摘要:

113 THE WORX DONE BY PUBLIC ANALYSTS UNDER THE EIALE OF FOOD AND DRUGS ACT. THE usual forms have been sent out to nearly all Public Analysts requesting them to send a Iist of the samples they have examined during 1882 under the Act. Any Analyst who has not received a form, will, on applictLtion to the Secretaries of the Society, be supplied with the number he requires-Le., one for eaeh district or town for which he acts. It will much facilitate the labour of compilation if the returns are sent in to the Secretaries with as little delay as possible. MILK ADULTERATION. WE wish to draw tho special attention of our readers to a long report, printed on another page, of some proceedings taken at Manohester for alleged adulteration of milk. There are several statements of such an extraordinary character in the evidence given that we should have been glad to have noticed the case at length had it not been too late to allow US to do so.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN883080113b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1883

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

116 THE ANALYST. -- ----L___ CONTBIBUTION TO ‘SHE EXAhtIKATIOX OF THE FI.Xl3:D OILS. BY WILLIAM Fox, F.C.S. Bead before tlte Society of Publzc diinlycts, on Xay 30th, 1883. IT is well known that animal and vtgetlddt! ciils, on exposure to the atmosphere, become in time of a muciiaginous coasimmcp, or in Fame caws are converted into solid masses. The length of time required to ~108uce this change varies to a considerable extent with the different cils; linseed oil becomes quite solid in a few days, while olive oil only becomes slightly thick in severd weeks. These two c d e may be taken as the extremes in their power of absorbing oxggen, and it is to this pioperty, a property possessed by (to some degree) all animal and vegetable oil, that this This propel-ty is explaiced in text-books by ths stdement that the oleic acid of the olive oil and the linoleic acid of the linseed oil potisesses a great affinity for oxygen.This I find not to be the case : neither oleio nor linoleic acids when pure absorb any oxygen, as the following experiments will show :- The acids were obtained by saponifying olive and linseed oils with caustic potash, decomposing with hydrochloric acid without using an excess, filtering and washing with water at looo F. The acids were tben washed into a separating flask and taken up with dry ether ; this was repeated several times. The ether distilled oE, the acids wer’e obtained without having been heated over looQ F., thus reducing the risk of their absorbing oxygen during preparation. Weighed qiiantities of the acids thus obtained mere then sealed up in glass tubes, and maintained at a temperature of 220° F.in an oil bath for six days without absorbing any trace of oxygen, proving that the absorption of Gxygen is not due to the oleio or linoleic acids present in the oils. Thin strips of lead were suspended in the product obtRined as described, without losing any weight, though the lead was in contact with the acids several days at 220° F. While estimating the quantity of oxygen absorbed by olive oil, a great difference was noticed in several samples. This at first was supposed to be due to adulteration with other oils, until those samples which absorbed an abnormal quantity of oxygen were found to be rancid and to aontain quantities of free acid. On heatirrg these aamples to 400° F., this free acid was expelled, and then the oil abscjrbed the same quantity of oxygen as those which were sweet and contained no free acid.This I -find t G be the case with all tho vegetable oils : the larger the amount of oxygen absorbed, the larger amount of free acid they eontain. drying ” or “ thickening ” of the oil is due.THE ANALYST. 117 I - - -. I_ - __ - ____ It therefore follows that the absorption of oxygen does not depend on the oleio or linoleic acid, but on the products of the decomposition of these acids, other acids being formed which possess the power of absorbing oxygen and also of combining with metals or oxides of metals. Metals combine with these acids without giving off any hydrogen. The action of the so-called driers-such as the oxides of iron, manganese, and lead, on being added to an oil appears to hasten the decomposition of the fatty acids, producing those acids having a tendency to absorb oxygen.The insoluble fatty acids are lowered to a considerable extent by oxidation, the soluble acids being increased. The quantity of a, metal dissolved by an oil is not B measure of the free acid the oil contains, but proves whether the oil is one that will readily undergo decomposition. This is of importance in the examination of lubricating oils. Testing for and estimating the free acid in a lubricating oil is of no value as regards the liability of the oil to undergo decomposition, as the mmpWe, if new, will be unlikely to contain free acid, though what it may do in time st present there is no means of showing. This property of absorbing oxygen may be taken advantage of as to the liability of an oil to undergo decomposition, and thus affords valuable information as to the suitability of an oil to be used as alubricant, its fitness to be used in the manufacture of varnishea and floor-cloth, and as a test as to the purity of an oil.The following I find a good method for the examination of lubricating oils :- About I gramme of the oil is sealed up in il glass tube having a capacity of about 100 o.c., with *5 grammes of precipitated lead. The whole is then heated in an oil bath for several hours at 220° F. The amount of oxygen absorbed is then estimated ; this may be done by the decrease in the volume of the gas in the tube, or the remaining gas may be measured and the unabsorbed oxygen absorbed with pyrogallic acid and potash.The less quantity of oxygen absorbed by the oil, treated in this manner, the better the oil for lubricating purposes. This method not only shows the presence of free acid, but also what the oil may be expected to do while being used in contact with metallic surfaces. The only oila having no eflect on metals and absorbing no oxygen, are properly prepared hydrocarbon oils. These oils far surpass all other oils as lubricants. Samples of mineral oils heated to 220° F. with precipitated lead absorbed no oxygen in 20 days; vegetable or animal oil so treated became quite hard in a few days. In the manufacture of varnishes and floor-cloth a great deal depends on the drying properties of linseed oil.Thia oil varies more than any other in its power of absorbing oxygen. The following table will show the great difference in the power of absorbing oxygen possessed by a few of the more important fixed oils :- 0.c.’~ of oxygen absorbed by I gramme of the oil. Baltio Linseed Oil ............................................ Black Sea ,, ), ............................................ Calcutta ,, ,, ............................................ Bombay ,) , , ............................................ American ), ............................................ Cotton Seedlbil (refined) ...................................... Rapeseed Oil (brown) .......................................... Rapeseed Oil, Colza. ........................................... Olive Oil highest) ............................................ OIive oil [lowest).............................................. 191. 186. 126* 130. 156- 24.6 20- 17.6 8.7 8 2199 TBE ANALYST. ~~~~ _ _ _ _ _ ~ ~~ ~~ These figures are the means of a great number of experiments on different samples, closely agreeing with each other except in the case of linseed oil. The great difference between the Indian and Russian seed oils will be noticed ; the latter are the oils used for varnishes and floor-cloth making. The Indian seed oil never becomes quite dry but always remains ‘‘ tacky.” The cause of this difference in the drying properties of linseed oil is generally under- stood, and is so stated in text-books, to be due to the presence of albuminous matter. This statement is made, I imagine, owing to the fact that when linseed oil is heated rapidly to 400° F.an albuminous-looking matter separates. Oil made from seed grown in warm climates contains more of this substsnce than oil made from seed grown in cold climates, and the more of this so-called b‘ albuminous matter ” there may be contained in the oil, the lower the drying qudities of the oil. I have made experiments on oils containing large quantities of this substance, but have never been able to find a trace of nitrogen, either by combustion vith soda lime, or by distillation to dryness with permanganate of potash. I have separated, as well as possible, some of this substance from the oil, and from the results of two analyses it appears to be oleio acid-at least the hydrogen was too low for linoleic acid.It ail1 be understood that, as linseed oil varies to such an extent, a test that will prove whether an oil is fit to be used for varnish and floor-cloth making, is of value to the manufacturer of these things. The following method may be employed to this end :- 50 C.C. of the oil is heated in a beaker, over a Bunsen flame, to 50O0 F., 2.5 grammes powdered and dried oxide of iron (Fe203) Is then added and the heating continued to M O O F., the burner is then vithdrawn and the oil allowed to cool a little, then filtered through filter paper to remove anr suspended oxide of iron. About *2 grammes (rather less than more) of the oil so treated is sealed up in a tube and oxidized in the oil bath at 220° F. The oxidation will be complete in about four hours ; the oxygen left unabsorbea is then estimated by meana of pyrogallic acid and potash.I use a conical shaped flask, having a capacity of 200 C.C. and fitted with an accurately ground stopper. The flaskis weighed, and as the oil slowlyfilters 5 or 6 drope are received in the flask, and the flask again weighed gives the amount of oil being operated upon. If the stopper be smeared with a little burnt india-rubber, any escape of gas is impossible. At the end of four hours the stopper is withdrawn under water, the gas measured in a eudiometer and tha remaining oxygen absorbed with pyrogallic acid and potash. From the data thus obtained the oxygen absorbed is calculated. Of course the umal precautions of gas analysis must be observed. As first worked out by me, the oil was spread on a plate of glass, and the increase of weight owing to the absorption of oxygen, weighed.This method does not work satisfactorily and, from the small quantity operated upon, serious errors were liable to occur. By sealing up and measuring the oxygen, excellent results are obtained. The difference between the amount of oxygen absorbed by olive and cotton oil is greater, I think, than any difference hitherto observed Between these oils. The only test of any value for the purityof olive oil is the “ELAIDIN” test-though this test is far from being satisfactory, ae all tests must be that depend so much on the operator’s judgment. By estimating theTHE ANALYST. 119 quantity of oxygen absorbed, the purity of the oil may at once be proved.Under no circumstances have I found pure and sweet olive oil to absorb more than 9 C.C. of oxygen. Taking this figure as representing pure olive oil and 24 as cotton 21, the quantity of the latter may be calculated thus :- (A-g’ loo equals percentage of cotton oil. 15 where A icJ the number of C.C. 0 absorbed by 1 gramme of the oil under examination. Working in this manner, the following results were obtained :- Olive oil containing 5 per cent. cotton oil. absorbed 9.5 C.C. 0, equal to 3.3 per cent. Olive oil containing 10 per cent, cotton oil absorbed 10-4 C.C. 0, equal to 9.3 per With 20 per cent. cotton oil 12-8 C.C. 0 was absorbed, equal to 22 per cent. cotton oil. Containing 25 per cent, cotton oil 13 c.c, 0 was absorbed, equal to 26.6 C.C. cotton oil. If the oil under examination be at all rancid, it must first be heated to 400° F. before estimating the quantity of 0 the sample absorbs. In concluding this paper, I regret not being able to more fully explain the changes which take place in the drying ” of the fixed oils. That the generally accepted idea is wrong there can be no doubt, and I hope before long to be able to throw more light on the subject. Any investigation on oils must be carried out independently, as no text-books contain any information of value. The subject is a very interesting one, and the ground for experiment and investigation unlimited. That chemists have not paid more attention to the chemistry and properties of these complex class of compounds is singular, considering the large amount of capital, and the importance of the oil induatry. cotton oil. cent cotton oil.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8830800116

