double beam) nm Allied Analytical Systems . . . . S-11 (single) 0.04 S-12 (single) 0.04 Video 11 (single) 0.04 Background correction type Data output Smith - Hieftje Smith - Hieftje Smith - Hieftje + D2 arc Smith - Hieftje + D2 arc Smith - Hieftje + D2 arc RS 232C RS 232C RS 232C Video 12 (double) 0.04 RS 232C RS 232C Video 22 (2 channel double) 0.04 Bit parallel Alpha computer BCD (TTL levels) systems Baird Corporation . . . . . . Alpha 1 (single) 0.1 Alpha 2 (single) 0.1 Alpha 3 (single) Alpha 4 (single) GBC Scientific .. . . . . . . SB 9000 (single) GBC 901 (single) GBC 902 (double) GBC 903 (single) Hilger Analytical . . . . . . . . Atomspek H1580 Nissei Sangyo . . . . . . . . Hitachi 2-6000 (double beam) 2-7000 (double beam) 2-8000 (double beam) Perkin-Elmer . . . . . . . . 2280 (single) 2380 (double) 5000 (double) 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 D2 HCL D2 HCL D2 lamp D2 lamp D2 lamp D2 lamp D2 lamp IEEE - 488 IEEE - 488 RS 232C RS 232C 0.09 Zeeman effect 0.09 Zeeman effect 0.09 0.2 0.2 0.07 Zeeman effect D2 lamp D2 lamp D2 lamp or W lamp Zeeman effect D2 lamp Zeeman effect D2 lamp RS 232C RS 232C RS 232C, 2 way Zeeman 5000 (double) 0.07 3030 (double) 0.07 Zeeman 3030 (double) 0.2 Pye Unicam . . . . . . . . . . SP9 (single) 0.2 RS 232C, 2 way RS 232C IEEE/RS 232C SP9 computer/ PU 9007 AA PU 9090 RS 232C Data Station, RS 232C, 2 way Digitial or analog PU 9000 (single/double) 0.2 D2 lamp Scintrex .. . . . . . . . . AAZ-2 (effectively 2.2 Shimadzu . . . . . . . . . . AA-670 (single) 0.02 Varian Techtron . . . . . . . . SpectrAA 30 (double) 0.1 double beam) Zeeman effect D2 lamp D2 lamp IEEE Centronics (IEEE, RS 232C optional) 40 (double) 0.1 AA 1275 (single) 0.2 AA 1475 (double) 0.2 VEB Carl Zeiss Jena . . . . . . AA SIN (single) - AAS 3 (double and single) - D2 lamp D2 lamp D2 lamp D2 lamp UVtvisible IEEE, RS 232C IEEE, RS 232C 100 mV analog 0-10 V analog D. Electrothermal Atomisers and Autosamplers Control unit Supplier Model Type ( a ) There are no new entries in this section ( b ) The following instruments continue to be offered by manufacturers 7- Allied Analytical Systems .. 655 Graphite furnace Programmable 6 stages, ramp or step heating, auto-clean, display of actual temperature in "C; temperature feedback system timers for sample deposition, remote triggering circuitry for autozeroing and auto- calibrating the spectrometer Programmable, dry, ash (2 stages) atomise, maximum temperature 3500 "C Aerosol deposition; digital FASTAC I1 Flame or furnace autosampler Graphite rod BairdCorporation . . . . . . A17072R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL. 1 Table 1. COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE INSTRUMENTS-continued D . Electrothermal Atomisers and Autosamplers Control unit Supplier Model Type GBCScientific . . . . . GF 900 System 1000 Hilger Analytical .. . . . . H1475 Perkin-Elmer . . . . . . HGA-300 HGA-400 HGA-500 AS-40 AS-50 HGA-600 AS-60 Graphite furnace 4 temperature cycles (dry, ash 1, ash 2, atomise) temperature and ramp capabilities on each cycle; continuous digital temperature readout for programming the GBC graphite furnace and autosampler; capacity for up to 10 programmes; seven- step programme for sampling Programmable, dry, ash, wait, atomise; maximum temperature 2600 "C; current stabilised Flame or furnace autosampler Microprocessor control system Graphite furnace Graphite furnace Graphite furnace Graphite furnace Furnace autosampler Flame or ICP autosampler Graphite furnace HGA autosampler Microprocessor unit provides up to 8 steps of controlled heating. Control functions programmed via keyboard: temperature, time, ramp, hold, gas flow; maximum power heating As HGA-300 but with spectrometer control functions and digital displays of temperature, time and programme status; heating rate of 2000 "C s-1 between any two temperatures controlled heating; six programmes can be stored and recalled using magnetic cards Automatic insertion of up to 35 standards; methods of addition, matrix modification programmable functions ; carousels containing 50 sample tubes (15 ml) HGA-500 from spectrometer or computer All autosampler functions are controlled directly from the spectrometer or external computer; operates with the HGA-600 furnace As HGA-400 but with 9 steps of Microprocessor controlled unit; IEEE controlled version of Pye Unicam .. .. . . . . Video furnace SP-9 furnace Graphite furnace Microprocessor control of 6 phases and temperatures to 3000 "C; voltage or temperature control; 18 ramp rates, 9 linear, 2-2000 "C s-1 and 9 exponential; non-volatile storage of 10 programmes 4 phases each programmable to 3000 "C; voltage or temperature control; 9 ramp rates 2-2000 "C s-1; digital parameter selection and display SP-9 furnace autosampler Autosampler Automatic sampler takes 38 samples and 2 wash positions; identifies blanks, samples and standards; selection of number of replicates and volume for each sample Graphite furnace Shimadzu . . . . . . . . GFA 4A VarianTechtron . . . . . . GTA-95 Graphite furnace Programmable, dry, ash, atomise; maximum temperature 3000 "C; temperature monitor with control loop; 9 ramp steps available; can store up to 9 programmes Graphite furnace Programmable temperature range 20-3000 "C; up to 20 temperature steps; programmable heating rate to 2000 "C s-1; heat injection from 40 to 150 "CJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL.1 73R Table 1. COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE INSTRUMENTS-continued D. Electrothermal Atomisers and Autosamplers Supplier Model Type Control unit VarianTechtron . . . . . . GTA-95 PSC-55 GTA-96 PSC-56 * Company addresses are given in Table 2. t Fuller descriptions of this equipment can be found in ARAAS, 1984, 14, 78. ?t Fuller descriptions of this equipment can be found in ARAAS, 1984, 14, 82. § Fuller descriptions of this equipment can be found in ARAAS, 1984, 14, 86. 7 Fuller descriptions of this equipment can be found in ARAAS, 1984, 14, 89.Autosampler Blank, 5 standards, 45 samples and chemical modifier; programmable from 2 to 70 pl samples; 4 solutions can be dispensed together Flame autosampler Microprocessor controlled auto- sampler with 5 standard and 67 sample positions; keyboard programme entry furnace for compatibility with Spectr-AA range autosampler for compatibility with Spectr-AA range Graphite furnace Updated version of GTA-95 Autosampler Updated version of PSC-55 Table 2. INSTRUMENT COMPANY ADDRESSES Company UK Agent Allied Analytical Systems, Instrumentation Laboratory One Burtt Road, (UK) Ltd., Andover, Kelvin Close, MA 01810, Birchwood Science Park, USA Warrington, ARL Applied Research En Vallaire, 1024 Ecublens, Switzerland Wingate Road Cheshire ARL Applied Research Laboratories SA, Laboratories, Wingate House, Luton, Bedfordshire LU4 8PU Baird Corporation, 125 Middlesex Turnpike, Bedford, MA 01730, USA Beckman Instruments Inc., Campus Drive, Jambouree Boulevard, Box (219600, CA 92713, USA GBC Scientific Equipment Pty.7/63 Park Drive, Danedong, Victoria 3175, Australia Hilger Analytical Ltd., Westwood, Margate, Kent CT9 4JL, UK Ltd, Jobin-Yvon, Division d’Instruments, 16-18 Rue du Canal, 91160 Longjumeau, France Kontron GmbH, PO Box 8057, Oskar-von-Miller Str. I , 8057 Eching b. Munchen, FRG Baird Atomic Ltd., 4 Warner Drive, Springwood Industrial Estate, Braintree, Essex CM7 7YL Beckman-RIIC Ltd., Progress Road, Sands Industrial Estate, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire HP12 4JL EDT Research, 14 Trading Estate Road, London NWlO 7LU EDT Research, 14 Trading Estate Road, London NW14 7LU Linton Instrumentation, Hysol, Harlow, Essex CM18 6QZ Company Labtam International Pty., 43 Malcolm Road, Braeside, Victoria 3195, Australia Labtest Equipment Ltd., 11 828 La Grange Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA Leeman Labs Inc., 600 Suffolk Street, Lowell, MA 01854, USA Nissei Sangyo (America) Co. 460E Middlefield Road, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA Perkin-Elmer Corporation, Spectroscopy Division, 901 Ethan Allen Highway Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA Philips Industrie SA, Spectrochemistry Department, 131 Boulevard de L’Europe, B- 1301 Wavre, Belgium SCIEX, 55 Glencameron Road, Thornhill, Ontario L3T IP2, Canada Scintrex, 22 Snidercroft Road, Concord, Ontario L4K lBS, Canada Siemans A. G., Infoservice 2 13-7 1 e , Postfach 156, 8510 Furth, FRG Ltd., (Hitachi), UK Agent Techmation Ltd., 58 Edgware Way, Edgware, Middlesex H48 8SP Leeman Labs Inc., 59/61 Guildford Street, Luton, Bedfordshire LU12NL Nissei Sangyo Co.Ltd., London Road, Sutton Industrial Park, Reading, Berkshire RG6 IAZ Perkin-Elmer Ltd., Post Office Lane, Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire HPO 1QH Philips Analytical Department, Pye Unicam Ltd., York Street, Cambridge CB12PX Bristol Industrial & Research Associates Ltd., 6 Combe Road, Portishead, Bristol BS20 9JB Techmation Ltd., 58 Edgware Way, Edgware, Middlesex H48 8SP Siemans Ltd., Analytical Systems, Eaton Bank, Congleton, Cheshire CW12 IPH74R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL. 1 Table 2. INSTRUMENT COMPANY ADDRESSES-continued Company I Company UK Agent Shimadzu (Europa) GmbH, Acker Strasse 11 1, D-4000 Dusseldorf 1, FRG V.A. Howe & Co. Ltd., 12-14 St. Anne’s Crescent, London SW18 2LS Spectro GmbH, Bosch Strasse 10, D-4190 Kleve, FRG Spectro Analytical (UK) Ltd., Green Lane, Churt, Farnham, Surrey GUlO 2LT Spex Industries Inc., Glen Creston Instruments, 3880 Park Avenue, 16 Dalston Gardens, Eddison, NJ 08820, Stanmore, USA Middlesex HA7 1DA 68 Rue Pierre Joigneaux, F9 2270 Bois-Colombes, France Sopra, - Varian Techtron Pty., Ltd., 679-701 Springvale Road, Mulgrave, Victoria 3170, Australia VEB Carl Zeiss Jena Carl Zeiss Str. 1, 6900 Jena, GDR VG Instruments Inc., Inorganic Division, 300 Broad Street, Stamford, CA 06901, USA UK Agent Varian Associates Ltd., 28 Manor Road, Walton-on-Thames, Surrey KT12 2QK Carl Zeiss Scientific Instruments Ltd., PO Box 43,2 Elstree Way, Boreham Wood, Hertfordshire WD6 1NH VG Isotopes Ltd., Ion Path, Road Three, Winsford, Cheshire CW7 3BX LOCATION OF REFERENCES The references cited in this update have been published as follows: S/l-S/1234, J . Anal. At. Spectrom., 1986, Supplement, 1S-49S. 86/1-86/265, J . Anal. At. Spectrom., 1986, 1( 1), 19R-28R. 86/266-86/709, J . Anal. At. Spectrom., 1986, 1(2), 45R-59R. Glossary of Abbreviations Whenever suitable, elements may be referred to by their chemical symbols and compounds by their formulae. The following abbreviations are used extensively in the Atomic Spectrometry Updates. a.c. AA AAS AE AES AF AFS APDC ASV CMP CRM cw d.c. DCP DMF DNA EDL EDTA ETA FAAS FAES FAFS FI GC GDL HCL h.f. HPLC IBMK alternating current atomic absorption atomic absorption spectrometry atomic emission atomic emission spectrometry atomic fluorescence atomic fluorescence spectrometry ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (ammonium tetramethylenedithio- carbamate) anodic-stripping voltammetry capacitively coupled microwave plasma certified reference material continuous wave direct current d.c. plasma N, N-dimethylformamide deoxyribonucleic acid electrodeless discharge lamp ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid electrothermal atomisation flame AAS flame AES flame AFS flow injection gas chromatography glow discharge lamp hollow-cathode lamp high-frequency high-performance liquid chromatography is0 but yl methyl ketone (4-me th y lpen tan- 2-one) ICP IR LC LTE MECA MIP MS NAA NaDDC NTA OES PMT p.p.b. p.p.m. PTFE r.f. REE RM RSD SBR SEM SNR SSMS TCA TLC TOP0 u.h.f. uv VDU vuv XRF inductively coupled plasma infrared liquid chromatography local thermal equilibrium molecular emission cavity analysis microwave-induced plasma mass spectrometry neutron-activation analysis sodium diethyldithiocarbamate nitrilotriacetic acid optical emission spectrometry photomultiplier tube parts per billion parts per million polytetrafluoroethylene radio frequency rare earth element reference material relative standard deviation signal to background ratio scanning electron microscopy signal to noise ratio spark-source mass spectrometry trichloroacetic acid thin-layer chromatography trioctylphosphine oxide ultra-high-frequency ultraviolet visual display unit vacuum ultraviolet X-ray fluorescence

