摘要:

93 ON THE MOST SIMPLE AND GENERALLY USEFUL MODE OF EXPRESSING TEE RESULTS OF WATER ANALYBIS SO AS TO BE UNIVERSALLY COMPREHENSIBLE ; WITH EXAMPLES DRAWN FROM LONDON WATER, AND ALSO FROM A CASE OF TYPHOID EPIDEMIC. BY JOHN MUTER, M.A., Ph.D., F.I.C., &c., SINOE the old method of igniting the residue and ealling tbe loss on ignition ‘( organio matter ’’ was exploded 8s not suficiently accurate for modern chemical ideas, the general non-scientific pnblic have been deprived of any simple ideg which they can grasp as indicating the degree of organic impurity present jrl any sample. This has been frequently atroogly brought to my notice, even in cases where medical officers of health were engaged, who might be mppoaed to be able t s interpret ( 6 albuminoid ammonia” and ((oxygen oonBumed.’’ Some time ago one of the local board committees for which I work, uetually passed a resuWion that in dl future water analyses I should be requested to state the94 THE ANALYST.actual amount of organic matter present in the samples submitted to me, thus compelling me to perform what is at present impossible. If, however, some scheme of expression of the nature of a valuation mere generally adopted by analysts, tbis difficulty would be over- come. Such an idea has been already before ua in Mr. Wigner’s most excellent proposals for expressing in figures the full valuation of a water based upon every point which could possibly affect the character of the article, and I believe, had we had more time to thoroughly try and put our minds to such a scheme, it would have been carried in a modified form instead of being, as it was, somewhat cavalierly rejected.As far as I can see from increased experience, one great cause of the failure of Mr. Wigner’s scheme to commend itself to universal adoption, was that it attempted to do more at the moment than chemists mere as a body prepared for, and in labouring to bring it as near perfection as possible its author sealed its fate in the minds of those conservative persons who are always alarmed by any radical change. I have now for nearly three gears carefully applied Mi. Wigner’s ideas to every sample of water which has passed through my hands, with the result that I have been led to more and more believe in them as a vho!e, bul gradually to abandon certain portions After all, when we divest water analysis of mineral considerations, and of theoretical impurity based on the presence of certain such constituents, we are brought to the two 6 L ttmrnonias,” and the two ‘‘ oxygens consumed” as the real meamsure of the active organic impurity.I am not going to deny that i n spacial cases an analyst who deliberately shuts his eyes to the nitrates, chlorides, and generd mineral constituents of a water, commits a grave derelection in duty; but, on the other hand, I say that, by basing our valuation for actual organic impurity on the points already mentioned, we can easily give to non-sciontifia persons a fair expression of the actual condition of the water in all ordinary cases. If analysts generally would agree to adopt the scale I am about to submit, they mould thereby only be giving a generally intelligible expression to their figurea, quod the actually prasetit contamination, and would not be in any way bound to desert the opinione they may hold as regards the value of other points of condemnation, involved in chlorides, nitrates, phosphates, or physical and microscopic indications, which might alwaps be called in to supplement or modify the ideas of impurity gained from the scale in special cases.Having thus shown that the adoption of the soale I propose does not interfere with any notions other than those well established, and does not bind any man to blindly condemn or approve of a water, but simply provides a means popularly expressing the actually present orgttnio impurity, I proceed to detail it.The valuations already proposed by Mr. Wigner for (( oxygen consumed in 4 hours,” has in my hmds answered all its purpoees ; but those for c t ammonia, albuminoid ammonia, and oxygen consumed in 15 minutes,” have undergone some modificatioq. The figure for ‘‘ ammonia ” given is 1 for every -005 per gallon. This is not sufficiently low for town waters. When water otherwise in fair condition is kept in a cistern which is allowed to become foul or is directly communicated by a waste pipe with the drains, the first indication of such a case is an increase in the free ammonia. On the other haad we meet with deep artesian waters, which, although themselves pure in other respects, are highly charged with ammonia-most probably from decomposition of the nitrates in the pipes of the well-and if we have too low a, factor we may fall into error.But such cases are so self-evident when ompared- with the other reaults, that no analyst of experience would give any weight to 8 ~ q h kinh I have found of little consequence.THE ~ ~ A I I Y B T . 96 ~ -I an isolated indication, and, it therefore becomes more important to detect the former case than to over-estimate the latter. I ham, therefore, decided that Mr. Wigner’s last sugges- tion is more nearly correct, and I have finally adopted as a divisor 00015 if per gallon, or *02 if per million. Taking next the case of albuminoid ammouiia, I think +hat Mr. Wigner’s divisor was a little too high. It is admitted by all chemists, that where a water exceeds .I0 per million in this indication it should be commenced to be looked upon with disfavour, and I, therefore, consider that the standard should take effect from that point, and the doubling of the figures be felt after touching thig line.Actuated by this consideration I make the divisor for albuminoid ammonia a0007 if per gallon or -01 if per million. This is all the more necessary, seeing that, working by the method recommended by the Council of the Society, the yield of albuminoid ammonia, although more regular for comparative purposes, is not so great as when the amount of dilution on adding the alkaline permanganate is less. Now, with regard to the “oxygen consumed in 15 minutes,” which was put by Mr. Wigner at *002=l originally for 2 minutee, and then the same figure suggested for 15 minutes.I find by experience, and after applying the scale to upwards of 300 samples of good water, that in such an article, oven when the waters are upland peaty,” and so acting powerfully on the permanganate, tho proportion between the oxygen consumed in 15 minutes and that in 4 hours is almost invariably nearly that of 1 to 2. When, however, any animal matter-such as sewage, ia added, the proportion of 15 minutes oxygen rises and becomes more nearly 1 to 1.5. It is, therefore, clear that the valuation fur 15 minutes should be slightly higher than for 4 hours, but not to so great an extent, because if‘ you have such a low divisor as 402, then you infallibly condemn a possibly innocent peaty water. By actual experience with the scale, I have found that by using the figure -004 = 1 we get a far more generally applicable expression, and one which does not bring any otherwise pure peaty water into the dangerous class, while it still strongly points out the waters contaminated with animal matter or nitrites.Lastly, with regard to the actual expression of the result of the applisation of the soale, I think that to deal with whole numbers gives an exaggerated idea to the non-chemical public. A man would naturally exclaim :-“ Dear me, here is a water having an impurity valuation attached to i t of 26 degrees, and yet the analyst calls it first-class ! ” I therefore propose to divide the total valuation by 100, so that it shall be finally expressed in decimals, and only when the articie is very bad indeed should it come into full numbers., Taking then my whole proposal, it stands a8 follow# :-= GRAINS PER GALLON. Ammonia .................................................. Albuminoid Ammonia. ....................................... Oxygen consumed in 15 minutes .............................. Oxygen consumed in 4 hours.. ................................ Ammonia .................................................. Alburninoid Ammonia ........................................ PARTS PER MILSION. Oxygen in 15 minutee ........................................ Oxygen in 4 hours.. .......................................... ewch.0015 = 1. ,, *0007 = 1. ,, *004 = 1. ,, -010 = 1. each .02 = 1. ,, -01 = 1. ,, *057 = 1. ,, -143 = 1.86 !I"I4 ANPI5t"YST, When any number esceeh 10, then all over 10 is to be doubled and added to the original number, and the total valuation is to be divided by 100 and noted (' aomparative degree of organic, impurity." Then, supposing no other consideration intsrvenes to mod$?y th6 acnalpt's opinioit of the snmpb, I propose that the following limits should be observed :- 1st Class Water ............................................ up to *25 degree.2nd ................................................ up to *40 ,, Uudrink\;ble Water.. ........................................ over -40 .. Taking now the practioal application of this scale to London waters, I find that, as the results of repeated examination of water from the mains on the South side during last par, and applying the males, we get the following figures :- Ammonia ........................$001 1 AVERAGE ANALYSES FOR JANUARY, 1882. .............. = 983 coinp&r&t~ve degree of organicr impurity. .............. Albuminoid Ammonia, *005 Oxygen in 15 minutes *059 Oxygen in 4 hours ................ -075 AVERAGE ANALYSES FOR FEBltUARY, 1882. Ammonia .......................... Oxygen in 4 hours.. ................ Amvoniz .......................... .OOO AVERAGE ANAIiYSES FOR MARCB, 1852. .............. = -184 comparative degree of organio impurity. .............. Albxn noid Ammonia 00 I5 Oiygen in 15 miuitcs ~026 Oxygen in 4 hours.. ................ .Or9 AVERAGE ANALYSES FOR APRIL, 1882. Amtnonis .......................... *OOO Albuminoid Ammonia .............. -005 1 Oxygen in 4 Itours. ................. .061\ Ammonia..,000 Albuminoid Ammonia .007 Oxygen in 4 hours.. -061. Ammonia, *OOO Albumiuoid Ammonia -007 Oxygen in 15 minutes 0034 Oxygen in 4 hours.. -062 Ammonia.. -000 Albuminoid Ammonia *007 Oxygen in 4 hours.. ................ *087 AVERAGE ANALYSES FOR AUGUST, 1882. Ammonia -000 Albuminoid Ammonia +005 Oxygen in 4 houra.. ................ *a60 Oxygen in 15 minutes .............. -038 = '226 comPar&five degree of ori~nicimPwitY* AVERAGF, ANALYSES FOB MAY, 1882. ....................... ............ oxygen in 15 minuteR .............. ,037 = ,253 oompara'i~ed~ee of Wan'' imparity. .............. = *247 oompsrrltire dagrewf argunia imprufty. 1 I 1 I AmRAGE ANALYSES FOR JUNE, 1882. .......................... .............. .............. ................ AVERAGE ANAliYSES PO& JULY, 1883......................... .............. Oxygen in 15 minutes .............. .040 c *'8'1com~ar~tive b ~ e e of O r g ~ ~ ~ P U ' t Y * .......................... .............. Oxygen in 15 minutes .............. ,098 *225 Of Organi'THl3 ANALYl7JT, 97 ;- --- _.- __-- .__ . . - . AVERAGE ANALYSES FOR SEPTEmER, 1882. Ammonia,. ......................... -0oO \ Albuminoid Ammonia .............. -004 I ,028 3-c *177 oomprtrative degmeef&@Seimpurity. Oxygen in 15 minutes .............. - - 0r;ygen in 4 houra.. ................ -050 1 AVERAGE ANASYSES FOR OCTOBER, 188% Ammonia, .......................... -000 \ .............. = 0185 comparative degree of organio impurity. .............. Albuminoid Ammonia ,005 Oxygen in 15 minutmi -026 450 Oxygen in 4 hours.................. AVERAUE ANALYSES PbrC NOVEMBER, 1882. ........................ .............. = *663 comparative degree of organic impurity. I Ammonia.. *Wl Albuminoid Ammonia, 0011 Oxygen in 15 minutes 0064 -105 AVERAGE ANALYSES FOR DECEMBER 1882. .............. Oxygen in 4 hourg.. ................ Ammonia .......................... Oxygen in 4 hours.. ................ Tbns we see that for 8 months in the yew. the water supplied to the South of London, on the prtrficular days it was examined was firgt-dam, during July it was just ovor fiwt-olase, while during the two winter months of Deoember and January, it was decidedlv ~ e ~ o n d - ~ I ~ s s . and on oertrcin dates in November it was undrinkable. Next let me take the crcm of a violent typhoid outbreak that happened last year at 1~ popular resort, the name of which I do not give, preferring not to perpetuate the injury to the residents already done. Thie water supply is ueually very excellent, but slightly peaty in character. Before the outbreak it WW in its normal state which averaged as follows :- Ammmonia.. ......................Oxygen in 4 horns.. ................ and its natural average varies aceording to the influx of pedy water up as high, during aertsin months as 25 degrees, but never beyond that point. The &at appearance of impurity earn0 thus :- Ammonia .......................... - - Oxygen in 4 hours.. ................ and within s very ahort time remoure of typhoid began to be heard. Close upon this rwdt I obtJndd :- Ammonia .......................... *003 1 Oxygen in 4 hours.................. The epidemio then began to extend and assume the most severe oharaeter, and the looat &borities being alarmed oommenced examining the water system at varione points, and mnt a large number of earnapleg. The nobleman who holds moat of the gronnd from which the98 aupplies are dram also entered tho field, and likewise submitted samples from vm-+ious points. Among thew tlariiig this timu I find the fdlo-ming :- Ammonu.. ...................... *002 A l b ~ i n i ~ n ~ d Amiiioiiia ............. -007 1 .130 Oxygen in 15 minntcs ............. Oxygen in 4 hours.. ............... -266 Ammonia.. ........................ -301 hlbuininoicl hrniiioiiin .............. .oos 1 oxygen con&umec~ lj miuutes...1.53 = .138comps~~.ativedegreeof 0 q ~ i o i m ~ u r W . J Oxygen consumed 111 4 hows ........ -266 hmonie.. ......................... = *lZocoinparative degreeof organicimpurity. .... Oxygen in 4 jiours.. ................ By i4 coutinwl pr0ces.i of narrowing down, It wa8 found that the impurity came from one particular tribntary m u m , arid at last it was I understand found that somebody had laid down gome ctraius whioh drey the impnritias from a field on which he had placed some large heaps of dung tiud othor refuse matters to m : t !'I)? t lie manuring of the fields. The matt el* wag altered and the next set of analyses sho \-< l i successively .075 Ammonia.. -000 Albumhiloid Ammonia ,008 Oxygen consumed m 4 hours ....... -126 Amiiioiiia.......................... ........................ .............. oxygcli coasmned in 16 minutes. ..... = -53 colnparative degree of organic imljuritY* i Oxygen coiisniiied 111 4 hours ........ -103 J Ammonia.. ...................... .OOO Albnmmoid Ammonia .............. *005 1 NO f m h G ~ Z S B ~ ~~ccurred, an91 the epidernia having died out, the last set of samples gave Oqvgeu C O U S U ~ ~ ~ ~ C ~ 111 15 mlnutss ..... ,036 = '203 conlpar,ztive degree Of impurity* Qxygell consumed lil hoLIIs ........ *070 j Eerc then me have a ritriking instslice of the use of the scale for detecting actually .fresh and preseut organic impuiity. We also see that judging from slbuminoid ammonia only, the result ooulcl never have bean arrived at, and that, even in peaty waters, when we take a scale based upon all the four conaidorations, we come to the truth. It is especialIy to be noted thnt the firat danger signel came in the appearance of free ammonia and the increage iu oxygen consamed, aud more esjp&i'ally in the iacresed ratio of the 1'5 minutes to the 4 hours, which being naturally about 1 to 2 becarna reduced to about 1 to 1.7, and consequently at onco became prominent in the valuatiou. Is it not reawnable to supp~ss t h t at firat we got the upeft aud more soluble portians which acted by giving ammonitt and increased rapidity of action on the permmganate, and then afterwrds whsu docomposition began to affect tbe mass of dung we got it. in the incredse of botli slbuminoid ammonia and oxygen consumed ? In conclusion, I submit these reaults iind suggdation3 in the oaruest hope of aiding the unanimity of analysts on the resalt of water ~ti~ly4..;, a i d bringiag I hope the whole question so ably commenced by our President newzr a p*.tcticn! .;elution. I am satisfied that some day we will all come to an agreement on some mch basis, and I hope that time is not far diseant, if I can only idduce my colleagues earnestly to put their minds to the matter.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN883080093c