出版商:RSC    

年代:1883

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 119 THE EMPLOYMENT OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE IN CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.': NOTWITHSTANDING that hydrogen peroxide has been known for a long time, and is daily used for a number of technical purposes, its ernplojment in chemical analysis has hitherto remained in abeyance. This has probably been due to the loss of time involved in prepar- ing it pure in the laboratory, and the impurity of its solutions hitherto brought into the market, Carl Both & Co., of Berlin, now prepare solutions of hydrogen peroxide in a state pure enough for analytical purposes, and the authors of this paper, Alex. Classen & 0. Bauer, have employed it with success ip several analytical determinations. Hydrogen peroxide converts ammonium sulphide to sulphate and, what is the same thing, its solutions made alkaline with ammonia, oxidise sulphuretted hydrogen.A number of met~llic sulphides are very readily oxidiaed by an alkaline ammoniacal solution of hydrogen peroxide without any intermediate precipitation. This is the case with the sulphides of arsenic, copper, zinc, and thallium. In the case of tin sulphide, the oxide of the metal is precipitated, while the whole'of the sulphur is oxidised to sulphnric -- *Bcrichte deer deutsclten- ihemischen Gesellschaft, May 7, 1883.THE ANALYST. __ -- 120 ._ __- acid. Mercury sulphide, which is hardly attacked by nitric acid, is very readily oxidised by hydrogen peroxide. A solution of cadmium sntphide forms EL yeliomish-white precipitate soluble in hydrochloric acid. Several metallic sulphides, the solutions of which are precipitated by ammonia, are decomposed by hydrogen peroxide into sulphuric ncid and a hydroxide of the base, which precipitates, for instance, iron sulphide. The authors believe that hydrogen peroxide mill soon be generally employed in analytical operations, as a clean, handy, and energetic oxidising agent. Amongst other determinations which yielded good results may be mmtioned the determination, in the presence of sulphuretted hydrogen, of hydrochloric, hydriodic, and hydrobromic acids.-Uwnist mtd Dmg~~ist.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8830800119

