ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN94671FP021

出版商:RSC    

年代:1946

数据来源: RSC

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN94671FX029

出版商:RSC    

年代:1946

数据来源: RSC

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN94671BX031

出版商:RSC    

年代:1946

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international. The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr.Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively. Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies.Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited. The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents.It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate.There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international.The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr. Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively.Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies. Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited.The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents. It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate. There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9467100347

出版商:RSC    

年代:1946

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international. The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr.Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively. Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies.Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited. The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents.It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate.There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international.The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr. Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively.Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies. Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited.The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents. It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation.Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate. There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE.By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international. The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr.Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively. Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies.Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited. The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time.The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents. It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice.Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate. There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years.The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international. The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr. Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion.The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively. Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies. Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on.Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited. The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents. It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation.Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate. There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp.15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international.The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr. Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively. Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies.Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited.The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents. It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice.Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate. There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C.Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international. The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr. Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner.He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively. Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies.Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited. The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents.It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate.There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international.The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr. Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively.Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies. Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited.The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents. It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice.Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate. There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE.By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international. The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr.Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively. Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies.Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited. The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time.The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents. It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate.There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years.The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international. The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr. Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions.After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively. Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies. Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited. The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents. It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate. There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9467100348