出版商:RSC    

年代:1883

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST, 99 ON THE ACTION OF CERTAIN METALS UPON OILS. SOME time since Chevreul, the distinguished investigator of the fats and oils studied the effect produced upon the drying oils by different metals. He found that under certain circumstances metals exerted an influence upon the oxidation of the oils; for example, linseed oil when spread upon a sheet of lead dried immediately. A. Livache believed that the metals would act more energetically if in the fine state of division in which they are obtained hy precipitation from solution, instead of using only ,urfaaes of sheets of metal. His experiments, which are exceedingly intereating, were published in Comptes Bendus, xcvi., 260. Livache tried the effect of tin, copper and lead on the oils, but only the last name exerted any considerable action.The lead employed in the experiments was obtained by precipitation with stripes of zinc from a solution of a lead salt ; it was quickly washed with water, then with alcohol and ether, and finally dried in uacuo. If this lead is moistened with a certain quantity of oil and then exposed to the air, in a short time an increase in weight is observed, and the more drying the oil the greater this increase. When raw linseed oil is treated in this way, the increase of weight attained its maximum in thirty-six hours, while the same oil, if merely exposed to the air alone, requires several months to reach this state. A solid but elastic substanoe is formed like boiled linseed oil dried in the air. Experiments made with different oils show that the increase in weight is nearly the aame as that of their fatty acids when exposed to the air for a, few months, &me of oil treated with preoipitated lead. Increase of weight in oil.Increase of weight of fatty acid, Linseed ........................ Walnut ........................ Cloves ........................ Cottonseed .................... Beech Nut.. .................... Rape .......................... Sesame ........................ Peanut ........................ OliveOil ...................... Cottonseed oil was the only drying from it exhibited a very slight increase Iu 2 days. In 8 days. In 8 months. - 14.9 per ct. - ........ 11.0 ........ 6.0 7.9 ,? ........ 3.7 6'8 9 9 5.9 $ ? - ........ 0.8 4.3 j 9 ........ 2-6 0 0 11 2.9 ........ 2.6 0.0 ,, 2.4 ........2.0 0.0 I * 1.8 ........ 1.3 0.0 Y ? 1.7 ........ 0.7 oil that showed a marked exception ; the fatty acid in weight. This is probably the reason why this - - oil can play a double role, a8 a drying oil and 8s a non-drying oil, for it is used to adalterate linseed oil on the one hand and olive oil on the other. Contact with precipitated lead, then, imparts to oil the property of absorbing oxygen rapidly. In his stndy of the oxidation of oil, Cloez has shown that it was aIways attended wite the total disappearance of the glycerine, and in Livache's experiments it was noticed that the glycerine was modified by the precipitated lead. If glycerine is mixed with precipitated lead in a tight bottle free from air, the lead soon vanishes, being oxidised at the expense of a portion of the glycerine, and then dissolved in it. The facts above stated indicate that a rapidly drying oil can be obtained by simply treating linseed oil for some time with red lead or litharge, although the product thus obtained always remains greasy and does not dry as good and quick as boiled Iinseed oiI.100 THE ANALYST. In the arts advantage may be taken of this action of lead towards drying oils, as for example to prove the presence of cottonseed oil in linseed oil as well as in ol2ve oil, Probably boiling may be dispensed with by substituting mere contact of the oil with preci- pitated lead or solutions of lead and strips of zinc on which the lead may be deposited in a fine state of division. Oils prepared in this may are always of a lighter color and retain a greater degree of fluidity. Perhaps the bad smell of boiling oils and the great danger of their taking fire in the operation can be avoided by this treatment.-Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8830800099

出版商:RSC    

年代:1883

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

100 THE ANALYST. REFINING SHELLAC. ORDINARY commercial shellac, it is well known, when treated with alcohol does not furnish a clear solution, but always produces a more or less turbid, yellowish solution, which, when warmed, clears itself by forming a brown solution and throwing down a greyish-yellow sediment. Also, by filtration through good thick filter paper, u perfectly clear solution can be obtained, but this succeeds only when there is about ten per cent. of shellac in the solution, and not in working on large quantities. Of courm, there is no difficulty in sub- sequently concentrating the thin solution by evaporating the excess of alcohol, but the filtration of large quantities is attended with loss of time and material, as well as other diflbcultiee, for it is not easy to make the filters tight enough to prevent loss of alcohol, and the filter paper has to be frequently changed.Dr. Peetz proposed to add finely pulverized chalk or carbonate of magnesia, which would carry down the light particles of wax that make the solution turbid. This may answer for small quantities, and where the cost of manipulation is not taken into account, but is absolutely useless for large quantities. Shellac is not a pure natural product, but is prepared from stick lac by melting, straining, and washing. Both in stick and shell lac there is a substance which some chemists call wax and others fat, that mill not dissolve in alcohol and ether, but is soluble in benzine, naphtha, &c. Dr. Peetz adds to three parts of shellac solution one part of petro- leum ether and shakes well.After standing quietly for a few minutes the liquid forms two layers ; the upper light brown one is petroleum ether containing the dissolved fat or wax, while below is a dear yellowish-brown solution of shellac to which only a little naphtha adheres. On removing the upper layer and a1Iowing it to eva8porate spontaneously, a white residue is obtained consisting of the fat that was in the solution. This fat can be saponified with caustic alkali, but is not dissolved by carbonated alkali, and on this property depends the new process for refining of ahellac. Edgar Andes, of Vienna, has been experimenting upon the best methods of refining shellac, and communicates his results to Neuste X?$hdw?g. Passing by the details of his experiments as given in the original, we give his final results.He says : '' I have come to the conclusion that for the preparation of a perfectly soluble shellao that shall retain its other quantitiee unchanged, ten pounds of shellac should be treated with three pounds of soda (carbonate of soda) dissolved in ninety pounds of water. 6 ' The operation is oondueted $8 follows : The water is heated to boiling in a suitable kettle, the soda added next, and when that is dissolved the shellac is put in slowly, waitingTHE ANALYST. 101 ~ _ _ for the first portion to dissolve before adding more. The liquid has a pink color and the well-known agreeable odor of shellac. It is turbid from the small amoupt of fat in it. After all the shellac is dissolved, the solution is boiled a few minutes longer, and the kettle covered with a tight-fitting wooden lid, which is luted on with thy, so that no air can enter.It is then allowed to cool slowly, and when the cover is at length removed, a thin cake of fat will be found floating on the liquor. ‘‘ This is removed and the liquid strained through linen. The shellac is then precipi- tated with dilute sulphuric acid added drop by drop. The yellow shellac is washed until it is no longer acid. The well pressed cake is put in boiling water, when it becomes softened, so that it can be worked by the hands into rods, strings, or rolls, which are next put in odd water containing glycerine, so that it will harden quickly, and then dried. ‘ 4 The hot, soft shellac must be squeezed, wrung, and pressed to remove all the water. The refined shellac has a silver white brilliant surface, is yellowish-brown within, and must be perfeotly dry, so a8 to digsolve without residue in alcohol.” The presence of water in alcoholic solutions of any resin makee il turbid and milky.-ScientiJic American.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8830800100