出版商:RSC    

年代:1883

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. __ -- 120 ._ __- VOLUMETRIC ANALP SIS A4ND FAT-TESTING.:’ KARL ZULKOWSKY and Max Groger have thoroughly tested Haussmann’s volumetric method of aiialysing fats, and have at the same t h e so improved and simplified the same that in their opinion the examiiiation of a mixture of nentral fats and fat acids is easier than an exami- nation of a mixture of caustic soda and sodium carbonate. Haussmann’s method is based upon the fact that an alcoholic solution of fi fat acid is immediately saponified on the addition of an alcoholic solution of caustic potash, whereas the saponification of a neutral fat can only be effected by protracied boiling. When, therefore, an alcoholic solution of fat acids and neutral fats, to which some phenolpiithaIsine has been added is titrated with caustic potash, the red colour disappears as long BJ any fat acid is present, and the solution does not attain a permanently red coiour until 211 the fat acids are saponified.When the red colour has set in, an excess of causih potash is added, and the whole boiled for half- an-hour to saponify all the neutral fats, and re-titrated, whereby the amount of caustic potash required to effect t8he saponification of the neutral fats is ascertained, and the quantitr of caustic potash required for each titration represents the relative proportion of fat acids and neutral fats in the mixture operated on. Not only is the method useful in ascertzinir;g the relative proportions of fat acids and neltral fats in a given mixture, but it a180 serves for testing €ats generally, as, for inst a nce :- 1.For determining the equivalent of a fat, i.e., the proportion saponifiable by an equivalent of caustic potash, or 1 litre of it normal solution of Lotash. The result obtained might, under circumstances, serve as 3 ciiterion as to the nature of the fat. The equivalent would, no doubt, in the case of butter-testing, indicate ivhether the butter was genuine or artificial. 2. For determining the amount of glycerine (theoretical yield) in fats in the most When a neutral fat, or fi mixture of a number of such fats, simple manner imaginable. is saponified, the following reaction takes place :- C,H5(OCnH,N--,0),+ SICOH -- C,H,O,+ 3(C,H,n-,0.0K) According to the above equation, every litre of normal potash solution splits up one- third equivalent of glycerine --i.e., 30.667 g.1 C.C. of’ normal potash is therefore equivalent to 0*030667 g. of glycerine. ~ ~ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ *Bericlite der cleutsclien Chemzsclm Gesellschaft, May 21, 1883.THE ANALYBT. 12 1 ~ 8. The amount of glycerine a fat would probably yield having been ascertained by the above titration, and provided the fat in pure and frse from moisture, the theoretical yield of fat mids would be easily calculated. Triglycerides may be considered to split up in the folIowing way :- On comparing this equation with the one above, 1 litre of normal potash represents one-third equivalent of glycerine residue, C3Hz--i.e., 12.667 g. Sapposing v. C.C. of normal potash to have been ~mployed, the weight of the glycerine residue would be (0.012667 v.), which may be represented by the letter g, and let F represent, in grammes, the original weight of the fat ; then IF - g will represent the yield of fat acids to be expected from it.-Cltenzist and Drugyst. c,~,(o~,,'I-I,--,op = C,H,+ 3~nHm0,

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8830800120

出版商:RSC    

年代:1883

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYBT. 12 1 CULTIVATION OF VANILLA IN MEXICO. IN Mexieo vanilla is planted either in a forest or in a field. In the former case the under- brush, climbers and large trees are cut down and removed, and the young saplings only preserved to serve as supports to the vanilla plant, preference being given to trees having a milky sap. Near each tree two cuttings of the vanilla plsnt are placed side by side in a shallow trench one and one half inches deep and sixteen inches long, three knots of the stem being laid in the trench, and covered with dead leaves, brush, &c. The rest of the cuttings, to the extent of' three or four fed, is placed against a tree and tied to it. The supporting trees should not be nearer than twelve OF fifteen feet apart, to give sufficient room for the development of tho plant.After a month the cutting will have taken root, and must be carefully kept from weeds and briars of all kinds. In the third year the plant begins to bear fruit, whicli it continues to yield for many years. When the vanilla is cultivated in a field, the Mexicans first plough the ground thoroughly and raise on it 8 crop of corn. In the protection afforded by this plant, a number of young milk-bearing trees of the fig family grow, which in about twelve or eighteen months are large enough to answer aa supportors to the vanilla plants, which are then placed as above described. In Mexico and Guiana the plant is allowed to climk up the trees, the fertiliza- tion of the flowers is left to nature, and a large number of flowers constantly remain unfertilized, and the yield of vanilla is small.Ih a few days after fecundation the flower falls off and the fruit continues to grow till the end of the first month ; it takes, however, another five months before it is completely ripe. Each pod must be gathered separately, 0,nd not the wholo cluster at once, the time to gather them being indicated by the gods cracking when pressed with the fingers. If too ripe, the pods split in drying, changing the colour from yellow to brown and black. If not ripe enough, the fruit will lack fragrance and moper colour. The ripe fruit has no odour at first, the agreeable odour of vanilla being developed by a process of curing. When the first fruit is drying an unctuous dark red In Mexico the pods are collected and placed in heaps in a shad protected from rain and mnshine, and there left for a few days ; they are then, if the weather is warm and clear, ,d in the moruing on a woollen blanket and exposed to the direct rays of the sun ; at uid, called balsam of vanilla, exudes.192 THE ANALYST.---- - about midday the blanket is folded round the beans, and the bundle is left in the sun for the remainder of the day. In the evening it is enclosed in tight boxes to ‘ L sweat ” all the night. The next day the same treatment is adopted, and the beans, after exposure to the sun, acquire a dark coffee colour, the shade being deeper in proportion to the success of the ‘‘ sweating ” operation. If the weather is cloudy the vanilla is collected into bundles, a number of which are packed together in a small bale, which is first wrapped with a woollen cloth, then with banana leaves, and finally with a stout matting, which is firmly bound and sprinkled with water. An oven is then heated to 60 deg.C., and the bales containing the larger beans are placed in it. When the temperature has fallen to 45 deg. C. the smaller beans are introduoed and the oven closed tightly. Twenty-four hours afterwards the smaller beans are taken out, and twelve hours later the larger ones. The vanilla has then acquired tt fine maroon colour. The beans are spread on matting and exposed to the sun every day for two months. When the drying is nearly completed it is finished in the shade in a dry place, and the pods are then tied up in small bundles for sale.-Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter.The drying operation then commences. FOOD ADULTERATION IN FRANCE . The following Analyses were made at the Paris Municipal Chemical Laboratory. during the month of Xay. 1883 :- Natme of the Samples iinalysed . . Wines .............. 116 Vinegars ............ 4 Beers ............. 2 Ciders .............. 2 Alcohols and Liqueurs . 2 syrups .............. 1 Waters .............. 4 Nilks ............. 24 Nalt - Butters ............ 8 Oils ................ 1 Flours .............. 3 Dough. Bread ...... 3 Sweetmeats .......... 2 Meats .............. - Preserves ............ 3 Salt. Pepper ........ 1 Chicory. Coffee. Tea .. - Chocolates .......... 4 Honeys ............ - Confitwes .......... - Colouring Materials . . 6 Toys ................ - Tins .............. 2 ducts ............ pro-} Pharniacentical Perfumery .......... - various ............ 14 TOTAL .... 216 ................ Coloured Papers ...... 1 Spices .............. 11 - - .. .. f . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. n Passable 93 2 . . 2 4 a4 . . . .. 1 1 . . 1 1 1 2 . . 1 1 2 2 . . 1 3 202 - B &a. .- . .. ._ ..... Not I~qmlolIs . InJUllOUh .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 378 1 . . . . 1 89 1 1 2 . . . . . 3 2 8 . . 3 . . I I . . 3 -192 - - .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. * . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21 . . . 5 10 . . . . . I . I . 4 . . . . . 4 9 1 1 . . 1 18 74 - ss .. .. * . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Totals . 608 6 3 2 9 1 19 197 9 2 6 4 2 8 5 3 14 . . . . 14 10 4 5 11 2 2 38 984 - -

