ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN99520BP013

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN99520FX019

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

1527 Quality Management and Laboratory Accreditation at a University: What can be Learned FromExperience?-Peter Bode1535 Instrumentation and Analytical Technique for the Analysis of Regional Geochemical Samples Used at theSouth African Council for Geoscience. An Overview-J. H. ElsenbroekSAMPLE HANDLING1543 Investigation of Decomposition Products of Microwave Digestion of Food Samples-Helen J. Reid, StanleyGreenfield, Tony E. EdmondsSENSORS/ELECTRODES1549 Effect of the Coupling Reagent on the Metal Inhibition of Immobilized Urease in an OpticalBiosensor-Roberto T. Andres, Ramaier Narayanaswamy1555 Determination of Cyanide Using a Tyrosinase Amperomstric Biosensor with Catechol as Substrate-XiaoyaHu, Zongzhou Leng1559 Flow Injection Detection of Tetracyclines by Electrocatalytic Oxidation at a Nickel-modified Glassy CarbonElectrode-W. Oungpipat, P.Southwell-Keely, P. W. AlexanderSEPARATION SCIENCE1567 Absorption Spectra and Multicapillary Imaging Detection for Capillary Isoelectric Focusing Using a ChargeCoupled Device Camera-Jiaqi Wu, Janusz Pawliszyn1573 Determination of Oligomer Distribution of Alkylphenol Polyethoxylates and Fatty Alcohol Polyethoxylates byPositive-ion Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry-S. Pattanaargsorn, P.Sangvanich, A. Petsom, S. Roengsumran1577 Determination of Trace Amounts of Sulfur in Hydrotreated Naphthas: Comparative Study Using RaneyNickel, Houston Atlas and Gas Chromatographic Methods-Mohamed M. Abdillahi, Khurshid Alam, AbdulBari M.Siddiqui, Mohammed A. AliSPECTROPHOTOMETRY1583 On-line Spectrophotometric Determination of Phosphate in Bioprocesses by Sequential Injection-Jorge C.Masini, Pamela J. Baxter, Kandace I?. Detwiler, Gary D. Christian1589 Column Preconcentration of Cobalt With the ion Pair of 2-Nitroso-I -naphthol-4-sulfonicAcid-Tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium Chloride Supported on Naphthalene Using Second-derivativeSpectrophotometry-Mohammad Ali Taher, Bal Krishan Puri1593 Selective Spectrophotometric Determination of Cobalt(ii) Using 2,2’-Dipyridyl-2-pyridylhydrazone and aFlow Injection Manifold-Demetrius G. Themelis, George A. Zachariadis, John A. Stratis1599 Synthesis and Studies on the Analytical Functions of a Highly Selective Spectrophotometric Reagent2-(8-Quinolylazo)-5-N,”-dimethylaminobenzoic Acid-Hanxi Shen, Yuanping Tang, Xinliang Xiao, ShufenZhang, Ruixian Liu1603 Application of Pattern Recognition in a Factor Analysis-Spectrophotometric Method for the SimultaneousDetermination of Rare Earth Elements in Geological Samples-Hong-yan Wang, Duo-xi Wang, Ying-huaWang, Shu-gui Chen, Feng-jun Zhang1609 Determination of Benomyl Residues in Waters by Solid-phase Spectrofluorimetry-Jose Luis Vilchez, LuisFermin Capitan-Vallvey, Jamal Rohand, Alberto Navalon, Ramiro Avidad1613 CUMULATIVE AUTHOR INDEXNEWS AND VIEWS 55N Book Reviews60N Conference Diary65N Courses66N Conference Reports-J. D. R. Thomas, Yu. A. Zolotov71N Papers in Future Issues72N List of Abbreviations and AcronymsCover picture: Conference logo for the Geoanalysis 94 Symposium