出版商:RSC    

年代:1883

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 101 VINEGAR ADULTERATION I N AMERICA. THE following Act, which was approved on the 17th Mwch, 1880, is that which regulates the sale of vinegar in Boston, Mass. :- An Act to regulate the Sale of Vinegar. Be it enacted, &c., as follows: Sect. 1. Every person who shall manufacture €or sde or who shall offer or expose for sale, as cider-vinegar, any vinegar not the legitimate product of pure apple-juice, known as apple-cider, and not made emlztsivdy of said apple-cider, but into which any foreign mbstances, ingredients, drugs or acids have been introduced, as shall appear by proper tests, shall for each such offence be punished by a fine of not less than fifty nor more than one hundred dollars. Sect. 2. Every person who shall manufacture for aale, or who shall offer or expose for sale, any vinegar found upon proper tests to contain any preparation, of lead, oopper, sulphuric acid or dther ingredient iqjnrious to health, shall for each such offence be punished by a fine of not less than one hundred dollars.Sect. 3. The mayor and aldermen of cities shall, and the selectmen of towns may, annually appoint one or more persons to be inspectors of vinegar for their respective places, who shall before entering upon their duties be sworn to the faithful discharge of the same. Sect. 4. This Act shall take effect upon its passage. The Beport of Dr. B. F. Davenport, inspector of vinegar for the year ending 31st March last, to the Mayor and City Council of Boston, enters so fully into the question of the adulteration of vinegar that we print it in its entirety for the benefit of our readers :- u I ham the honor to submit the following report, as Inspector of Vinegar for the city, for the year ending Mar& 31, 1885.102 THE ANALYST.L 4 The very defectively drawn statute under which I am called upon to act forbids, under penalties, the sale of any vinegar containing anything injurious to health, or as cider-vinegar of any viuegar not the legitimatb product of pure apple-juice, known as apple- cider and not made exclusively of said apple-cider. It does not, however, provide any standards as to what shall be considered as a vinegar in general, or as a pure apple-eider in particular. (( It became, therefore, my earliest duty to determine these necessary points, as, with- out them, evidently, DO one could be accused of having oflended the statute.Ifirst sought to determine how sour 0:’ acid any liquor mufit be, if made of any of the material of which vinegar may be made, to entitle it to be called a vinegar ; m short, where was the line to be drawn between a simply sourdd liquor and a vinegar properly so called. There happens to be one leading American authority upon this point ; and that one is all-sufficient, as being the very highest possible. This it is that gives the minimum standard recognised by the United States Government in its revenue tariff, by the Commissary-General of Subsistence of the United States War Department, and by the Massachusetts, New York, and New Jersey Adulteration o: Food and Drug Acts. According to the United States Pharmacopceia, vinegar is un impure dilute acetic acid prepared by fermentation,’ of which one ounce is neutralised by not less than thirty-five grains of bicarbonate of potassium,’ whicth is an acid strength equivalent to the presence of 4 4 per cent.by weight of an absolutely pure acetic or vinegar acid. According to the Natioiinl Dispensutory, a commentary by Professors Still6 and Maisch, upon the sU.S. Pharmncopceia ‘ it should contain between 5 and G per cent. of acetic acid.’ *‘ The well-known authority upon such subjects, Dr. Edward R. Squibbs, of New York, when speaking of this very aubject in the last number (No. viii., p. 254) of his journal, An Epheirreris, SSJS This is about the strength for ordinary table vinegar, though it might be stronger with advantage.’ ALd upon page 266, after speaking of dilute acetic acid as containing a little more than 6 per cent.of absolute acetic acid, he says this preparation is just the strength that very good vinegar should be, not only for medicinal uses, but for all family uses as a most wholesome condiment.’ And he says of such : This vinegar has been used for many years in the families of the writer and many friends, and the experience with it for family use is very favorable.’ ‘( In other countries the standard pharmacopical requirementa are about the same, or even higher. In Great Britain 5.4 per cent. of the absolute acid is required in the Phrtrmaco@ia, while the standard or proof vinegar ’ of the excise contains about 6 per cent. of the acid. In Russia, the Pharmacopceia requires at least 5 per cent.; in Belgium 5.6 ; in Germany and Austria 6, and in France 8 to 9 per cent.The wine-vinegar, made in casks at Orleans, France, contains sometimes as much as 10 per cent. of absolute acetic acid. ‘( In view of the above I aIso came t o the same conclusion as the South Kensirtgton Museum Handbook, by Prof. A. H. Church, published for the Committee of Council on Education, for visitors to that museum of food-products, that good vinegar contains 5 per cent. of real or glacial acetic acid ’ at the least ; while Dr. A. H. Hassall, in his celebratad work upon Food, zts Adzdtsrcitions, etc., last edition, that of 1876, page G35, says : ‘ It is generally stated that good ‘t.inegar&, such as all Nos. 24 ought to be, should contain 5 per cent.of anhydrous,’ which equals 5-88 per cent. of abaolute pure glaoial aoetio acid. It is the United States Pharmacopceia.THE ANALYST. I08 ‘Having thus determined what in general could be called a vinegar, I sought to determine what were the natural limits of variability in Composition to be found in strictly pure apple-cider vinegar such as is required in the statute. In furtheranoe of this object I sought to obtain as many samples as possible of cider-vinegar of all qualities, but of known purity, by attending and addressing upon this subject the Convention of New England Cider and Vinegar Makers, who, to the number of about four hundred, met at the New EngIand Manufacturers’ and Mechanics’ Institute, upon the 1st and 2nd of November, 1882, and also the New England Grocer’s Association, at their regular monthly meetings, held in this city.1 strongly urged them to aid on the object, which they all claimed to wish to further, by sending me as many samples as possible. For this object, I was presented by Aaron D. Weld, Esq., proprietor of the well-known Weld’s Farm, in West Roxbury, with a series of samples of the last fourteen successive annual pressihgs from his apple-orchard, I visiting his place, and seeing for myself the exact method of manufacture. (‘ All the various samples of cider-vinegar of known quality which I was thus able to obtain I examined, and never fonnd one which was of the age of abodh two years and upwards (an age agreed upon by all as at least necessary for the development of a good vinegar by the cask method), which had an acidity equivalent to the presence of less than 6 per cent.by weight, of absolute acetic acid. From this as the minimum, 1 found samples to range as high as about 9 per cent. of this acid. No one of these samples, $180, upon evaporation over boiling water to a constant weight, yielded a fixed residue of 1.8 per cent. 46 The following authorities give these mentioned percentages of acid for vinegars : Twinging’s Handbook to the Food Departmernt of the Parker Xzcseunt of Hyyiene, for ordinary table vinegar to 6 per oent. ; Bloxham, Miller, Ure, and Felker, in their works on chemistry, each 5 per cent. ; Kensington 6.8 per cent. ; HofTmann 4.5 to 6 per cent. ; Elsner, for good, 6 to 8 per cent. ; Fowne 5 to 15 per oent.In the case of spirit or white- wine vinegar, Wagner puts it at 6 to 8 per cent. ; Allen at 8 to 10 per cent. ; Souberain at 8 to 9 per cent. ; Elmer 6 to 12 per cent.; Konig at 5 to 12 per cent.; Guibourt, Dorvault, and Chevallier each at 7 to 9 per cent. ; Dietzsch at 7 to 11-76 per cent. ; Post at 6 to 9 per cent. ; and Roscoe and Schorlemmer, for the strongest vinegar possible, at 10 to 15 per cent. Most of these authorities also place the evaporated extract for cider- vinegar at not below 1.5 per cent, in weight. ‘( In view of the above fact, and to make sure that not even the poorest straight cider- vinegar, made from whole apple-juice, could p2ssibly be condemned, I recommended to the State Board of Health, Lunacy, and Charity, that they, as authorised under the late act relating to the adulteration of food and drugs, should fix the standard for vinegar at an acidity equivalent to the presence of not less than 5 per cent., by weight, of absolute acetic acid, and for cider-vinegar, a fixed residue at 212* F.of not less than 1.5 per cent. It was my proposed standards, thus obtained and recommended, that the New York State Board of Health lately reaolved to adopt for that State. (‘ Having informed myself, through my own personal researches, and familiarised myself with all the literature of importance upon the subject of vinegar which has been published in England, France, and Germany, and which I have collected into my private library, and thus knowing what vinegar in general, and cider-vinegar in particular, ought to be, I have canvassed this city to asoertain what it was as actually offered for sale in this the principal market of New Engbnd.184 THE ANALYST. (I There is a popular demand for only two classes of vinegars--a white or uncolored, and a, colored vinegar.The first, from whatever it may be made, being called white-w' vinegar,' and the