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8830800121

出版商:RSC    

年代:1883

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

MILK ADULTERATION IN NEW JERSEY. THE first case under the food adulteration law of New Jersey was tried befofe Judge Fort of the District Court of Newark, May 24. The complaint was made by the City Milk inspector, Mr. Henry Negles, and charged Mary NcGrath with offering for sale a quantity of milk from whioh a valuable constituent had been removed (skimmed milk).121 THE ANALYST. -- - -- - -_ - - -- -- The lawyer for the defeudtrut asked for her discharge, on the ground that guilty knowledge had not been proved, and that sub-division 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th, and the 1st section of sub-division 7th must be construed in connection with the words in the first sub-division, as found in section 3 (B) of the act. As the decision of the court ia important, we git-e it in full.Fiist District Court of the City of Newark.-Henry Negles v. Mary McGrath.- Tried before the Court, May 24t11, 1883. m e Court, E’oit J. . This is an action under the act to prevent the adulteration of food or drugs, approT-ed March 25, 1881, and the supplement thereto, approved March 23, 1885. The complaint in this case is for this : that the defendant did offer for sale an article of food, being milk, which was adulterated within the meaning and in violation of said act, in this, that a valuable constituent of said milk had been in part abstracted : that said milk was an imitation of, and offered for sale as pure milk, whereas the same was impure. The evidence in this cause shows that the highest percentage of water in pure milk is 88 and the solids are 12 per cent.The defendant in this case keeps a store at No, 385, Broad Street, in the city of Newark, dier rein she sells milk by the pint, quart, &c. In the present month, Henq- Negles, tho ylnintiff, Milk Inspector of‘ the city of Newark, visited her place of business, and procured u quantity of milk there on sale, and delivered it to Shipma’n Wallace, Ebq., Chemist of the State Board of Health, who examined it and found that the said milk contained 89 per cent. of water and 11 per cent. of milk solids. It was further in evidence that 8 per cent. of the 12 per cent. of solids in pure milk was what the chemist denominated fat, or cream ; that in tho milk found in the defendant’s possession this ht was found to be only 1.84, being 1.12 short of normal. The testimony of the Health Physician, DF.Mandevillu, is that such milk for some purposes is impure and unhealthy. The defendant denies having abstracted any constituent from said milk, or that she knew that said milk was impure, and offered it for sale as pure. By the express language of the act under which these suits are brought, it is provided ‘(that no person shall manufacture, have, offer for sale, or sell any article of food, or drugs, which is adulterated within the meaning of this act; ” any person violating its provisions shall be liable to a penalty in the first instance of 60 dollars. By the second section of the act is provided that the term food, as used in this act, shall include every article used as food or drink by man. I t is insisted that as the defendant had no knowledge, or claimed to have none, of the abstraction or adulteration in this case, no conviction can be had under this act.The first section is broad enough to cover, not only the person who offers for sale, or sells, but any person who may have any article of food which is adulterated within the meaning of the act, in their possession for sale. In this case the defendant admits that she had the milk on sale, that she had sold Borne of it, and there is no dispute under tha evidence, if the testimony of the chemist is true, but that a valuable constituent, to wit : 1.12 parts of the cream of this milk had been abstracted, or in other words, this was what the chemist called Secondly.-If the chemist’s testimony is true, it is also proven in this case that the milk had by the defendant was adulterated by the addition of some foreign substance, We cannot give this construction to this law.skimmed milk.”THE ANALYST. 125 whether water or other substance, the grade of this milk beisg 89 per cent. of water, whichis one per cent. of water in excess of the proper percentage. One per cent,. is said by the chemist, in either solids or liquid, to be a very wide divergence from the normal, as he is able to detect, and alwa.ys concludes that he has made sn error unless he can accurately arrive at least one-tenth of one per cent. of the true condition of the milk analysed. I t is insisted that sub-division second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth, and the first sectionof sub-division seven, must be construed in connection with the words in the first sub-division as found in section three, of the act of 1881, above referred to (B), which words read as follows : ‘‘ So as to reduce or lower, or injuriously affect its quality or strength.” This construction the Court cannot sustain ; these worde can only be in qualification of the sub-divisions in which they stand for the reason that said sub-division is general, and the other sub-divisions are specific, referring to the particular reasons for condemnation of the food alleged under either one of them to be improperly sold.The first sub-division relates to any substance, or substances ; tho third, only to valuable constitueuts abstracted ; the fourth, to imitations sold under the name of the real article ; the fifth, to food from diseased, putrid, or rotten animal or vegetable substance; the sixth, to covering up by coloring or coating the damaged article ; seventh, the addition of poison or ingredients.In the charging of this offence in the act, stating the title and date of approval in the complaint and summons is sufficient, and if it shall appear to the satisfaction of the Court that the conditions exist as charged, and the defendant sold, or offered for sale, or had for sale the article in its deteriorated condition, he shall be held under the provisions of this law. In this particular case the defendant will be adjudged guilty, and the penalty of fifty dollars imposed with costs. In the cases ol same plaintiff against Otten, same plaintiff against Bahrenburg, and same plaintiff against Sievers, the defendants will be found guilty and the like penalty of fifty dollars in each caw imposed with costs. ESTIMATION O F TANNIN.F. SIMAND Bas abandoned the use of Lowenthd's improved method of estimating tannin, as he found that the percentago of tannin in the same material was subject to certain varia- tions. A series of experiments was therefore made, the object being to replace the gelatin used by Lowenthal b.y a substance capable of absorbing tannin. The method was founded on oxidation, with potassium permanganate or calcium hypochlorite, with indigo solution as indicator in presence of sulphuric acid. The first substance experimented with was powdered skin, which Hammer and Lowenthal had used some time ago for extracting tannin from solutions.Although more sstisfactor.y results were obtained than with gelatin, the absorption of the tannin was a slow operation, requiring often 24 hours' agitation or more, and even then tan& acid was present in the filtrate; moreover, the difficulty ex- perienced in preparing the skin rendered this method impracticable. The author then tried the gelatinous tissue of bones. Tubular bones were treated with dilute hydrochloric acid, and after removing the lime salts the residue was washed and used for extracting126 THE ANALYST. ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - tannic acid from infixsions. Tbe results were as satiefactory as those obtained with powdered skin, whilst the absorption of the tannin was effected more readily. Later on, when Munte showed that tannin is absorbed by nitrogenous vegetable substances, the author, assuming that all nitrogenous animal substances softening in water are capable of absorbing tannin, used horn 'shavings after removing the lime salts, with equally good results. In the original paper, the method pureued by the author in his laboratory for preparing the skin powder, extracted kones and horn shavings, is described in detail, and numerous tannin estimations with these substances are given.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN883080123b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1883