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA986010061R

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL. 1 75R ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY UPDATE REFERENCES The address given in a reference is that of t h e first named author and is not necessarily t h e same for any co-author. 861710. Matsushita, S., Pre-treatment of samples for measurement of cadmium in blood by flameless atomic absorption method, Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi, 1985, 32, 247. (Hyogoken Eisei Kenkyusho, Japan). Hee, S. S. Q., Macdonald, T. J., Bornschein, R. L., Blood lead by furnace Zeeman atomic absorption spectropho- tometry, Microchem. J., 1985,32,55. (Med. Cent., Univ. Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA). Cavalleri, A., Minoia. C., Richelmi, P., Baldi, C., Micoli, 861711. 861712. 861724. Wei, Z., Hu, G., Effect of gas flow in ICP (inductively coupled plasma) emission spectrometry, Guangpuxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi, 1985, 5(2), 44.(Tianjin Bur. Geol. Invest., Tianjin, China). Deliiska, A., Vouchkov, M., Possibilities for correcting the influence of mineral acids and of drift in ICP emission spectral analysis, Fresenius Z . Anal. Chem., 1985, 321, 448. (Res. Design Inst. Min. Ore Dressing “NIPRO- RUDA,” 1309 Sofia, Bulgaria). 861725. , , . . G., ~etermination of total and hexavalent chromium in bile after intravenous administration of potassium dichro- mate in rats, Environ. Res., 1985,37,490. (Univ. Modena, 41100 Modena, Italy). Morita, M., Determination of trace elements in clinical samples by atomic emission spectrometry, Igaku no Ayumi, 1985, 133, 1. (Div. Chem. Phys., Natl. Inst. Environ. Stud., Tokyo, Japan).861726, Sommer, D., Grunenberg, D., Koch, K. Criterions of selection for an optimal nebuliser system in ICP spec- trometry, GITFachz. Lab., 1985, 29, 524. (Chem. Lab., Hoesch Stahl A.-G., D-4600 Dortmund 1, FRG). Arellano, S.D., Routh, M.W., Dalager, P.D., Criteria for evaluation of ICP-AES performance, Am. Lab. (Fairfield Conn.), 1985, 17(8), 20. (USA). 861713. 861727. 861714. 8617 15. 8617 16. 861717. 8617 18. 861719. 861720. 86/72 1. 861722. 861723. Smeyers-Verbeke, J., Verbeelen, D., Determination of aluminium in bone by atomic absorption spectroscopy, Clin. Chem. (Winston-Salem, N. C.), 1985, 31, 1172. (Vrije Univ. Brussel, Acad. Ziekenhuis, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium). White, R. T., Jr., Douthit, G. E., Use of microwave oven and nitric acid-hydrogen peroxide digestion to prepare botanical materials for elemental analysis by inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectroscopy, J.Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 1985, 68, 766. (Bowman Gray Tech. Cent., R. J. Reynolds Tob. Co., Winston-Salem, NC 27102, USA). Ishii, T., Nakamura, R., Ishikawa, M., Koyanagi, T., Determination and distribution of trace elements in marine invertebrates, Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 1985,51, 609. (Div. Mar. Radioecol., Natl. Inst. Radiol. Sci., Ibaraki 3609, Japan). Burns, D. W., Parsons, M. L., Herbaugh, L. L., Staten, R. T., The migrating weevil. A challenge for ICP-AES and chemometrics, Anal. Chem., 1985, 57, 1048A. (Dept. Chem., Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ 85281, USA). Saba, C. S., Rhine, W. E., Eisentraut, K. J., Determina- tion of wear metals in aircraft lubricating oils by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using a graphite furnace atomiser, Appl.Spectrosc., 1985, 39, 689. (Res. Inst., Univ. Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA). Dunmarey, R., Verbiest, P., Dams, R., Optimisation of a wet digestion method for the determination of mercury in coal samples by cold vapour atomic absorption spec- trometry (CVAAS), Bull. SOC. Chim. Belg., 1985,94,351. (Inst. Nucl. Sci., Rijksuniv. Gent, B-9000 Ghent, Bel- gium). Sturgeon, R. E., Willie, S. N., Berman, S. S., Hydride generation atomic absorption determination of antimony in sea water with in situ concentration in a graphite furnace, Anal. Chem., 1985,57, 2311. (Div. Chem., Natl. Res. Counc. Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A OR9, Canada). Kozyreva, G. V., Khlystova, A.D., Kuzyakov, Yu. Ya., Estimation of the ionisation degree of indium in an acetylene - air flame, Vestn. Mosk. Univ., Ser. 2: Khim., 1985,26, 326. (Mosk. Gos. Univ., Moscow, USSR). Withnell, R., Rayson, G. D., Parisi, A. F., Hieftje, G. M., Modification of an inductively coupled plasma radio frequency supply for amplitude modulation with complex wave forms, Anal. Chem., 1985,57,2414. (Dept. Chem., Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA). Deng, B., Application of regression analysis in analytical determination, Huaxue Tongbao, 1985, (3), 30. (Dept. Chem. Chem. Eng., Qinghua Univ., Beijing, China). 861728. 861729. 861730. 86/73 1. 86f732. 861733. 861734. 861735. 861736. 861737. Jinno, K., Nakanishi, S., Fujimoto, C., Direct sample introduction system for inductively coupled plasma emis- sion spectrometric detection in microcolumn liquid chro- matography, Anal.Chem., 1985, 57, 2229. (Sch. Mater. Sci., Toyohashi Univ. Technol., Toyohashi 440, Japan). Toelle, H., Jaerling, R., Schulz, A., Scholze, H., Equip- ment for the excitation of a glow discharge for atomic spectroscopy, Exp. Tech. Phys., 1985, 33, 229. (GDR). Iotov, Ts., Georgieva, M., Hybrid atomiser for atomic absorption spectrometry, Bulg. 1. Phys., 1985, 12, 127. (Fac. Phys., Univ. Sofia, 1126 Sofia, Bulgaria). Strelow, F. W. E., Separation of traces and large amounts of lead from gram amounts of bismuth, tin, cadmium and indium by cation exchange chromatography in hydroch- loric acid - methanol using a macroporous resin, Anal. Chem., 1985, 57, 2268. (Natl.Chem. Res. Lab., CSIR, Pretoria 0001, South Africa). Kabil, M. A., Abdallah, A. M., Diab, M. A., Aggour, Y. A., Extraction of lead ion solutions using poly- acrylonitrile - and acrylonitrile - charcoal composite, Fresenius Z . Anal. Chem., 1985, 321, 495. (Fac. Sci., Mansoura Univ., Mansoura, Egypt). Beinrohr, E., Berndt, H., Pre-concentration of trace metals from pure selenium with activated carbon as collector, Mikrochim. Acta, 1985, 1, 199. (Dept. Anal. Chem., Slovak Tech. Univ., CS-812 37 Bratislava, Cze- choslovakia). Zoloyov, Yu. A., Vanifatova, N. G., New effective and selective extractants for separation and determination gf silver, Mikrochim. Acta, 1985, 1, 281. (V. I. Vernadskii Inst. Geochem. Anal. Chem., 117975 Moscow, USSR). Wang, X., Lu, P., Zhang, G., Determination of cobalt, chromium and nickel in doped gadolinium gallium garnets by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, Guangpuxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi, 1985, 5(1), 63.(Inst. Phys., Acad. Sin., Beijing, China). Brewer, S. W., Fischer, P. T., Sacks, R. D., Concomitant effects in analyses of aqueous solution residues by atomic emission spectrometry with electrically vaporised thin metals films, Anal. Chem., 1985,57,2399. (Chem. Dept., East. Michigan Univ., Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA). Negi, G. S., Das, A. K., Determination of traces of copper, lead and cadmium in iron ores and limestone samples by ion exchange and atomic absorption spectrometry, Indian J. Technol., 1985,23(2), 77. (North East. Reg. Geol. Surv. India, Shillong, 793 003, India).76R 861738.861739. 861740. 861741. 861742. 861743. 861744. 861745. 861746. 861747, 861748. 861749. 86/750. 86/75 1. JOURNAL OF Toyoda, K., Haraguchi, H., Determination of rare earth elements in geological standard rock samples by induc- tively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, Chem. Lett., 1985, (7), 981. (Fac. Sci., Univ. Tokyo, Tokyo 113, Japan). Vall, G. A., Atomic emission, atomic absorption and flame photometric determination of impurity elements in native gold after matrix separation with 0-isopropyl N-methyl- thiocarbamate, Zh. Anal. Khim., 1985, 40, 1049. (East- Sib. Sci. Res. Inst. Geol. Geophys., Irkutsk, USSR). Ma, Y., Su, W., Sun, D., Determination of lead in water sediments and coal fly ashes by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry using a temperature-stabilised pyrographite tube lined with tungsten and tantalum, Fenxi Huaxue, 1985,13,379.(Inst. Environ. Chem., Acad. Sin., Beijing, China). Jin, F., Jing, Y., Direct determination of lead, cadmium and nickel in soils by atomic absorption spectrometry, Fenxi Huaxue, 1985,13,385. (Inst. Environ. Prot., Minist. Agric., China), Castillo, J. R., Mir, J. M., Martinez, C., Val, J., Colon, M. P., Influence of oxidising agents in lead determination by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy after hydride gener- ation, Mikrochim. Acta, 1985, 1, 253. (Sci. Fac., Univ. Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain). Solomatin, V. S., Lakeeva, N. I., Zakharova, T. I., Pislyakov, V. N., Atomic emission determination of impurity elements in trimethyl- and triethylarsine after chemical separation, Zh.Anal. Khim., 1985, 40, 1054. (USSR). L’vov, B. V., Fernandez, G. J. A., Ryabchuk, G. N., Effect of hydrogen on atomisation of oxides in graphite furnaces for atomic absorption analysis, Zh. Anal. Khim., 1985, 40, 792. (M. I. Kalinin Leningrad Polytech Inst., Leningrad, USSR). Frank, A., Petersson, L. R., Direct current plasma atomic emission spectrometer as a simultaneous multi-element tool for analysis of biological materials, Kem. - Kemi, 1985, 12, 426. (Dept. Chem., Natl. Vet. Inst., Uppsala, Sweden). Schindler, E., Composite procedure to determine chro- mium in muscle meat, liver and kidneys of slaughtered animals, Dtsch. Lebensm.-Rundsch., 1985, 81(8), 250. (Oberrat Bundesanst. Lebensmitteluntersuch., A-8010 Graz, Austria). Jones, K. C., Peterson, P.J., Davies, B. E., Minski, M. J., Determination of silver in plants by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry and neutron activation analysis, Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 1985,21,23. (Chelsea Coll., Univ. London, London SWlO OQR, UK). Alexandrov, S., Lead sulphide as a sorbent for the pre-concentration of mercury from air and .determination of mercury by atomic emission spectroscopy, Fresenius 2. Anal. Chem., 1985, 321, 578. (Fac. Chem., Univ. Sofia, BG-1126 Sofia, Bulgaria). Li, G., Collisional quenching phenomenon and its interfer- ence in atomic absorption, Guangpuxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi, 1985,5,31. (HunanProv. Inst. Test. Anal., China). Sua, Y., Sui, Y., Wang, L., Determination of trace mercury in chemical exploration samples by flameless nondispersive atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, Guang- puxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi, 1985,5(2), 36.(Chem. Explor. Group, Qinghai Geol. Bur., China). Zhang, J., Liu, L., Determination of chromium in vanadotitanomagnetite using ammonium perchlorate as an interference inhibitor by flame atomic absorption, Guang- puxue Yu Guangpu Fenxi, 1985, 5(2), 61. (Cent. South Coll. Min. Metall., Changsha, China). ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL. 1 86/752. Korzhanovskaya, V. S., Pukhovskaya, V. M., Savinova, E. N., Atomic emission determination of tin and lead in basic and ultrabasic rocks, Zh. Anal. Khim., 1985,40, 840. (V. I. Vernadskii Inst. Geochem. Anal. Chem., Moscow, USSR). 861753. Yoshimura, C., Huzino, T., Direct determination of aluminium fluoride and aluminium phosphate by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry in the presence of carbon black, Nippon Kugaku Kaishi, 1985, (7), 1392.(Fac. Sci. Eng., Kinki Univ., Higashiosaka 577, Japan). Papers 86lC754-861C760 were presented at the Second National Symposium on Plasma Spectrochemistry, Academy of Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel, 4th September, 1985. 86/C754. Taylor, H. E., Application of ICP-MS in hydrogeochem- ical research programs, (US Geological Survey, 5293 Ward Road, Arvada, CO 80002, USA). Lorber, A., Goldbart, Z., Brenner, I. B., A new approach to background and spectral interferences correction for trace elements analysis of geological materials, (Nuclear Res. Centre-Negev, PO Box 9001, Beer-Sheva 84190, Israel). 86lC756. Brenner, I. B., Lorber, A., Goldbart, Z., Trace element analysis of silicate rocks by direct insertion of a graphite cup into an ICP, (Geological Survey of Israel, 30 Malkhe Israel St., Jerusalem, Israel).86lC757. Taylor, H. E., Recent developments in instrumental analytical chemistry for use in water quality programs, (US Geological Survey, 5293 Ward Road, Arvada, CO 80002, USA). 86lC758. Halicz, L., Russell, G. M., The simultaneous determina- tion of As, Sb, Se and Te in sulphide ores and silicate rocks containing gold and platinum group metals by ICP-AES technique after hydride generation, (Geological Survey of Israel, 30 Malkhe Israel St., Jerusalem, Israel). Avigur, A., Brenner, I. B., Interference effects due to calcium, magnesium and sodium in trace element analysis of geological and related materials by DCP-AES, (Negev Phosphates, Israel).Hoffer, D., Eldad, H., Shiloni, Y., Interference effects in multitrace element analysis of phosphate rocks by ICP- AES, (National Phosphate Survey, Negev Phosphates Ltd., Israel). 