other, likewise, cider-vinegar-the presence of a little burnt-sugar color, and may be a little more OF less of flavouring with soured cider, being oftentimes the only real difference between them. vaporized alcohol, high wines, whiskey, or glucose, or from diluted acetic mid itself, from whatever gource obtained, inclusive even of the pyroligneous acid. The white-wine vinegar itself is made principally L g It is in the colored, or so-called cider-vinegars, that the most numerous violations the statute are to be found.The prinsigal adulterated varieties of eider-vinegar are the so-called fruit vinegar-a glucose vinegar colored and flavored up to imitate cider-vinecy and then sold as such ; other varieties of white-wine vinegars, fixed ' in like manner, ai simple cider-vinegar, more or less diluted with watsr by the oider having had water aaaea either during or after the expression of the apple-juice. All of these various mixtures are quite readily distinguishable to the personal aatisfaotion of the expert examiner ; but, u n L the present very ill-drawn statute, it would be quite useless to attempt to prove some of them before an average jury. Hoping to remedy these defects in the statute, I appeared before a committee of the present Legislature, who gave a hearing upon this subject to the gentleman chiefly instrumental in having the present statute itself passed, The committee however, reported inexpedient to legislate, (' I have examined between 250 and SO0 samples of vinegar8 collected from manufac- turers and giocers of all classes, spread over all sections of the city, in regard to G A L skrength, quality and purity, as regards their strength in aoetic acid, with the following results :- ( I 2.4 per cenk OF the samples contained 2 to 2.5 per cent.of the acid; 3.2 per cent. had 2:5 to 3 per cent. ; 15.2 per cent. had 3 to 8-5 per cent. ; 18.8 per cent. had 8.5 to 4 per cent. ; 25.6 per cent. had 4 to 4.5 per cent. ; 12 per Gent, had 4.5 to 5 per cent. ; 10.8 per cent.had 5 to 5.5 per cent. ; 8.2 per cent. had 5.5 to 6 per cent. ; 2.8 par cent. had 6 to 6-5 per cent. ; 2.4 per cent. had 6.5 to 7 per cent. ; 1.2 per cent. had 7 to 7.5 per cent. ; 1.6 per cent. had 7.5 to 8 per cent. ; 0*4 per cent. had 8 to 8% per Cent., and 0-4 per cent. had 8.5 to 9 per cent, of acetic acid. Thus, 77-2 per cent. of the samples fell below the at least 5 per cent. of acid proper to a straight, whole, undiluted cider- vinegar, while only 22.8 per cent. of them reached or surpassed it. Evidently there is here need enough for an inspeetion of the vinegars sold in this market. 6' No vinegar, however, was found containing free mineral acids, a dangerous amount of metallic impurity, or with much of any of the acrid vegetable substances that have at times been found in vinegars.'' So-called cider-vincgars ranged in acid strength all the way from 2.1 to 9 per cent. of acetic acid, and in respect to solid residues from 011 to 9.7 per cent. (( Only 22 per cent. of the aamples did I find to be really good in regard to their strength, quality, and purity, while 13 per cent;. were so positively bud beyond all question that, under the advice of Chief Justice Samenter of the Munictipal Court, and the Hon. Oliver Stevens, Distriot Attorney, I sent them a copy of the following notice ;-TEE ANALYST. 105 ‘‘ Mass. College of Pharmacy. I 4 Chemical Laboratory. ‘‘ City Inspector of Vinegar. Boston, Mass., 18 c1 Sir,-Under the advice of the District AfAorney, yon are heroby n61,ified that upon there was obtained for me by purchase at your place of business, No.a sample of Vinegar, which does not conform in strength, quality or purity to the State Statutes relating to Vinegar, and tbat if such another sample is obtained of you, your case will then be reported to the District Attorney, to be proceeded with according to the law. (‘ Yours very respectfully, “ Dr. BENNETT F. DAVENPORT, Inspector of Vinegar for the City of Boston. ‘(Only the three worst samples, however, of each of the principal varieties of adulterated cider-vinegar were entered for trial in the courts to test the statute. Them all three were taken up to the Saperior Court. There om pleaded guilty, and paid his fine, one was defaulted on account of a doubt of his being the really responsible party, and tho trial of the third is still pending.So far, however, as samples have since been obtained from those upon whom the above notice was served, they bave ir, cjvery instance proved to be of at least passable character, while some were even of a high grade. Thus it would seem that at least fair vinegar is obtainable when really desired, notwithstandiag ‘that, as 1 have been informed from quite a number of separate sources, there lius been a very decided increased demand for warranted pure country -apple cider-vinegar during the Iaat few months. ( C The sum of 314.02 dollars, which has thus far been paid me since my appointment, in June last, as Inspector of Vinegar for the city, has proved an exceedingly inacleguate return for the time and expense I have had npon the city’s account. I have bought the samples at an average cost of five cents each, paid my collector tharoof at the rate of two dollars day, borne my own labomtory and o%ce expenses, had about a week of my time used up in attending to the cases in court, and made, besides, about threc hundred chemical examind,iorrs of samples, each of which involved as much timo and labor t t ~ t w make a, milk analysis, such as the Milk Inspector has to pay his analyst teD dollars for oach.cc If the city really desires to have the statute now executed in any proper manner, every seller of vinegar in the city should expeet to be called npon to fnrnish the Inspector, at the least, one sample of vinegar during the year, and the mnrrufncturem much oftener.These 3,000 samples, together with the wages of a propedy respcmsilh assistant to collect them, and to act as witness to the fact of‘ sale, with the cost of chemical labordory supplies, would cost me at the least 500 dollars during the year. The salary of 1,600 dollars, which was the one appropriated for my predeceasor as Inspector, I consider to bo a very mockrate return for my personal servioerr and expenses in the proper performance of thQ duties of my offioe in the laboratory and oourts.”106 THE ANALYST. FOOD ADULTERATION IN FRANCE. The following Analyses were made at the Paris Municipal Chemical Laboratory, during the month of April, 1883 :- Natuieof the Samples Audysed. Good* Wines .............. 101 Vrnegars ............ 2 Beers .............. 10 Ciders ..............2 Alcohols aid Liqueurs. 1 Syrups.. ............ 1 Waters.. ............ 3 Milks .............. 22 XMalt ................ 1 Butters ............ 10 011s ................ a Flours .............. 6 Dough, Bread ...... 6 Sweetmeats. ....... 1 Meats .............. 1 Preserves.. .......... 2 Salt, Pepper ....... 2 Chicory, Coffee, Tea.. - Chocolates .......... 8 Honeys ............ - Confitiues .......... 1 Colouring Materials . . B TOYS ................ - Coloured Papers.. .... 1 Tins ............. 6 ducts ............ Pharmaceutical Perf nnzery .......... - Vanous ............ 3 TOTAL . , . . 197 pro-} - - - .. .. * . .. .. * . .. a . .. * . .. .. .. .. I . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Bad. Not Injurious. Injuriousl .___--_ - -.- .. .... * . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 381 1 1 1 1 94 14 8 3 2 3 1 1 11 10 4 - - - - - - - - - 3 539 - .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . I .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 92 - I . .. .. .. .. .. * . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .I .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Totals. 608 3 12 4 7 1 14 226 1 24 11 8 8 6 2 10 13 18 5 9 9 5 10 - - - - 30 1,044 - I_ - DETECTION OF FUSEL IN COhlMERCIAL ALCOHOL. H. MARQUARDT dilutes 150 grms. of the alcohol to be examined with water so as to bring it to from 12 to 15 per cent. of actual alcohol. He shakes it up with 50 0.c. chloroform for 15 minutes and draws off the chloroform. This process is repeated three times. The chloroform extracts are mixed together and shaken up three times with an equal volume of water for fifteen minutes, in order to remove alcohol. The chloroform which now contains 110 alcohol, but all the fusel, is mixed with a solution of 5 grms. potassium bichromate in 30 grms. water and 2 grms. sulphuric acid, and heated for six hours to 85 deg. on the water-bath in a strong, well corked bottle, shaking frequently. When the oxidation is complete the contents of the flask and the washings are introduced into a distillation apparatus and distilled down to 20 C.C. To the residue about 80 C.O. of water are added and the mixture is again distilled down to 5 C.C. The distillate is mixed with barium carbonate, and digested for about 30 minutes in a reflux cohobator. The chloroform is distilled off,THE ANALYST. 107 ~~ - ~ - -~ ~ ~ ~ the residue is evaporated on the water-bath down to about 5 C.C., freed from the excess of barium carbonate by filtration, washed, and the filtrate is evaporated to dryness on the water-bath. The residue is dissolved with water and a few drops of nitric acid, so as to make up 100 C.C. In 60 C.C. the barium is determined, and in the other 50 c.c.-the chlorine. The quantity of barium chlorido CorreBponding to the chlorine is deducted from the total residue, and from the baryta of the rest the quantity of the fuse1 is calculated 80 that 2 mols. amyk alcohol represent 1 mol. baryta.-Oil, Paint and Drug Reporber.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8830800101