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

126 THE ANALYST. PRESERVATION OF CAUSTIC SODA. THE difficulty experienced in preserving caustic soda in a powdered state, owing to the tendency of its particles when exposed to the atmosphere, to deliquesce and combine and mass together, is said to be overcome by mixing with the powdered caustic soda a, quantity of powdered sand or sandstone sumcient to protect the particles of powdered caustic soda from such oontaot with each other as will cause them to combine and mass together, and also sufficient to shield, in a measure, the particles of caustic from contact with the atmosphere. Caustic soda thus treated is applicable generally in the arta, and can be handled with greater facility than the ordinary commercial article. Where it is to be used as a flux in the manufacture of cast iron, one part of ground sand or sandstone mag be used to five parts of ground caustic soda ; but the quantity of powdered sand or sandstone may be materially increased, though a less amount will not prove effective.While the powdered sand operates in a measure to protect the caustic soda from atmospheric influences, and from such contact of its partioles as will permit them to mass together, there is no chemical combination between the Band and csuatic soda which would cause it to solidify and harden, as would be the case were powdered limestone, for instance, used. In practice the caustic soda and sand or sandstone are ground up to a powder, either separately or together, and immediately mixed. From the facility with which the artiole prepared can be handled, it is especially adapted for use as a flux in the manufacture of cast-iron, though for the same reason it also commends itself to the trade generally, This method of treating caustic soda ha5 been patented.-Oil, Paint and Drug &porter. Mr. B. A. Burrell ha8 been appointed Public Analyst for the city of Cork. Mr. T. StenhouM has been appointed Public Analyst for the borough of Ibochdale, vics Collinge, deceased.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8830800126

出版商:RSC    

年代:1883

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. ]La7 PROCESS FOR THE RECOGNITION OF HYDROCYANIC AND OTHER ACIDS. BY A. LONGI. THE substance under consideration is dissolved in water and the solution acidulated with acetic acid. If insoluble in water it is heated to a boil with sodium carbonate, and the filtrate is acidified with acetic mid. After any hydrogen sulphide present is expelled, silver nitrate is added in slight excess, and a little nitric acid. The precipitate may contain silver cyanide, chloride, bromide, iodate, ferrocyanide find ferricyanide. In the soh tion may be present silver ohlorate, bromate (in part) and mercuric cyanide. The liquid A is separated from the precipitate B and examined separately. In the liquid hydrogen is liborated by means.of zinc and a IittIe sulphuric acid. Silver chlorate and bromate are reduced to the corresponding chloride or bromide, and both these along with mercuric cyanide, to metallio silver and mercury, hydrogen, cyanide, chloride, and bromide being formed, When the reaction is at an end the mixture is filtered and the filtrate is divided into three parts.A. The first part is tested for cyanogen with a ferric ferrous salt. To the second part is added silver nitrate, which separates hydrocyanic, hydrochloric, and hydrobromic acids. The precipitate is washed and digested in ammonia of sp. gr. 0.998. If the liquid filtered from the precipitate gives with nitric acid a white precipitate, insoluble in concentrated boiling nitric acid, chlorio acid was present. The third portion was tested for bromine with carbon disulphide. The presence of bromine shows that the original substance contained bromic acid. B.The precipitate is carefully washed, and then digested in ammonia of ep. gr. 0.998. The cyanide, ohloride, bromate, iodate and ferricyanide dissolved, but not the bromide, iodide, and ferrocyanide. The residue is washed and treated with a solution of hydrogen sulphide to which a little hydrochloric aoid has been added. It is heated to expel excees of hydrogen sulphide and filtered. Any ferrocyanide formed is filtered off, and the filtrate is tested for bromine and iodine with carbon disulphide. The ammoniacd solution, which may contain cyanide, chloride, bromate, iodate and ferricyanide, is treated with sulphurms anhydride. Cyanide and chloride are separated out, bromate, iodate, and ferricyanide are reduced to bromide, iodide and ferrocyanide, and thrown down as such.The precipitate is washed by decantation and digested in ammonia. The cyanide and chloride are re-dissolved, but not the bromide, iodide and ferrocyanide. The mixture is filtered. The solid matter is tested for bromine, iodine, and hydrogen ferrocyanide as above direoted. Their presence shows that the original substance contained bromio and iodic acids and hydrogen ferrocyanide. To the liquid is added nitric acid by which cyanide and chloride are re-precigitated, The precipitate is divided into two parts. The one is treated with a little dilute hydrochloric acid and filtered. The filtrate is tested for hydrogen cyanide with a ferric-ferrous salt, The other portion is heated to boil with concentrated nitric acid. Cyanide is thus converted into nitrate, whilst chloride remaine unchanged.-Gaxstta Chimica. The filtrate is tested for hydrogen ferrocyanide with a ferrio-ferrous salt.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8830800127