861C755. 86/C759. 86lC760. Paper 86lC761 was presented at the Vth International Environment and Safety Conference, Olympia, London, 16-19th September, 1985. 86/C761. Eastwood, I. W., Newell, P. S., Jackson, K. W., Wild, M. S., Determination of lead in vegetation by a direct solid sample microsampling-cup atomic absorption procedure and its application in environmental monitoring, (Sheffield City Polytechnic, Wentworth Woodhouse, Wentworth, Rotherham, UK). Papers 86IC762-86lC787 were presented at the Post CSI XXIV Symposium on Selected Topics from Graphite Furnace and Hydride- Generation AAS, Meersburg, Federal Republic of Germany, 23-24th September, 1985.86lC762. Holcombe, J. A,, Bass, D. A., Christopher, G., McNally, J., Surface reactions in graphite furnaces, (Dept. Chem., Univ. Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA). 86lC763. Huettner, W., Busche, C., Structure and reactivity of carbon materials in use as atomisation furnaces, (Schunk Kohlenstofftechnik GmbH, D-6300 Giessen, FRG). Ortner, H. M., Welz, B., Schlemmer, G., Wegscheider, W., Sychra, V., Evaporation surfaces and materials of ETA- AAS-a not merely morphological study, (Metall- werk Plansee GmbH, A-6600 Reutte, Austria). 86lC764. 86lC765. Lee, M., Brown, A. A,, Peak profile and appearance times using totally pyrolytic cuvettes in furnace applications, (Pye Unicam Ltd., York Street, Cambridge CB1 2PX, UK).JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL.1 77R 861C766. 861C767. 86lC768. 861C769. 86lC770. 861C771. 861C772. 861C773. 861C774. 861C775. 861C776. 86fC777. 86/C778. 86lC779. 86lC780. 86/C781. Schlemmer, G., Welz, B., Influence of the tube surface on the atomisation behaviour of refractory elements in a heated graphite atomiser, (Dept. Appl. Res., Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer & Co. GmbH, D-7770 Uberlingen, FRG). Styris, D. L., Elucidating atomisation mechanisms by simultaneous mass spectrometry and atomic absorption spectrometry, (Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA). Sychra, V., Kolihova, D., HlavaE, R., Doleial, J., Piischel, P., Formanek, Z., Advances in metal-based electrother- mal atomisers, (Inst.Chem. Technol., Dept. AAS, 166 28 Prague 6, Czechoslovakia). Frech, W., Lindberg, A. O., Lundberg, E., Cedergren, A., Atomisation mechanisms and gas phase reactions in graphite furnaces, (Univ. Umei, Dept. Anal. Chem., S-90187 UmeA, Sweden). Wendl, W., Investigations on chemical reactions in graph- ite furnace AAS, (Kristall- und Materiallabor; Fak. f . Physik, Universitat Karlsruhe, Engesserstr. 7, D-7500 Karlsruhe, FRG) . Neidhart, B., Dungs, K. W., Chemical reactions in graphite furnace AAS, (Institut fur Arbeitsphysiologie an der Universitat Dortmund, ZWE Analytische Chemie, Ardeystr. 67, D-4600 Dortmund 1, FRG). Chakrabarti, C. L., Wu, S., Marcantonio, F., Headrick, K. L., Chemical reactions in the atomisation of molybde- num from graphite platforms in furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, (Dept.Chem., Carleton Univ. , Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada). Novak, L., Stoeppler, M., The use of hydrogen for the elimination of matrix interferences in the determination of lead by GFA-AAS, (Inst. Applied Physical Chemistry, Nuclear Res. Cent. (KFA), D-5170 Julich, FRG). Kurfurst, U., Characteristics of a laminar flow atomiser, (Fachhochschule Fulda, Marquardstr. 35, D-6400 Fulda, FRG) . Ottaway, J. M., Littlejohn, D., Marshall, J., Carroll, J., Cook, S., Corr, S., Probe methods in electrothermal atomisation, (Dept. Pure and Appl. Chem., Univ. Strathclyde, Cathedral St., Glasgow G1 1XL, UK). Falk, H., Spatially and temporally resolved temperature profiles in graphite furnaces, (Akademie der Wissenschaf- ten der DDR, Zentralinstitut fur Optik und Spectrosko- pie, Rudower Chaussee 6, DDR-1199 Berlin-Adlershof, GDR).Human, H. G. C., Rademeyer, C. J., Influence of the shape of the graphite furnace on wall and gas temperature and analytical performance, (Natl. Inst. Materials Res., CSIR, PO Box 395, Pretoria, South Africa). de Loos-Vollebregt, M. T. C., de Galan, L., Background correction in atomic absorption spectrometry, (Labora- torium voor Analytische Scheikunde, Technische Hogesc- hool Delft, Jaffalaan 9, 2628BX Delft, The Netherlands). Harnly, J. M., Simultaneous multi-element AAS with carbon furnace atomisation for the analysis of biological samples, (US Dept. Agriculture, Nutrient Composition Lab., Bldg. 161, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA).Ottaway, J. M., Littlejohn, D., Marshall, J., Carroll, J., Quinn, A. M., O’Haver, T. C., Harnly, J. M., Efficiency of microcomputer controlled background correction for ETA-AES and ETA-continuum source AAS, (Dept. Pure and Appl. Chem., Univ. Strathclyde, Cathedral St., Glasgow G1 lXL, UK). Littlejohn, D., Ottaway, J. M., Carroll, J., Quinn, A. M., Some novel atomic absorption and atomic emission experiments with a FANES atomiser, (Dept. Pure and Appl. Chem. , Univ. Strathclyde, Cathedral St., Glasgow G1 lXL, UK). 86/C782. Debus, H., Ganz, S., Gross, M., Hermann, G., Schar- mann, A., Spectrometry of optical forward scattering with graphite furnace atomisation, (I. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universitat Giessen, FRG). Jiii DZtdina, Optimisation of hydride generation methods in AAS, (Inst.Nuclear Biology and Radiochemistry, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Videiiska 1083, 142 20 Prague, CSSR). Shrader, D. E., Voth-Beach, L. M., Automated atomic absorption vapour generation-applications and interfer- ences, (Varian Associates-AARC, 205 W. Touhy Avenue, Park Ridge, IL 60068, USA). Agterdenbos, J., Bax, D., Mechanisms in hydride genera- tion AAS, (Analytisch Chemisch Laboratorium der Rijk- suniversiteit Croesestraat 77a, 3522 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands). Sturgeon, R. E., Willie, S. N., Berman, S. S., Hydride generation GFAAS: new prospects, (Natl. Res. Council of Canada, Montreal Rd., Ottawa, ON K1A OR9, Canada). Dittrich, K., Mandry, R., Udelnow, Ch., Hydride atomisa- tion in graphite furnace atomisers, (Karl-Marx-Universitat Leipzig, Sektion Chemie, WB Analytik, DDR-7010 Leip- zig, Talstr.35, GDR). 86lC783. 861C784. 861C785. 861C786. 86/C787. Papers 86/C78&86/C922 were presented at the 12th Annual Meeting of the Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies (FACSS), Philadelphia, PA, USA, September 29th-October 4th, 1985. 861C788. Boorn, A. W., Arrowsmith, P., Douglas, D. J., Fulford, J. E., ICP-MS: Current status and future developments, (SCIEX, 55 Glen Cameron Rd., Thornhill, ON L3T 1P2, Canada). Horlick, G., Tan, S. H., Vaughan, M. A., Shao, Y., Quantitative performance of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, (Dept. Chem., Univ. Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada). Meier, A. L., Lichte, F. E., Analysis of geologic materials with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, (US Geol.Survey, Denver Federal Center, PO Box 25046, MS 955, Denver, CO 80225, USA). McLaren, J. W., Beauchemin, D. A., Mykytiuk, A. P., Berman, S. S., Applications of ICP-MS to marine samples, (Anal. Chem. Sect., Chem. Div., Natl. Res. Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A OR9, Canada). Long, S. E., Brown, R. M., Pickford, C. J., Matrix effects in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, (Envi- ronmental and Medical Sci., B551, AERE, Harwell, Oxfordshire OX11 ORA, UK). Gray, A. L., ICP mass spectrometry for solid samples using laser ablation sample introduction, (Dept. Chem., Univ. Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 5XH, UK). Kargacin, M. E., Barnes, R. M., Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry of wood, (Univ.Massachusetts, Dept. Chem., GRC Towers, Amherst, MA 01003-0035, USA). Boorn, A. W., Liversage, R. R., Quan, E. S. K., Analysis of organic solutions by ICP-MS, (SCIEX, 55 Glen Cameron Rd., Thornhill, ON L3T 1P2, Canada). Hieftje, G. M., Vickers, G. H., Wilson, D. A., A new rapid-scanning ICP-MS instrument with negative ion capability, (Dept. Chem., Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA). Stockwell, P. B., Grillo, A., Computer-controlled elec- trothermal vaporiser for ICP and ICP-MS spectroscopy, (PS Analytical, Arthur House, Cray Avenue, Orpington, Kent BR5 3TR, UK). 861C798. Hutton, R. C., Shaw, C . J., Cantle, J. E., Further observations of performance criteria in ICP-MS, (VG Instruments, Ion Path, Road Three, Winsford, Cheshire, UK). 861C789. 861C790.861C791. 861C792. 86/C793. 861C794. 86/C795. 861C796. 861C797.78R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL. 1 86lC799. 86lC800. 86lC801. 86lC802. 86lC803. 86/C804. 86lC805. 86lC806. 861C807. 86lC808. 86lC809. 86lC810. 86lC811. 86fC812. 86lC813. 86lC814. 86lC815. 86lC8 16. Warner, I. M., Oldham, P. B., Patonay, G., Evaluation of a.c. stabilisation of d.c. arc lamps for spectroscopic applications, (Dept. Chem., Emory Univ., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA). Mandelstam, S. L., Spectroscopy of highly ionised atoms, (Inst. Spectroscopy, USSR Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, Moscow r-n, 142092, USSR). Parsons, M. L., Faires, L. M., Palmer, B., Lyon, R., FT-ICP-AES Fourier mode data evaluation, (Los Alamos Natl. Lab., Los Alamos, NM, USA). Marra, S., Horlick, G., Signal-to-noise ratio characteris- tics of an inductively coupled plasma Fourier transform spectrometer, (Dept.Chem., Univ. Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada). Edelson, M. C., DeKalb, E. L., Winge, R. K., Fassel, V. A., The isotopic and elemental assay of plutonium by inductively coupled plasma atomic multi-element emission spectroscopy, (Ames Laboratory, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011, USA). Karanassios, V., Horlick, G., Spectral characteristics of a new spectrometer design for atomic emission spec- trometry, (Dept. Chem., Univ. Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada). Busch, K. W., Benton, L. D., A novel time-multiplexed atomic spectrometer for multi-element analysis, (Chem. Dept., Baylor Univ., Waco, TX, USA). Chan, S.- K., Van Hoven, R., Montaser, A., Progress report on the generation and characterisation of an annular helium inductively coupled plasma for atomic emission spectroscopy, (Dept.Chem., George Washing- ton Univ., Washington, DC 20052, USA). Wolnik, K. A., Fricke, F. L., Seliskar, C. J., Fehringer, N. V., Walters, S. M., Evaluation of a reduced pressure helium plasma as a GC detector for halogenated com- pounds, (USFDA, 1141 Central Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45202, USA). Thompson, M., Recent improvement in ICP-AES, (Dept. Geology, Imperial Coll. of Sci. Technol., London SW7 2BP, UK). Scheeline, A., White, J. S., Kamla, G. J., Progress in theta pinch emission spectroscopy, (Sch. Chemical Sci., Univ. Illinois, 1209 W. California Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA). King, F. L., Jr., Marcus, R.K., Harrison, W. W., Analysis of metals and compacted samples by hollow cathode plume mass spectrometry, (Dept. Chem., Univ. Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA). Voigtman, E., Winefordner, J. D., How lock-in amplifiers and boxcars really work, (Dept. Chem., Univ. Florida, Gainesville, FL 3261 1, USA). White, R. T., Jr., Douthit, G. E., Microwave oven method utilising a nitric acid - hydrogen peroxide digestion to prepare botanical materials for elemental analysis by inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectroscopy, (R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. R&D Dept., BGTC 611-13W, Winston-Salem, NC 27102, USA). Cousins, J. C., Scheeline, A., Development of a source for spark microanalysis, (Univ. Illinois, Dept. Chem., 1209 W. California, Urbana, IL 61301, USA).Marcus, R. K., King, F. L., Jr., Harrison, W. W., Direct solids analysis by hollow cathode plume atomic emission, (Dept. Chem., Univ. Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA). Burns, B. A., Boss, C. B., Atomic emission from a highly-efficient , low-power, microwave plasma, (Dept. Chem., Box 8204, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, Goode, S. R., Kimbrough, K., Noise sources in the microwave-induced plasma GC detector, (Dept. Chem., Univ. South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA). NC 27695-8204, USA). 86lC817. Pruszkowska, E., Yates, D., Ediger, R., Advantages of using automated parameter controls in an ICP system, (Perkin-Elmer Corp., 761 Main Avenue, Norwalk, CT 86/C818. Goulter, J. E., Tasker, D. B., Fundamental design considerations for low power low flow sample introduction and excitation in ICP-AES, (Applied Research Lab., Inc., 9545 Wentworth St., Sunland, CA 91040, USA).Goldberg, J., Carney, K., Characterisation of imploding thin film plasmas as atomic spectroscopic sources, (Dept. Chem., Univ. Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA). 06959-0906, USA). 86lC819. 86lC820. 86lC821. 86lC822. 86lC823. 86lC824. 86/C825. 86lC826. 86lC827. 86lC828. 86lC829. 