出版商:RSC    

年代:1946

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

356 COOPER SOME MODERN AIDS TO SPECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS Some Modern Aids to Spectrochemical Analysis BY B. S. COOPER ALTHOUGH for the past fifty years there has been steady progress in the development of spectroscopic methods and their application to chemical analysis it is only within the last few years that the methods of emission and absorption spectroscopy have attained their full status as reliable quantitative procedures. In fact at the present time we are witnessing some notable developments in technique in both branches of spectroscopy and judging- by some of the most recent publications quantitative routine and control work will in future, be carried out by equipment and methods markedly different -from those in general use to-day. It is not intended to give full and detailed descriptions of the apparatus and methods now available to spectroscopists but rather to draw attention to some of the special da-ices which have made possible these recent developments.The opportunity is also being taken to mention one or two other accessories which may be of interest to the general spectrosccipist and to note the present position with regard to optical materials. Spectrograph design i COOPER SOME MODERN AIDS TO SPECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 357 too specialised a subject to introduce into this review; it is best left in the hands of the expert, who to-day can provide an instrument that requires little or no adjustment by the user. It often happens that a complete change of technique with the possibility of new fields of application results from the introduction of some new device or material.The application of the photographic plate to spectroscopic studies by Becquerel in 1842 is an instance in point. At the present time the introduction of the ultra-violet sensitive multiplier photocell would appear to be leading to important changes in the practice of emission spectroscopy. The first items to be discussed may for convenience be grouped together. DEVELOPMENTS IN LIGHT SOURCES On the instrumental side the main progress in emission spectroscopy lies in the develop-ment of c.lectrica1 circuits which will enable spectra to be excited with the greatest repro-ducibility consistent with high sensitivity. The term “light source” is generally used in this branch of spectroscopy to denote the electrical circuit equipment as well as the actual spectrum-emitting material.In this country a modern circuit has recently been described in THE ANALYST,^ whilst a circuit which may represent an important advance in this field has been developed in the Laboratories of the British Non-Ferrous Netals Research Association.2 Commercial equipments with which a wide variety of controlled excitation conditions can be obtained are now a\-ailable in the United States. Turning now to the electrodes themselves it appears that for quantitative analysis of many alloys it is advantageous to cast the test samples in a mould of special design and select certain predetermined portions of the casting as sample electrode^.^ The amount of material consumed by modern excitation techniques is often so small that it may be necessary to make some preliminary study of the conditions for obtaining a representative and homogeneous sample.In steel analysis it now appears to be fairly common practice to use what is known as the “flat surface sparking technique.”*~5 One electrode consists of a “flat,” ground or machined on the sample to be analysed whilst the other electrode is a shaped rod of high purity carbon or graphite. It is clear that this technique is specially useful in determining the composition of samples already in fabricated form. The only other point I wish to mention in connection with electrodes relates to high purity graphite. This is one of the most useful electrode materials both for qualitative work, particularly on trace impurities and for quantitative methods using solutions.The grade available before the war and still generally used was of high purity as regards the commoner elements but contained sufficient titanium and vanadium to render it useless where trace concentrations of these two elements were being sought. During the past few years a much higher purity material has become available that has the merit of being free from the two elements just mentioned. Each lot of the material produced is tested spectrographically, and a report on the purity is provided by the suppliers. With regard to light sources for absorption spectroscopy the desirable features of such a source may be summarised as follows-(1) It should emit radiation over the entire range of wavelengths likely to be of interest in the investigation.(2) Except for routine quantitative work on known substances the spectrum of thc source should be continuous. (3) The source “brightness” (in the sense of radiation output per unit area) should bc as high as possible. There is no one source that fulfils all these requirements throughout the ultra-violet, visible and infra-red regions. The high-current-density hydrogen discharge lamp is best for the ultra-violet region the tungsten filament for the near ultra-violet visible and near infra-red and the Nernst filament (or silicon carbide rod) for the infra-red region generally. 31any different designs of hydrogen source have been produced some considerably mow cotnplex than others. One that is likely to become generally available in this country has recently becn improved by my colleagues at IITiern bley* ; the characteristic continuous ultra-violet spectrum obtained with it is shown in Fig.1. ’inother type of electric discharge tube which is being used expcrimcntally tor specti-0-photometric work contains mercury cadmium and zinc in a small fused-siiica ( ni-elopc * This lamp n-a,s shown at the meeting 358 COOPER 1 SOME MODERX AIDS TO SPECTROCHEMIC~IL AKAL17SiS l’liis source gives a relatively large number of strong lines throughout the visible and uitra-1-iolet. A suggested application is for the quaatitative determination of a number of constituents in a mixture of known qualitative composition ; the extinction coefficient is determined (e.g. by photoelectric response) using a convenient line for the most sensitive absorption region of each constituent.Fig. 2 shows the ultra-violet spectrum of this source at different electrical loadings. It runs steadily for long periods at any selected loading and, owing to its high brightness provides relatively high radiant power of the required wave-lengths. The tungsten filament lamp although of restricted application can still be used with advantage in some spectrochemical problems. For calibration work it is valuable since the spectral energy distribution can be derived from the filament temperature the spectral emissivity values €or tungsten and the spectral transmission curve of the lamp envelope. For work in the ultra-violet region it is not essential to use fused-silica envelopes or quartz windows. The expense and difficulty of making such lamps is considerable and it may be of interest to know that an equally satisfactory calibration source can be made using a special form oi thin glass window.* A concave hemispherical window of adequate strength to resist the pressure difference inside and outside the lamp can be made with a thickness so small that radiation from the tungsten filament as low as 2700A in wavelength is transmitted.The same glass in normal bulb wall thickness absorbs all radiation below 3000~. Quartz has practically no advantage over the thin glass window since the radiation from the tungsttm itself becomes negligible below 2700~. OPTICAL MATERIALS The transmission ranges of optical materials used in spectroscopic dispersing systems are given in Table I.TABLE I TRANSMISSION RANGES OF OPTICAL MATERIALS Ultra-violet transmission limit E.L o*;w 0.17 0-14 0.1c) -Material Special glasses Quartz Lithium fluoride Fluorite (CaF,) Rocksalt (NaC1) Sylvine (KCl) Potassium bromide Thallium bromo-iodide Origin Synthetic Natural Synthetic Natural N or S Synthetic >, Infra-red transmission limit (approx.) P 3 3 6 9 17 20 25 50 The trend towards the use of synthetic materials should be noted. Of particular interest is lithium fluoride which transmits throughout the ultra-violet and over an appreciable range of the near infra-red region; this material has the advantage of being stable to moisture. Quartz is the principal optical material of which considerable supplies of the natural crystal arc still required.Various factors have caused the price to advance very rapidly during the past few years and to-day the cost of the raw material for the manufacture of the optical parts of a quartz spectrograph represents an appreciable proportion of the total cost of the instrument. Regarding the possibility of producing synthetic quartz crystals it may be noted that some progress is being made in this direction.6 Perhaps it is not being too optimistic to suggest that synthetic quartz crystals of sizes suitable for spectrograph com-ponents may be produced within a few decades. I t should be borne in mind that new organic plastics may provide useful additions to the list of optical materials although up to the present none has shown sufficient advantages t o displace any of the inorganic materials listed.Improvements in recent years in the ruling and aluniinising of gratings and in the pro-duction of accurate replica gratings have increased their accessibility and usefulness. A I-uling technique developed by R. W. results in the concentration of most of the reflected energy in one order of the spectrum and on a given side of the normal. Although grating spectrographs are now available c~mrnercially,~ most of the instruments in use arch * This lamp was shown a t the meeting WAVELENGTH (A) Fig. 1. Ultra-violet spectrum of high intensity