出版商:RSC    

年代:1883

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 107 MASSACHUSETTS STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. IN the Fourth Annual Report of the State Board of Health, of Massachusetts, lately issued, we find the following rules and regulations have been adopted to assist in the executions of the provisions of the Act relating to the adulteration of food and drugs, pursuant to chapter Piirst.---The State Board of Eedth, Lunacy and Charity shall appoint two anal!sts, to one of whom shall be ohiefly assigned the duty of es:mhng drugs, c ~ i d to tho other that of examining articles of food, each analyst to hold ofXce during the pleasure of the Board. Second.-It shall be the duty of the analysts so appointed to determine by proper examination and analysis whether articles of food and drugs manufactiired for sale, offered for sale, or sold within this Common-wealth tire adulterated within the meaning of chapter 263 of the Rots and resolves pastsed by the General Court of Massachusetts in 1882, aaulteration being defined as follows, viz., In the case of drugs : (1) If sold under or by 8 name recognized in the United States Pharmacopceia, it differs from the etandard of strength, quality or puiity laid down therein ; (2) If when sold under or by B uame not recognized in the United Statos Pharmaoopmia, but which is found in some other pharmacopceia or other standard work on mateyict n~sdica, it differs materially from the standard of strength, quality or purity laid down iu such work; (3) If its strength or purity falls below the professed standard under whioh it is sold.In the case of food : (1) If any substance or substances have been mixed with it 80 as to reduce, or lower, or injuriously affect its quality or strength: (2) If any inferior or cheaper substance or substances have been substituted wholly or in part for it : (3) If any valuable constiluent has been wholly or in part abstracted from it: (4) If it is an imitat,ion of, or is sold under the name of, another article: ( 5 ) If it consists wholly or in part of a diseased, decomposed, putrid or rotten animal or vegetable substance, whether rnanufac tured or not, or in the case of milk, if it is the produce of a diseased animal : (6) If it is colored, coated, polished or powdered, whereby damage is concea1ed, or if it is made to appear better or of grewlter value than it really is : (7) If it contains any added poisonous ingredient, or any ingredient which may render it injurious to the health of a person consuming it.Third.-The analysts shall procure, in the manner provided by the act, or in any legal and proper manner, and with reasonable diligence, drugs and articles of food included in the provisions of this aot, for the purpose of examination and analysis, and shall report to +he Board the result .thereof, together with such SuggeStiOnS 88 they may deem necessary to the efficient enforcement of the law. 263 of the Acts of 1882 :-b'ourth.--They shall also report to the Board, from time to time, such articles, mixtures or compounds as, in their judgment, sh0uId be dedared exempt from the pro& sions of lhe act ; and they shall present to the Board libts of such articles or preparations, fur publication by the Board, if the latter deems proper.Fifth.-Should the result obtained by either analpst be questioned, the other Ecna€pt shall repeat Ihe analgsis, unlem otherwise instructed by the Board, provided sufficient ~3um to meet the expense of the analysis be deposited with the Health Officer, by any in- terested party feeling aggrieved, which sum will not be returned unless tbe second analysis fails to confirm the first in essential particulars. SktA.-Ang appeal from the decision of an analjet shall be filed with the Health Offieer, who shall report it, and any matter in controversy, to the Board, giving his judg ment thereon, and the Board shall supervise and control the action of ite offieers in executing this act.Seumth.-TVhere standards of strength, quality or purity are not fixed by the act, the snaljsts shall present to tho Health Officer such standard as in their judgment should be fisod, and the Uealth Officer shall report the fiame to the Board for its action, The standards set by the British Society of Public Analpts will be followed 813 nearly a8 practiaalle, until otherwise ordered, Eighth.-IVhenever a drug or preparatb, not described in a National Phamacopc~i8, or other standard work on mzferia medica, shall be manufactured, offered for sale, or used in this State, the standard of 6UCh drug, and the standard and proportion of the ingredient8 of such prepar don, and tho range of variability from such standard or standards shall be ascertaiuod by the snalgsts, aho bfiall report the same through the Health Officer to the Board.Nintlb.-Each analyst shall procure all necessary and proper samples of' drugs or articles of food for analysis, by tendering to the party manufacturing for sale, exposing for sale, oflking for sale, or delivering on sale, the value of a necessary and proper sample, in each instance, and each analyst shall arrange his samples for analysis as he may may deem convenient and expedient. Tentir.-Lists of' tbe articles, mixtures or compounds, declared to be exempt, fihall be pablisbed, and a copy of the shall be sent to each board of health, each correspondent of the Health department, and to such other publioations as may from time to time be determined. Eleventh .-The analysts ahaU occupy such time in the perforname of their respective duties as a reasonable complirtllce with the terms of the statute shall require, and shall be present one hour of each day, at such time of the day and at each place a8 clhd be designated by the Committee on Health of the Board, to meet the eonvenienee of interested partiee and the public. Twtlfih.--The yearly compensation of Ihe analyst of articles of food shall be 1,600 dollars ; and that of the analjst of drugs shall be 1,000 dollars. The following are the Analysts appointed :-Dr. Edward S. Wood, of the Hwvard He&ical School, analpti of articles of food; and DF, Bennett F. lDsvenpo&, of the &g@ehumttS colbge of Phmmaey, analyst of drugs.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8830800107