86lC830. Johnson, E. T., Sacks, R. D., Spectroscopic studies of magnetically confined plasmas generated by a unidirec- tional capacitive discharge, (Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA). Horlick, G., Tan, S. H., Vaughan, M. A,, Rose, C. A., Gillson, G., Effect of plasma operating parameters in analyte signals in ICP-MS with comparisons to ICP-AFS and ICP-AES, (Dept.Chem., Univ. Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada). Ramsey, M. H., Thompson, M., Chemometric correction of matrix effects in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, (Applied Geochem. Res. Group, Dept. Geology, Imperial Coll. of Sci. Technol., London SW7 2BP, UK). LaFreniere, B. R., Houk, R. S., Fassel, V. A., Direct optical probe sampling of radiation from an inductively coupled plasma: analytical and diagnostic studies in the vacuum ultraviolet region, (Ames Lab. and Dept. Chem., Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011, USA). Seliskar, C. J., Miller, D. C., Fleitz, P. A., Fannin, H. B., Fundamental properties and applications of reduced pres- sure helium inductively coupled plasmas, (Chem. Dept., Univ. Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA).Watters, R. L., Jr., Turk, G. C., Characteristics of aerosols produced by the spark discharge, (Cent. Anal. Chem., Natl. Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA). Lovik, M. A., Scheeline, A,, Condensed material in a high voltage spark: particle dynamics, (Dept. Chem., Univ. Illinois, 1209 W. California, Box 96, Urbana, IL 61801, USA). Shapiro, C. S., Demko, P. R., Automated sample handling and preparation for AAS, (PT Analytical, Inc., Atomic Spectroscopy Applications and Problems Lab., 56 Jonspin Road, Wilmington, MA 01887, USA). Hershey, J. W., Keliher, P. N., Interference reduction studies in hydride generation atomic (AAS and ICP) spectrometry, (Chem. Dept., Villanova Univ., Villanova, PA 19085, USA). Wang, W.- J., Hanamura, S., Winefordner, J. D., Long tube atomic absorption method with independent sample introduction system, (Dept.Chem., Univ. Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA). Skrabak, J. W., Lancione, R. L., Determination of toxic metals on industrial hygiene air filters by ICP atomic fluorescence spectrometry, (Baird Corp., 125 Middlesex Turnpike, Bedford, MA 01730, USA). 86lC831. Tatro, M. E., Flameless AAS analysis of high purity nickel alloys, (SPECTRA Spectroscopy & Chromatography Spe- cialists, 1528 Lincoln Avenue, Pompton Lakes, NJ 07442, USA). 86/C832. Bradshaw, D. K., The direct determination of selenium in seawater by Zeeman corrected graphite furnace AAS, (Central Chemical Lab., Florida Power Corp., PO Drawer 1090, Crystal River, FL 32629, USA). Alvarez, G. H., Capar, S. G., Determination of tin in foods by hydride generation atomic absorption spec- trometry (HG-AAS), (Food and Drug Admin., Div.Chemical Technology, Washington, DC 20204, USA). 86lC833.JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL. 1 79R 86lC834. 861C835. 861C836. 86/C837. 861C838. 86/C839. 861C840. 86lC84 1. 86f C842. 86lC843. 86lC844. 86lC845. 86lC846. 86lC847. 86/C848. 86lC849. Subramanian, K. S., Meranger, J. C., Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with nitric acid- deproteinisation for determination of manganese in human plasma, (Environmental Health Directorate, Health and Welfare Canada, Tunney’s Pasture, Ottawa, ON K1A OL2, Canada). Barnett, W. B., Carnrick, G. R., Bohler, W., Slavin, W., Signal handling for graphite furnace analyses by atomic absorption, (Spectroscopy Div., Perkin-Elmer Corp., MIS 906, 901 Ethan Allen Highway, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA).Sturman, B., Delles, F., An improved pneumatic nebuliser for atomic absorption spectrophotometry, (Varian Instru- ment Group, AA Resource Center, 205 W. Touhy Ave., Park Ridge, IL 60068, USA). Voth-Beach, L. M., Evaluation of an alternate matrix modifier for Se in GFAAS analysis, (Varian Instrument Group, AA Resource Center, 205 W. Touhy Ave., Park Ridge, IL 60068, USA). Smith, S. B., Jr., Sainz, M. A., Schleicher, R. G., A new software method for instrument optimisation: optiplex, (Allied Analytical Systems, 598 Lincoln St., Waltham, MA 02154, USA). Schleicher, R. G., Pfeil, D. L., Smith, S. B., Jr., Hollow cathode lamp operation and design for Smith - Hieftje background correction technique, (Allied Analytical Systems, 590 Lincoln St., Waltham, MA 02254, USA).Davis, L. A., Winefordner, J. D., A coherent forward scattering atomic spectrometer, (Dept. Chem., Univ. Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA). Graves, G. A., White, J. T., 111, Mahadeviah, I., Mincey, D. W., A mercury cold vapour technique employing a sequential trap release method, (Youngstown State Univ., Youngstown, OH 44555, USA). Matthews, E. W., Hooper, R. C., Aqueous total chro- mium: oxidation by cerium(1V); chelation, extraction and determination of chromium, silver and lead by atomic absorption spectrometry, (US Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Atlanta, 6481-H Peachtree Ind. Blvd., Doraville, GA 30340, USA). Faske, A.J., Browner, R. F., Monodisperse aerosol generation interface for combining liquid chromatography with ICP spectrometry (MAGIC-LCIICP), (School of Chem., Georgia Inst. Techno]., Atlanta, GA 30332, USA). Voellkopf, U., Carnrick, G. R., Quantitative trace metal determination in biological material using the solid sam- pling technique and a stabilised temperature platform furnace, (Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer & Co. GmbH, Postfach 1120, D-7770 Uberlingen, FRG). Brumbaugh, W. G., Graphite surface effects on lead atomisation in furnace atomic absorption, (Columbia Natl. Fisheries Res. Lab., Route 1, Columbia, MO 65201, USA). Dabeka, R. W., McKenzie, A. D., Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric determination of trace and mic- rotrace levels of lead and cadmium in foods after coprecipi- tation with APDC, (Food Res.Div., Health Protection Branch, HWC, Banting Res. Cent., Ottawa, ON K1A OL2, Canada). Winge, R. K., Fassel, V. A., The compromises of compromise experimental conditions for ICP-AES, (Ames Lab. and Dept. Chem., Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 5001 1, USA). Kovach, C. F., Mincey, D. W., Ward, W., Analysis of copper plating solutions by ICP, (Youngstown State Univ., 410 Wick Ave., Youngstown, OH 44555, USA). Sebest, D. M., Schroeder, L. A,, Mincey, D. W., Analysis of caterpillar metabolites by ICP, (Youngstown State Univ., Youngstown, OH 44555, USA). 86lC850. 86fC851. 861C852. 861C853. 861C854. 86lC855. 861C856. 861C857. 861C858. 86lC859. 861C860. 861C861. 86lC862. 86lC863. 861C864. 86lC865. 861C866. Zhang, Y. Z., Watters, R.L., Jr., Rains, T. C., Determi- nation of phosphorus in refractory materials by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, (National Bureau of Standards, Center for Anal. Chem., Gaithers- burg, MD 20899, USA). Flora, C., Maggs, S. R., Eldridge, J. R., Determination of impurities in gold bullion by plasma emission spectroscopy for the purpose of reporting purity, (Inco Ltd., Process Technology Dept., Copper Cliff, ON POM ZNO, Canada). Knapp, G., Mechanised sample decomposition for AAS and ICP-OES, (Technical Univ., Graz, Austria). Davis, R. L., Williams, J. C., The determination of trace elements in biological samples using a miniature hollow cathode emission source, (Dept. Chem., Memphis State Univ., Memphis, TN 38152, USA). McDonald, J.T., Williams, J. C., Determination of Na, K and Ca in renal fluids by mini-spark source emission spectroscopy, (Dept. Chem., Memphis State Univ., Mem- phis, TN 38152, USA). Workman, J. M., Bruce, M. L., Caruso, J. A., Fundamen- tal properties of a He MIP utilising a laminar flow torch, (Dept. Chem., Univ. Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA). Marcus, R. K., King, F. L., Jr., Harrison, W. W., Atomisation and excitation processes in the hollow cathode plume, (Dept. Chem., Univ. Virginia, Charlottes- ville, VA 22901, USA). Coleman, G. N., Anigbogu, V. C., Weeks, N. J., Manning, T. E., Noise and signal-to-noise studies of the d.c. plasma jet, (Dept. Chem., Univ. Alabama, PO Box H, Univer- sity, AL 35486, USA). Workman, J. M., Bruce, M. L., Caruso, J. A., A double centering insert laminar flow torch for MIP studies, (Dept.Chem., Univ. Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA). Goldberg, J., Carney, K., Allston, R., Spectroscopic studies of imploding thin film plasmas, (Dept. Chem., Univ. Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA). Gentry, J. S., Lynch, A. T., Boss, C. B., Measurement of self-absorption and analyte entrainment efficiency in a direct current plasma, (Dept. Chem., Box 8204, North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA). Olesik, J. W., Fundamental studies of the inductively coupled plasma using power modulation, (Dept. Chem., Venable and Kenan Laboratories 045A, Univ. North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA). De Silva, K. N., Guevremont, R., Jamieson, W. D., Enhancement of sensitivity in inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy by aerosol desolvation, (Atlantic Res.Lab., National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 321, Canada). Martin, J. M., Dobbins, J. T., Ihrig, P. J., Quantitation of metals in liquid samples by computer intelligent flow injection inductively coupled plasma emission spec- trometry, (R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. R&D Depart- ment, BGTC 611-13W, Winston-Salem, NC 27102, USA). Brenner, I. B., Lorber, A., Goldbart, Z., Trace element analysis of silicate rocks by direct insertion of a graphite cup into an ICP, (Geological Survey of Israel, 30 Malkhe Israel St., Jerusalem, Israel). Evans, S. J., Demers, D. R., Vaporised sample introduc- tion to the ICP for the analysis of semiconductor materials, (Baird Corp., 125 Middlesex Turnpike, Bedford, MA 01730, USA).Comtois, R. R., The application of glow discharge-optical emission spectroscopy to routine foundry alloys, (VHG LABS Inc., 140 Hampstead St., Methuen, MA 01844, USA).80R JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL. 1 86lC867. 861C868. 86lC869. 86lC870. 86lC871. 861C872. 86lC873. 86lC874. 86lC875. 86lC876. 86lC877. 86lC878. 861C879. 86lC880. 86lC881. 86lC882. 86lC883. Matusiewicz, H., Fricke, F. L., Electrochemical pre- concentration technique for simultaneous multi-element determination in water samples by ICP-AES with elec- trothermal vaporisation, (Elemental Analysis Res. Cent., US Food and Drug Administration, 1141 Central Park- way, Cincinnati, OH 45202, USA). Horvath, Zs., Barnes, R.M., Enrichment of trace ele- ments for inductively coupled plasma spectrometry with a polyurea polyaminoacetic-polyiminodiacetic acid (PPA) chelating resin, (Univ. Massachusetts, Dept. Chem., GRC Towers, Amherst, MA 01003-0035, USA). Potter, N. 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Chem., Southern Illinois Univ. , Carbondale, IL 62901 , USA).MD 20782-3393, USA). 86lC884. 86lC885. 861C886. 86lC887. 86lC888. 86lC889. 861C890. 86lC89 1 . 86IC892. 86lC893. 86lC894. 86lC895. 864396. 86lC897. 86lC898. 86lC899. 86/C900. 86lC901. Anigbogu, V. C., Coleman, G. N., Freeman, J. A., Flow injection hydride generation analyses with the d.c. plasma jet, (Dept. Chem., Univ. Alabama, PO Box H, Univer- sity, AL 35486, USA). Cedergren, A., Lundberg, E., Frech, W., A theoretical and experimental study of carbide formation in graphite furnace AAS, (Dept. Anal. Chem., Univ. Umei, S-90187 Umei, Sweden). Hardy, J. M., Holcombe, J. A., Elimination of back- ground correction errors, (USDA, ARS, BHNRC, Nut- rient Composition Lab., Beltsville, MD 20705, USA). Welz, B., Schlemmer, G., Ortner, H. M., How inert is graphite and how reactive is carbon in electrothermal AAS, (Dept.Applied Research, Bodenseewerk Perkin- Elmer & Co. GmbH, D-7770 Uberlingen, FRG). LaFreniere, K. E., Fassel, V. 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Chem., North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, ND 58105, USA). Zhuang, M., Barnes, R. M., Determination of major, minor and trace elements in human serum by using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, Appl. Spectrosc., 1985, 39, 793. (Dept. Chem., Univ. Massachusetts, GRC Towers, Amherst, MA 01003-0035, USA).Stubley, E. A., Horlick, G., A Fourier transform spec- trometer for UV and visible measurements of atomic emission sources, Appl. Spectrosc., 1985, 39, 800. (Dept. Chem., Univ. Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada). Stubley, E. A., Horlick, G., Measurement of inductively coupled plasma emission spectra using a Fourier transform spectrometer, Appl. Spectrosc., 1985, 39, 80. (Dept. Chem., Univ. Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada). 86/971. 861972. 861973. 861974. 861975. 861976. 861977. 861978. 86/979. 861980. 861981. 861982. 861983. 861984. 86/985. 861986. 861987. Stubley, E. A., Horlick, G., A windowed slew-scanning Fourier transform spectrometer for inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry, Appl. Spectrosc. , 1985,39, 811.(Dept. Chem., Univ. Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada). Ng, R. C. L., Horlick, G., Correlation-based data process- ing for an inductively coupled plasma Fourier transform spectrometer system, Appl. Spectrosc., 1985, 39, 834. (Dept. Chem., Univ. Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada). Field, R. S., Leyden, D. E., Masujima, T., Eyring, E. M., Quantitative applications of photothermal beam deflec- tion photoacoustic spectrometry, Appl. Spectrosc., 1985, 39,753. (Condensed Matter Science Lab., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA). Hauser, P. Ch., Blades, M. W., On the determination of oxygen in organic solvents using an inductively coupled plasma, Appl. Spectrosc., 1985, 39, 872. (Dept. Chem., Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Y6, Canada).Monnig, C. A., Koirtyohann, S. R., Modifications of a separated impedance match - torch assembly for induc- tively coupled plasmas, Appl. Spectrosc., 1985, 39, 884. (Dept. Chem., Univ. Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA). Niemczyk, T. M., Yin, I. H., A method for the evaluation of background-corrector performance in graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy, Appl. Spectrosc., 1985, 39,882. (Dept. Chem., Univ. New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA). Dittrich, K., Shkinev, V. M., Spivakov, B. V., Molecular absorption spectrometry (MAS) by electrothermal evap- oration in a graphite furnace-XIII. Determination of traces of fluoride by MAS of AIF after liquid - liquid extraction of fluoride with triphenylantimony(V) dihy- droxide, Tulantu, 1985, 32, 1019.(Dept. Chem., Karl- Marx-Univ., Leipzig, 7010 Leipzig, GDR). Wennrich, R., Bonitz, U., Brauer, H., Niebergall, K., Dittrich, K., Graphite furnace AAS with ultrasonic nebulisation, Talanta, 1985, 32, 1035. (Karl-Marx-Univ. , Leipzig, Sektion Chemie, WB Analytik, DDR-7010 Leip- zig, Talstrasse 35, GDR). Papers 86lC98&861C1000 were presented at the 24th Eastern Analy- tical Symposium, New York, NY, USA, 19th-22nd November, 1985. 86lC988. Larson, G. F., Multi-spectrometers in inductively coupled plasma analysis, (Plant Lab., Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant, Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc., Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA). Hieftje, G. M., New sample introduction and detection techniques in plasma spectroscopy, (Dept. Chem., Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA). Michel, R.G., Laser excited atomic fluorescence spec- trometry (LEAFS), (Dept. Chem., Univ. Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA). Koirtyohann, S. R., Atomisation, ionisation and excitation low in the inductively coupled plasma (ICP), (Dept. Chem., Univ. Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA). Tatro, M. E., Analysis of EPA ICAP interference quality control samples, (Spectra Spectroscopy & Chromato- graphy Consultants, 1528 Lincoln Ave., Pompton Lakes, NJ 07442, USA). 86lC993. Comtois, R. R., The application of glow discharge - optical emission spectroscopy to routine foundry alloys, (VHG Labs Inc., 140 Hampstead St., Methuen, MA 01844, USA). Wisehart, V., The application of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy to routine analysis of copper alloys, (Materials Engineering and Testing Lab., Allison Gas Turbine Division General Motors Corp., PO Box 420, R12, Indianapolis, IN 46206, USA).86/C989. 86/C990. 86/C991. 86lC992. 861C994.JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPEXTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL. 1 84R 861C995. 861C996. 86lC997. 86lC998. 86lC999. 86/C 1000. 86/1001. 8611 002. 86/1003. 8611 004. 86/1005. 8611006. 8611007. 86/1008. 86/1009. 8611 01 0. 861101 1. Pitchumoni, C. S., Viswanathan, K. V., Morphological and elemental analysis of pancreatic stones using multidis- ciplinary spectroscopic techniques, (Columbia Univ., New York, NY 10027, USA). Varnes, A. W., Applications of atomic spectroscopy in the petrochemical industry, (Sohio R&D Center, 4440 War- rensville Center Road, Cleveland, OH 44128, USA).Barnes, R. M., Enrichment of trace elements for induc- tively coupled plasma spectrometry, (Dept. Chem., GRC Towers, Univ. Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003-0035, USA). Zander, A. T., Practical resolution for minimum spectral interference in ICP-AES, (Perkin-Elmer, Spectroscopy Division, Norwalk, CT 06859, USA). Bruce, M. L., Eckhoff, M. A., Caruso, J. A., Element selective detection for GC by microwave induced plasma emission spectrometry, (Dept. Chem., Univ. Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA). Sotera, J. J., Almeida, M. C., Murphy, L. C., Dulude, G. R., The elimination of background correction problems in the analysis of biological materials by furnace atomiser atomic absorption, (Allied Analytical Systems, 590 Lin- coln St., Waltham, MA 02254, USA). Chen, Z., Huang, B., Recent advances in sample introduc- tion devices for inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry, Fenxi Huaxue, 1985, 13, 393.(Changchun Inst. Appl. Chem., Acad. Sin., Changchun, China). Roehl, R., Microwave induced plasma and atomic emis- sion spectrometry, LaborPraxis, 1985, 9, 998. (Bayer Landesanst. Wasserforsch., 8000 Munich, 22 FRG). Osipova, V. A,, Kuzyakov, Yu. Ya., Semenenko, K. A., Gorlova, M. N., Atomisation of yttrium, lanthanum and neodymium in an acetylene - nitrous oxide flame, Zh. Anal. Khim., 1985, 40, 799. (M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State Univ., Moscow, USSR). Hobbin, D. L., Liddell, P. R., Fehse, H. F., Atomic absorption spectrometry. New aspects in control and results evaluation, GZT-Suppl., 1985, (3), 82. (Firma Varlan GmbH, 6100 Darmstadt, FRG).Wittmann, A., Willay, G., Automation of preparation of non-metallic samples for analysis by atomic absorption and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry, Cah. Znf. Tech./ Rev. Metall., 1985, 82, 399. (IRSID, France). Lorber, A., Goldbart, Z., Harel, A., Compensation for background variation by generalised background subtrac- tion, Anal. Chem., 1985, 57, 2537. (Nucl. Res. Cent.- Negev, 84190 Beer Sheva, Israel). Goliber, P. A., Hendrick, M. S., Michel, R. G., Direct current plasma as a radiation source for flame atomic fluorescence spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 1985, 57, 2520. (Dept. Chem., Univ. Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA). Wuensch, G., Volkmer, M., Internal standard calibration in atomic absorption spectrometry, Fresenius 2. Anal. Chem., 1985, 322, 1.(Anorg.-Chem. Inst., Univ. Mun- ster, D-4400 Munster, FRG). Yao, J., Zheng, Y., Wu, T., Model H-3 semiautomatic hydride generator used in flame atomic absorption spec- trometry, Fenxi Huaxue, 1985, 13, 468. (Gen. Res. Inst. Non-Ferrous Met., Beijing, China). Miura, J., Yamada, M., Nakamura, Y., Selective pre- concentration of copper from aqueous solution by using keratein gel, Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem., 1985, 321, 575. (Fac. Eng., Fukui Univ., Fukui 910, Japan). Fujine, M., Suzuki, Y., Narita, M., Mogi, F., Application of ICP for analysis of various steels-effect of high-content elements on yttrium emission intensity for internal stan- dard, Denki Seiko, 1985, 56(1), 30. (Cent. Res. Lab., Daido Spec. Steel Co., Nagoya 457, Japan). 8611012. 861101 3.8611014. 8611015. 8611016. 8611017. 86/10 1 8. 86/10 19. 8611020. 8611021. 8611022. 8611 023. 8611024. Takahashi, K., Yoshioka, T., Nakamura, Y., Okochi, H., Direct ICP emission spectrochemical analysis of high speed steels using aersol cyclone with low voltage spark discharge, Nippon Kinzoku Gakkaishi, 1985, 49, 463. (Natl. Res. Inst. Met., Tokyo, Japan). Yamashige, T., Yamamoto, M., Terashima, S., Shigetomi, Y., Ando, A., Yamamoto, Y., Determination of major and minor elements in GSJ reference rocks (JB-la and JG-la), Bunseki Kagaku, 1985,34(7), T104. (Hiroshima Pref. Res. Cent. Environ. Sci., Hiroshima 734, Japan). Gu, T., Gan, Z., Determination of trace copper in the palladium - carbon catalyst with flame atomic absorption spectrometry, Huaxue Shijie, 1985, 26(6), 212.(Inst. Shanghai Petrochem. Plant, Shanghai, China). Zhan, G., Chang, X., Luo, X., Simultaneous determina- tion of arsenic group elements with hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, Fenxi Huaxue, 1985, 13(6), 455. (Dept. Chem., Lanzhou Univ., Lanzhou, China). Guo, P., Wang, K., Hao, L., Jiang, Y., Simultaneous determination of major, minor and trace elements in geological materials by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, Yanshi Kuangwu J i Ceshi, 1985, 4(1), 51. (Cent. Co. Nonferrous Met., Beijing Inst. Miner. Deposits Geol., China). Yu, Z., Xie, R., Simultaneous determination of 15 trace rare earth elements in rocks by emission spectrometry, Yanshi Kuangwu Ji Ceshi, 1985, 4(1), 72. (Tianjin Geol.Inspect. Stn., Minist. Metall., Tianjin, China). Deng, S., Atomic absorption spectroscopy method for microamounts of cadmium and silver in carbonate rocks- improvement of the ammonia solution method, Yanshi Kuangwu Ji Ceshi, 1985, 4(1), 90. (Hebei Explor. Group, China). Chen, P. Y., Wu, C. Y., Ju, J. J., Yang, M. H., Determination of iron, cobalt, copper, zinc and lead in high-purity nickel and nickel sulphate by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and neutron activation analysis, Hua Hsueh, 1985,43(2), 72. (Nucl. Sci. Technol. Res. Cent., Natl. Tsing Hua Univ., Hsinchu, Taiwan). Lin, J. L., Puri, B. K., Satake, M., Atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of copper(1) after sepa- ration by adsorption of its 3-(4-phenyl-2-pyridy1)-5,6- diphenyl-l,2,4-triazine tetraphenylborate ternary complex on microcrystalline naphthalene, Ann. Chim. (Rome), 1985, 75(3-4), 207. (Dept. Chem., Natl. Taiwan Coll. Educ., Changhua, Taiwan). Reichert, K. H., Kirmse, E. M., Flameless AES determi- nation of lanthanum in presence of other rare earths and calcium, Z . Chem., 1985, 25(5), 188. (Sekt. ChemJBiol., Paedagog. Hochsch. “W. Ratke,” DDR-4370 Koethen, GDR). Volynsky, A. B., Sedykh, E. M., Spivakov, B. Ya., Havezov, I., Factors influencing the free oxygen content in an electrothermal atomiser, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1985, 174, 173. (V. I. Vernadsky Inst. of Geochemistry and Anal. Chem. of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Kumamaru, T., Nitta, Y., Nakata, F., Matsuo, H., Ikeda, M., Determination of cadmium by suction-flow liquid - liquid extraction combined with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1985, 174, 183. (Dept. Environmental Sci., Fac. Inte- grated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima Univ., 1-1-89 Higa- shisenda-machi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima 730, Japan). Long, G. L., Boss, C. B., Effect of droplet size on the phosphine depression of calcium atomic emission signals in flame spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1985, 174, 191. (Dept. Chem., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC 27650, USA). V-334, USSR).JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL. 1 85 R 86/1025. Kimberly, M. M., Paschal, D. C., Screening for selected toxic elements in urine by sequential-scanning inductively coupled plasma, atomic emission spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1985, 174, 203. (Clinical Chem. Div., Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control, Public Health Service, US Dept. Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA). Samara, C., Kouimtzis, Th. A., Pre-concentration of trace metals in natural waters with 2,2’-dipyridyl-4-amino-3- hydrazino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazolehydrazone supported on silica gel, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1985, 174, 305. (Lab. Anal. Chem., Univ. Thessalonika, Thessalonika, Greece). Busheina, I. S., Headridge, J. B., Determination of lead in nickel-base alloys by atomic absorption spectrometry with introduction of solid samples into an induction furnace, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1985, 174, 339. (Dept. Chem., The University, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK). 86/1026. 86/1027. 8611028. El-Defrawy, M. M., Abdallah, A. M., El-Asmy, A. F., Use of cyanide to remove interferences in the determination of copper, zinc and cadmium by atomic absorption spec- trometry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1985, 174, 343. (Dept. Chem., Fac. Sci., Univ. Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt). Abdallah, A. M., El-Defrawy, M. M., Mostafa, M. A., Sakla, A. B., Characterisation of interfering effects in the determination of molybdenum by atomic absorption spec- trometry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1985, 174, 347. (Dept. Chem., Fac. Sci. , Univ. Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt). 86/1029. 86/1030. Beferull Blasco, J. B., de la Guardia Cirugeda, M., Salvador Carrenno, A., Atomic absorption spectrometric determination of molybdenum in lubricating oils with the use of emulsions, Anal. Chim. Acta, 1985, 174, 353. (Departamento de Quimica Analitica, Facultad de Cien- cias Quimicas, Universidad de Valencia, Burj asot, Valen- cia, Spain).