hydrogen source. Fig. 3. Sensitisation of photographic plate to far ultra-violet using fluorescent a. b. Spectrum photographed on normal Kodak B.40 plate.Spectrum photographed on sensitised Kodak B.40 plate P -0 a 0 co COOPER SOME MODERN AIDS TO SPECTHOCHEMICAL AXALYSIS 359 still of the prism type. However should the supply of optically useful crystal quartz btconrc very restricted the grating instrument may become much more generally used. ,hother advance in optical materials particularly important for “abridged spectro-photometry,” is in the development of colour filters having narrow fransmission bands and high peak transmissions.1° Although they are not yet available commercially descriptions have recently been given of optical interference filters which may have transmission bands of half value width 0.005 p to 0.16 p and peak transmissions as high as 300; in the range 0.45 p DEI-ELOPMENTS IN ENERGY RECEIVERS PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES The first modern development that may be mentioned is by no means novel but as it was used in studying the spectra of the electric discharge ultra-violet sources discussed earlier (see page 357) it may be appropriate to include it here.At wavelengths below about 2100~ the absorption of the gelatin emulsion of the plate is sufficiently high to absorb the ultra-lriolet radiation almost completely before it can affect the silver halide particles. However, it is possible to obtain an adequate photographic image at these wavelengths by coating the gelatin emulsion with a fluorescent substance which produces an emission of higher waw-length radiation to which the gelatin emulsion is much more transparent. Fig. 3 shows two spectra of the same source one on a sensitised and the other on a non-sensitised plate.In this instance the emulsion was coated with a thin film of a mineral oil (found by previous trial to be the most effective of a number tested) which was removed b>-washing the plate in light petroleum prior to processing. A recent important development is a new plate specially designed for industrial emission spectrography (the Kodak Uniform Gamma plate). This is intended for routine ultra-violet spectrography and has a practically uniform contrast factor (y) over the wavelength range ~BOOA-~OOOA. Moreover the actual value of y obtaincd (1.0 to 1.2) appears to be the most suitable for the purpose. This range of wavelengths covers most of the requirements for metallurgical analysis including that of steel.Those who are concerned with the calibration of photographic plates in emission spectrography will appreciate the 1-alue of having available a plate with these characteristics.ll THERMOPILES The advantageous characteristics of this type of thermopile are : to 1 p. ,4 range of thermopiles of new design (due to E. Schwarz) has recently become available.12 (i) The thermo E.M.F. of the junctions is high; it may be from 5 to 40 times that of (ii) The electrical resistance of the junctions is low and can be made to suit any gal-(iii) The thermal resistance is high (k. low conductivity). (iv) The speed of response is extremely high; it may be appreciably less than 0.05 secs. ,4 large increase of sensitivity and stability can be obtained by mounting ikc vacz40.With pressures as low as mm. of mercury vacuum factors of 40 times can be ob-tained with the Schwarz thermopile. The evacuated envelope can be fitted with a quartz, fluorite or potassium bromide window in order to obtain the required wavelength range. A getter is provided which can be activated when required should the sensitivity fall off owing to a slight decrease in the vacuum. For spectral energy investigations or for general ab-sorption work these thennopiles represent a notable advance. previous types of thermo-junction. vanometer. to GALVANOMETER AMPLIFIERS The older type of moving magnet galvanometer used for the highest sensitivity measure-ments with thermopiles or photocells has now been superseded by a more robust form of galvanometer used with a photoelectric device which amplifies the deflection of the mirror several hundred times.A beam of light, reflected from the primary galvanometer (i.e. the one connected directly to the thermopile or other energy-receiving device) illuminates two rectifier type photocells connected in opposition the light being divided between the two cells so that they give equal current for zero deflection. A small deflection of the galvanometer alters the balance of illumination cpn the two cells and this difference is indicated by a further galvanometer usually called the Fig. 4 shows one form of galvanometer amplifier 360 COOPER SOME MODERTU' AIDS TO SPECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS secondary galvanometer in circuit with the cells. This deflection may be several hundred times that of the primary galvanometer the only limit to the degree of magnification that can be employed being imposed by the possibility of the Brownian motion effect becoming apparent.4 VOLTS Fig. 4. Diagrammatic layout of galvanometer relay (Hilger) MULTIPLIER PHOTOCELLS Some of the present novel developments in emission spectroscopy have resulted from the application of these cells in place of the photographic plate. In an electron multiplier the photo-current produced by the incidence of radiation on a sensitised cathode is multiplied many times by secondary emission occurring at successive electrodes within the tube. By suitable focussing of the electron beam between successive stages very high overall amplifi-cation may be obtained. Either magnetic or electrostatic focussing is possible but the latter has been developed in an ingenious manner in the compact RCA multiplier phototube with which all the new American developments have been achieved.One version (IP.28) of this multiplier is constructed in a special glass envelope transmitting in the ultra-violet down to about 2000~ and is capable of amplifying feeble currents produced under weak radiation by an average of 200,000 times when it is operated at 100 volts per stage. The resulting output current is a linear function of the exciting radiation and the response is instantaneous. In one of the first applications of multiplier photocells to spectrum recording,13 the exit slit and multiplier were both mounted on a little carriage that could move along the exact focal curve of the spectrograph.The photo-current was fed to an electronic recording micro-ammeter which on scanning the spectrum traced a curve generally similar in appearance to the microphotometer trace of a spectrogram. The noticeable absence of "ripple" on the bas MITCHELL APPLICATION OF SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS TO SOIL INVESTIGATIONS 361 line of the trace allowed peaks due to very faint lines to be identified and measured. On a corresponding microphotometer trace these small peaks were lost in the “ripple.” The next application to be published was in connection with the analysis of magnesium al10ys.l~ The apparatus was arranged so that a framework in the focal plane of the spectro-graph carried exit slits in positions corresponding to selected analysis lines of the alloying constituents to be determined.The multiplier cell in its mount could be moved on a carnage to receive radiation as required from each of these slits. A second photocell in a fixed position received radiation reflected from the focus of a magnesium line selected to serve as the internal standard. A ratio of the outputs of the two cells receiving analysis line and internal standard line respectively was obtained by using a valve voltmeter to indicate the difference of potential between their anodes when each was connected to a 20 megohm load. The voltmeter dial was calibrated from working curves to read directly the percentage composition of the sample under test. The constituents determined were aluminium zinc manganese silicon copper, nickel iron and lead.A subsequent development15 has made the whole process more automatic the final stage incorporating a multipen recorder which marks the percentages of ten constituents on a specially calibrated chart. The small size of the electrostatically focussed multiplier is seen to advantage in this application where no fewer than eleven tubes with their associated optical components are grouped at the exit end of the spectrograph. A commercial equipment utilising the same principles is now being advertised and, although no technical data regarding performance are yet available it is claimed that a steel can be analysed quantitatively for eleven constituents “within forty-five seconds of placing the sample in the Quantometer.” Although these last developments are clearly limited to routine control analysis it is evident that we are now on the threshold of some very notable advances in the techniques of spectrochemical analysis as applied to this particular field.REFERENCES 1. 3. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 5. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. McClelland J. A. C. ANALYST 1946 71 129. Walsh A, Brit. Non-ferrous MetaZs Research ASSOG. Bulletin No. 201 (March 1946) 60. Averbach B. L. Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 1945 17 341. Barker F. G. J. Iron and Steel Inst. 1939 139 228. Guettel C. L. J. Opt. SOC. Amer. 1944 34 41. Wooster N. and Wooster W. A. Nature 1946 157 297. Wood R. W. Phil. Mag. 1912 23 310. Wood R. W. J. Opt. SOC. Amer. 1944 34 609. Brode W. R. “Chemical Spectroscopy,’’ 2nd Edition p. 376. Greenland K. M. Jour. Sci. Insts. 1946 23 48. Davey E. P. and Gauntlett M. D. J. SOC. Chem. I d 1945,64 70. Adam Hilger Ltd. Catalogue S.B. 313 Dec. 1946. Dieke G. H. and Crosswhite H. M. J. Opt. SOC. Amer. 1945,35 471. Nahstoll G. A, and Bryan F. R. Id. 646. Saunderson J. L. Caldecourt V. J. and Peterson E. W. Id. 681. RESEARCH LABORATORIES THE GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY LIMITED WEMBLEY MIDDLESE