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN99520BX021

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Analyst, May 1995, Vol. 120 55N Book Reviews ICUMSA. International Commission for Uniform Meth- ods of Sugar Analysis. Methods Book Pp. 250. ICUMSA. 1994. Price flOO.OO (surface mail); f 1 1 2.00 (airmail). ISBN 0-905003-13-6. This book includes all the Commissions’ recognized methods of analysis and is presented in a loose leaf format for ease of updating . The analytical methods are divided into sections based on the following product lines; raw sugar, refined products, molasses, sugar cane, sugar beet, cane sugar processing, beet sugar processing and starch derived sweeteners. Whilst all the methods are numbered, finding a particular method is somewhat tedious and could have been improved by the inclusion of dividers to mark the beginning of each section. The book includes approximately 70 methods of analysis of which 5 are microbiological assays. The methods are defined as ‘official’, ‘accepted’ or ‘tentative’ and encompass a wide range of analytical techniques including gas chromatography and atomic absorption spectrometry as well as the more traditional techniques such as polarimetry and volumetric analysis.‘the book provides a wealth of information on the analysis of sugar products’ The methods are well laid out in a standard format which will satisfy most quality system requirements. For this reason alone, the book is invaluable to those laboratories which are accredited or seeking accreditation in this field. Some very old techniques are included, such as lead by dithizone and arsenic using silver diethyldithiocarbamate.Whilst complementary modern techniques, such as atomic absorption are included, the modern techniques are not all accompanied by repeatability and reproducibility data. The absence of analytical quality assurance data for a significant number of the methods is one of the disappointing aspects of this book. Over-all the book provides a wealth of information on the analysis of sugar products and is recommended to anyone involved in this field of work. Alan Kay Public Protection Department County Ojjfices, Derbyshire, UK Lipid Chromatographic Analysis Edited by Takayuki Shibamoto. Chromatographic Science Series. Volume 65. Pp. viii + 412. Marcel Dekker. 1994. Price f 135.00. ISBN 0-8247-8941 -5. Of all the techniques that contribute to analytical science, chromatography in its various forms is amongst the forefront.It would be no exaggeration to state that the advances made in lipid chemistry and in the understanding of the role lipids play in animal and, particularly, human nutrition have been wholly dependent on the ability to separate and quantify lipid components by chromatographic techniques. These tech- niques and their applications have been well documented but such is their plethora that lipid researchers, who may not be particularly interested in analytical chemistry per se, may have some difficulty in selecting the technique which may be of greatest benefit to them. This publication seeks to address that issue. ‘highly recommended and it should be an addition to all libraries of laboratories in which there is an interest in the chemical and bioche- mical aspects of lipids’.This book covers most of the traditional methods of lipid analyses but also incorporates relatively new approaches such as solid phase extraction and supercritical fluid chromato- graphy. Not surprisingly, gas liquid chromatography and high- performance liquid chromatography, two of the major tech- niques used in lipid analyses, are features in nine of the twelve chapters of the book and their use in a range of applications is described. Many of the chapters start with an introduction to the technique and there is duplication that can be a source of annoyance, but to those who are interested in the application of the technique these introductions may be wholly accep- table. It is gratifying to note that a technique such as thin-layer chromatography, which tends to be viewed as routine and non-glamorous is accorded prominence in a chapter describ- ing the use of flame ionization for the detection of components separated by thin-layer chromatography.Contributions to the book are made by authors, many of whom are well known in the field of lipid analyses, and their presentations are made in a clear, precise manner which enable the reader to follow methods with ease. Each chapter is well documented with comprehensive references and the experimental details are easily followed. In addition, the book is remarkably devoid of typographical errors. This excellent, practical book with its detailed methodology will be a constant source of reference to those actively engaged in lipid research in relation to the effect and influence of lipids on biological processes.It is highly recommended and it should be an addition to all libraries of laboratories in which there is an interest in the chemical and biochemical aspects of lipids. A. Smith The Macaulay Land Use Research Institute Aberdeen, UK Flow-through (6io)Chemical Sensors M. Valcarcel and M. D. Luque de Castro. Techniques and Instrumentation in Analytical Chemistry. Volume 16. Pp. 332. Elsevier. 1994. US $202.75. ISBN 0-444-89866-2. Chemical sensors and biosensors are now being championed by scientists from increasingly diverse backgrounds. The positive aspect of this is that fresh ideas and new concepts are introduced into this fast moving field; the occasional negative aspect is that additional conceptual stances sometimes confuse basic priorities.There is something of both in this two author appraisal of so-called flow-through sensors. Without doubt, use of a sensor without careful consideration of sampling and flow system requirements can lead to failure. These authors have rightly focused on a key issue of integrated sensor/ measurement cell performance, and of its particular relevance to practical analysis. They set out, in 5 chapters, a logical build from sensors types through to the added contribution of separation and reaction schemes used in continuous flow. Their effort is laudable, their success is variable. The first chapter on basic sensors is a rather detailed attempt at formal definitions of sensors, various measurement hierarchies, transduction interfaces with many attempted (re-) classifications, even down to terms such as ‘probe’ versus56N Analyst, May 1995, Vol.120 ‘sensor’. One wonders about the need for all this at this stage; such conceptual reworking of established ground will fail to gain agreement of those established in the field and confuses priorities in a book that purports to be dealing with the specific science of flow-through sensors. ‘As such, this is a useful repository of informa- tion on FI that could serve as a general literature source, though somewhat marred by the limited offering on background aspects and a liberal defiition of sensors’. The second chapter on ‘fundamentals’ of continuous flow, fares rather better in that it describes in well-illustrated detail, flow geometries, flow cells and the fabrication needs for particular measurement problems, e.g., reagent loss, lack of sensor reversibility.It would have been helpful if the basic principles of segmental flow, FI, continuous flow dynamics and flow/surface interfaces, etc., could also have been introduced. The next chapter, dealing with integrated reaction and detection, includes a spectrum of entities from flow-through cells integrated with spectrophotometers, to descriptions of chemical sensors and biosensors not yet used under flow conditions. However, a sufficient number of true sensor/flow combinations is also provided and gives an idea of general progress, covering a comprehensive range of chemical sensors up to whole cell-based analyte binding and recognition.A subsequent chapter on integrated separation and detection also takes a very liberal interpretation of the term ‘sensing’, with FI-spectrophotometric combinations being a major part of the descriptions on offer. Rather more relevant is a ‘mini- review’ of separation membranes in electrochemical sensors, and the description of ISEs employed under continuous flow conditions. The final chapter covers flow analysis, where both analyte separation and reaction are involved. Examples are given of a variety of detector systems, including enzymic, made more selective by means of membranes or some partitioning process. This book gives practical reminders of flow systems, but for fundamentals the reader will need to look elsewhere. The individual descriptions of literature reports, it has to be said, are thorough and replete with data, and there are ample illustrations of both flow constructs and reaction chemistries.As such, this is a useful repository of information on FI that could serve as a general literature source, though somewhat marred by the limited offering on background aspects and a liberal definition of sensors. Pankaj Vadgama Department of Medicine University of Manthester, UK Analytical Electrochemistry By Joseph Wang. Pp xi + 198. VCH. 1994. Price DM98.00; f39.50. ISBN 0-1-56081-575-2, ~~~~~ ~~ As the title suggests, the main emphasis of this book is on electroanalysis, rather than on physical aspects of electroche- mistry. It is designed to be a suitable text for graduate-level courses in electroanalytical chemistry, or as a supplement to Masters courses in Instrumental Analysis.It pays particular importance in presenting recent advances in the areas of new methodologies, sensors and detectors, in a clear and concise manner. The book is divided into six chapters. The first deals with some fundamental concepts such as mass transport and the electrical double layer. This is by no means extensive, but adequate reference is made to more specialized texts which would need to be consulted for a more in-depth treatment of the fundamentals of the subject. The second chapter then deals with controlled potential techniques, such as chronoam- perometry, polarography, pulse voltammetry, AC voltam- metry, stripping analysis and electrochemical detection in flowing-solution analysis.The main equations and waveforms for these techniques are given in the chapter, along with some representative applications of how these techniques are applied. In chapter three, the emphasis is on practical applications such as design of electrochemical cells, choice of electrode materials, and instrumentation. In particular, emphasis is placed on discussing the newer forms of electrode materials which are of importance in modern day applications, namely microelectrodes and modified electrodes. The next two chapters deal with potentiometric- and amperometric-sensors. Because of the nature of the book, neither of these important subjects is dealt with exhaustively, and the reader can really only get a basic understanding of the principles involved. Again, these subjects would need to be reinforced by consultation with more specialized texts.The final chapter then shows how a combination of voltammetric, spectroscopic and microscopic techniques can be used to study electrode reactions. ‘for students who know very little about the subject, the text would be a very useful introduc- tion to this exciting field of study’. Most chapters contain some relatively basic worked exam- ples, which nevertheless illustrate some of the quantitative aspects of the subject. All in all, I found the text to be very readable, and for students who know very little about the subject, the text would be a very useful introduction to this exciting field of study. The text is relatively inexpensive for student purchase, and provides good value for money.My only concern is that it has, by its very nature, a limited depth of coverage, which for some courses would necessitate additional reading material from other standard texts. It certainly should be on all library shelves of institutions where electroanalytical chemistry or instrumental analysis is preached and practised. Malcolm R. Smyth Dublin City University Dublin 9, Ireland Electroanalytical Chemistry. Volume 18. A Series of Advances Edited by Allen J. Bard. Pp. xii + 400. Marcel Dekker. New York. 1993. Price US$165.00. ISBN 0-8247-9092-8. While this volume, like the others in the series, will be of great interest to those working in the area of electroanalytical chemistry, I must take issue with the cover note which claims the text to be suitable for the non-specialist.This, in my opinion, is most definitely not the case. However, this comment aside, there can be no doubt that this is an extremely thorough and well-researched text, providing as is intended a snapshot of the current state-of-the-art in certain areas of electroanalytical chemistry. The three topics covered in this volume are Electroche- mistry in Micelles, Microemulsions and Related Microhetero- geneous Fluids (James F. Rusling, with 182 references), Mechanisms of Charge Transport in Polymer-modified Elec- trodes (Gyorgy Inzelt, with 294 references) and Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (Allen J. Bard, Fu-Ren F. Fan and Michael V. Mirkin, with 95 references). This last topic is relatively young in comparison with the others, arising as it does from the advent of scanning probe microscopies such asAnalyst, May 1995, Vol.120 57N the scanning tunneling microscope and the atomic force microscope. The ‘newness’ of this field is illustrated by the dramatically lower number of references provided for this section in relation to the other two sections. I confess that this topic, in which the probe tip may be used either as a probe of localized electrochemistry or indeed to induce local electro- chemistry at an appropriate substrate, is the one that I personally find the most innovative. This section includes discussion of a number of applications of the SECM, including the localized deposition of fine metal lines using a moving tip and the etching of GaAs surfaces via a hole-stimulating reaction in the region of the substrate closest to the tip.Apart from these examples, there is also some extremely useful practical details on such matters as how to produce a suitable probe tip. I feel sure that this area of electroanalytical chemistry will receive a great deal more attention in the near future. ‘this is an extremely thorough and well- researched text, providing as is intended a snapshot of the current state-of-the-art in cer- tain areas of electroanalytical chemistry’. The section on micelles and related systems begins with a very thorough introduction to these systems, which is extre- mely easy to follow. There has, of course, been a resurgence of interest in these systems resulting from their ability to act as templates for the production of micro- and mesoporous- systems.However, in this text, emphasis is placed upon the electrochemistry that may occur when such systems are assembled at an appropriate conducting interface. The examples detailed are far too many to describe, but I note that of particular interest to me was the section on in-situ spectroscopy of such systems. This section describes the many ways in which the molecular structure of these systems has been probed using non-invasive techniques. This section attracted my attention because it revealed how the technique of surface enhanced Raman scattering may be used to determine potential-dependent changes in orientation of these surfactant systems at a silver electrode surface. Polymer-modified electrodes are of course a ‘very hot topic’ at the moment from the point of view of their myriad potential applications and more importantly, the ability to tailor the properties of the system using chemistry.Despite this, it was of great interest to me to discover just how far back the theory of these systems extends, although Gyorgy Inzelt makes the comment that no real comprehensive theory describing the conduction mechanisms in the polymer systems exists at the present time. I was familiar with some of the more popular polymer systems that have been studied, including the substituted polyanilines which, when deposited on a conduct- ing surface, exhibit complex chromophore behaviour often involving several visible colour changes. However, these are only a fraction of the systems described in this very com- prehensive section.Overall, at $165.00, this volume in my opinion represents good value for money and is a must for those enthusiasts of the topics described. Martyn E. Pemble The Solid State Chemistry Group, University of Manchester, UK Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry and its Applications Edited by E. W. Schlag. Pp. x + 413. Elsevier. 