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA986010075R

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

161 JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY. JUNE 1986, VOL. 1 1986 Pittsburgh Conference and Exposition on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, March 10th-14th 1986, Atlantic City, NJ, USA The latest version of the Pittsburgh Con- ference has come and gone with approxi- mately 30 000 attendees, just over 1100 papers and an instrument exhibition so large that it was difficult to cover in the allotted four days. A pleasant surprise was the mild, sunny weather which wel- comed us to Atlantic City and persisted for most of the week. The usual dash down the Boardwalk to the Convention Center was turned into an enjoyable stroll. The main complaint of the week was the shortage of hotels; late registrants found themselves as far away as Philadel- phia with a two and a half hour commute (each way).The lack of hotel rooms is a major problem which the conference must face if it is going to maintain its current popularity. Technical Programme the instrumentation. Technically, the areas of impact were ICP-MS, solid-state detectors, Fourier transform detection for the UV, visible and the near IR and computers and automation. In this last category, there was an onslaught of papers on computer applications and software, artificial intel- ligence, expert systems, chemometrics, robotics and flow injection. Trends are towards automated sample preparation, introduction, analysis and data process- ing. Personal computers continue to make an impact with commercially available software ( e . g . , spread sheets) now being adapted for data processing. Intelligent systems are being developed that make use of the new found computer power to enhance the accuracy and performance of Inductively coupled plasma mass spec- trometry continues to attract most atten- tion in the field of emission spectroscopy.With the initial fanfare out of the way, current research has turned towards the practical concerns of careful characterisa- tion of the instrument, applications and “routine” operation. Many papers dealt with the growing number of interferences that have been encountered and optimisa- tion of the instrumental performance. Solid-state detectors were highlighted in several talks. Charge-injection devices, charge-coupled devices and photodiode arrays are rapidly becoming indispensable analytical tools.Charge-injection devices permit interrogation without destruction of the signal. Thus multiple reads are possible, minimising the read-out noise and improving the signal to noise ratio. An experimental detector was reported with a 2048 x 2048 array of sensors. Although the cost per sensor (<$.01) is the best buy on the market, this particular array is still economically impractical. Smaller arrays, however, are seeing widespread use. An interesting paper described an array detector for the ICP for the determination of non-metals in the near IR for GC effluents. Fourier transform detection systems are moving out of the IR into the near IR, visible and UV. Dr. Tomas B. Hirschfeld (Lawrence Livermore National Labora- tory) received the Pittsburgh Spectro- scopy Award and in his award address discussed the possibilities of FT-Raman, fibre optic FT-IR and GC-FT-IR. Several papers dealt with the use of FT in the UV - visible region as a multi-wavelength detection system.At least one instrument company is considering a commercial FT spectrometer for the ICP. In the field of atomic absorption, there was a renewed interest in background correction. Several papers considered the effect of sampling speed and data process- ing algorithms on the accuracy of the correction. In addition to the presentation to Dr. Hirschfeld, another highlight of the week was the presentation of the Pittsburgh Analytical Chemistry Award to Professor Gary M. Hieftje, Indiana University (a member of the JAAS Advisory Board), in162 JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL.1 recognition of his work in flame and plasma chemistry and physics. The award was presented by Dr. G. L. Carlson, Chairman of the Society for Analytical Chemists of Pittsburgh, who praised Professor Hieftje’s ability as a teacher and a writer, in addition to the major role he has played in shaping the fundamentals of atomic spectroscopy. Professor Hieftje had worked as a graduate student with Professor Howard Malmstadt, who was the first recipient of this award. The award symposium, on Advances in ICP Spectrochemistry , featured papers by four other ex-graduate students of Professor Malmstadt: Professors Ramon M. Barnes, M. Bonner Denton, Gary Horlick and J. D. Winefordner. Professor Hieftje’s award address was on “Fundamental Investigations and Instrumental Develop- ments in ICP Spectrochemistry.” Exposition The Pittsburgh Conference exhibition is traditionally the event where instrument manufacturers first display their new pro- duct developments.The graphite furnace, the inductively coupled plasma source and, more recently, ICP-MS instrumenta- tion were all first launched at “Pittcon.” This year’s massive exhibition was no exception, and there was much to interest the atomic spectroscopist with the stam- ina to trudge the 4.25 miles of exhibit area. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry continues to be a major focus of attention, and one out- standing innovation is the use of air rather than argon gas in the ICP source. This development is the result of a research programme carried out by Dow Chemical Company, who have licensed Baird Cor- poration to utilise this technology in their new Air Plasma Spectrometer.The use of compressor supplied air instead of argon substantially reduces the operating cost of the ICP spectrometer, and makes the technique available for unattended, on- line analysis-the air supply does not need monitoring and never runs out! Another important advance in ICP spectrometer technology has been the incorporation of photodiode array detec- tors, which permit fast, simultaneous, multi-element analysis and background correction. Diode arrays have in the past few years transformed UV - visible spec- trophotometry, and their application to ICP emission instruments significantly broadens the method’s capability.PRA International’s compact Plasmarray system consequently attracted a good deal of attention at the show. Beckman’s new Spectraspan VB multi- element spectrometer offers a choice of direct current plasma (DCP) or ICP sources. Beckman are still the only manu- facturer supplying the DCP source, which is much less expensive than ICP but which still allows either simultaneous or sequen- Presentation of the Pittsburgh Analytical Chemistry Award: L to R, Henry .Ir. Ryba (Committee Member), Gerald L. Carlson, Gary and Susan Hieftje tial atomic emission analyses for a range of over 70 elements. A unique feature of this instrument allows the two- dimensional spectral pattern to be photo- graphed to facilitate spectrographic quali- tative analysis. Other new ICP instruments on show included ARL’s 3410, a low-cost instru- ment which, the manufacturers claim, consumes up to 40% less argon (and less power) than more expensive systems.This is achieved, essentially, by their use of a smaller torch, the “Minitroch”; and the instrument features a powerful soft- ware package. A high-resolution version of the successful ICP/6500, the ICP/ 6500XR, was shown by Perkin-Elmer, who also demonstrated how ICP instru- ments can be linked into an integrated, automated package incorporating a Mas- terLab robot for sample preparation and a Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS). Jobin-Yvon’s JY38 Plus, Spectro’s Spectroflame and Labtest’s Plasmatest System 75 are all recent products, but have been seen before. The Leeman Labs Plasma-Spec ICP instrument is also well established; and the company announced the signing of a new agreement with Philips Analytical by which they will manufacture sequential ICP spectromet- ers, with essentially the same specifica- tions as Plasma-Spec, to be sold in Philips colours.Archpark instruments on show included Shimadzu’s new GVM-1016, specifically configured for accurate analy- sis of low levels of aluminium and utilising Shimadzu’s patented Pulse Distribution Analysis (PDA) data processing. The ARL 3460 Metals Analyzer has been adapted for use with the IBM PC; as is the benchtop Spectrolab Jr from Spectro, designed for on-site, routine analysis. Perkin-Elmer celebrated their 25th year in atomic absorption by displaying a Model 214, the world’s first commercial AA instrument, dating from 1961.But to prove they have no intention of resting on past laurels, two brand-new systems were also on show. The Model 5100, capable of determining up to six elements in 50 samples, is offered in flame, graphite furnace or Zeeman configurations; while the low-cost Model 1100 can be operated in either flame or furnace mode. Varian also added two new instruments to their AA line. The SpectrAA-10 and SpectrAA-20, single- and double-beam, respectively, are lower-cost versions of the SpectrAA-30/40 series introduced last year. They retain many of the automated features of the earlier instruments, includ- ing control of the sample changer for flame and hydride atoniisation. Allied Analytical, the company formed from the merger between Instrumenta- tion Laboratory and Jarrell-Ash, has changed hands once again, and is now owned by the Thermo-Electron Com- pany.The CTF 188, a. furnace/“Fastac” instrument, is their new introduction in the AA market. ARL, meanwhile have entered into a joint venture with the fast-growing Australian company, GBC Scientific. The first fruits of this were seen in Atlantic City in the shape of the ARL/GBC 902, which claims to be the only AA instrument with a guaranteed precision of 0.5% RSD on 5 p,p.m. of copper with an absorbance of 0.7%. The “Ultra-Pulse” background correction system reduces the delay between back- ground and total absorbance rneasure- ments to less than a millisecond, eliminat- ing most correction errors. The Japanese company Shimadzu, with its very wide range of analytical products, seems to be making a determined assault on the western market.Its first AA spectrometers to be introduced to the US market were shown at this year’s “Pitt- con”: a flame emission model with graph- ite furnace option, the AA-670; and an electrothermal version with flame option,JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL. 1 163 the AA-670G. Both are highly sensitive instruments with considerable automa- tion and data processing capabilities; and the two may be combined into a single flame/furnace AA system. Finally, ICP-MS remains, for many analysts, the technique of the future. Both VG’s Plasma-Quad and the Sciex ELAN system were on show, but, for the moment, these two manufacturers still have the market to themselves. Launch of JAAS and AA Online The Pittsburgh Conference was the venue for the US launch of both JAAS and Analytical Abstracts Online, and a recep- tion was held on the Wednesday evening to introduce these two new Royal Society of Chemistry products. The event was highly successful, was thoroughly enjoyed by all who attended, and helped to revitalise flagging conferees and exhibi- tors after an hard week at what proved to be an excellent conference all round. Editor and US Associate Editor JAAS and AA Online Reception: L to R , Professor Keiichiro Fuwa (JAAS Advisory Board Member), Judith Brew (Editor), Dr. Jim Harnly (US Associate Editor), Dr. Nancy Miller-Zhli (USDA), Dr. Andy Zander (Perkin-Elmer) and Sabina and Walter Slavin (Perkin-Elmer)