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9467100356

出版商:RSC    

年代:1946

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

MITCHELL APPLICATION OF SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS TO SOIL INVESTIGATIONS 361 Applications of Spectrographic Analysis to Soil Investigations BY R. L. MITCHELL IN the work of the Macaulay Institute we are interested in the changes occurring during the processes of soil formation and in the relationship of the'soil to the yield composition, and health of the plants and animals associated with it as well as in the analysis of the soil itself. The recent realisation of the importance of certain trace constituents to the health both of plants and animals has led to a search for methods for their determination and arc methods of spectrographic analysis have proved suitable. The quantities involved often of the order of parts per hundredmillion are generally smaller than those considered important in metallurgical analysis although the demand for accuracy is possibly not quite so great, and at present we are satisfied with errors of the order of f 1 0 per cent.Flame spectro-graphic methods applicable to the determination of the alkalis and alkaline earths in solution 362 MITCHELL APPLICATIOK OF SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS TO SOIL IXVESTIGATIOX s are being employed particularly for the routine determination of potassium in extracts of soils and plants. A soil consists essentially of an inert framework of silicate minerals together with an active portion of weathered colloidally active clay minerals and some organic matter. The colloidally active fraction carries those ions which can be termed “available” to the plant, whilst the reserves of most constituents are bound up in the crystal lattices of the silicate minerals and are only slowly released by weathering.A knowledge of the ultimate chemical composition is of little practical use as far as the major constituents are concerned and determinations of these by spectrographic methods have not been attempted at the Macaulay Institute. TABLE I TRACE ELEMENT CONTENTS OF THREE TYPICAL SOILS FROM K.E. SCOTLAND DETERMIXED BY THE SEMI-QUANTITATIVE CATHODE LAYER AKC SPECTROGRAPHIC I< b Li Ba Sr Cr sc A h co Ni Zr Zn La Y c u v 310 Be Ga Sn Pb T1 Ge Ag METHOD AS PARTS PER MILLION 5011 deriyed from (--L--- 7 A Sensitivity Granite Xorite Sandstone IYavelength Old Red 600 30 “0 I 20 .50 i800.2 20 6707.8 1 4934.1 5 2000 ]I 000 700 4607-3 10 300 500 300 4254.3 1 5 50 1’00 4246-8 10 - 2 0 I0 4030.8 10 ion 2000 .300 3453.5 2 - 30 18 3414.8 2 10 1 5 60 3392.0 10 3CNO ? 1 3 1 :joo 3345.0 300 30 3337.5 30 30 30 3327.9 30 30 3280.7 1 -3274.0 < 10 10 40 3185-4 5 20 300 I00 3170.3 1 -3131-1 10 2943.6 1 25 “0 20 2 840.0 6 5 2833.1 ~ 10 2 0 2767-9 50 2651.2 10 -- _- __ .__ --- -- _- -_ - -- __ - - _-- __ -A dash indicates that the content is less than the sensitivity quoted. A determination of the total content in a soil probably has more significance for the trace constituents than it has for the major constituents since the amounts of the trace constituents may vary upwards of one thousand fold from soil to soil whilst the major constituents seldom vary more than five to ten fold.Because of these large variations and because the relation-ship between total content and plant availability is not exact; a semi-quantitative deter-mination giving an accuracy of &30% under favourable conditions is employed for such determinations. This is the original cathode layer arc technique as described by Mannkopff and Peters,l P r e u s ~ ~ ~ Strock,* Tongeren5 and Mitchell.6 A mixture of the finely ground material with carbon powder is filled into a deep narrow boring (8 mm. x 0.8 mm.) in a thin (2.8 mm. diam.) carbon electrode and burnt as the cathode in a 9 amp. direct current arc. The arc is imaged on the slit in order to take full advantage of the cathode layer effect there being marked increase in sensitivity in the immediate neighbourhood of the cathode for elements with low ionisation potentials.The spectrograms are compared in a spectrum comparator with those for standard mixtures similarly treated and the approximate content estimated. It is possible by this means to get an indication of any trace constituents present in deficient or excessive amount. This method has been used for the determination of the trace constituents in different layers of soil profiles,-it has shown for instance that cobalt and nickel do not follow iron during podzolization,-and it is also being used in the investigation of rocks and their individual minerals. This follows the lines of Goldschmidt’s work for which the method was developed, and supports his ideas on the distribution of.trace elements in rocks and their constituen MITCHELL APPLICATIONS OF SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS TO SOIL INVESTIGATIONS 363 minerals. The important factors arc the ionic radius and valency of the trace constituent and the possibility of its taking the place in the crystal lattice of one of the constituent ions. Thus Co" (0-82A) and Ni" (0.78~) replace Mg" (0.78~) or Fe" (0.83~) in ferromagnesian minerals but are absent from the felspars in the same rock as there is no suitable lattice substitution. As an illustration of the results obtainable by this semi-quantitative cathode layer arc method in Table I are given the wavelengths of suitable lines the sensitivities and the results for three typical soils from North-east Scotland. The higher values for cobalt nickel, chromium and vanadium in the soil derived from the more basic rock and for rubidium, zirconium lead and barium in that from the acidic rock are explained by arguments similar to the above.Analyses of soils along the same general lines have been reported by Allison and Gaddum Ballard * and Guelbenzu Ruiz and Azcona.9 For the analysis of plant ash a similar technique even if it were accurate enough would be possible only for certain elements owing to the dilution effect of the high alkali alkaline earth and phosphate contents and generally a chemical pre-treatment to remove these and to effect a concentration is necessary. It has been found possible to adopt the same concen-tration procedure for trace constituents extracted from plant ash after sodium carbonate fusion as for those removed from soils by the less energetic extractants (such as acetic acid or ammonium acetate) whose action simulates to some extent that of the plant.A concentra-tion method has the advantage that it allows quite different types of material to be submitted to the same spectrographic treatment as the composition of the major constituents of the resultant concentrate can be standardised. ScottlO has pointed out the effect that the com-position of a material may have on the intensity of the lines of a trace constituent or even on the ratio of the trace constituent to internal standard intensities. Thus chromium vanadium and molybdenum in calcium carbonate give lines of the same strength as those given by 5 to 10 times as much in a silica base and