出版商:RSC    

年代:1883

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE AXALYST. io9 REVIEW. Chemical Ptwemta98 Tabh und Laboratory Calculation, BY C. H. RXDSDALE. London : Crosby, Lockwood & Co., Stationers’ Ha11 Court, %!BXS book purports to be, what may be fairly called a ohemid ready reckoner, and it oarnoti be better desmibed than by taking the &st sentence €om the preface, which ia : t1 The author’s design in writing thipr little work is twofold--to enable the s t u d c ~ of ehemicltry to uirderrrtsnd the aIeu1ations of the laboratory, and to mve the chemiat frah theI__ 910 THE ANAZYST. - ~ - ~ greater part of the-to him-useless iiguring,” and the lad sentence of the book its& which is : ‘( These examples will, it is hoped, prove sufficient to thoroughly ground the studexll in laboratory calculation.” Of course, in a work of this kind it is impossible to check all the figures, and therefore our opinion must be based upon statements which are capable of examination. Thus we find that, under ‘‘ Coal,” we are informed that in order to calculate the percentage of sulphur driven off during the coking process ‘( generally one-half of the total percentage of the sulphur is considered near enough.” It is not customary in practice ” ‘:: ‘k $’ ‘‘ to test ironstone, or indeed anything in the wet state, owing to the liability of the sample to dry, and thus impair the accuracy of the results.” It is hardly necessary to say that we dissent entirely from these two statements.We must also refer to page 78, on which the calculation of carbon is directed to be made by means of vulgar fractions instead of decimals, which appears to us a retrogade step, and ought to have been entirely abolished from a work published in 1882. And, again, under ‘‘ Raw Ironstone:”

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN883080109b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1883

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

I__ 910 THE ANAZYST. - ~ - ~ PARLIAMENTARY NEWS. SUBSTITUFES FOR BUTTER. Mr. MOORE asked the President of the Board of Trade whether any ateps had been taken by the Statistical Department of the Board of Trade, or the Board of Customs, to tabulate more accurately the different imports of butterine, oleomargarine, and other butter substitutes. Nr. COURTNES : My right hon. friend has asked me to answer this question. The proposal to raise a separate heading in the trade returns of butterine, and also for lard and other imitation cheese, has been considered by the Statistical Inquiry Committee, Tho have recommended, though not without doubt, that new headings should be iaised for these articles. But as the officers of Customs have no means of verifying the importer’s description in such cases, it was advised that a note should be added to the effect that there WVLS no guarantee that the articles describecl as cheese and butter are not largely composed of mixtures. The Treasury are prepared to adopt this scheme as an experiment, and have emnbodied their views ill a minute dealing with the whole report of that Committee, Before actually carrgmg out the various changes approved, we are awaiting the observations of the departments upon the Treasury minute.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN883080110b