1994. Price US $122.75. ISBN 0-444-8188 75-8. the cutting edge of mass spectrometry development. This has come about because of the inherent ability of the time-of-flight instrument to provide a complete mass spectral analysis per event, e.g., pulsed laser ionization coupled with an unlimited mass range and high ion transmission characteristics. The time-of-flight system is by far the fastest scanning of the mass spectrometric techniques, being able to provide complete spectra in tens of microseconds.It is, therefore, able to provide real-time analysis of very rapid transient events such as laser ablation or rapid compositional changes occurring, e.g., during the scanning of gas or liquid chromatography effluents and capillary zone electrophoresis systems. The major problem with these latter applications is the require- ment for data handling systems able to cope with the mass of information produced. This rapid expansion of the time-of-flight technique has resulted in an avalanche of publications and it is appropriate that suitable review articles/papers appear to provide a starting point for researchers entering the field. This book contains such a compilation which has also been published as Volume 131 of the International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes.There are some 21 articles, appropriately comment- ing with an account by Mamyrin describing his development of the reflection technique and how it has subsequently been used to investigate a range of problems. The reflectron can enhance the resolving power of the time-of-flight mass spectrometer some 10-fold, overcoming its early handicap of being a low resolution instrument. ‘The breadth and quality of the work described makes this compendium an excellent entry point or reference for time-of-flight mass spec- trometry’. Further contributions provide detailed consideration of ion optics and ion-source design whilst elsewhere ion, particularly heavy ion, detection is of importance.A major advantage of the time-of-flight mass spectrometer is its relatively simple concept and construction which makes it adaptable to solve particular applications. Many of these are amenable to inexpensive ‘in house’ instruments in contrast to large expensive conventional mass spectrometers. This aspect is well illustrated within this book. Several of the articles present novel applications which open up new directions for the future development of mass spectrometry. Examples are extreme state selection via ZEKE techniques and the now well publicized extremely high-mass ion work pioneered for biomolecules by Hillenkamp and also used herein for DNA analysis. The breadth and quality of the work described makes this compendium an excellent entry point or reference for time-of- flight mass spectrometry.It should be available, either in Journal or Book form, to any laboratory concerned with time- of-flight mass spectrometry or considering entering this field. Together with Cotter’s book in the ACS Symposium series, it provides an excellent account of the current state of time-of- flight mass spectrometry. Dennis Price Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry University of Salford, UK Sample Preparation for Biomedical and Environmental Analysis Edited by D. Stevenson and I. D. Wilson. Chromatographic Society Symposium. Pp. x + 246. Plenum. 1994. Price US$75.00. ISBN 0-306-44663. The recent dynamic resurgence in time-of-flight mass spec- trometry has thrust this previously overlooked technique at Sampling and sample preparation are the hidden problems of analytical chemistry; the ‘skeletons’ we keep hidden in our58N Analyst, May 1995, Vol.120 cupboards! In this respect, this volume might appear to be well overdue. It is not however, immediately obvious from the title, (though it is from that of the Series) that this work consists of the proceedings of a Symposium of the same name held in July 1991. As with many volumes of symposium papers it is, like the ‘parson’s egg’, good in parts. The book contains some 24 contributions, of which 16 seem to be full papers (although rather uneven both in length and quality) and 8 are described on the page, if not in the contents list, as ‘notes’. A wide range of topics more or less related to the symposium title is covered. No attempt seems to have been made to organize the papers in any logical way.‘the lions share of the work is concerned with solid-phase extraction techniques’. The book contains some excellent papers. In particular, the papers by Watson on ‘Clinical Analysis’ and by Snowdon on ‘Pesticide Residues’ are wider in scope than most and attempt to cover their topics reasonably comprehensively. Watson’s paper, in particular, ought to be compulsory reading for all chromatographers. However, the lions share of the work (8 contributions) is concerned with solid-phase extraction tech- niques. Further papers deal with superfluid extraction, column switching, capillary electrophoresis, automation, a proprietary membrane technique, pre-column derivatization and post-column derivatization, the latter suggesting that sample preparation is not necessary, which leaves one wondering why it was included.To be of real use, a book such as this needs to be fully indexed. A few random checks suggest that this has not been carried out. Thus, ‘derivatization, post-column’ and ‘derivati- zation, pre-column are each only mentioned once, in both cases to the same paper by Cooper et al. Yet the first mention of pre-column derivatization is to be found on page 1 and a complete paper (Lingeman and Brinkman) is devoted to ‘post- column reaction-detection’, an expression which does not occur in the index at all. There is not doubt that there is much in this volume to interest the practising chromatographer. It is a pity that in an age which talks so glibly of ‘information highways’, it has taken so long to reach publication.I suspect that much of the work described in this volume may already have been published elsewhere. M. A . Russell Dorset, UK Circular Dichroism: Principles and Applications By K. Nakanishi, N. Berova and R. W. Woody. Pp xvii + 570. VCH. 1994. Price f83.00. ISBN 1-56081 -61 8-X. ~~ ~ ~~~ About thirty years ago, The Analyst published a review concerned with the analytical applications of circular dichro- ism. Little analytical work involving the use of circular dichroism had appeared at that time, and the last sentence of that review said, ‘However, circular dichroism has many potential applications, particularly in the field of natural products, for which the technique may prove useful for handling mixtures now amenable only to complicated treat- ments.’ With the increasing emphasis on all aspects of chirality, and of the use of natural products in synthesis of pharmaceuticals and the like, the analytical applications of any method involving optical activity should be increasing sharply.A survey of those applications would be very useful. In that respect, and only in that respect, this well-edited book is something of a disappointment. It indeed contains a very full treatment of the principles and many applications of circular dichroism, but the applications described are chiefly stereo- chemical and spectroscopic, emphasizing the theoretical, rather than the practical, applications of the method. Having said that, within its objectives, this is a very good book indeed. It contains chapters by experts on all aspects of circular dichroism, ranging from the emission of chiral excited states to the circular dichroism of nucleic acids.All the chapters seem to be of a high standard, with some that are outstandingly good. I noticed particularly the treatment by H. E. Smith of the benzene chromophore in its optically active derivatives, and that by Dekkers on circularly polarized luminescence, which contains a useful discussion of experi- mental methods. In all chapters, the quality of the figures is excellent. ‘circular dichroism is full of potential for the solution of analytical problems’. The title of only one of the 20 chapters contains the word ‘analytical’. That is the last chapter of the book, on circular dichroism coupled with HPLC, where Salvadori, Bertucci, and Rosini give a good description of this extremely useful method.There is a substantial section on the measurement of circular dichroism on-line, which shows the utility of the technique. However, even this single analytical chapter reveals that the authors are perhaps not primarily interested in analyses. No reference is made to the early use of a circular dichroism spectrometer as a detection system in HPLC by Westwood, Games and Sheen. That included the use of a device for on-line measurement, and was published in an analytical journal. This particular book is unlikely to be of direct interest to analysts, although it is clear from almost every page in it that circular dichroism is full of potential for the solution of analytical problems, particularly those related to natural products.The methodology of those solutions is not really tackled in this book. There have been a number of applica- tions, fully worked out, particularly in pharmacology and similar areas, which have not even been touched on, e.g., relating to measurement of nicotine in extracts. The book is dedicated to the memory of the late Professor Snatzke, a pioneer in modern applications of circular dichro- ism, who contributed the first chapter, a characteristic wide- ranging and clear statement. The volume reflects his interests very well, which were in stereochemistry and chiroptical properties of natural and synthetic materials. It is a fine book, but it is not a handbook of analytical methods and applications of circular dichroism. R.D. Gillard Department of Chemistry University of Wales, Cardiff, UK Trace Element Analysis in Biological Specimens Edited by R. F. M. Herber and M. Stoeppler. Techniques and Instrumentation in Analytical Chemistry. Volume 15. Pp. xiii + 576. Elsevier. 1994. Price US$ 271.50. ISBN 0- 444-89867-0. If you are engaged in the trace element analysis of human biological specimens, such as blood, urine, teeth, bone, hair, nails and soft tissues, then this is the reference text for you! I t has been well-conceived and structured by the editors; written with authority by the contributors; and neatly produced by theAnalyst, May 1995, Vol. 120 59N publishers. As its pages contain much of value for all, from the experienced professional to the comparative novice, there should be a copy on the shelves of every laboratory engaged in such work, especially in the fields of clinical chemistry and forensic toxicology.‘If you are engaged in the trace element analysis of human biological specimens, such as blood, urine, teeth, bone, hair, nails and soft tissues, then this is the reference text for you!’ The book has been divided into two parts of almost equal length; Basic Principles and Methods (Part 1, containing 12 chapters on various protocols and individual analytical tech- niques), and Elements (Part 2, containing 13 chapters, each on a specific element). By so doing, the editors have greatly improved on the approach adopted in an earlier book in this series, ‘Evaluation of Analytical Methods in Biological Systems, Part B, Hazardous Metals in Human Toxicology.Volume 4, edited by A. Vercruysse’. The chapters in Part 1 are entitled: Sampling and sample storage (Aitio); Sample treatment of human biological materials (Sansoni and Panday); Graphite furnace AAS and Atomic absorption spectrometry; Flame AAS (both by Slavin) ; Atomic emission spectrometry (Schramel); Voltam- metry (Wang); Neutron activation analysis (Versieck); Iso- tope dilution mass spectrometry (de Bievre); The chemical speciation of trace elements in biomedical specimens: Analy- tical techniques (Gardiner and Delves); Interlaboratory and intralaboratory surveys. Reference methods and reference materials (Braithwaite); Reference materials for trace ele- ment analysis (Parr and Stoeppler); and Statistics and data evaluation (Herber and Salle). The message of the importance of appropriate sample collection, treatment and storage procedures, the correct choice and application of sophisti- cated analytical instrumentation, and the need to ensure the delivery of high quality data if results are to be at all meaningful, is driven home powerfully.The chapter on flame AAS is very short, perhaps understandably, but less forgiv- able is the omission of one on inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, although applications of this technique are occasionally mentioned elsewhere in the book. Chapter 8 on isotope dilution mass spectrometry is given the wrongly- numbered header ‘Chapter 7’ throughout the text. The 13 chapters of Part 2 focus on the obvious elements of importance: aluminium (Savory); arsenic (Stoeppler and Vahter); cadmium (Herber) ; chromium (Cornelis); copper (Delves and Stoeppler); lead (Ewers); manganese (Halls); mercury (Schutz); nickel (Templeton); selenium (Thomas- sen); thallium (Sager); vanadium (Schaller); and zinc (Fell and Lyon).If the editors could have foreseen the controversy over antimony, at least in Britain, where it has recently been suggested, in a very public fashion, that the element is implicated in cot deaths, they might have increased the number under consideration by one. Overall, however, the balance of coverage both between and within chapters is very good, save perhaps for the chapter on mercury, which, at 65 pages, is more than twice the length of any other. Each chapter is a gold mine of selected information and considered recommendations concerning the determination of the ele- ment in question in a variety of human biological matrices.In general, authors draw on references up until the early 1990s. Rather irritatingly, neither Cornelis nor Halls give the titles of papers listed in the reference sections for their chapters, a fault of which Slavin and Schramel are also guilty in Part 1. The appeal of this excellent book will be largely to clinical chemists, toxicologists and biochemists, and, despite the editors’ stated claims, somewhat less to the environmental analytical chemist, especially at the quoted price. North Americans may be a little disappointed that only nine of the 38 authors involved are presently employed on their sub-con- tinent, the other 29 emanating from Europe, but, like the rest of the world, can be assured that the purchase of this book will be an excellent investment, which will pay for itself many times over.J . G. Farmer Department of Chemistry University of Edinburgh, UK Biofluid and Tissue Analysis for Drugs Including Hypolipi- daemics Edited by Eric Reid, Howard M. Hill and Ian D. Watson. Methodological Surveys in Bioanalysis of Drugs, Volume 23. Series editor Eric Reid. Pp. xviii + 420. Price €98.00. Royal Society of Chemistry. 1994. ISBN 0-85186-644-1. This is the type of book you will either love or hate because of the way in which it has been produced. It is a collection of papers presented at the Tenth International Forum on Biofluid and Tissue Analysis for Drugs held at Guildford, England in 1993, and is the 23rd volume in this series.As a result, it covers a large number of topics ranging from the education and training of analysts to the analysis of phospholipid hydroperoxides and microdialysis. There is certainly something of interest in this volume for all analysts, especially in the papers showing the advances made in the applications of capillary electrophoresis and hyphenated- and automated-systems. However, the book will probably be more comprehensible and useful to those who attended the Forum than it is to the general reader, who will probably use it with specific interest topics in mind. ‘something of interest in this volume for all analysts’. For an expensive scientific volume, it is poorly laid out and, at times, difficult to follow. Apart from unnecessary and excessive use of the # symbol, there are errors and variations in typefaces, a proliferation of confusing footnotes and repeated explanations of abbreviations, such as ASPEC, cropping up in several places. It would have benefited from heavy editing of the comments following each group of papers, and fewer citations and annotations contributed by the editors. The compendium on drug assay would have been better placed at the end of the book rather than coming in the middle and splitting the main text. The cross-referencing of authors as primary and co-, in separate columns, appears unnecessary and divisive. There are several very useful papers on the application of derivatization as a prelude to gas chromatography and HPLC of several drugs suitable for use with other compounds. Fluorimetric detectors come in for regular discussion, with some useful suggestions for signal enhancement being given. Also, of wider value, are the papers dealing with various pre- treatments of drugs and standards. For the general reader seeking new analytical approaches and procedures there is a great deal of value, but at times, searching it out is not always easy. The wide coverage in the book guarantees it a place on many company shelves, but the user will need to become familiar with the approach, layout and abbreviations employed. Ronald C. Denney Sevenoaks, Kent, UK