this intensification in presence of calcium may have marked effect on the direct determination of these elements in agricultural materials unless a standard of precisely the same composition is used for comparison.Plant ashes in particular are very variable in composition depending on the plant species and the part analysed. When a chemical concentration method is adopted it is possible to bring the elements recovered into a base of standard composition. Alumina has proved to be the most suitable base for the analysis of trace constituents concentrated from plant materials and from soil extracts. It is easily manipulated for filling into electrodes and its behaviour in the arc is satisfactory. We have found concentration to be carried out most conveniently by pre-cipitation with organic reagents 8-hydroxyquinoline precipitates cobalt nickel molybdenum titanium zinc and copper together with iron and aluminium in ammonium acetate solution, at pH 5-1.The amounts of aluminium and iron in the solution can be adjusted with previous experience of similar samples to give a precipitate weighing between 30 and 50mg. after ignition at 450" C. and containing a suitable amount of iron for use as spectrographic internal standard. Generally iron has to be added to soil extracts and aluminium to plant materials. This method described by Scott and Mitchel1,ll has recently been developed further12 by the use of mixed precipitants to bring down other elements and a simultaneous precipitation by 8-hydroxyquinoline tannic acid and thionalide recovers in addition to the elements men-tioned chromium vanadium tin lead beryllium and germanium and probably also silver, gallium thallium and other elements although these have not yet been studied fully.Cadmium is recovered and is added to the solution in known amount to serve as a second spectrographic internal standard. For the quantitative analysis of these precipitates a modified cathode layer arc technique as described by Davidson and Mitchell13 is employed. The previously described electrodes are used and into each about 4mg. of precipitate mixed with an equal weight of carbon powder is filled. The use of such electrodes with a carbon powder mixture results in a very steady arc which strikes to the sample and the inner rim of the electrode.The gain in stability of the arc more than outweighs the slightly increased work in filling the narrow boring. Admixture with carbon helps to prevent spluttering and for certain types of material the ratio may even be increased with advantage. It should be noted that the electrodes are carbon and not graphite as the latter owing to its greater thermal conductivity burns away rather slowly. The carbon electrode is burnt to the full depth of the boring in about 3 minutes at 9 amperes and the exposure is continued for the full period. A lens at the slit of the Hilger Large Quartz Spectrograph produces an image of the arc at the collimator where 364 MITCHELL APPLICATIONS OF SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS TO SOIL INVESTIGATIO& S mask isolates light from the cathode tip and the adjoining one third of the arc column.By this means the slit would be evenly illuminated from end to end were not a rotating step sector situated in front of the slit to divide the spectrogram into strips which receive ex-posures increasing in steps of 2. This enables all measurements of intensity to be made at the same photographic density. In the simplest means of photometry what in fact is measured is the exposure time relative to that for the internal standard required to give a certain density. In order to obtain working curves from which contents can be determined series of standard mixtures containing several trace constituents in an alumina base with a fixed iron content are prepared by grinding the necessary oxides in an agate mortar contents from 1 per cent.down to 1 part per million being obtained by dilution with the base in steps of 410. Separate dilution series are prepared with different contents of iron the internal standard a range of Fe,O from 2 to 40 per cent. being covered. The method of photometry involves for each line the measurement of 3 steps in the spectrogram adjacent to the density chosen for measurement. This is generally a density of 0.4 which with a clear plate setting of 4 = 60 as is usual on a Hilger Microphotometer, corresponds to a galvanometer deflexion of i = 20. Thus three steps giving deflexions between 5 and 30 are generally measured. From each value of i is obtained the optical density log (&/i). A Table giving this for values of I between 0 and 50 has been prepared and reprints are available.The same procedure is followed for the internal standard line, and where background can be disregarded the values of log (@) for both lines are plotted against the logarithm of the exposure given by the corresponding step of the step sector as in Fig. 1 ~ . Figs. 1 and 2 illustrate generally the types of curvcs obtained. Fig. 1 ~ . Blackening curves for Fig. 1 ~ . Working curves not Fig. lc. Correction curve for lines of trace element (T) and corrected for background for displacement of working curve internal standard (S) ignoring different Fe,O contents. due to change in l+.e,O, background. content. The separation of the two curves at any density is a measure of the ratio of the exposures which the lines have to be given when producing that density.This separation for a series of standard mixtures plotted against the logarithm of the trace element content gives the working curve (Fig. 113). The working curve is displaced vertically along the separation axis by changes in the content of the internal standard and this is the basis of the variable internal standard method of Davidson and Mitchell.l3 From the graph of the displacement against change in iron content (Fig. lc) a correction can be obtained for any iron content, enabling the standard working curve at a convenient iron content to be utilised for all deter-minations. The working curves are approximately straight lines except at low trace element contents where the effect of background introduces a pronounced toe and for accurate deter-minations in this region a correction for background is necessary.The accuracy is rather better over the whole range when this correction is made. The photometric procedure is then to measure in addition to three steps of each line, two or three steps of the background again covering a density of 0.4 (Fig. 2A). The logarithms of the relative intensities of the background analysis line + background and internal standard line + background are given by the points at which the blackening curves cut the selected density. From these values the relative intensities of the two lines freed from the effect of background can be obtained. This is a somewhat tedious calculation if ordinary logarithms are used but can be shortened by using gaussian or subtraction logarithms and i MITCHELL APPLICATIOXS OF SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS TO SOIL INVESTIGATIONS 365 greatly simplified14 by means of a Table derived from subtraction logarithrhs which we have prepared and of which reprints are a~ai1able.l~ This method makes the assumption that in practice the Eberhard effect can be disregarded and the results which we have obtained would appear to justify this.I . . . . . / Lcj I or !q Relative Exposur-c Fig. %A. Blackening curves for background correction method, for lines of trace element (T + B) and internal standard (S -!