出版商:RSC    

年代:1883

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

128 THE ANALYST. LAW REPORTS. ANALYSING SOUR MILK : IRfPORTANT EVIDENCE BY SOMERSET HOUSE CHEMISTS. AT the Manchester City Police Court, on Wednesday, 27th June, a case of exceptional importance to Public Analysts, and persons engaged in the milk trade, was decided. The defendant was Richard W'ardle, B Derbyshire farmer, and tho prosecutors were the Manchester Corporation, who charged him with consigning to Anthony Hailmood, a milk dealer, a quantity of new milk which, according to the certificate of Nr. Charles Estcourt, F.C.S., Pubh Analyst foi Manchester, contained four per cent of added water. The case mas fiist before the court on the 9th of May, the magistrates present being Chailes Lister, Esq. (solicitor) md W. Aroasberg, Esq. In consequence of the request of defendant, the court directed that the duplicate samples taken should be sent up to Somerset House for analysis by the Governmont analysts, and the case was adjourned to amnit the result.The certificate received from that office, signed by Mr. James Bell, the senior analyst, and Messrs. R. Bannister and G. Lewin, stated that the samples mere received at Somerset House on the 10th of May, and had been duly analysed by them. That numbered 203 contained S.20 per cent. iion-fatty solids, 2.80 per cent. of fat ; and 89-00 of water ; ash, *81 per cent. After making an addition for natural loss arising from decomposition of the milk through keeping, the proportion of non-latty solids was not, in their opinion, lower than is found in genuine milks. The percentage of fat and ash were equal to those found in genuine mi&s.From a consideration of these results they said : '' We are unable to affirm that water has been added to the milk." Sample No. 204 contained 8.02 per cent of non-fatty solids, 3 01 of fat, and 88.97 of water, the ash being -75 per cent. The remarks of the thiee analysts with refaence to this sample were precisely similar to those made in the other ceitlficnte. Nr. Bell was now in attendance as a witness, the corporation having subpaenaed him with the object of eliciting from him (if possible) the method by which he arrives at his conclusions, and the standard of purity he adopts. Mr. Hopkinson, barrister, appeared €or the prosecution, and Mr. Briggs, soheitor, of Derby, for the defence. Mr. Lister was again the presiding magistrate, his colleague being Mr.J. Furniss. From the evidence of Inspector Edwards,TI33 ANALYST. 129 it appeared that on the 23rd of April he went to the Central Station, Manchester, with Mr. Hailwood, and at his request took a sample of milk from each of two cans consigned to him by the defendant. These samples, which he numbered 203 and 204, were sent to the City Analyst, whose certificates declared them both to contain four per cent. of added water, and that no change had taken place in the composition of the sampIes that would in any way interfere with the analysis. In cross-examination by Mr. Briggs, the Inspector said he mixed the milk up by pouring a portion from the ohurn into a 2-dozen quart can, and then pouring it back in the churn, this operation being repeated twice.He did not entirely empty the churn. He rather thought it was morning’s milk that he took, but he oould not be certain, He had however, a reason for taking the morning’s milk in preference to the night’s milk, and that reason was that the complainant, Mr. Hailwood, Rarticularly requested him to take the sample from the morning’s milk. Mr. Hailwood’s evidence was to the effect that the defendant was under an agreement to supply him with new milk at 2s. 6d, per dozen quarts in winter, and Is. l l d . in summer : that the samples were taken from morning’s milk only; that he cautioned the defendant in January last about the milk not being right, and that upon analysis it was found then to contain added water. Mr. Hopkinson said he should now like to ask Mr.Bell some questions in reference to this matter, as it involved principles of very great importance, both as to the mode of analysing, and as regards the standard of purity, which ought to be maintained, for he submitted that an adulteration to the extent of even four per cent, only, meant a loss of &20,000 a year to milk consumers in Manchester, assuming the consumption to average no more than a pint per day for eaoh house. Xr. James Bell was then sworn, and said he was the senior analyst at Somerset House. In order to discover whether water has been added to the milk, Public Analysts ascertained the propertion of non- fat@ solids, but at Somerset House they take the.whole of the constituents into account. The quantity of added water was usually oalculated according to the quantity of noa-fatty solids.He had found the per-centage of non-fatty solids in fresh milk to vary from 8.02 to over 10. He remembered a case, in which a sample was sent to him from Chester, by the magistrates, which the Public Analyst certified to contain added water, in which he (Mr. Bell) found by his own analysis, the non-fatty solids were considerably below 8 per cent. That was taken from one cow, and was analysed in a day or two after- wards. Mr, Hopkinson : Then may I take it that you will pass milk as containing no added water if the non-fatty solids are less than 8 per cent. ? Witness : It depends entirely upon the result of the analysis, taking the whole constituents into account. Mr. Hopkinson : What is your method of analysing milk? Do not you first evaporate it ? Witness : We first weigh out o quantity, and then evaporate it : fresh milk from 5 to 8 grammes, and sour milk 10 grammes, a solid residuum being left.From the fresh milk we take out the fatty solids by means of ether which dissolves the fatty matter, and leaves the non-fatty. We then determine the ash. In the two certificates produoed, the ash is included in the 8.02 per cent. of non-fatty substances. In the case of sour milk we weigh one portion for total solids; then weigh two separate quantities in platinum capsules, then we neutralise them, and they are evaporated, two for the non-fatty solids and the fat ; the other being dried completely without any further addition. The two for non-fatty solids are treated with ether until we get all the fat abstracted.The non-fatty solids we place in the bath for drying, and keep them there from 4 p.m. until 10 a.m. They are then weighed every two hours