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN995200055N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

60N Analyst, May 1995, Vol. 120 Conference Diary Date 1995 June 5-7 5-8 6-9 7 7-9 11-14 12-16 13-16 July 2-6 2-7 9-13 9-14 9-15 10-13 Conference Location Image Techniques and Analysis in Fluid Mechanics Italy Rome, 5th Symposium on our Environment and 1st Asia-Pacific Workshop on Pesticides Singapore Convention City, 8th International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries Antwerp, Belgium Joint Meeting of the Molecular Spectroscopy Group and the Infrared and Raman Discussion Group-Vibrational Spectroscopy and Imaging LIMS 95-International Conference and Exhibition Germany PREP '95: 1995 International Symposium, Exhibit and Workshops on Preparative Chromatography, Ion Exchange, and AdsorptiodDesorption Processes and Related Oxford , UK Bonn , Washington DC, USA Techniques 50th Annual Molecular Spectroscopy Symposium ESIS 95-New Infrared Spectroscopy and Microspectroscopy: FTIR and Raman VII International Congress of Toxicology 12th International NMR Meeting 3rd International Symposium on Applied Mass Spectrometry in Health Sciences and 3rd European Tandem Mass Spectrometry Conference 13th Australian Symposium on Analytical Chemistry/4th Environmental Chemistry Conference SAC 95 Vth COMTOX Symposium on Toxicology and Clinical Chemistry of Metals Columbus, USA Lyon, France Seattle, USA Manchester, UK Barcelona , Spain Darwin, Australia Hull, UK Vancouver , Canada Contact A.Cehedese, Department of Mechanics and Aeronautics, University La Sapienza, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy The Secretariat, 5th Symposium on our Environment, c/o Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Republic of Singapore 0511 Fax: +65 779 1691 The Organising Committee, 8th International Symposium on Loss Prevention, c/o Ingenieurshuis V2W, Desguinlei 214, B-2018 Antwerpen, Belgium Dr.J. M. Chalmers, ICI plc, Wilton Research Centre, P.O. Box 90, Wilton, Middlesbrough, UK TS90 8JE JAY Conference Services, 45 Hilltop Avenue, Hullbridge, Hockley, Essex, UK SS5 6BL Mrs. Janet Cunningham, PREP '95 Symposium/ Exhibits Manager, Barr Enterprises, 10120 Kelly Road, P.O. Box 279, Walkersville, MD 21793, USA Tel: +1301 898 3772. Fax: +1 301 898 5596 T. A. Miller, International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, 120 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA G.Lachenal, Laboratoire des Materiaux Plastiques et Biomateriaux, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1,43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France Jada Hill, The Sterling Group, 9393 W, 110th Street, Suite, Overland Park, KS 66210, USA Tel: +1 913 345 2228. Fax: +1913 345 0893 Dr. J. E. Gibson, Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, UK W1V OBN Tel: +44 (6)171437 8656. Fax: +44 (0)171734 1227 Professor Emilio Gelpi, Palau de Congressos, Departamento de Convencions, Avda, Reina Ma Christina, 08004 Barcelona, Spain 13AC/4EC, Symposium Secretariat, Convention Catalyst Int., GPO Box 2541, Darwin NT 0801, Australia Tel: +6189 811 875. Fax: +61 89 411 639 Analytical Division, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, Piccadilly , London, UK W1V OBN Tel: +44 (0)171 437 8656.Fax: +44 (0)171 734 1227 F. William Sunderman, Jr., M.D., Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Connecticut Medical School, P.O. Box 1292, Farmington, CT 06034-1292, USA Tel: +1 203 679 2328. Fax: +1203 679 2154Analyst, May 1995, Vol. 120 61N Date Conference Location Contact 30-518 XXIInd International Conference on Hoboken, Phenomena in Ionized Gases USA August 5-10 6-1 1 13-17 14-16 20-25 27-219 27-119 27-119 27-30 1995 International Symposium on Soil and Plant Analysis The Netherlands Wageningen, NIR '95-The Future Waves Montreal, Canada ICFIA '95, 7th International Conference on Seattle, Flow Injection Analysis and JAFIA, Japanese USA Association for Flow Injection Analysis 41st International Conference on Analytical Science and Spectroscopy Canada Windsor , 12th International Symposium on Plasma Chemistry USA Minneapolis, CSI XXIX: Colloquium Spectroscopicum Internationale Germany Leipzig , 46th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE46) China Xiamen, Third International Conference on Magnetic Resonance Microscopy Germany Wurzburg, EUROTOX September 1-4 CSI XXIX, Post-symposium ICP-MS and 11th German ICP-MS Users Meeting 3-6 Third International Meeting on Recent Advances in Magnetic Resonance Application to Porous Media 6th European Conference on the Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules 3-8 5-8 RSC Autumn Meeting.Analytical and Faraday Symposium: Ions in Solution 6-8 5th Symposium on Chemistry and Fate of Modern Pesticides Prague, Czech Republic Wernigerode, Germany Louvain la Neuve, Belgium Villeneuve d'Ascq, France Sheffield, UK Paris, France E.E. Kunhardt, Physics Department, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA Tel: +1201216 5099. Fax: +1 201 216 5638 Soil and Plant Analysis Council, Georgia University Station, P.O. Box 2007, Athens, GA Tel: + 1 706 546 0425. Fax: + 1 706 548 4891 NIR '95, The Canadian Grain Commission, Grain Research Laboratory, 1403-303 Main Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3C 3G8 Gary D. Christian, Department of Chemistry, BG-10, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA Tel: +1 206 685 3478. Fax: +I 206 543 5340. E- Mail: christia@chem.washington.edu William E.Jones, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4 L. Graven, 315 Pillsbury Drive, SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0139, USA Tel: +1612 625 9023. Fax: +1612 626 1623 GDCh-Geschaftsstelle, Abt. Tagungen, Varrentrappestr. 40-42, Postfach 90 04 40, D- 6000 Frankfurt am Main 90, Germany Tel: +49 69 791 7358. Fax: +49 69 791 7475 Secretariat, XLVIth ISE Annual Meeting, P.O. Box 1995, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China Tel: +86 592 208 5349. Fax: +86 592 208 8054 Dr. A. Haas, Physikalisches Institute, Universitat Wiirzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Wiirzburg, Germany Czech Medical Association J. E. PurkynG, EUROTOX '95, P.O. Box 88, Sokolska 31, 120 26 Prague 2, Czech Republic Tel: +42 2 24 915195.Fax: +42 2 24 216836 30612-2007, USA Professor Lieselotte Moenke, Department of Chemistry, Martin-Luther University, Halle- Wittenberg, Institute of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Weinbergweg 16, D- 06120 Halle, Germany Professor J. M. Dereppe, Universitk de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, B-1348, Louvain la Neuve, Belgium Professor J. C. Merlin, ECSBM '95, LASIR, UST Lille BAt. C5, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex , France Dr. J. F. Gibson, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, Piccadilly , London, UK W1V OBN Tel: +44 (0)171 437 8656. Fax: +44 (0)171 734 1227 Mrs. Frei-Hausler, IAEAC Office , Postfach 46, CH-4123 Allschuril 2, Switzerland Fax: +41 61 482 08 0562N Analyst, May 1995, Vol. 120 Date 6-9 10-1 4 12-15 12-16 17-20 17-21 24-28 25-28 Conference Location Joint Meeting of the Royal Society of Chemistry Fast Reactions in Solution Discussion Group and the Molecular Spectroscopy Group on Ultrafast Processes in Laser Spectroscopy Ion-Ex '95, The Fourth International Conference and Industrial Exhibition on Ion Exchange Processes Norwich, UK Wrexham, UK October 5th International Symposium on Drug Leuven, Analysis Belgium European Symposium on BiOS Europe '95: The European Biomedical Optics Symposium Week Barcelona, Spain 6th Surrey Conference on Plasma Source Spectrometry UK Jersey, 109th AOAC International Annual Meeting and Exposition USA Tennessee, 11th Asilomar Conference on Mass Spectrometry-Molecular Structure USA Determination: Activation, Mass Analysis and Detection 5th Symposium on 'Kinetics in Analytical Chemistry' (KAC '95) Russia Pacific Grove, Moscow, 1-5 9-13 15-20 16-18 19-20 23-25 24-27 21st World Congress of the International Society for Fat Research (ISF) The Hague, The Netherlands ECASIA '95 Montreux, Switzerland 22nd Annual Conference of the Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy USA Societies Cincinnati, Image Enhancement and Analysis Washington DC, USA Biotechnology Now and Tomorrow Bucharest, Romania 2nd Annual Blood Safety and Screening Washington DC, USA BCEIA '9S-The International Sixth Beijing Conference and Exhibition on Instrumental Analysis Beijing, China Contact Professor B.H. Robinson, School of Chemical Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK NR4 7TJ Ion-Ex '95 Conference Secretariat, Faculty of Science, The North East Wales Institute, Connah's Quay, Deeside, Clwyd, UK CH5 4BR Fax: +44 (0)1244 814305 Professor J.Hoogmartens, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Van Evenstraat 4, B- 3000 Leuven, Belgium Tel: +32 16 32 34 40. Fax: +32 16 32 34 48 Ms. Karin Burger, BiOS Europe '95, EUROPTO Series, c/o Direct Communications GmbH, Xantener Strasse 22, D-10707 Berlin, Germany Tel: +49 30 881 50 47. Fax: +49 30 881 50 40 E-Mail: Burger, 100140.321 l@compuserve .com Dr. Kym Jarvis, NERC ICP-MS Facility, CARE, Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, UK SL5 7TE Tel: +44 (0)1344 294517/6. Fax: +44 (0)1344 873997 Meetings and Education Department, AOAC International, 2200 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 400, Arlington, Virginia, 22201-3301, USA Tel: +1 703 522 3032.Professor R. Graham Cooks, Department of Chemistry, 1393 Brown Building, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA Dr. I. F. Dolmanova, Analytical Chemistry Division, Chemical Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia Tel: +7 095 939 3346. Fax: +7 095 939 2579 Mrs. J. Wills, ISF Secretariat, P.O. Box 3489, Champaign, IL 61826-3489, USA Tel: +1217 359 2344. Fax: +1217 351 8091 EPEL-ECASIA 95, Department des Materiaud LMCH, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Fax: +4121 693 3946 Joseph A. Caruso, FACSS National Office, 198 Thomas Johnson Dr., Suite S-2, Frederick, MD 21702, USA Tel: +1 301 694 8122. Fax: +1 301 694 6860 Mr. Ben Keddy, Cambridge Healthtech Institute, 1037, Chestnut Street, Newton Upper Falls, MA 02164, USA Tel: +1 617 487 7989.Mrs. Gestiana Munteanu, Biotechnos S.A., Str. Dumbrava Rosie, nr. 18, Bucuresti 70254, Romania Tel: +40 1 210 20 15. Fax: +40 1 210 97 05 Mr. Ben Keddy, Cambridge Healthtech Institute, 1037, Chestnut Street, Newton Upper Falls, MA 02164, USA Tel: + 1 617 487 7989. General Service Office, The International Sixth BCEIA, Room 585, Chinese Academy of Science Room, San Li He, Xi Jiao, P.O. Box 2143, Beijing 100045, ChinaAnalyst, May 1995, Vol. 120 63N Date Conference Location Contact 26-27 Sensors and Signals County Dublin, I re 1 and Dr. D. Diamond, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, I re 1 and Tel: +353 1 704 5308. Fax: +353 1 704 5503 November 5-10 1st Mediterranean Basin Conference on Cordoba, Professor Alfredo Sanz-Medel, Department of Analytical Chemistry Spain Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, C/Julian Claveria, no. 8 33006 Oviedo, Spain Tel: +34 85 10 34 74.Fax: +34 85 10 31 25 5-10 OPTCON '95 San Jose, USA Meetings Department, Optical Society of America, 2010 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20036-1023, USA Tel: + 1 202 223 9034. Fax: + 1 202 416 6100 8-9 Biological Applications of Inorganic Mass Norwich , Ms. Helen Phipps, Institute of Food Research, Spectrometry UK Norwich Laboratory, Nonvich Research Park, Colney, Nonvich, UK NR4 7UA Tel: +44 (0)1603 255219. Fax: +44 (0)1603 255 168 14-15 International Conference for Chemical Manchester, Dr. M. P. Coward, Chemistry Department, Information Users UK UMIST, P.O.Box 88, Manchester, UK M60 1QD Tel: +44 (0)161 200 4491. Fax: +44 (0)161 228 1250 December 13-14 2nd LCMS Symposium Cam bridge, Dr. J. Oxford, Glaxo Research and Development Ltd., Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, UK SG12 ODJ UK 17-22 International Symposium on Environmental Hawaii, K. S. Subramanian, Environmental Health Biomonitoring and Specimen Banking USA Directorate, Health Canada, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A OL2 Tel: +1 613 957 1874. Fax: +1 613 941 4545 1996 January 8-13 1996 Winter Conference on Plasma Florida, R. Barnes, Department of Chemistry, Lederle Spectrometry USA GRC Tower, University of Massachusettes, P.O. Box 34510, Amherst, MA 01003-4510, USA Tel: +1 413 545 2294. Fax: +1413 545 4490 21-25 VIth Latin American Congress on Caracas, Irene Romero, Interep SA, P.O.Box 76343, Chromatography Venezuela Caracas 1070-A, Venezuela February 6-9 Fourth International Symposium on Bruges, Dr. R. Smits, Royal Flemish Chemical Society Hyphenated Techniques in Chromatography Belgium (KVCV), Working Party on Chromatography, (HTC 4); Hyphenated Chromatographic BASF Antwerpen N.V., Central Laboratory, Analysers Haven 725, Scheldelaan 600, B-2040 Antwerp, Belgium Tel: +32 3 561 2831. Fax: +32 3 561 3250 March 17-2 1 47th Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy USA Chicago, The Pittsburgh Conference, 300 Penn Center Boulevard, Suite 332, Pittsburgh, PA 15235-5503 USA Tel: + 1 412 825 3220. Fax: + 1 412 825 322464N Analyst, May 1995, Vol. 120 Date 25-29 3 1-414 April 9-12 23-26 May 7-9 20-24 23-25 June 16-21 July 8-12 17-19 Conference Location ESEAC '96,6th European Conference on ElectroAnalysis UK Durham, 7th International Symposium on Supercritical Indianapolis , Fluid Chromatography and Extraction 26th International Symposium on Environmental Analytical Chemistry Analytica Conference '96 VIIth International Symposium on Luminescence Spectrometry in Biomedical Analysis-Detection Techniques and Applications in Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis 18th International Symposium on Capillary Chromatography XIIIth National Conference on Analytical Chemistry HPLC '96: 20th International Symposium on High Performance Liquid Phase Separations and Related Techniques XVI International Congress of Clinical Chemistry 8th Biennial National Atomic Spectroscopy Symposium (BNASS) August 20-23 7th International Symposium on Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis (PBA '96) September 1-7 Euroanalysis IX USA Vienna, Austria Munich, Germany Monte-Carlo, Monaco Riva del Garda, Italy Craiova , Romania California, USA London, UK Norwich, UK Osaka, Japan Bologna , Italy 15-20 21st International Symposium on Chromatography Stut tgart , Germany Contact Dr.A. G. Fogg, Loughborough University of Technology, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK LEll3TU Tel: +44 (0)1509 263171. Fax: +44 (0)1509 233163 Mrs. Janet Cunningham, Barr Enterprises, 10120 Kelly Road, P.O. Box 279, Walkersville, MD 21793 USA Tel: +1301 898 3772. Fax: +1301898 5596 Professor Dr. M. Grasserbauer, Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/151, A-1060 Wien, Austria Fax: +43 15867813 Congress Center, Messegelande, D-80325 Miinchen, Germany Tel: +49 89 5107 159.Fax: +49 89 5107 180 Professor Willy R. G. Baeyens, University of Ghent, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Harelbekestraat 72, B- 9000 Ghent, Belgium Tel: +32 9 221 8951. Fax: +32 9 221 4175 Professor D. P. Sandra, I.O.P.M.S., Kennedypark 20, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium Tel: +32 56 204960. Fax: +32 56 204859 Romanian Society of Analytical Chemistry, 13 Boulevard Republicii, Sector 3, 70346 Bucharest, Romania Tel: +40 1 631 00 60. Fax: +40 1 631 00 60 Mrs. Janet Cunningham, Barr Enterprises, 10120 Kelly Road, P.O. Box 279, Walkersville, MD 21793, USA Tel: +1 301 898 3772. Fax: +1 301 898 5596 Mrs. Pat Nielsen, XVIth International Congress of Clinical Chemistry, P.O. Box 227, Buckingham, UK MK18 5PN Fax: +44 (0)1280 6487 Dr. S. J. Haswell, School of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull, UK HU6 7RX Tel: +44 (0)1482 465469. Fax: +44 (0)1482 466410 Professor Susumu Honda, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Kowakae 3-4-1, Higashi Osaka 577, Japan Fax: +816 721 2353 Professor Luigia Sabbatini, Euroanalysis IX, Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita di Bari, Via Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy Tel: +39 80 242020. Fax: +39 80 242026 GDCh-Geschaftsstelle, Abt. Tagungen, Varrentrappestr. 40-42, Postfach 90 04 40, D- 6000 Frankfurt am Main 90, Germany Tel: +49 69 791 7358. Fax: +49 69 791 7475