- R) andthebackground(B). Log Concentration Fig. 213. Working curves cor-rected for background for different Fe,O contents. 1;ig. 2c. Correction curve for displacement of working curve clue to change in Fe,O,content, after background correction, on logarithmic scale.When the logarithm of the ratio of the relative intensities after background correction, is plotted against the logarithm of the concentration (Fig. 2 ~ ) the working curve for most trace constituents is a straight line at the theoretical angle of 45" and the toe disappears. At very high contents there is some falling off in slope owing to self reversal effects as the lines which have to be employed in order to obtain adequate sensitivity are just those which, ending on the ground state are liable to self reversal. The correction curve for changes in iron content (Fig. 2c) also approaches its theoretical slope when the displacement is plotted against log iron content. This allows a reasonably accurate determination of any element for which working curves are not available and where their complete experimental deter-mination would not be justified for the purpose in view.Empirical working and correction curves can be drawn with slopes of unity through values obtained for one standard mixture close in composition to the unknown and from these results of sufficient accuracy are often obtainable as Scottls has shown. He obtained angles of slope of 45" rt 0.5" for chromium, cobalt nickel vanadium molybdenum beryllium gallium tin and lead in alumina and sodium chloride bases and similar values for the corresponding iron internal standard lines. The curves before correction for background had angles of 35-42". Marked changes in the composition of the base generally affect the relative intensities of the analysis and internal standard lines.Thus whilst the Co Fe ratio is practically independent of the base materia1,lO Cr Fe or Mo Fe ratio is very sensitive to changes as already mentioned but such effects can be eliminated by a concentration method. Another method for the control of this effect is the addition of a spectroscopic buffer in large amounts to each sample examined but generally the dilution effect of this method would reduce the sensitivity too far in our type of sample. It is being employed for copper in plant material where contamination effects make the concentration method difficult and adequate sensitivity is available. The recovery of some elements from solution by the concentration method involving precipitation with 8-hydroxyquinoline tannic acid and thionalide followed by spectrographic analysis of the precipitate is illustrated in Table 11.The errors of the whole process Will be seen seldom to exceed &lo% over the range of contents shown. A content of 50 p.p.m. in the precipitate analysed corresponds to 2 micrograms in the solution or with our normal aliquots one part in ten million in the plant material or soil. By the concentration process a 600- to 1000-fold concentration can be effected. The amount in the electrode is about one-tenth of the precipitate or 0-2 pg. upwards. For cobalt amounts as low as 0.04 pg. can be determined with error"s of the 10% order. The essential requirement of any such concentration method is the simultaneous quan-titative recovery of as many of the trace constituents as possible with the removal of the major diluents chiefly the alkalis alkaline earths and phosphate.There would appear t o be no other practical method of achieving this at present available. Extraction method 366 MITCHELL APPLICATIOXS OF SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS TO SOIL INVESTIGATIONS such as those with dithizone tend to be rather selective,l7J8 whilst adsorption methods such as those with synthetic resins as used by Eastmond,l9 separate cations and anions but the separation of different cations does not appear practicable. TABLE I1 DETERMINATION OF VARIOUS ELEMENTS BY CONCENTKATIOX FROM SOLUTION WITH 8-HYDROXYQUINOLINE -/- TANNIC ACID + THIOXALIIIE FOLLOWED BY SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS Present parts per million . . 50 115 250 SO0 12.70 Cobalt .. . . . . 45 126 24!1 471 12!)0 Nickel . . . . . . 52 135 273 520 1375 MoIybclenuni . . . . 57 124 341 503 1120 Chromiuiii . . . . 50 126 233 432 1220 Vanadium . . . . 53 1.37 241 497 1175 Found 9 p p 7 1 9 : (2 in Present parts per million . . I00 350 500 1000 2300 5UOi) 10006) (1 O 1 Found 9 9 9 ? 9 9 : Berylliuiii . . . . 117 263 490 1023 2660 Gernianiuni . . . . IS2 269 525 1014 2850 Tin . . . . . . 295 537 1088 2340 Lead . . . . * . 344 956 2611 Titanium . . . . 110 342 1100 5433 10700 (1.07‘%,) Present Zinc per cent. . . 0.1 0.3 1.0 5.0 10.0 Found 9 ) 9 ) 9 ) . . 0.56 1.02 5.07 10.16 Some typical results showing the amounts of trace constituents extracted by dilute -5%) acetic acid from the soils for which total contents are given in Table I are to be found Table 111.It will be seen that whilst certain of the elements for instance cobalt show TABLE I11 TRACE CONSTITUENTS EXTRACTED BY DILUTE ACETIC ACID FROM SOILS OF DIFFERENT GEOLOGICAL ORIGINS AS PARTS PER MILLION co Ni Mo V Cr Ti Sn Pb Zn OIdRedSandstone 0.41 1-04 0.02 0.13 0.17 0.21 0.4 0.4 4 Xorite . . . . 1.49 0.56 0.02 0.19 0.11 0.38 0.3 0.3 16 Granite . . . . 0.12 0.42 0.07 0.12 0.14 0.47 6.8 1.6 22 quite large variation from soil to soil others are relatively constant despite appreciable variation in total content, TABLE IV TRACE CONSTITUENTS IN A PASTURE HERBAGE AS PARTS PER MILLION OF DRY MATTEN Sample Co Ni Mo V Cr Ti Sn Pb Zn Cu 1;c Mixed . . 0.19 1.4 0.44 0.09 0.13 1.7 0.4 1.1 43 18.2 83 Red clover .. 0.21 1-6 0.35 0.10 04XI 8.1 0.2 1.6 41 18-6 85 Rye grass . . 0.09 0.1 0.72 0.10 0.21 2.7 1-1 34 6.1 41 Cocksfoot . . 