till we get a constant weight, then the soda is deducted. The certificates show the true non-fatty solids. The acids are fixed by the alkaline solution. The decomposition in this mse was not excessive and there was nothing to prevent his making a reasonable analysis of it. Mr. Hopkinson : Was there no escape of gas ? Witness : Oh yes, there was some escape ; that is the reason of the loss. There was a little alcohol Mr. Hopkinson : Then how much do yon allow for loss of alcohol ? Witness : We do not say it is for alcohol ; we say for loss of non-fatty solidg, which includes the milk sugar and casein ? We have applied the same process for the last eight years.Mx. Hopkinson : Do you allow so much per day for loss? Witness : Yes. hir. Hopbinson : How many days’ loas did you allow in this case 1 Witness : Nearly 20. produced.TETE ANALYST. - - - - - - -. - - - I40 Nr. Hopkinson : What rate per day do you allow for loss for that time? Witness * For the first meek T*&, for the next 14 days T8&,, and for 21 days ?& We allow ?& in this case. That is the general rule by which we are governed in allowing for loss, but if we find any clrcumstances which alter our opinion we deviate from the rule. I should say this milk, when fresh coutained somewhat under S.6 of Don-fatty solids. hfr. Hopkinson : Then m y I understand that the authorities at Somerset House receive &a pun milk, milk containing only 8% per cent.of non-fatty solids ? Witness: No ; it depends on the other constituents. Mr. Hopkinson : J: understood gou to say that you determine whether there has been water aac Witness : For reckoning the presumed quantity of cldded water we take the non-fatty solids &a tht Mr. Hopkinson. Then, for how much of non-fatty solids do you say there is added water? Witness : We do not specdy any quantity ; we say it contains not less than so and so. Mr. Hopkinson : When the non-fatty solids reach a certain quantity, do you say there is added water. Witness: No. Mr. Hopkinson : Siipposing you found four per cent. of non-fatty solids, would you say there is Witness : I should say, from my experience, it was not genuine milk, rtnd treat it accordingly, Mr Hopkinson : But would you say there was added water ? Witness : Certainly, Mr.Hopkinson : If there were 7 per cent. of non-fatty solids would you pass it ? Witness : No, I should not. Mr. Hopkillson : m’ould you if there were 8 per cent.? Witness : Not without some inquiry. Mr. Hopkinson : Then wheu would you pass it 7 Witness : I t depends entirely on the analysis. Mr. Hopkinson : Would you ;ass it at 8-21 Witness : No, not without enquiry. Mr. Hopkinson : But at 8.5 you would pass it 1 Witness : I should not be disposed to say milch about it then. Mr. Hopkinson : Would you pass it ? Witness : I should If the whole of the constituents were those of genuine milk. Mr. Hopkinson. Is not the fat in this milk the normal quantity or nearly SO? Witness : It is a fair quantity.Mr. Hopkinson : Then there mas nothing to show as regards the fatty solide that it had been Witness: No. Mr. Hopkinson Then I understand you to say that if thbre is 8-5 per cent. of non-fatty solids, and nothing else to show that it has been adulterated, you will pass it 1 Witness : Yes. Mr. Hoplrinson : Would you pass it at anything under 8.5. Witness : I should. Mr. Hopkinson : Would you pass it at 8.2 ? Witness : No, I should not. Mr. Hopkinson : Would you at 8.3 ? Witness: NO. Mr. Hopkinson : Nor at 8.4? Witness : Yes, if the other constituents were right. &Jr. Hopkinson : Then you drsw the line somewhere between 8.3 and 8-4. Now, is it not the fa&, as sho.lvn by thousands of analyses made by Public Analysts, that the non-fatty substances average about 9 per cent.in pure milk ? witness: That is so according to certain processes, but it would not be so by this process. My average is higher than Nr. Wanklyn’s, because mine is founded on complete dryings. Mr. Hopkinson : Mr. Wanklyn’s is 9 3, and you say yours is something over 9. Witness ; It varies in individual COWS. by the amount of non-fatty solids ? basis. added water? adulterated ?THE ANALYST. 181 By the Chairman of the Bench: The results of our analysis are consistent with the milk being The Chairman : And do you go further, and say that no analyst could ascertain that fact ? Witness : Certainly, it would be impossible. The witness was then cross-examined by Mr.Briggs, but no additional fact was elicited thereby. In reply to the Chairman, he said his experience was that cows fed on grass give richer milk than stsll-fed Mr. Carter Bell, Public Analyst for Cheshire, Salford, and other places, was called as a witness for the prosecution. He had tested about 2,000 samples of milk, in 300 or 400 of whit h he l i d actually seen the cows milked. As a rule, he had found the milk of healthy and properly fed cows to contain upwards of 9 per cent. of non-fatty solids. Four per cent. of added water for the milk in this case was in his opinion very low, as there might be 10 per cent. By Mr. Briggs : I should not expect the non-fatty matter to be as low as 8-2 in the milk of a healthy OOW. If yon were analysing the milk of a thousand cows you might find it so low in some of them.Specific gravity is not a sure test ; it is one of the most fallacious, when taken alone. I invariably find that the average proportion of non-fatty solids is from 9.3 to 9 4, and this milk according to the Public Analysts’ standard would contain 4 per cent. of added water. genuine, and it would be utterly impossible for us to say that water had been ac1cle.d. cows. There must be at least 4. Mr. Briggs : Why do you take 9 per cent. as your standard ? Witness: Because it is the percentage laid down by the Public Analysts, who represent the analysea of about 10,000 cows, and they have found 9 per cent. to be a very low etandard. Mr. Briggs: Then if you had taken your standard at 8-5 instead of 9 you would have said there was no added water ? Witness : If the Act of Parliament defined it as pure milk at that standard, I should not dispute the law, but I should still be of opinion that it contained added water.Mr. Hopkinson : That is to say it would be parliamentary milk, but not natural ? Witness : Quite so. In reply to the Chairman, witness said his experience was that stall-fed cows give richer milk than cows fed on grass. Richard Wardle, the defendant, was called, and denied that any water had been added to the milk. In