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN995200060N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Analyst, March 1995, Vol. I20 665 ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~ of the soils. l’he beta-coefficient of exchangeable Cd was negative indicating that exchangeable Cd species were not important in estimating the CAI in the soils studied. In thc proposed scheme, as presented above, the Fe and Mn oxide-bound Cd and organic-bound Cd species were subfrac- tionated into five distinct species viz., metal-organic complex- bound, easily reducible metal oxide-bound, organic-bound, amorphous mineral colloid-bound, and crystalline Fe oxide- bound Cd species. The importance of the metal-organic complex-bound Cd in estimating the CAI of the soils was clearly brought out by the analysis. The beta-coefficient of metal-organic complex-bound Cd was at least 5-6 times higher than the beta-coefficients of the other species (Table The data on the multiple regression analysis between the metal-organic complex-bound Cd and the components extrac- ted by the pyrophosphate treatment is presented in Table 5 .Even though Cd is associated more strongly with the Mn in the metal-organic complexes (the beta-coefficient of Mn was I .6 times higher than that of Al as shown in eqn. 1 in Table 5 ) , the importance of Al-organic complex-bound Cd in influencing the bioavailability of Cd in these soils was clearly brought about by the beta-coefficients of Al and organic C (eqn. 2 in Table 5). The beta-coefficient of Mn was negative, indicating that Cd associated with Mn is not effective in contributing to the bioavailability of Cd in these soils (eqn. 2 in Table 5 ) . The partial correlation analysis41 of the data (the third-order partial correlation coefficients are given underneath the beta coefficients in eqn.2) also confirmed the conclusion. The significantly high correlation coefficient of CAI with the Cd in the metal-organic complex phase, with a slope close to one, (Fig. 5 ) clearly indicates that both the reagents viz., ABDTPA, the extractant used for determining the available Cd index of the soils, and sodium pyrophosphate, that extracts selectively the metal-organic complex-bound Cd, tend to attack the same Cd phase in the soils studied. Thc usefulness of the proposed scheme in delineating the different forms of particulate-bound Cd, that could be used to identify the species important in controlling the bioavailability, was clearly brought out in the present study.The relationship of the particulate-bound Cd species and the mobility and bioavailab- ility of soil Cd merits in-depth research in explaining the toxicity and food chain contamination of Cd in the environ- ment. 4). Conclusions Experimental data on the speciation of particulate-bound Cd, obtained using the modified sequential extraction scheme developed in this study, on 16 surface soils from Saskatchewan varying widely in physico-chemical properties showed that the Cd in these soils was predominantly in the form metal-organic complex-bound, accounting for 31-55%, with an average of 40%, of the total Cd present in the soils. The bioavailable Cd in these soils was determined following the ABDTPA extraction method. Statistical treatment of the data showed that the ABDTPA-extractable Cd had the highest correlation 0, = 6 X 10-7) with the amount of Cd bound with metal-organic complexes.The importance of the Cd bound to Al-organic complexes in the availability of soil Cd was indicated by the beta coefficients and the partial correlation coefficients obtained from the multiple regression analysis. This study was supported by Strategic Grant STR 0134336- Huang of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and by the funding for microwave oven from CLBRR, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada. Contri- bution No. R 756, Saskatchewan Institute of Pedology, Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5A8. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 References Davics, B.E.. in Applied Soil Trace Elements. cd. Davics. B. E., J. Wiley. Chichestcr. 1980, pp. 287-351. Farmer. J. G.. Gibson, M. J.. and Lovcll. M. A.. Minerul. Environ.. 1983,5,57. Shuman, L.. SoilSci. Soc. Am. J . , 1982.46. 1099. Pickering. W. F., Ore Geol. Rev., 1986. 1. 83. Tessier. A.. Campbell. P. G . C., and Bisson. M.. Anal. Chem.. 1979.51, 844. Sposito. G., Lund. L. J.. and Chang, A. C., SoilSci. Soc. Am. J . . 1982. 46. 260. Shuman, L.. Soil Sci.. 1985, 140. 11. Gibson, J. J., and Farmer. J. G., Environ. Pollut. Ser. R . . 1986. 11. 117. Kerstcn. M., and Forstner. U., Water Sci. Technol.. 1986, 18. 121. Elliott. H. A.. Dempscy, €3. A., and Maille. M. J.. J. Envir-on. I 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 Qual..1990, 19,330. Bascomb, C. L., J. Soil Sci.. 1968. 19, 251. McKeague. J. A., Can. J. Soil Sci., 1967, 47, 95. Wear. J. I., and Evans, C. E.. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc.. 1968. 32. 543. Trierweiler, J. F.. and Lindsay, W. L.. SoilSci. SOC. Am. Proc.. 1969.33.49. Lindsay, W. L.. and Norwell, W. A.. Soil Sci. SOC. Am. J . . 1978, 42.421. John, M. K.. Van Laerhoven. C. J., and Chuah, H. H., Environ. Sci. Technol.. 1972.6, 1005. Lakanen, E.. and Ervio. R., Acta Agral. Fenn.. 1971,123,223. Soltanpour. P. N., and Schwah. A. P., Commun. SoilSci. Plant Anal., 1977,8, 195. Jackson, A. P., and Alloway. B. J., Plant Soil, 1991. 132, 179. Krishnamurti. G. S. R., and Huang, P. M.. Appl. Clay Sci., 1987.2. 299. Mehra, 0. P., and Jackson. M. L.. Clays Clay Miner., 1960.7, 317.McKeague, J. A., and Day. J. H.. Can. J. SoilSci., 1966,46,13. Krishnamurti. G . S. R., Huang, P. M.. Van Rees, K. C. J., Kozak, I,. M., and Rostad, H. P. W., Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 1994, 25, 615. Soltanpour, P. N.. Adv. Soil Sci., 1991, 16, 165. Sillanpaa, M., and Jansson, H., Status of Cadmium, Lead, Cobalt and Selenium in Soils and Plants of Thirty Countries, FA0 Soils Bulletin 65, FAO, Rome. 1992, p. 295. Smith, R. M.. and Martell. A. E., Critical Stahility Constants. Vol. 4. Inorganic Complexes, Plenum Press. New York, 1976. p. 256. Jackson, M. L., Soil Chemical Analysis-An Advanced Course, published by the author, Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI. 1979, p. 895. Chao. T. T., Soil Sci. SOC. Am. Proc.. 1972,36, 764. Jackson. M. L.. Soil Chemical Analysis, Prenticc Hall. Engle- wood Cliffs. NJ, 1958, p. 498. Shuman, L., Soil Sci. SOC. Am. J . , 1983. 47, 656. Anderson, J. U., Clays Clay Miner.. 1963. 10. 380. Lavkulich. L. M.. and Wiens. J. H.. Soil Sci. SOC. Am. Proc., 1970.34.755. Jenne. E. A., A h . Chem. Ser., 1968, 73, 337. LeRiche. H. H.. and Wicr, A. H.. J. Soil Sci.. 1963. 14, 225. Schwcrtmann. U., 2. Pflanzenernaehr. Bodenkd., 1964. 105, 194. Landa. D. R., and Gast. R. G., Clays Cluy Miner., 1973, 21. 121. Chester. R.. and Hughes, M. J.. Chem. Geol., 1967. 2. 249. Chao. T. T.. and Zhou, L., SoilSci. SOC. Am. J . . 1983.47.22s. Fey, M. V., and Lc Roux. J.. Clays Cluy Miner.. 1977.25.285. Parfitt, K. L.. and Hcnmi, T., Soil Sci. Plant Nutr.. 1982. 28, 183. Sncdccor. G. W.. and Cochran. W. (3.. Stutisricul Methods. The Iowa Statc University Press, Arncs. Iowa. 1980. p. 593. Puper 4lO4O43 K Received July 4, 1994 Accepted September 14, I994