0.05 0.1 0.78 0.18 0.12 2.0 - 1-5 22 11.7 26 Blank . . <0.01 0-05 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.1 0.1 0.3 <1 The results for plant material in Table IV indicate the contents of a mixed pasture herbage and of its chief constituent species. One practical point which these results bring out is the necessity for careful sampling of mixed pastures. We have been particularly interested in the cobalt content of soil extracts and plant materials because of a cobalt deficiency disease in sheep in various parts of Scotland. This occurs when the diet is low in cobalt the limiting value in the herbage being of the order of 5 to 10 parts per hundred million of the oven-dry material corresponding to a content in the soil of about 26 parts of cobalt per hundred million extractable by 2.5% acetic acid.This disease when it occurs on normal arable soils can be prevented by qddition of 2 lbs. of cobalt chloride per acre (about 0.25 p.p.rn. of Co) and in Table V are given some data for herbage contents showing the effects of adding cobalt-rich fertilizer and lime to the soil. The in-fluence of lime affecting principally the soil acidity on the uptake of trace constituents by the plant is well shown. The uptake of cobalt and nickel is decreased whilst that of molyb-denum is increased. Where cobalt deficiency is serious deaths among lambs are common MlTCHELL API'LIC'ATIONS OF SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS TO SO1L INVESTIGATIONS 367 whilst cobalt manuring may produce live-weight increases compared with those of lambs which survive without cobalt manuring of some 20 to 30 lbs.at the age of six months.20 Other investigations are covering animal diseases involving copper and molybdenum, And the effects of other trace constituents on plants and animals are being studied. TABLE V EFFECT OF COBALT ADDITIOK (2lbs. of CoC1,.6H20 per acre) AXD LIMING (6 tons of ground limestone per acre) ON UPTAKE BY RED CLOVER (as parts per million of dry matter) So cobalt Cobalt f \ -v co Xi ill0 Fe C O XI 310 Fe Unlimed 0.22 2.0 0.3 Ci 3 0.81) 1.6 0-3 .i 7 Limed . . 0.18 1.4 1 . 3 75 0.53 1.0 1.0 68 A LundegGrdh $ame method-The use of this method21922 represents an entirely different application of spectrographic analysis to soil investigations.It is employed as a routine method for the determination of the alkali and alkaline earth metals magnesium and man-ganese in solution. The source is an air-acetylene flame the gas pressures of which are accurately controlled. The solution to be analysed is introduced into the flame as a fine spray in the air supply. In view of the ease of preparation of standard solutions it is usual to carry these together with a series of solutions to be analysed on each plate. Spectro-grams of 16 unknowns and six standards in duplicate can be prepared in a little over one hour. The low energy of the flame source gives a simple spectrogram iron in moderately high concentration showing only a few lines so that large dispersion is not necessary but the ultimate lines of the alkali and alkaline earth metals and a few other elements are very sensitive.A simplified method of photometry taking merely the ratio of the galvanometer de-flexions for the line and the flame background on which it is superimposed is generally employed. This ratio in fact gives the transmission of the line itself (free from background), and is plotted against the concentration in the solution. In extracts of soils and plant materials determinations of potassium sodium calcium magnesium manganese and strontium can generally be made with spectrographic errors not exceeding &5% when duplicate spectrograms are taken whilst greater accuracy is obtainable by increased re-plication or by the use of an internal standard. The use of the method for soil work has been principally the determination of potassium in acetic acid extracts in connection with the soil advisory service for farmers and for this purpose it would appear that direct photometric determinations such as are now being widely employed in the United States with electron photomultiplier tubes could well be used in conjunction with the Lundeg5rdh flame.Suitable equipment does not however appear to be available in this country as yet. Determinations of exchangeable cations extracted from soils by ammonium acetate, and of the alkalis in plant ash (after hydrochloric acid extraction) and in rocks and minerals (after the initial stage of the Lawrence Smith extraction) are other applications of the method. As an indication of the sensitivity Table VI gives suitable ranges of contents in milligrams TABLE VI SUITABLE RANGES OF CONTENTS (as mg.per 50 ml.) FOR DETERMINATION BY THE LUNDEGARDH FLAME METHOD Element K Na Li Ca iug Sr hln Fe A A 4044 3302 6708 4227 2852 4607 403 1 3860 Range 0.5 -10.0 0.5 -10.0 0.005- 0.1 0.025- 0.5 0.3 - 6.0 0.025- 0.5 0.03 - 0.6 1.0 -20.0 per 50 ml. This volume is a convenient unit to work with; determinationican be made QII much smaller volumes but on a routine scale use of smaller volumes leads to filtration and washing difficulties. Interference effects are found remarkably seldom; in fact the only serious effect reported is that of aluminium on calcium and strontium,23 where marked depression occurs. Thi 368 SMITH SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF RARE AND HIGH PURITY MATERIALS makes precautions necessary when dealing with soil extracts made with strong acids.The cause of the depression is not clear but it is possible to overcome it for one of the elements affected by addition of excess of the other. Some elements notably potassium are slightly depressed in the presence of hydrochloric acid stronger than tenth normal but this effect is not observed if the acidity conditions in the solutions are standardised. Generally inter-ference troubles can be overcome by preparing standards containing the same extraneous substances. This short description can only indicate the lines along which we are working. Generally, however it can be said that our applications of spectrographic methods are for the accurate quantitative determination of those constituents in which we are interested.Our use of the method for purely qualitative purposes has been very limited and it is in its quantitative applications that bve have found its value. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. If). 20. 21. 22. 23. REFERENCES Blannkopff R. and Peters C. 2. Physik 1931 70 444. Preuss E. Chern. Erde 1935 9 365. - 2. angew. Min. 1938 1 167. Strock L. W. “Spectrum Analyszs with the Carbon Arc Cathode Layer,” 1936; London Hilger Tongeren W. van. “Contributions to the Knowledge of the Chemical Composition of the Earth’s Crust I . The Spectrographic Determination of the Eleinents according an the East Indian A rclzipelago. to Arc Methods in the Range 3600-5000~,” 1938; Amsterdam D. B. Centen’s. Mitchell R. L. J . Soc. Chew,. Ind. 1940 59 210. Alltson R. V. and Gaddum L. W. Proc. Soil Sci. SOC. Florida 1940 2 68. Ballard S. S. J . appl. Phys. 1940 11 760. Guelbenzu M. 9 Ruiz A. S. and Azcona J. I!!. L. An I m t . Edafol. Ecol. Fisiol. Veg. 1944,3 3!)1, Scott R. O. J . SOC. Chewz. Iizd. 1945 64 189. Scott R. O. and Mitchell R. L. Id. 1943 62 4. Mitchef’l K. L. and Scott R. O. in preparation. Davidson -4. M. &I. and Mitchell R. L. J . Soc. Chenz. Ind. 1940 59 213. Mitchell R. L. Scott R. O. and Farmer V. C. Nature 1946 157 193. - __ _- Macaulay Inst. Ann. Rep. 1943-44. Scott R. O. J . S O ~ . Chem. Ind. in press. Rohner F. Helv. Chinz. Acta 1938 21 23. Cholak J. and Hubbard D. M. Ind. Eng. C h e w Anal. Ed. 1941 16 333. Eastmond E. J. J . Opt. Sac. Amev. 1946 36 57. Stewart J. Mitchell R. L. and Stewart A. B. EmP. J . Exp. Agric. 1942 10 57. LundegBrdh H. “Die quantitative Spektralanalyse der Elements,” I I1 ; 1929 1934; Jena Gustav Mitchell R. L. J . SOC. Chew. Ind. 1936 55 267~. Mitchell R. L. and Robertson I. M. Id. 1936 55 2691 Fischer. ~TACAULAY INSTITUTE FOR SOIL RESEARCH CRAIGIEBUCKLER ABERDEE