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA9860100161

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL. 1 163 Atomic Spectrometry Viewpoints Klaus Dittrich Sektion Chemie, Karl-Marx Universitat Leipzig, 7010 Leipzig, Talstr. 35, GDR Whilst attending one of the Post CSI Symposia at Meersburg, FRG, in September 1985, Professor J. M. Ottaway interviewed Doz. Dr. Sc. Klaus Dittrich on behalf of JAAS. We are running a series of interviews in JAAS and are hoping that leading atomic spectroscopists will give us their views of the current scene in atomic spectroscopy. We are very grateful to you for agreeing to this interview and perhaps you would like to start off by telling us a little about your education, when you arrived in Leipzig and how you came to work in the field of atomic spectroscopy. Thank you for the invitation to give this interview for JAAS.I hope my views are of some interest to your readers. I studied at Karl Marx University in Leipzig in GDR from 1956 to 1961 and obtained a scientific degree Diploma. I then worked as an Assistant, at the same University, in the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, and worked in the field of complex formation chemistry. After 4 years, in 1965, I successfully defended a thesis in this field and obtained the scientific degree of Doktor rer. nat. I then did postdoctoral studies at Leipzig and also with Professor Jatsimirsky in the Soviet Union, and began to work in the field of atomic spectroscopy in 1968. Initially my work was concerned with atomic absorption, but I have subsequently moved into other fields. This early background in basic analytical chemistry has obviously stood you in good stead in your later career. How did you continue in the field of atomic spectro- scopy? My initial studies in the field of atomic spectroscopy concerned atomic absorp- tion with electrothermal atomisers.Ini- tially we constructed home-made atorn- isers of the rod type and later the tube type. We started studies on interference effects, especially in the gas phase of graphite tubes. Alongside this we worked in the field of atomic emission spec- trometry using arc discharges and devel- oped a method of laser AAS. We were particularly concerned with the determi- nation of trace elements in solids using laser atomisation, and also in the study of interferences during evaporation and the effect of electron concentrations in the arc discharge.We also developed methods of plasma diagnostics, especially for non- steady state plasmas with spectral photo- graphy in combination with photographic equidensitometry. We obtained know- ledge about the structure of arc discharge plasmas using these techniques. At this time we started work in the field of atomic fluorescence spectrometry using home- made electrodeless discharge lamps as light sources. In 1977 I had my second thesis defence and obtained the scientific degree, Doctor of Science in the GDR. This is similar to the old German degree, Doctor Habile which was altered in our country in 1968 to Doctor of Science. You obviously work in the Department in Leipzig, headed by Professor Gerhard Werner. Could you explain your position in the Department and your current responsibility for atomic spectroscopy developments?164 JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL.1 From 1961 to 1965 I was Scientific Assis- tant at Leipzig University and from 1965 to 1971 I was a, so-called, Ober Assistant. After I obtained my second degree I was promoted to the position Dozent for analytical chemistry in the University. Originally I was a member of the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry at my University, which was headed at that time by Profes- sor Holzapfel. More recently (1968), however, the Chemistry Department (Sektion Chemie) in the University was founded and a new division of Analytical Chemistry was established with Professor Werner as its Head. In this division of the Department I am now the Head of Inorganic Analysis.For the past week you have attended the 24th Colloquium Spectroscopicum Inter- nationale first in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, and now in Meersburg. How do you view the success, or otherwise, of the CSI in West Germany ? It was a very great pleasure for me to receive an invitation from the organisers of the 24th CSI to present a paper at the Colloquium in Garmisch and also to attend and present a paper at the Sympo- sium on Innovations in Atomic Absorp- tion held here in Meersburg. The Confer- ence was extremely interesting and I learned many new things about atomic absorption and about electrothermal AAS. I also heard some new ideas on plasmas, which I think will benefit my research in our Department in Leipzig. I particularly enjoyed the organisation of the CSI into invited lecture papers and intensive discussions around the rest of the papers presented as posters.Fewer people probably pay attention or attend a particular poster, but this form of presen- tation is particularly effective because it allows detailed discussion between parti- cipants who are actively interested in specific topics. I personally enjoyed the discussions on atomic absorption tech- niques the most, but this reflects my own particular interests. This form of presen- tation will probably be adopted for the conferences that we organise in GDR, Analytiktreffen. At the next Analytik- treffen I will be organising invited papers plus poster papers and finally round-table discussions after the poster sessions.I think this form of discussion is most effective if there are no more than 100 people present. However, if there are 400 people to discuss a particular topic it is not so effective. You have mentioned the meetings on atomic spectroscopy organised in East Germany. I have been fortunate enough to attend two of these meetings held in Finsterbergen and Neubrandenberg and I must say that I have found them most enjoyable. I know that you are organising another meeting in September 1986. Would you like to say something about the organisation of this meeting? We have been very pleased with the participation at these meetings by your- self and other international colleagues. Our next Conference will be held in Neubrandenberg again, Analytiktreffen 1986. The Analytiktreffen series take place every year but the topic of the Conference changes in consecutive years.We try to have an atomic spectroscopy meeting every four years. In 1986 we have combined Analytiftreffen with the CANAS Conference series. CANAS is the Conference on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy and has traditionally been a conference of some of the socialist coun- tries, i.e., Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Bulgaria and GDR, which is organised for the direct information of the spectroscopists in these countries. The 7th CANAS Meeting was held in Hungary in 1982 and the 8th was in Czechoslovakia in 1984. Consequently our Analytiktreffen in 1986 will be combined with the 9th CANAS Meeting. Because of this combi- nation of meetings, we are expecting a stronger international participation than usual.The Conference has an official name, i. e., “National Conference with International Participation,” and will include about 50-60 invited lecturers from all over the world. The planning is at an advanced stage and I am sure the meeting will be interesting. I have learned much from this present CSI and, as I have mentioned before, hope to include some of the ideas in terms of the organisation that I have gleaned from this meeting. Personally I have always found the Analy- tiktreflen Meetings most enjoyable and have particularly appreciated the high degree of international participation. Apart from invited papers do you welcome contributed papers from other participants in Western Europe, for example? Yes; we welcomed other people from Western countries to increase the degree of international participation at the ear- lier meetings.The Conference has many delegates from Eastern European Social- ist Countries and we would also welcome guests from the West. I am very glad to include this in our interview as I believe your Conference is an excellent opportunity for scientists in the West to meet many Eastern European delegates. In my opinion it is one of the best vehicles for developing East - West contacts and cooperation. Perhaps you could give us some idea of your current research interests and where you see them leading you in the future. It would be particularly interesting to our readers if you could tell us something about the developments in the field of molecular absorption in graphite furnaces.electrothermal atomisation we have deve- loped a new method of analysis based on molecular absorption spectrometry using electrothermal evaporation. We have been developing new methods for the determination of contaminants in metals using molecular absorption and to do this work we have continued to develop and construct our own instrument systems. More recently we have managed to obtain a FANES system (furnace atomic non- thermal excitation spectrometry), which was developed by Heinz Falk and his colleagues at the Central Institute of Optics and Spectroscopy of the Academy of Sciences in GDR, and we have been able to measure molecular emission in the FANES system. The new method is called MONES (molecular non-thermal excita- tion spectrometry). We are also continu- ing our work in the field of laser excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry, most recently with an electrothermal atomiser in the form of a furnace tube.We believe this represents some of the earliest work in laser AFS to make use of graphite furnace atomisers. Our recent work has made it possible to use molecular fluores- cence for the determination of non-metals and we refer to this technique as LAMOFS (laser excited molecular fluorescence spectrometry) with ETE (electrothermal evaporation). In our research at Strathclyde University we work quite closely with industry in the UK and we find this very helpful to our fundamental research interests. I wonder whether this happens in East Germany? Do you find it very easy to work with industry and do you get many problems to investigate from industry? In the Analytical Chemistry Center of Karl Marx University in Leipzig we cover most of the analytical techniques of interest and in all areas we have attemp- ted over the years to develop new analy- tical methods in collaboration with other institutions and also with industry.We certainly do not work in the field of routine analysis and we never analyse routine samples, but we do help other institutions, including industry, in the development of new analytical tech- niques. As you know from my own publications I have been concerned recently with the development of new analytical methods for the determination of trace elements in semiconductor materials. This work was carried out to help the semiconductor industry in the GDR, and has been concerned mainly with the determination of Group IV and Group VWII elements.For these three Groups the analytical problems have been rather different. As an example of this work we have developed a molecular Our main research interest has always absorption spectromet;ic method with been in the field of trace analysis using electrothermal atomisation for the deter- microsamples. As a result of a detailed mination of chlorine in semiconductor study of interferences by molecules in materials. Another m-oblem concernedJOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL. 1 165 the determination of germanium and tin and the removal of interference effects with some semiconductor elements. Here you have problems if you want to dissolve these samples in an acid medium mainly composed of hydrochloric acid.The el- ements of interest are very volatile in the hydrochloric acid medium and we had to develop alternative procedures for dissol- ution. A further example concerns a layer by layer analysis of semiconductor materials in collaboration with an Institu- tion of the Academy of Sciences in the USSR. We have used chemical etching with anodic oxidation and also layer by layer removal using a diamond knife t o analyse different segments of the semi- conductors. Much of the work I have mentioned briefly here is related to specific problems found in industry in our country, and it is always our intention to support industry as far as we can but without offering a routine analysis ser- vice.Thank you for giving us some insight into your research at Leipzig. On behalf of JAAS, I wish your conference in Neubran- denberg in September 1986 every success and hope that as a result of extra publicity more people from the West come to participate in this very enjoyable series of meetings. It is very nice to see you at a Conference in Western Europe and I very much hope we will have the opportunity of seeing you at SAC86fBNASS in July. Stanley Greenfield Department of Chemistry, University of Technology, Loughborough, Leicestershire L El 1 3TU, UK Whilst in Hawaii attending the 1986 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry, the Editor took the opportunity to discuss with Professor Greenfield his recent trip to China. Professor Greenfield following his favourite pastime Chinese style (in this case eating Peking Duck) When did you actually go to China and for how long? I left the UK on the 13th November, 1985, and returned on the 5th December, 1985.What was the main purpose of your visit and who had invited you? I was asked to give an Invited Lecture at the 1st Beijing Conference and Exhibition on Instrumental Analysis, held in Beijing. The invitation came from Professor Huang Benli, whom I know quite well, on behalf of the Spectroscopy Society of China of which body he is Vice President. Can you tell us something about the Conference you attended, your lectures and your audiences? The lecture I gave at the conference, where the official language was English, lasted about an hour. My topic was my work at Loughborough University on atomic fluorescence spectrometry with plasmas.I gave a similar lecture at The Research Institute of Mining and Metal- lurgy in Beijing where, with translation, it took two or three times as long. I gave another lecture at a place just outside Beijing, The Fragrant Hills but I am afraid I cannot recall the name of the establishment. I had an audience of about 700 people, so I was told. I didn’t count them personally! The lecture rooms were not heated and I gave my lecture in my overcoat-the audience were in their overcoats as well. The projection facilities were rather simple, a sheet thrown over a curtain pole for a screen. Was it purely an atomic spectroscopy meeting? Well no, there were six main streams with many sub-divisions. The main streams were, Spectroscopy, Mass Spectrometry, Electron Microscopy, Chromatography, Spectroscopy at Radio Frequency and Microwave (NMR, EPR, NQR) and a General Section.There were some well known participants, for example, John Knox of Edinburgh, Paul Boumans from Philips Research, Ted Rains of the NBS and John Beynon of Swansea. I attended all the atomic spectroscopy sessions. 1 would say that the standard was similar to that of the sessions at this Conference. The Chinese make a very attentive audience. They clearly lack experience in presenting their work to Western audiences whose presentations tend to be more sophisticated, aided, as they usually are, by better equipment. Were you given the opportunity to.look around their research facilities or was any of it restricted? I think I was shown most things.I can’t say for certain that they didn’t keep something secret but I didn’t get that impression. They seem to spend a fair amount of money on buildings. Some of their Institutes are quite large. They are not badly provided for as far as equipment is concerned. They have a sprinkling of stuff that appearsold fashioned to Western eyes, but also some modern equipment. Were most of their instruments imported or are they doing a lot of instrument develop- ment themselves? Well so far as I could see most of their present instruments are imported. As regards ICPs a lot of their early work is based on my first papers; they have done much as we did, taking commercial gener- ators, which would be Chinese, and simply retrofitting them to spectrometers.Was this your first trip to China? No, it was my second visit. I was impressed with the Chinese the first time I went and nothing has happened to alter my opinion, and what’s more I think they are catching up fast. It is not necessarily what one would expect. People give one the impression of being well fed and well clothed, a bit drab to us perhaps but well clothed and they have a roof over their heads and they seem quite happy. Do you want to say something about this “catching up” which is a result possibly of their positive action of sending researchers abroad especially to the US and the UK? One thing of interest possibly is that I was approached by one or two students or would be students who were enquiring whether the British Government would fund them to come and do work over here in the Universities. They were certainly keen to come and learn at our Institu- tions.One finds that a lot of people speak English well and there is a keenness to learn and practise English. When we went to Hangzhou my wife and I were walking along the side of the lake and were suddenly surrounded by Chinese, young people who simply wanted to speak English, and some of them, I might add, spoke it very well indeed. Do you think there are more Chinese students coming over to America to study than to the UK? There are now, because the UK overseas students fees were raised dramatically in 1983. Previously we were quite com- petitive in getting students because we were cheaper than the US but now they tend to go to the US.Apart from anything else it is a case of proportions. There are far more universities in the US. We have a fair sprinkling of Chinese and Malaysian students at Loughborough, and inciden- tally they have a good reputation.166 It is a complex subject, but it does have far reaching effects because the foreign students studying in the UK go back to their own countries and then use British instruments, British journals, etc. , which is a good thing. I was invited to quite a large banquet in the People’s Great Hall, I would say that all the top scientists were at this banquet. There would have been about 50 or so people present, Our host on this occasion was Professor Yan Ji-Ci, the Vice Chair- man of the Standing Committee of the People’s Republic of China. During the preliminaries, while we drank tea in an audience room, he gave a talk, and the essence of this was a plea for co-operation between the sicentists of the Western World and Chinese scientists and particul- arly asking for exchange of literature.Professor Yan Ji-Ci is a well known physicist who was educated at the Sor- bonne and is very Westernised. What about the students, do they have a free choice of what they want to study? I don’t know, but I would imagine not, and I also think that they have to finance themselves. That was certainly the impression that I got. I was speaking to people whose friends or they themselves had had to give up a course because they have had to support themselves. I think in China you have to work for what you get, a fact of which I don’t entirely disapprove.Did you travel about and get to see very much of China? Yes. I came down from Beijing to Hangz- hou, and then to Shanghai and Suzhou, back to Hangzhou, Guilin, Guangzhou (Canton) and then to Hong Kong. As you go south from Beijing down towards Canton it gets more and more Wester- nised. In fact Canton is not all that different from Hong Kong. I went on some fascinating trips, such as on the Grand Canal at Suzhou, which is just like Piccadilly Circus during the rush hour, the road is the river and the cars, boats. When I was in Guilin, which is another fascinating place, I gave a lecture at the Research Institute of Geology for Mineral Resources, The China National Non- ferrous Metals Industry Corporation- which is quite a mouthful! I gave my conference lecture which lasted for about an hour and a half and then I had to ad lib.for another one and a half hours to fill the time alloted. Does this qualify me for a place in the “Guiness Book of Records”? Possibly not. We know about your great interest in food: did you have some good meals on your visit? Oh yes. There are four main cuisines in China: Beijing (Peking), Suzhou, Can- JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL. 1 tonese and the hot one, Sichuan. In the North, whether it is because it is less Westernised, one tends to have all food served in dishes on a big revolving table. One has a single plate, and one eats everything off the same plate. Now so far as I am concerned eating, as it were, Sole Bonne Femme and Chateaubriand steak from the same plate is, to say the least of it, a little off-putting.As one moves down towards Hong Kong the presentation of the food gets better. In Canton one has one’s food in individual dishes one after another and also the Suzhou and Can- tonese cuisine is of a higher standard than Beijing. (I shall lose all my friends in Beijing over this!) It is a very difficult matter. I have no doubt that the indivi- dual dishes and the Chinese cooking and cuisine is of a high standard, but one has to get accustomed to this way of eating. What about alcohol? So far as the beer is concerned the first bottle is all right but after that it palls rapidly. Some of their white wines are respectable, not out of this world, but respectable. Their red wines are not too good, in my opinion.They have a parti- cular distilled rice wine which they use for making toasts and frankly there is only one way to drink that and that’s straight down the hatch! However, one can get all the usual western drinks. Can you give us some general impressions of the people and the country? I gained the impression that the average Chinese works extremely hard especially out in the fields and in the factories. I did get round a few factories, not to give lectures but to look at them. They work extremely hard, but in the hotels one gets a rather different attitude and it is not easy to sort out why this is. It could be a communication problem because a lot of them understand English much better than they speak it. There are those who pretend they understand English but one knows they don’t, which is off-putting.There is another possible explanation and that is that they are all state employees so there is no real advancement in these places, there is also the possibility that as they are pretty independent people, the idea of waiting on foreigners is not their idea of fun. It is difficult to sort out but one certainly needs all the patience one can muster in the hotels. But in the fields and the factories they work like stink, they really do. Were all these chemical factories? No. I went round a silk factory, which was most interesting and I went round a fan factory and a jade factory. Judging by the papers presented at the conference, is all their research geared towards industry or is some of it purely academic? I think judging by most of the papers I attended that it is largely geared to industry, but there is some academic work.There were for instance papers on excitation mechanisms but it is certainly largely project orientated I would say. Presumably a lot of it is still geared to traditional industries such as steel manu- facturing? Yes, steel, minerals, ceramics. Is the predominant chemistry spectroscopy do you think? Well the actual conference, as I have said, was on instrumental analysis and with the six streams there was a fair coverage of analytical chemistry in general. Do you think over the next few years we are going to see a lot more Chinese coming out of China to the West? It is already happening but I think it is largely a question of finance.There are some visitors from the People’s Republic here at this Conference, such as Professor Wang. I don’t get the impression that they are restricted overmuch. There are obvi- ously restrictions but I have travelled a fair amount in the Iron Curtain countries and China is totally different. We have had quite a bit of interest in JAAS from China, and I have received a number of good papers, although a couple were in Chinese. Did they generally make you very wel- come? Are they a kindly people? Yes they are, they are kindly and they laugh. They laugh at themselves which is a welcome change; they are a happy lot. If you are out especially if you stray off the main street, people come up and talk. They can hardly believe that there is anyone as large as I am! They poke me to make sure I am real! They are very friendly yes, very friendly, and by and large helpful too.In conclusion I should say that I thor- oughly enjoyed my trip to China and very much hope to return someday and stay longer. Thank you for taking time off at this busy conference to tell us about your experiences and impressions of China. Having said that, we certainly could not have chosen a betterplace (Hawaii) to take time off, and I hope you manage another trip to China in the not too distant future.JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL. 1 167 ASU Highlights The ASU review in this issue describes the progress made in the last 12 months in the development of instrumentation for atomic spectroscopy. There has been considerable interest in the use of echelle spectrometers in ICP-OES to provide sufficiently high resolution to alleviate the worst effects of spectral interferences. One of the most significant advances in the area of high-resolution spectroscopy has been the application of Fourier trans- form spectrometers in ICP-OES since this approach also provides the analyst with information from the entire spectrum.Inductively coupled plasma mass spec- trometry is clearly becoming established as a trace analysis technique. Conse- quently, there has been a more realistic appraisal of the advantages and limi- tations of the technique with respect to interference effects, although it is evident that the optimum instrumental configura- tion has yet to be established. Lasers have featured prominently as light sources for AFS and have been used with flame, ICP and electrothermal atomisers for extremely sensitive measurement of a range of elements. Laser ablation has attracted considerable attention as an alternative method of sample introduc- tion to the ICP, as has electrothermal vaporisation, and consequently spec- trometers have been modified to accom- modate the transient signals thus pro- duced. In AAS, there has been increasing use of continuum light sources which allow the possibility of simultaneous multi- element analysis. The development of constant temperature type electrothermal atomisers continues to be an area of substantial activity, but no such system has yet been introduced on a commercial basis. The enormous impact of microcorn- puters on all aspects of instrumentation for atomic spectroscopy hardly needs to be highlighted, and considerable research effort is being expended in this area, particularly by instrument manufacturers. John Marshall ICZ, Middlwbrough, UK