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN995200065N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

66N Analyst, May 1995, Vol. 120 Conference Reports Promoting the Potential of Analytical Chemistry: Electrochemical Sensors- Symposium Dedicated to the Memory of Professor Wilhelm Simon, Matrafured, Hungary, September 15-18, 1994, and SCAR ’94-Xllth National Conference on Analytical Chemistry, Constanta, Romania, September 22-24,1994 Conferences and symposia, as meetings principally for discussion or instruction, normally through oral and other presentations by several persons, are essentially occasions for exchanging views to promote a given topic or to solve a problem. Their success can be governed by the extent to which they lean towards the alternative concepts of ‘symposium’ as a ‘drinking together’ or ‘merry feast’, with the most effective being appropriate blends of discussion and moderate relaxa- tion.The events of September 1994 in Hungary and Romania turned out, in their respective ways, to be vintage blends. In deference to the Electrochemical Sensors Symposium in Matrafiired being in memory of the late Professor W. Simon, the event was opened with due reverence by a musical dedication in his honour followed by a worthily generous tribute by Dr. Werner E. Morf, on behalf of himself and Dr. Ern0 Pretsch, on the ‘Reminiscences of Wilhelm Simon and of his Research Work at ETH Zurich’. Together, these laid the way for the kind of happy event in which Wili Simon revelled for twenty years by his participation in the regular discussion symposia on electrochemical sensors held at Ma trafiired. In a different way, SCAR ’94 in Constanta marked a rebirth, by being only the second occasion since 1971 (the first being at the XIth National Conference in Analytical Chem- istry in Cluj-Napoca in 1992) that foreign lecturers were invited to these Romanian events.By its nature SCAR ’94, that is, the XIIth National Symposium on Analytical Chem- istry was geared to helping the re-integration of Romanian analytical chemistry into the international scene, and to indicate opportunities for young people to contribute to analytical chemistry. Electrochemical Sensors Events in Matrafiired, the location of the Wilhelm Simon Memorial Symposium, by being held in this quiet village set in forest and hilly countryside an hour or more by bus or car in the Matra to the East of Bu.dapest, bring to mind lines from Liebig’s friendly letter to Faraday’ in 1844.These said ‘how quietly we live . . . except for scientific pursuits we have no other excitements of mind. We take walks in our beautiful green woods and in the evening drink tea at the neighbouring old castles. This is our recreation’. One can only surmize that Liebig’s ‘tea’ was of a special brew. Instead of castles there is at Matrafured the comfortable Hotel Avar for relaxation, where the day’s science from presentations and discussions Participants at the ‘Electrochemical Sensors Symposium Dedicated to the Memory of Professor Wilhelm Simon’ at Matrafured, Hungary. (15-18th September, 1994).Analyst, May 1995, Vol. 120 67N which already have gone on well into the evening will usually continue informally deep into the night. This time though, there were more oral presentations than usual, so that the formal discussion periods were curtailed.Nevertheless, the scientific programme was a hefty one, and Wili Simon would have been exhilarated by it. By having all participants resident in Hotel Avar, the mealtimes and breaks were arranged to accommodate the tight schedule of invited lectures and discussion papers. For this purpose an international audience in excess of 75 having left Budapest for Matrafured in the morning of Thursday, 15th September, assembled for an early afternoon start to the Symposium. Following the opening musical and oral tribute items, mentioned above, Dr. Kazuo Yasuda of Hitachi gave an appreciation of the contributions of Professor Simon to the development of ion-selective electrode (ISE) instrument technology in Japan for blood electrolyte measurements. A significant stage in this development was the adoption by Simon2 for his valinomycin-based potassium ISE of the PVC support matrix membrane concept for trapping the ion sensor as described in earlier studies at the University of Wales in Cardiff on a calcium ISE.3 As a result, as Dr.Yasuda reminded the audience, by 1985 the numbers of instruments produced for sodium and potassium measurements with ISEs exceeded the number of flame photometers. Today, through the activities of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry, blood electrolyte measurements in clinical work are usually made by ISEs rather than by flame photometry. Rather fittingly, the first main invited contribution was by Dr.Ern0 Pretsch on behalf of the eight co-authors from the Department of Organic Chemistry at ETH, Zurich on ‘New Insights into the Planning of Ionophores and the Compo- sitions of Membranes’. Alongside ISEs, this took on board optodes, which had commanded Simon’s attention in his later years. Pretsch considered the membranes’ intimate and complex relationships in terms of ion-exchange equilibria which determine response function, selectivity, detection limits and measuring ranges. Professor Richard P. Buck then followed in his characteristic affluent manner with a discourse on ‘Microfabrication Technology of Flexible Membrane- based Sensors for In Vivo Applications’, when he described studies to fulfil the desire of cardiovascular physiologists to use flexible multielectrode probes to help describe the potential and ionic distribution in the heart as a function of time.This again served to emphasize the significance of the pioneering development of flexible PVC matrix membranes, which here had progressed to aminated PVC matrices. Professor George Horvai (left) on the Technical University, Budapest and Professor Yuri G. Vlasov (right) of the University of St. Petersburg, Russia, relaxing during the Electrochemical Sensors Symposium. This first block of invited lectures, after a short coffee break, was followed by five short discussion papers, each of twenty minutes duration, to take the Symposium through to the end of the first day’s proceedings in time for dinner. These reported studies in the USA, Switzerland, Hungary and Russia, and sometimes involving degrees of international collaboration. They were devoted to ISEs in various guises and covered a thermodynamic basis for selectivity, measure- ment accuracy, effect of ionic additives on electrically charged carriers, matters concerning the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) and diffusion features in lithium-selective membranes. On the second day, there was an early start to hear the seven full invited lectures plus a further eight short discussion papers, thus bringing the day’s proceedings right up to dinner at seven o’clock in the evening.Professor Andrzej Lewen- stam, in the dual role of representing Finland and Poland, opened the day by addressing ‘Integrated Potentiometric Electrodes’ wherein he dealt with solid contact interfaces vis- a-vis liquid junctions, and conducting polymers.Dr. Geza Nagy covered ‘New Applications of Potentiometric Micro- electrodes’ in terms of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) directed at providing information about the chemical nature and chemical environment of the substrate of interest and topographic imaging of surfaces. This represented co- operation between himself and Professor Klara Toth from Hungary and their co-authors at the University of Texas at Austin. Professor M. E. Meyerhoff described work at the Univer- sity of Michigan on ‘Polymer Membrane-based Polyion Sensors’ which focused on poorly plasticized PVC membranes doped with lipophilic anion- and cation-exchangers for the unexpectedly large and reproducible potentiometric res- ponses to pmol I-’ levels of polyionic species like heparin and protamine.The multi-centre programme linking Budapest, Hungary with centres at Chapel Hill, Raleigh and Cleveland, USA, and devoted to sensor design for minimizing deleterious interactions by the use of small size and mass, and biocompat- ible materials was described by Dr. Ern0 Lindner under the theme of ‘Electroanalytical and Biocompatibility Studies on Microfabricated Array Sensors’. The invited lecture of Dr. Elizabeth A. H. Hall of Cambridge, UK was true to the title of ‘Investigating Polymers and Organic Metals as Transduction Mediators or Immobili- zation Matrices’ with the focus of attention being on whether immittance spectroscopy can be employed for investigating the mechanism of operation of electrically deposited polymers and charge-transfer salts.In his lecture on ‘lonophores Containing Ethoxylate Units for Ion Sensing’ Professor J. D. R. Thomas described the studies of his group at the University of Wales on the ISE qualities of a range of acyclic polyethers and of crown and bis-crown ethers. Here, the discussion confirmed a need for further attention to the mechanism and other features of the potentiometric sensing of alkoxylate non-ionic surfactants. The last of the second day’s invited lectures, by being from ETH, Zurich, served to remind participants of the connection with the late Professor Wilhelm Simon. Thus, by considering ‘From Molecular Recognition to Analytical Information by Chemical Sensors’ Dr.Ursula E. Spichiger explored the potential for analytical chemistry of carrier-based sensors in relation to the validity of data produced. She exemplified difficulties that can arise by the quality assessment of gastric juice pH data obtained by a pH probe based on ETH 2418 (4- dipropylamino-2’-azobenzene-carboxylic acid octadecyl ester). The subsequent discussion papers included such diverse topics as an amperometric sensor using immobilized bacteria, assays of vitamin B6, electrochemical detection in capillary systems, dual microdisk electrodes, and a drug-. ,%, I & -5 3 68N Analyst, May 1995, Vol. 120 sensitive electrode based on trimethoprimium-phosphotung- state ion associate as sensing ion-exchanger. With an even more arduous day ahead for the morrow, participants were more than ready for dinner and informal exchanges recapping on the day’s proceedings.The third day, Saturday, September 17th was opened with the first invited lecture being by Dr. Werner E. Morf, formerly of Professor Simon’s group, considering the ‘Lifetime of Glass Membrane Electrodes: Theoretical Model for the Corrosion of Silicate Glasses’. He applied the concepts adopted by geologists for simulating the corrosion of minerals under hydrogeochemical conditions. The matter of modelling was continued by Professor G. Horvai speaking on ‘Computer Modelling of the Membrane/Solution Interface of Liquid Membrane Electrodes’, leading to an iterative solution of a set of equations giving the equilibrium distributions of the interface components, which was tested for the practical system of a liquid membrane doped with a carrier.Professor Y. Uniezawa of Tokyo University, in his lecture on ‘Optical Second-harmonic Generation (SHG) at the Surface of Ionophore-incorporated Polymeric Liquid Mem- branes’, used the premise that it is only the molecules of the interface between two centrosymmetric media, such as the surface between two liquids, that participate in the asymmetry of the interface that will contribute to the SHG. He discussed the application of SHG to measurements at the surface of PVC membranes with trapped ionophores. A more general theme was adopted by Professor Yuri G. Vlasov of St. Petersburg University, by first of all relating to the range and market size of sensors then within the title of ‘Develop- ment of Solid-state Chemical Sensors for Industrial, Environ- mental and Medical Applications’ turning to some new developments in solid-state sensors.Flow injection was associated early on with electrochemical sensors. Here, Professor Richard A. Durst of Cornell University discussed a computer-controlled system under the title ‘Flow-injection Liposome Immunoanalysis (FILIA) with Electrochemical Detection’. The system consists of an immu- noreactor column of glass beads covalently coated with an antibody specific for the analyte of interest set in a flow system linked to a flow-through detector operated in the controlled- potential amperometric mode. The last two billed invited lectures of the whole programme were set for the mid-afternoon of the third day.The first was ‘Advanced Methods for the Characterization of Modified Electrodes’, directed at electrochemical impedance spectros- copy, quartz crystal microbalance and radiotracer methods, by Dr. G. Inzelt of Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest. The