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9467100361

出版商:RSC    

年代:1946

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international. The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr.Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively. Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies.Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited. The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents.It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate.There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international.The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr. Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively.Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies. Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited.The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents. It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation.Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate. There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE.By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international. The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr.Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively. Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies.Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited. The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time.The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents. It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice.Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate. There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years.The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international. The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr. Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion.The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively. Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies. Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on.Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited. The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents. It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation.Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate. There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp.15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international.The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr. Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively. Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies.Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited.The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents. It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice.Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate. There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C.Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international. The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr. Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner.He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively. Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies.Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited. The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents.It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate.There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international.The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr. Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively.Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies. Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited.The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents. It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice.Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate. There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE.By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international. The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr.Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively. Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies.Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited. The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents. It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate. There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9467100368

出版商:RSC    

年代:1946

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international. The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr.Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively. Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies.Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited. The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents.It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate.There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international.The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr. Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively.Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies. Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited.The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents. It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate. There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9467100375

出版商:RSC    

年代:1946

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international. The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr.Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively. Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies.Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited. The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents.It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate.There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international.The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr. Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively.Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies. Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited.The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents. It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation.Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate. There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE.By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years. The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international. The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr.Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion. The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively. Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies.Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on. Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited. The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time.The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents. It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice.Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate. There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction426 REVIEWS INKS : THEIR COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURE. By C. AINSWORTH MITCHELL, D.Sc., F.I.C. Fourth Edition. Pp. xi + 408. London: Charles Grihn tt Co., Ltd. 1937. Price 12s. 6d. net. This, the fourth edition of the standard and, indeed, so far as the reviewer’s knowledge goes, the only text-book on the subject in the language, bridges L gap of 13 years.The author, pre-eminent in his particular sphere, needs little more introduction to the world of technical industry than he does in his official capicity to readers of THE ANALYST, while his reputation in forensic science in all that appertains to handwriting is international. The chemistry of ink, difficult as it is and at times not a little obscure, hcl- riot developed markedly in the interval since 1924; but what progress has been made is covered by Dr. Mitchell in this edition in a very thorough manner. He has found it necessary to enlarge his work to the extent of some 20 per cent. and, in addition, to rewrite a large portion.The arrangement of the book follows the lines of previous editions. After a comprehensive historical introduction, the work is divided into three sections dealing with writing inks, printing inks, and inks for miscellaneous purposes, respectively. Under Section 1 are considered the chemical nature and treatment of the various raw materials used for writing inks from lcmp black to galls, the composition of finished iron-gall, logwood, vanadium, aniline black, and coloured inks, as well as a comprehensive scheme €or the tech~ical examination of inks, handwriting specimens and the identification of forge:-ies. Section 2 deals with the manufacture and examination of printing inks. ,tnd Section 3 with the miscellaneous materials entering into the compositilxx of copying, marking, safety, sympathetic, typewriter inks and so on.Amongst new matter may be noted references to the use of lignone sulphni--,ites in connection with writing ink, a scheme for the identification of individual con- stituents in inks in the form of writing, and the application of filtered ultra-.& if )let light and of infra-red photography in the elucidation of those problems to which such methods are suited. The British Government Standard Specificatior:s for Writing Inks, revised in 1928, are included for the first time. The avaihble evidence upon the constitution of gallotannin is brought up to date and <tbly reviewed, and there is a Comprehensive list of British patents. It is as difficult to withhold admiration of the encyclopaedic scope cjf the matter and references in this book as it is of the erudition and industry displiiyed in its compilation. Practically nothing that comes to mind has escaped atterition, and it is with rather impish glee that the reviewer, after careful search, asserts that he finds no specific reference to the type of alkaline (ammoniacal) gallotannate- iron ink, said t o find favour in the United States, although the di-ammonium hydroxyferrigallate compound of Silbermann and Ozorovitz receives notice. Nor is there mention of that class of quick-drying writing fluids which depend for their efficiency upon partial destruction of the paper sizing by caustic alk 1.5 or sodium silicate. There is no evidence that lignone sulphonate inks have proved se-rious competitors to iron-gall writing inks (pp. 15 and 175). Apart from the unkttmwn quantity of permanence, the principal failing of this type lies in their liability to contain traces of free sulphurous acid to which suspicion attaches in connt-ction

ISSN:0003-2654    

DOI:10.1039/AN9467100376

出版商:RSC    

年代:1946

数据来源: RSC