reply to Mr. Hopkinson, he said he had sent a sample of the milk to be analysed Ly Mr. Wilkinson, the analyst for Stockport, who said there was about 3 per cent. of added water in it. He had also sent one to Dr. Otto Hehner, of London, who, he believed, said there was more than 3 per cent.He had a refrigerator, for the cooling of his milk, and had plenty of water on his farm : very good water too. By Mr. Briggs : I t would Rot be possible for water to get into milk accidentally. Mr. Wilkinson said he had taken the same standard as Mr. Estcourt, and his certificate showed that there were 8.66 per cent. of non-fatty solids, and 2.86 of fat. Mr. Estcourt was tendered by Mr. Hopkinson, as a witness, for the purpose of giving Mr. Briggs 8n opportunity of questioning him, but the latter did not avail himself of the privilege. Mr. Bell then intimated that he had brought two of his assistants with him, whom he would like to be examined. Mr. Hopkinson said he had not subpmnaed anyone from Somerset House except Mr. Bell, whom he recognised as the responsible authority there, and having examined him, he should decline to call anyone else.He then addressed the court for the defence, He said, they were asked to rule that no milk should be accepted in Manchester, as pure, which does not come up to the standard laid down by the Public Analysts, and he submittted that the Bench had no right to rule anything of tke kind. The only question they had to decide was, had this milk been adulterated or not. Both the defendant and his man, who superintended the milking and transmission of the milk, positively declared that no water was added, yet the Bench were asked to ignore that evidence, because the milk did not come up to the standard of the Public Analxsts. Mr. Richard Bannister and Mr.G. Lewin, were then examined by Mr. Briggs, and the Chairman of the Bench, their evidence being substantially a repetition of that given by Mr. James Bell. The Chairman, then asked Mr. Bell, of Somerset House, if there wa8 a greater diftlculty in analysing sour mi& than fresh milk. Mr, Bell : None whatever. Mr. Briggs said, in that case, he should call them.132 THE ANALYST. The magistrates then retired to consider the evidence, and on returning into court, Mr. Lister saia that inasmuch as Mr. Estoourt, Mr. Wilkinson, Mr. Hehner, and Mr. Carter Bell aU declared that water had been added to this milk, and neither Mr. James Bell nor the other gentlemen from Somerset House csuld say that it had not, the Bench were of opinion that there must be a oonviotion.The defendant would be fined 20s. and the ordinary court costs. RECENT CHEMICAL PATENTS . NO . 1@2 . 1618 4599 4625 4658 4659 4676 469 2 The following specifioations have been recently published. and can be obtained from the Great Seal Offico. Cnrsitor Street. Chancery Lane. London . Name of Prtsntee . J . B . Ibogers., . . . . W . Clark . . . . . . St . G . L . Bsx . . . . A . J . Boult . . . . . . 3 . Young . . . . . . J . F . Phillips . . . . A . W . Reddie . . . . Title of Patent . Prim Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d . Beconrlary or-Storage Batteries . . . . . . . . . . 2d . Secondary Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d . Purification of Alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d . Treatment of Sewage . . . . . . . . . . . . 8d . Incandescent Electric Lamps .. . . . . . . . . 6d . Manufacture of Bicarbonate of Soda . . . . . . . . 6d . 46gC5 E . Edwards &A . F . St . George Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d . 4709 A . J . Bonlt . . . . . . 4714 E . W . Parnell & J . Simpsou 4733 ’cv . H . Beck . . . . . . 4736 4756 4755 4769 4780 4809 4S16 4832 4880 4911 4984 4591 5021 4883 5030 6071 6054 5097 6098 5112 C . T . Eingeett . . . . A . Khotiusky . . . . J . & J . Addie A . Neilson & A . C . Thomson S . F . Walker & F . G . Olliver R . Tatham & A . Hollings . . E . J . Winshurst . . . . J . H . Johnson . . . . A . RI . Clark . . . . . . P . R . de Faucheux d’Hamy J . Allmann . . . . . . G . W . Yon Xamrocki . . . . . . Concentrating Sulphuric Acid . . . . . . . . . . Manufacture of Alkalies .. . . . . . . . . . . Process for Integral Extraction of the Constituent Principles Secondary Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . Secondary Voltaic Batteries . . . . . . . . . . Treatment of Carbonaceous Minerals for Oil. Ammonia. &c . of Fatty Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . Obtaining Ammonia from Furnace Gases Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Secondary Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . Voltaic Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Telephones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electric Arc Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RIanufacture of Chloride of Lime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . E.Liardet 6r T . Donnithorne Secondary Batteries J . Prossep . . . . . . Combining Salicylic Acid and Glycerme for W . R . Lake . . . . . . Manufacture of Sugar . . . . . . . . . . . . Wmea and Spirituous Liquors . . H . A . Bonneville . . . Manufacturing Anhydrous Alumina . . W . Young & Q . T . Beilby . . Tieatment of Coal. &c., for Ammonia . . 1% . Hammond& L . Goldenberg Secondary Batteries . . . . . . A 11ackean . . . . . . Electric Lamps . . . . . . . . J . Imray . . . . . . Separating Glycerine from Fatty Matters 2d. 6d. 6d. 4d. 2d. 6d. 8d . 6d. 4d. 2d. 6d. 6d. 6d. 2d. 2a. . . . . . . 4d . Admixture with . . . . . . 4d . . . . . . . 6d . . . . . . . 2a . . . . . . . 2d . . . . . . . ad . . . . . . . . 2a . . . . . . . 110 BOOKS. &c., RECEIVED . The Chemist and Druggmt ; The Brewers’ Guardian ; The British Medical Journal; The Medical Press ; The Pharmaceutical Journal ; The Sanitary Record ; The Xiller ; The Provisioner ; The Practitioner ; New Remehes ; Proceedings of the American Chemical Bociety ; Lo Practicien ; The Inventors Record ; New Pork Public Health ; The Scientsc American ; Society of Arts Journal ; Sanitary Engineer of New Pork ; The Chemists‘ Journal ; Weekly Drug News ; Sugar Cane ; Country Brewers’ Gazette ; The Medical Record ; The Grocers’ Gazette ; London Water Supply. by Orookes. Odling and Tldy ; Chemical Review ; Independent Oil and Drug Journal and Paint Review .

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN883080128b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1883

数据来源: RSC