second involved the specialist applications area of ‘Some Recent Studies on the Use of Electrochemical Sensors in Non- aqueous Solution Chemistry’ under the co-authorship of Kosuke Izutsu and T. Nakamura of Shinshu University, Japan and delivered by Professor Izutsu. This covered a pH ISFET, fluoride and cyanide ion-sensors, and liquid junction poten- tials between different solvents. The discussion papers which occupied the rest of the third day’s proceedings ahead of the excellent Symposium Banquet were broadly devoted to ISE systems in various guises, although they included two on optical sensors.The final set of discussion papers which came on the final morning, that is on Sunday, 18th September were similarly devoted to ion-sen- sors, after which there was a final discussion session which decided that the Matrafiired meetings should continue with an event in October 1996. However, it is evident that they need to be broadened in scope to embrace the full area of electro- chemical sensing and include aspects of the field that were clearly not in evidence on this occasion. Nevertheless, as well as remembering the contributions of the late Professor Wilhelm Simon, this was an event that had promoted the field by discourse across both scientific and international boundaries.XIIth National Conference on Analytical Chemistry The Romanian National Conferences on Analytical Chem- istry are peripatetic. Constanta, the Black Sea resort, was a truly delightful place for holding this twelfth event in the series, with the host location being the newly founded (March 1990) ‘Ovidius’ University, supplemented by hotel accommo- dation in the nearby resort of Mamaia for accommodating both foreign guests and some of the Romanian participants. As already mentioned, the aim of this Conference was for foreign lecturers to present accounts of their research, in order that Romanian analytical chemists be given an informed view of recent progress in aspects of the subject. This was undertaken against a background of years of difficulty for Romanians in terms of the non-availability of international scientific literature and even of laboratory materials.How- ever, opportunities such as the ‘TEMPUS’, ‘Go-West’ and ‘Go-East’ programmes of the European Union, and other means of travel to, and co-operating with, foreign countries have alleviated the position for some Romanian colleagues. The events of December 1989 in Rdmania caused a big hiccup and many changes. Adjustments to these have inevitably been patchy. Many problems clearly remain, especially of the environmental kind and these can be a fruitful field for receiving the attention of analytical chemists. There are also possibilities in the industrial, biomedical and clinical fields. Foreign Lecturers For the Conference , the Chairman , Professor George-Emil Bailuescu, with the help of a long list of sponsors, and a Committee under the Secretaryship of Dr.G. L. Radu drawn from the Romanian Society of Analytical Chemistry and ‘Ovidius’ University, Constanta, had brought in a dozen foreign lecturers as the mainstay of the oral programme. To complement this, there were posters on display throughout the Conference. The posters (157 were listed in the pro- gramme) were mainly from Romania and were classified under the headings of Separations, Electrometric Methods, Spectrometric Methods, Analytical Biochemistry, Environ- mental Analysis, and Miscellaneous. The pre-opening event of the Conference was a truly hospitable Welcome Reception at the Cazinoul din Constanta on the evening of Wednesday, September 21st.Following the introductions and the renewal and making of friendships Serious discussion during SCAR ’94. Left to right: Professor Adam Hulanicki (University of Warsaw, Poland), Professor Richard P. Buck (University of North Carolina, USA) and Professor P. R. Coulet (University of Lyon, France).Analyst, May 1995, Vol. 120 69N among the 200 or so participants there was a solid foundation for effective communication, and especially since so many of the Romanians spoke English fluently. After the formal Opening Ceremony on the morning of Thursday, September 22nd, the main Conference business got under way with strict instructions by Professor G. E. Bailuescu to the first Chairman, Professor J. D. R. Thomas, that the programme was to stick to the planned time schedules.In setting an example, Professor Bailuescu (Bucharest) kept his Opening Lecture on ‘Sampling’, to well within the time limits, and he also allowed room for the discussion of his lecture. In his presentation, Professor Bailuescu indicated, perhaps controversially, that sampling also included pre-treatment stages and separations; this can be a matter of continuing debate. Professor Adam Hulanicki (Warsaw, Poland), having already been on stage at the Opening Ceremony in his capacity as President of the Analytical Division of IUPAC, gave an illuminating address on ‘Improvement of Detection Limit in Absorption Atomic Spectometry’. During the en- suing coffee break the foreign lecturers were introduced to the Rector of the host ‘Ovidius’ University.Next came the electrochemically based lectures, firstly by Professor Richard P. Buck (Chapel Hill, USA), billed to speak on ‘In Vivo Monitoring Using Microchemical Sensors’, but who, by request, broadened his theme to embrace microfabrication technology and flexible membrane-based sensors. Second was the lecture on ‘Design of Selective Electrodes for Analysis’ by Professor J. D. R. Thomas (Wales, UK) who summarized the scope of the design and application of ion-selective electrodes and briefly described the design of amperometric oxidase enzyme electrodes set up for the flow injection. The late afternoon lecture session followed lunch and poster viewing, and was devoted to chromatographic themes, with the opener, Professor H . Y. Aboul (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) relating his experiences in the ‘Applications of Chiral Chro- matography in Biomedical Analysis’.Next came Professor H . A. Claessens (Eindhoven, The Netherlands) to address ‘Properties, Stability, and Characterization of Reversed- phase Stationary Phases for HPLC’. The day’s formal events were drawn to a close by Professor R. P. Baldwin (Louisville, USA) attending to what is among the most recent areas of focus for analytical chemists and biochemists, namely capil- lary electrophoresis, and specifically on ‘Electrochemical Detection in Capillary Electrophoresis’. Dinner followed. The programme of Friday, 23rd September, was devoted firstly to ‘Amperometric Biosensors Based on Redox En- zymes Immobilized in Carbon Paste’ by a true expert in the field, Professor L.Gorton (Lund, Sweden). Such a topic by its nature, and since it is pursued in Romania was bound to create good discussion, as was also the case for the lecture of Professor P. R . Coulet (Lyon, France) on ‘Molecular Recog- nition and Transduction in Biosensors’. For the first lecture after coffee, Professor Yohichi Goshi (Nagoya, Japan) took on the rather difficult and esoteric theme of the kind of events that inspire the generation of ideas. His mentor example type, Professor V. A. Fassell, was a good one, and the talk made interesting listening. Next came, ‘Sampling and Pre-treatment of Gases for Gas Chro- matographic Analysis’ by Professor J . Namiesnik (Gdansk, Poland). According to the pattern of lunch followed by poster viewing the participants sat down for the late afternoon and final session of lectures.The first lecture was directed at an application of analytical chemistry and the second at a technique. They provided a good base for appreciating progress made and for generating further research ideas. Thus, Professor M. Biziuk (Gdansk, Poland) addressed ‘Occurrence and Determination of Organohalogen Com- pounds in Tap and Surface Water’, while Professor N. H. Velthorst (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), elucidated the theme of ‘High-resolution Spectroscopy in Analytical and Environmental Chemistry: Identification and Quantification’. Although the formal scientific presentations ended at six o’clock on the evening of Friday, 23 September, conference participants were kept together by the Romanian folk dancing evening which followed.Furthermore, the post conference tour to the Danube Delta on Saturday, 24th September, starting at Tulcea ready for sailing along the Bratul Sfintu Gheorghe branch of the Danube gave the opportunity for sealing the valuable informal discussions, whilst at the same time savouring a sample of one of the touristic gems of Romania. Posters: The Romanian Analytical Scene Except for 16 contributions from foreign countries (half from Moldova and three from Belorussia), most of which were not on display, more than two thirds of the billed posters were from centres in Bucharest (66 listed) and Cluj-Napoca (41 listed). Even without allowing for the fact that there were few submissions from at least one significant group in Bucharest it is evident that Romanian analytical chemistry is dominated by centres situated in Bucharest.There is much activity in Cluj- Napoca, but over half the listed posters from this city were attributable to two research leaders (Professor E . Cordos with 16 and Dr. E . Hopirtean with eight). The main minor geographical centres of analytical chemical research, as deduced from the poster list are at Timisoara, Iasi, Craiova and Constanta. The leading research group, as deduced from poster author lists is clearly that of Professor E . Cordos of the Research Centre for Analytical Instrumentation at Cluj-Napoca, whose researches on spectroscopic instrumentation and sensors are of high repute. At least some of the output of this group merits the entrepreneural attention of instrument makers and laboratory suppliers, and finance from venture capitalists.Indeed, Professor Cordos and his colleagues ought themselves to look at ‘promoting the potential of analytical chemistry’ by marketing their spectrophotometers, automatic analyser and tubidimeter, devices for atomic spectrometry, sensors and analysers for humidity, NO,, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and other toxic gases. Romania is now committed to a free market economy, and there is plenty of evidence of new business activity. Of course, as in any conference, many of the posters were on fairly routine separation, spectral , electrometric, assess- ment, method for . . ., determination of . . . , content of . . ., and other type of work. Nevertheless, most of the work presented was of modern flavour, covering chromatography in its various forms, polarography and stripping voltammetry, ion-sensing, spectrometric methods including fluorescence and chemiluminescence, flow methods, enzyme methods and biosensors, surface analysis, and even neural networks.Conclusion By being respectively devoted to the specific and the general, these two events provided different views of analytical chemistry in Eastern Europe. The Hungarian scene is clearly in tow with the international line, while that in Romania is still reeling from the lost momentum of the last twenty years or so. However, both are geared to promoting the potential of analytical chemistry. As in Hungary, there are in Romania agencies of leading scientific instrument suppliers, and at SCAR ’94 there were many participants from industrial70N Analyst, May 1995, Vol. 120 organizations and oil companies to inter-relate with what was said and seen. Financial resources are still a problem, but there is an enthusiasm among both Romanians and Hungarians for the potential of having science play its role. Conferences and symposia have their part to play, but also there are the roles of more dedicated long-term initiatives like the new Master’s course in environmental and analytical chemistry at the University Politehnica in Bucharest, the environmen- tal problems are there and personnel must be trained for tackling them. Every success is wished on ‘Promoting the Potential of Analytical Chemistry’. 2 Simon, W., Lecture to Electroanalytical Group of The Society for Analytical Chemistry on Some Developments in Antibiotic Liquid Membrane Ion-selective Electrodes at Imperial College, London on 26th November 1971. Moody, G. J . . Oke, R. B., and Thomas, J. D. R., Analyst, 1970, 95, 910. 3 Professor J. D. R. Thomas* School of Chemistry University of Wales Cardiff, UK References 1 Reed, J . , Humour and Humanism in Chemistry, G. Bell & Sons, London, 1947, p. 246. * Present address: 4 Orchard Court, Gresford, Wrexham, UK LL12 8EB.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN995200066N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