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA9860100163

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL. 1 167 Invited Speakers at 3rd BNASS SAC 86/3rd BNASS: July 20-26, 1986, Bristol, UK The purpose of this article is to introduce our readers to some of the scientific personalities who will give invited lectures within the 3rd BNASS section of the above meeting. The choice of invited speakers to a conference or symposium must be made on the basis of the excel- lence of their contribution to their parti- cular field of endeavour over a period of time, which must include the present. As a consequence these lecturers have the responsibility to set the scene of the constituent themes of the symposium, together with the initiation of discussion on the future direction of research. In the opinion of the 3rd BNASS Scientific Committee our choice of lecturers reflects these criteria.I have purposely written the short biographies in an informal style in the hope that this will encourage conference delegates (especially younger workers) to get to know these scientists. They are all very approachable people, keen to discuss their work and yours. The future of analytical atomic spectrometry will only be assured if there is a continuing exchange of ideas between workers at all levels of experience and position. Whilst Professor Boris V. L’vov of the Polytechnical Institute, Leningrad, USSR, is not exclusively a 3rd BNASS lecturer, but rather a SAC 8613rd BNASS Plenary Lecturer, I have included him in this article. He began his career in analy- tical spectroscopy in 1955 after graduating from the chemical faculty of the Lenin- grad State University.At this time he went to work in the Isotope Laboratory of the State Institute of Applied Chemistry, also in Leningrad. In this laboratory he was mainly responsible for the develop- ment of spectrochemical methods of analysis of compounds labelled with radio- active isotopes measuring differences in the isotopic structure of atom lines. In the winter of 1956 Boris L’vov chanced to read the now classic paper by Alan Walsh on Flame Atomic Absorption Spectro- scopy. He was so impressed by this work that he spent the following summer vaca- tion checking the validity of Walsh’s results. Many years later he remarked about this period of time “the dice were thrown and I became enchanted for life by this elegant method.” His initial studies with an unused tubular graphite furnace, originally designed for pre-concentration in arc - spark spectrography, were first reported to the scientific community in November 1958.This paper heralded the beginning of graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, which has proved to be a versatile and invaluable technique for the determination of trace concentrations of elements in a myriad of sample matrices. In the 30 years since his pioneering work Boris L’vov’s research activities in the field of atomic absorption show no signs of abating. This is eviden- ced by his list of published works, num- bering over 140. He has an excellent understanding of the physico-chemical principles that underly the processes in furnace and flame atom cells, plus the ability to explain his experimental obser- vations with confidence and simplicity.These qualities have made him an out- standing scientist and respected teacher who is always receptive to the thoughts of others. His presence at SAC 86/3rd BNASS represents an excellent oppor- tunity for conference delegates to meet with one of the premier workers in atomic spectrometry. On the occasions of the previous two BNASS meetings the Association of British Spectroscoposists (ABS) have generously provided funds for an invited lectureship. This year the ABS Lecturer will be Professor Dr. Leo de Galan from Professor Leo de Galan168 JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL. 1 the Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands.Leo de Galan studied physical and analytical chemistry at the University of Amsterdam where he received his PhD in 1965. After a post- doctoral year at the University of Florida he returned to the Delft University of Technology, where he was appointed Professor of Analytical Chemistry in 1972. His current research interests are many and varied, and include atomic spectrometry, liquid chromatography, computerised optimisation and instrumental development. He has publi- shed over 100 research papers, which have earned him an international reputa- tion as a distinguished analytical scientist. Leo de Galan is no stranger to the UK, having attended a number of conferences in recent years including 1st BNASS, Sheffield, 1982 and SAC 83, Edinburgh, 1983. As well as his considerable research and teaching commitments he was Chair- man of the organising committee for CSI XXIII, Amsterdam, 1983.The ABS lecture will be chaired by Dr. W. John Price and will mark the official opening of 3rd BNASS. In his lecture Professor de Galan will outline a physi- cist’s appraisal of recent developments in atomic spectrometry and attempt to ascertain what new inventions are required. The 3rd BNASS section of the meeting will be composed of two parallel streams on both Thursday 24th and Friday 25th July, in the mornings and afternoons of these two days. Each of the eight sessions will contain an invited lecture from one of the following: Dr. Malcolm S. Cresser, Dr. Alan R. Date, Doz. Dr. Sc. Klaus Dittrich, Dr. David A. Hickman, Dr. Graham J. Oliver, Dr.Richard D. Snook, Dr. Vaclav Sychra and Dr. Anne P. Thorne. Dr. Malcolm S. Cresser began his chemistry at Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, as an under- graduate in 1964. He stayed at Imperial College and pursued research towards a PhD on the analytical chemistry of sele- nium and atomic fluorescence spectro- scopy under the supervision of Professor T. S. West. After graduating with a PhD in 1970 Malcolm Cresser joined the Department of Soil Science at Aberdeen University, initially to design courses on instrumental methods of chemical analy- sis for research students. Inevitably this led to his continuing research into spec- troscopic methods of analysis both atomic and molecular, together with research into the much publicised “acid rain” and the relevant soil - water interactions. Much of his research has been directed towards a systematic understanding of the processes involved in the production of aerosols for sample introduction in atomic spectrometry.His significant scientific contributions were recognised in 1984 by the awarding of the eleventh SAC Silver Medal. Malcolm Cresser has over 90 publications covering his wide range of interests, and he has given many invited papers at conferences in the USA, Europe and the UK. He is well known to readers of ARAAS as a member of the Editorial Board since 1974 and General Editor 1979-1983 and 1984-1985, and he continues to play a major role on the JAAS Editorial Board. In his lecture Dr. Cresser will critically assess the perfor- mance and the operating characteristics of pneumatic nebulisers from both the theoretical and the practical viewpoint.Dr. Alan Date Dr. Alan R. Date graduated from Imperial College with a PhD in Pure Geochemistry in 1969 when he joined the then Institute of Geological Sciences (IGS), now the British Geological Survey (BGS). His primary responsibility at this time was the development of method- ology for the simultaneous determination of trace elements in geological samples using d.c. arc atomic emission spectro- graphy. Alan Date was also responsible for the development of a new method for the preparation of solid standard silicate reference materials. In 1977 he was appointed Principal Scientific Officer and Head of the Emission Spectroscopy Sec- tion, which carried out analyses with both d.c.arc and ICP sources. In 1979 he became involved in research and develop- ment on inductively coupled plasma source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in conjunction with Alan Gray. This part- nership has resulted in one of the most exciting developments in elemental analy- sis in the past decade. The success of the technique can be measured by the increas- ing number of research papers appearing in the literature, many by Date and Gray, and also by the availability of commercial instrumentation. Alan Date will present an invited lecture entitled “ICP-MS: the best thing in analytical chemistry since chopped light ,” which will certainly ini- tiate some response from the audience. Doz. Dr. Sc. Klaus Dittrich is Head of Inorganic Analysis in the Division of Analytical Chemistry at the Karl Marx University in Leipzig, GDR. His associ- ation with the Karl Marx University began in 1956 as an undergraduate. After graduating in 1961 he undertook research into inorganic complex formation to gain his doctorate in 1965.He then completed 3 years’ postdoctoral study in Leipzig and the Soviet Union. At this time Klaus Dittrich began to study in the field of atomic spectroscopy, investigating gas phase interferences in electrothermal atomisation, diagnostics of atomic emis- sion from arc-discharge plasmas and the use of lasers as sources for AAS and AFS and as a means of generating a vapour for sample introduction. Upon completion of this considerable body of work in 3977 he defended a second thesis and was awar- ded the degree Doctor of Science.As a result of the detailed study made by Klaus Dittrich and his co-workers concerning molecular interferences on electrother- mal atomisation, they have described the theory and analytical applications of molecular absorption using electrother- mal vaporisation. Klaus Dittrich concen- trates his research on the use of lasers and other non-thermal excitation systems for atomic and molecular spectroscopy. In his lecture he will describe these systems and discuss their application to trace analysis compared with more conventional tech- niques, such a graphite furnace AAS. Dr. Graham Oliver Dr. Graham J. Oliver graduated from Manchester University with a degree in Chemistry. He then moved to the British Ceramic Research Association Limited (BCRA Ltd.) in order to undertake PhD research into the analysis of solids by direct reading optical emission spec- trometry.After gaining considerable experience in the analysis of a large range of ceramic and geological materials using techniques including spectrography ,JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL. 1 169 AAS, ICP-AES and XRF he became Deputy Manager of the Analytical and Testing Services facility at BCRA Ltd. Graham Oliver is particularly concerned with the development of XRF as a stan- dard method of analysis for the ceramic and allied industries. In his lecture he will outline these developments, discussing methodology, instrumental parameters, standards production, competitive tech- niques and future trends. Dr. Richard D.Snook gained his first chemistry qualification at the Medway and Maidstone College of Technology, Kent, in 1974, by successfully completing the GRIC Parts I and 11. That same year he entered Imperial College, London, firstly to study for the MSc in Analytical Chemistry and subsequently, in 1975, to carry out research into the applications of electrothermal atomisers in analytical atomic spectroscopy under the super- vision of Dr. G. F. Kirkbright. After being awarded a PhD in 1977 Dick Snook continued his research at Imperial Col- lege until 1985 on a variety of topics, which included discrete sample intro- duction into flames and various plasma sources, plasma diagnostics, electro- chemical pre-concentration, ICP torch configurations and chemical sensors. In the past decade he has published over 30 research papers on these subjects.He is at present the manager of Research and Development at Chelsea Instruments Ltd., London, which has an active research group of 12 personnel, together with a manufacturing facility producing a wide range of analytical instrumentation. One of his current research interests is the use of low noise ICP sources with a Chelsea Instruments Fourier Transform Spectrometer for high resolution UV spectroscopy. This work is being carried out in conjunction with Dr. Anne P. Thorne at Imperial College. Dick Snook is well known in the field of analytical science and it will give me a great deal of pleasure to act as Chairman for his invited lecture on torch configurations and designs for ICP-AES. Dr. Vaclav Sychra has been Head of the Laboratory of Atomic Spectroscopy at the Prague Institute of Chemical Tech- nology since 1972. He received his Mas- ters degree from Charles University, Prague, in 1961 and his PhD from his present institute in 1971. Vaclav Sychra has been an active member of the Cze- choslovak Spectroscopic Society since 1965 and Chairman of the atomic section since 1982. His research interests include AAS (particularly with electrothermal atomisation from metal surfaces), AFS and ICP-AES and the application of these techniques to the analysis of petroleum and petroleum products, and he has published over 50 research papers in these fields. He is a member of the Editorial Boards of Progress in Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy and the Canadian Journal of Spectroscopy. In 1984 he received the Dr. Vaclav Sychra Joannes Marcus Marci of Kronland plaque from the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences for his outstanding work in the field of analytical atomic spectroscopy and for his contribution to the develop- ment of spectroscopy in Czechoslovakia. His lecture will discuss the recent advances made with metal based elec- trothermal atomisers, which his group has developed from a research idea to a commercially available system. Neil W. Barnett Chairman, 3rd BNASS Scientific Committee

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA9860100167

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL. 1 169 Conferences and Meetings Analysis-Quality or Quantity? July 3, 1986, York, UK This meeting at the University of York, organised by the Water Chemistry Forum of the RSC, addresses an important prob- lem currently facing laboratory managers in the water industry and elsewhere. Speakers and topics will be: A. J. Dobbs and D. T. E. Hunt (Water Research Centre), “Current Problems and Perspec- tives in AQC”; C. W. McLeod (Sheffield City Polytechnic), “Trace Metal Determi- nation”; B.D.H. Worker (CEGB), “Water Quality and Analysis in the CEGB”; K. C. Thompson (Yorkshire Water Authority), “Analysis in the Water Industry”; B. E. Broderick (National Physical Laboratory), “The NATLAS Scheme for Laboratory Accreditation.” For further information contact Dr.A. H. Brown, WITA, Burn Hall, Sutton on Forest, Huby, York YO6 lJB, UK. Analytiktreffen 19861IX CANAS September 15-19,1986, Neubrandenburg, GDR This meeting consists of Analytiktreffen and IX CANAS, conferences on research and analytical applications of atomic spec- troscopy and specifically analytical atomic spectroscopy, respectively. The confer- ence languages will be German, English and Russian. The lectures, posters and discussions will cover the theory and analytical applications of atomic absorp- tion spectrometry, atomic emission spec- trometry (arc, spark, laser, high fre- quency, microwave and glow discharge techniques), atomic fluorescence spec- trometry and X-ray fluorescence spec- trome try. The main speakers will be: R.M. Barnes, N. Barnett, Ju. I. Beljajev, D. Beljanin, M. A. Bolshov, P. W. J. M. Boumans, J. A. C. Broekaert, S. Caroli, C. L. Chakrabarti, K. Dittrich, K. Doerf- fel, G. Diimecke, G. Ehrlich, H. Falk, J. Fijalkowski, K. Florian, W. Frech, L. de Galan, E. Gegus, A. Ch. Gilmutdinov, A. L. Gray, R. van Grieken, I. Havezov, J. A. Holcombe, J. G. Judelevich, J. Jurczyk, T. Kantor, K. Kleinstiick, G. Knapp, B. Knull, E. Kranz, N. Krasno- baeva, K. Laqua, M. Matherny, A. Meisel, J . M. Mermet, H. M. Ortner, J. M. Ottaway, B. Pavlovic, A. Petrakiev, E. PlSko, A. Ramsza, R. Rautschke, P. Schramel, Ch. Silberstein, W. Slavin, A. Spackova, M. Stoeppler, R. Sturgeon, V. Sychra, G. Tolg, P. Tschopel, B. Wehner, B. Welz, G. Werner and K. Zimmer. A comprehensive social programme has been arranged.For further information on registration and accommodation arrangements con- tact Doz. Dr. Sc. K. Dittrich, Karl-Marx- Universitat Leipzig, Sektion Chemie, DDR-7010 Leipzig, Talstr. 35, GDR. FACSS ’86 September 2&October 3 , 1986, St. Louis, MO, USA The Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies will hold its 1986 meeting at the Cervantes Conven- tion Center and Sheraton Hotel, St. Louis. The Symposia will cover atomic spec- troscopy (including, for example, ICP- MS, ICP excitation mechanisms and applications, new plasmas for elemental analysis, X-ray fluorescence elemental analysis and fundamentals and applica- tions of ETA), chromatography, NMR,170 JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY, JUNE 1986, VOL.1 molecular and mass spectroscopy and diverse topics (such as automated sample preparation, chemiluminescence and environmental). The Royal Society of Chemistry is jointly arranging symposia on furnace atomic emission spectroscopy, background correction in AA, fitting calibration curves for atomic spectro- scopy and multi-divisional fluorescence. Workshops and short courses will be offered prior to, during and after the conference. The FACSS Employment Bureau will again be available. Details of these activities will be given in the Preli- minary Program brochure, which will be available in mid-summer 1986. There will be an exhibition of scientific instrumentation, services and publica- tions: for exhibition details contact Dr. E. G. Brame, Jr., FACSS Exhibit Director, 133 North Cliffe Dr., Wilmington, DE 19089-1623, USA.For additional information contact Dr. M. Fishman, FACSS XI11 General Chair, USDA-ERRG, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19118, USA. Second International Colloquium: Solid Sampling with Atomic Spectroscopic Methods October 13-15, 1986, Wetzlar, FRG The 1986 colloquium in this bienniel series, jointly organised by GDCh, Fach- gruppe Analytische Chemie and Arbeitskreis fur Mikro- und Spuren- analyse der Elemente (A.M.S.El.), is intended to focus on the state of the art of solid sampling and will consist of a bal- anced mixture of concise oral papers and posters, interspersed with discussion periods. The main topics will be: Theory and Instrumentation; Methodology (Proce- dures) ; Biological Applications; Environ- mental Applications; and Product and Quality Control.The registration fee is DMlOO before June 1 1986 and DM125 after this date. For further information contct Dr. M. Stoeppler, Institut fur Chemie, KFA- Postfach 1913, D-5170 Julich 1, FRG. Eastern Analytical Symposium October 20-24, 1986, New York, NY, USA The Silver Jubilee EAS is to be held at the New York Hilton, and as in previous years, will feature a large Exposition and technical sessions. There will be 60 sessions including four award symposia. Invited speakers will present papers on topics as diverse as laser excitation, plasma emission and chemometrics. Technical workshops will again be offered, as well as the following short courses: Advanced HPLC Course for the Practising Chromatographer; Introduc- tion to Laboratory Microcomputers: Fun- damental Principles and Applications; Two Dimensional NMR; and Near Infrared Analysis: An Industrial Tool.Proctor and Gamble will repeat their course designed to generate interest in analytical chemistry among undergradu- ate and graduate chemistry majors and outstanding students will again be recog- nised by the EAS Student Award Pro- gram. The traditional EAS Beef and Ale Sympsoium Reception will be held. Further information on the Silver Jubilee EAS may be obtained from: Dr. S. David Klein, EAS Publicity, 642 Cran- bury Cross Rd., North Brunswick, NJ 08902, USA; telephone (201) 846 1582. 1987 Winter Conference on Plasma and Laser Spectrochemistry January 12-16, 1987, Lyon, France The conference topics will include the various types of plasmas (ICP, MIP, DCP and GDL) and hyphenated methods such as ICP-MS, chromatography, FI and FT spectroscopy.A symposium will be devoted to laser spectrochemistry. The conference will cover fundamental aspects, technological developments and applications, along with manufacturer seminars. All activities will take place at the same location. The official language of the conference will be English. Plenary lectures will allow the presentation of the state of the art in plasma and laser spectrochemistry. Although some oral presentations will be accepted, poster presentations are highly recommended and high quality posters will be encouraged by several awards. For contributed presentations, a title and a short summary are requested by July lst, 1986. The one-page abstract, to be incor- porated in the abstract book, is due by October lst, 1986. Instrument manufac- turers will have the opportunity to partici- pate in the exhibition. For further information contact J. M. Mermet, 1987 Winter Conference, Lab- oratoire des Sciences Analytiques, Bat. 308, Universite Claude Bernard-Lyon I, 43 Boulevard du 11 nov. 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.

ISSN:0267-9477    

DOI:10.1039/JA9860100169

出版商:RSC    

年代:1986

数据来源: RSC