出版商:RSC    

年代:1883

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

THE ANALYST. 111 LAW REPORTS. In the Bristol Police Court, Mr. William Harris, wholesale dairyman, of Brislington and Narrow Wine Street, was lately summoned by Inspector May (8 division) for selling milk which on analysis was found to be adulterated with water. Mr. Clifton defended. Inspector May deposed that on April 12th he saw defendant drive across Bath Bridge. In his cart were several large cans of milk. Witness took two samples and told defendant that they were for analysis. One sample was of warm milk-tha$ morning’s milking-and the other, to use defendant’s words, was cold, which witness took to mean the yield of the previous night. The sample of cold milk was found to be adulterated to the extent of 10 per cent of added water. Witness here handed in the certificate of the City Analyst.Mr. Clifton, on behalf of the defendant, urged that the defendant sold the milk in precisely the same condition as he purchased it from the cow owner. The agreement between the parties was put in, and on it Mr. Clifton urged that the Act precluded a conviction. The bench were apparently not disposed to take the agree- ment as II warranty between the parties, but Mr. Cldton urged at length that it was so, nnd asked for a case if the magistrates held a contrary opinion. Defendant was examined. He said he had been 13 years in the trade, and during that time his mills had been sampled many times by the inspectors in various parts of the city, but had never been brought before the court previously. He could not account for the inills being adulterated to the extent of 10 per cent.of added water. Tt was sold to the inspector in the same condition as it had been received from the dairy farmer. Mr. J. Case having been called to prove the custom of the trade, the bench reserved their decision until the morning, at the request of Mr. Gore, who desired to consider the points raised by Mr. Clifton. The magistrates subsequently delivered judgment in the case as follows :--“Two legal points were raised in this case yesterday. First, that the ageement between the cowlreeper and the defendant for furnishing a supply of pure mllk for six months was a ‘ written warranty ’ within the meaning of 25th sec. of the Food and Drugs Act 1875. Second, that it was necessary to prove the defendant was actuated by mens yea, i.e., it should be proved to be knowingly sold as adulterated milk with intent to defraud. As to the first objection, we consider that the 27th section throws some light upon the kind of ‘ written warranty ’ required by the statute ; that section makes provision for forging, misapplying, 01’ giving a false warranty in wnting-from which it must be intended not to apply to future supplies of goods, but a specific document containing words iinplying warranty given mith the goods sold, and not a running coutraet.That IS to say, it should be such a document of warranty that the vendor gwhg it should be punished for giving it if it were false, The contract in this case does not come up to the requirements stated by Baron Pollock in Rook o. Hooper, 3 Exchequer Division.Nls words are :-‘ In my opinion what is required by the statute is a writing expressly on the face of it that it is a warranty.’ Secondly, is mens rea necessary ? The case just quoted seems to show that it need not be proved that the defendant knowingly intended fraud. The words of the late Lord Chief Baron express that view. ‘It has been decided expressly that it is sufficient to prove that the article Fold was not that demanded. In the case of Fitzpatrick o. Kelly --Law Reports, 8, Queen’s Bench- Justices Blackburn, Quain, and Archibald concurred in deciding that knowledge of the adulteration of the article need not be proved in order to convict the seller. We fine the defendant 10s.’ sad 13s. 6d. costs.” Mr. Clifton, who appeared for the defence, said he should ask for case on the queston of warranty.He was surprised that the Bench dealt with the mens rea, for he abandoned that point. Mr. Gore said notice would be given in the usual way. Hilk Adzclteration-Notice of Appeal .- Harry Jones, of St. Michael’s 3321, was summoned by Inspector Payne for selling to h m on the 24th of February a pint and a-half of milk, which was not of the nature, substance, and quality o€ the article demanded. Mr. H. Reginald Wansbrough defended. Inspector Payne said he had divided the sample which he had obtained in the usual way, and that upon an analysis it was found tb contain LO per cent. of added water. In the course of cross-examination by Mr. Wansbrough he said that the defendant mas a respectable tradesman, and that there was no hesitation on his part to supply him with the milk.Witness also admitted having reoeived notice that the defendant intended to rely for his defence upon an agreement between himself and his farmer. Mr. Wanabrough, for the defence, put in the agree- ment, which provided that the farmer should supply 110 quarts of new milk daily from the 25th of March, 1882, to the 25th of March, 1883, and submitted that if he proved that this agreement had been entered into, and that the milk was sold by the defendant in the same state as it was when dehvered to him by the farmer, he w a ~ entitled to a dismissal. Their Worships said they were of opmlou that a written warranty was required under section 25 of the Food and Drugs Act, and that a written warrantyTH1& ANALYST.. ._ -. - - -- -- I. - --- - . ---_&. 119 must be delivered with each qurntity of milk, and must specify that it should be pure milk. Mr. Wansbrough contended that such t-i construction could hardly be put upou the section because the agreement which he produced maa an agreement to supply milk from day to day, from the 25th of March in one yenr to tha 25th of March in the next. Defendant and his wife proved that the milk had been sold by them in precisely the Eiarne condition as it was when delivered to them by the farmer, and hat nothing had been addeJ to it whilst in their possession. The magistrates were still of opinion that the agreement was not such as to exonerate the defendant, and was not a warranty within the Bat, and they therefore fined the defendant 20s.and costs. Me. Wansbrough gave notice of spped. ~ Mr, W. C. Young, F.I.C., F.C.S., one of the gas examinera for the Corporation of London, and Public Analyst for the districts of Poplar and Whiteohapel, has been appointed conmlting chemist to the Lee Conservancy Board. RECENT CHEMICAL PATENTS, the Great Seal Office, Cursifor Street, Chancery Lane, London. 1883 Name of Patentee. Title of Patont. PrSea 8290 A. M. Clark . . . . . . Sheet Lead Electrodes of secondary Batteries . . . . 4d. (2315 W. V. Wilson . . . . Manufacture of White Lead . . . . . . . . . . 2d. The fdlowing epecificatione have been recently pubIished, and can be obtained from No. 4277 W. Lawrence . . . . Treatment of Starch3 SnbstanceR .. .. 8d. 1299 M. A. B3rlow . - . . Accumulators or Seeondwy Batteries , ...ia. 4308 J. (3. Slatter . . Electric Lamps .. , .. .. . . 4a. 4316 F. 9. Cheesebrough . Secondary or Storsge Batterien . , . . . 6d. 4317 . . . . . 6d. 43-44 B. Hammoad & L. Goldenberg Electric Lamp Carbons . . . . . . . . . . . . 2d. 9 , Y ? $ 1 4349 A. L. Nolf . . . . 4364 W. L. Wise.. .. 4367 W. BIorgan Brown.. 4391 N. C. Cookson .. 4396 A. Guye . . . . 4405 A. J. Smith.. .. 4111 a. W. Von Namrocki 4431 A. Watt .. 4161 J. W. Swan .. 4481 J. Imray .. 1490 A. Khotinsky -1494 W. R. Lake.. 4511 J. D. Andrews 4526 F. N. Lyte .. 4535 F. C. Glaser 4538 H. Symons .. 4561 F. C. Hills *. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. b. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .* .. Apparatus for producing Chloride Gas and Metallic Sodium from Sodium Chloride .. . . . . . . . . 6d. Blanufscture of Caustic Alkalies.. . . . . . . . . 4d. Electric Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d. P ates for Secondary Batteries . . . . . . . . . . 6d. Manufacture of certain Alloys of Gold . . . . . . . . 413. M mufacture of White Lead . . . . . . . . . . 6d. Regeneratiog Peroxide of Manganese from the Residue obtained in Mmufaeture of Chlorine . . . . . . 2d. Secondary Voltaic Batteiies . . . . . . . . . . 6d. Dynamo Electric and Magneto Electric Machines . . . . 2d. Secondary or Accumulator Voltaic Batteries . . . . . . 4d. Manufacture of Grape Sugar or Glucose . . . . . . 6d. Apparatus for Storing, Measuring, and Rsgulating Electricity. . 6d. Secondary Batteries or Accumulators . . . . . . . . 4d. Dynamo Electric Machines . . . . . . . . . . 10d. Purification of G ~ B . . . . . . . . . . . . 4d. Secondary Batteries or Accumulators . . . . . . . . ad. Treatment of Phosphorites for the Manufacture of Manures.. 4d. BOOKS, &c., IEECEIVED. The Chemist and Druggist ; The Brewera’ Gnardian ; The British Medical Journal ; The Medical Press ; The Plinrmweutical Journal ; The Sauitary Record ; The Miller ; The Provisioner ; The Practitioner ; New Remedies ; Proceedings of the American Clzeinical Society ; Le Practicien ; The Inventor&‘ Record ; New York Publict Health ; The Scientific American ; Society of Arts Journal ; Sanitary Engineer of New York ; The Chemists’ Journal ; Weekly Drug News ; Sugar Oane ; Country Brewers’ Gazette ; The Medical Record ; The Grocers’ GCagette ; Sondon Water Supply, by Creokee, Odling and Tidy ; Ohemiesl Review.

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN8830800111

出版商:RSC    

年代:1883

数据来源: RSC