70N Analyst, May 1995, Vol. 120 The Tenth Russian National Conference on Solvent Extraction, Ufa, Russia, November 14-1 8,1994 This series of meetings started in 1959 in Moscow (Vernadskii Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry). Since the fourth conference, these meetings have been organized by the Commission on Solvent Extraction of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Seven meetings (1959-1984) were called ‘ All-Union Conferences on Extraction Chemistry’ but since the eighth conference held in Divnogorsk in 1987, the coverage of these scientific events has widened. The tenth conference covered all of the most important areas of solvent extraction, namely thermodynamics and kinetics of solvent extraction, interphase phenomena, liquid membranes, chemistry of metals and acids, extraction with neutral, cationic and anionic extractants, separation of organic substances, mass transfer, modelling of equipment, and technological and analytical applications of solvent extraction. More than 100 participants presented 13 plenary, 41 oral papers in sections and 76 posters. The next conference will be organized in 1996 in Moscow or Minsk. Professor Yu. A. Zolotov Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Moscow

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN995200070N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

720 Analyst, March 1995, Vol. 120 SO 51 52 53 54 55 56 Marklund, E., Ohrnan, L.-0.. and Sjiibcrg. S., Actu Clzem. Scund., 1989. 43, 641. Sillen, L. G., and Martell. M. E.. Stability Constunts of Metul-Ion Complexes, Supplement No. I , Chemical Socicty, London, 1971, p. 309. Clcvettc, D. J., and Orvig, C.. Polyhedron, 1990, 9, 151. Bjcrrum, N.. and Dahm. C. R., 2. Plzys. Cizem. (Leipzig), 1931, 627. Goldshrnid, T., and Rubin, A. J . , in Chemistry of Wustewuter Technology, ed. Rubin, A. J . , Ann Arbor Scicncc Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI. 1978, p. 59. Hcgcnauer, J., Satman, P., and Nace. G., Biochemistry, 1979, 18, 386.5. Pennington, J . A . T., Food Addit. Contum., 1987, 5 , 161. 57 Crews, H. M.. Dean, J. R.. Ebdon, L.. and Masscy, R. C.. Anulyst, 1989, 114. 895. 58 Koch. K. R.. Pougnct. M. A. B and dc Villicrs. S . . Nature (London), 1988,333. 123. 59 Fairweather-Tait. S. J.. Piper. Z., Fatcmi, S. J. A,. and Moore G. R., Br. J. Nun., 1991, 65. 61. 60 Drewitt, P. N.. Butterworth. K . R., Springall. C. D., and Moorhouse, S . R., Food CIiem. Toxicol., 1993, 31, 19. Paper 410404013 Received July 4, 1994 Accepted October 5, 1994

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN995200071N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Technical Abbreviations and Acronym6 The presence of an abbreviation or acronym in this list should NOT be read as a recommendation for its use. However those defined here, need not be defined in the text of your rnaiiuxript. AAS ac AID ADC ANOVA AOAC ASTM bP BSA BSI CEN CPm CMOS c.m.c. CRM CVAAS C.W. CZE dc DRIFT dPm DELFIA DNA EDTA ELISA emf ETAAS EXAFS EPA FAAS FAB FAO-WHO FIR FT FPLC FPD GC GLC HGAAS HPLC ICP id INAA IR ISFET iv im IGFET ISE LC LED LOD atomic absorption spectrometry alternating current analogue-to-digital analogue-to-digital converter analysis of variance Association of Official Arialytical Chemists American Society for Testing and Materials boiling point bovine serum albumin British Standards Institution European Committee for Standardization counts per minute complementary metal oxide silicon critical micellization concentration certified reference material cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry continuous wave capillary zone electrophoresis direct current disintegrations per minute diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy dissociation enhanced lanthanide fluorescence immunoassay deoxyribose nucleic acid ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid enzyme linked immunosorbent electromotive force electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy Environmental Protection Agency flame atomic absorption fast atom bombardment Food and Agriculture Organization, far-infrared Fourier transform fast protein liquid chromatography flame photometric detector gas chromatography gas-liquid chromatography hydride generation atomic absorption spectroscopy high-performame liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma internal diameter instrumental neutron activation infrared ion-selective field effect transistor intravenous intramuscular insulated gate field effect transistor ion-selective electrode liquid chromatography light emitting diode limit of determination assay spectrometry World Health Organization analysis LOQ kP MRL mkNA MS NiR NMR NIST od OES PkS PCB PAH PGE PIXE PPt PPb PPm PTFE PVC PDVB QC QA REE rf RIMS rmS rPm RNA SCE SE SEM SIMS SIMCA SRM STM STP TIMS TLC TOF TGA TMS tris TRIS uv UVNIS VDU XRI) XRF YAG Commonly Used Symbuls M Mr r S U limit of quantification melting point maximum residue limit messenger rfbonucleic acid mas Spectrometry neat-infrared nuclear magnetic resonance National Institute of Standards and Technology outer diameter optical emission spectrometry phosphate buffered saline polychlorinated biphenyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon platinum group element particle/proton-induced X-ray parts per trillion (1012; pg gel) parts per billion (109; ng g-’) parts per million (106; ug g- ) poly(tetrafluoroethy1ene) poly(viny1 chloride) poly(diviny1 benzene) quality control quality assurance rare earth element radiofrequency resonance-ionization mass spectrometry root mean square revolutions per minute ribonucleic acid saturated calomel (reference) electrode standard error scanninghrface (reflection) secondary-ion mass spectrometry soft independent modelling of class analogy, statistical isolinear multicategory analysis Standard Reference Material scanning tunnelling (electron) standard temperature and pressure thermal ionization mass thin-layer chromatography time-of-flight thermogravimetric analysis trihethylsilane 2-amino-2-( hydroxymethy1)- tris( h ydrox yme thy1)me thy lamine ul ti-aviole t ultraviolet-visible visual display unit X-ray diffraction X-ray fluorescence yttrium aluminium garnet emission electron microscopy microscopy spectrometry propane-1,3-diol molecular mass relative molecular mass correlation coefficient standard deviation atorjiic’mass

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN995200072N

出版商:RSC    

年代:1995

数据来源: RSC