摘要:

Embryos, larvae, and pupae ofT. brevipalpisTheobald were reared at different constant temperatures. Larvae ofAedes aegypti(L.) were provided as prey. Rate of development and amount of prey killed and consumed were measured.Embryonic and larval development occurred in the range l4–32°C. The lower and upper threshold temperatures of embryonic and larval development were 13 and 33°C respectively. Optimum development temperature was 29–30°C; above this temperature, development was prolonged for both embryos and larvae. In contrast, duration of the pupal stage decreased above 30°C, being shortest at 32°C. The logistic equation was used to calculate speed of development.Rate of predation was greater at high temperature. More prey larvae were consumed and/or killed at 30–32°C than at 20–26°C. Although more food was consumed,T. brevipalpislarvae and pupae were smaller at high temperature.As pupation approached, many prey larvae were killed but not consumed.T. brevipalpisreared at 30–32°C began killing and abandoning prey 7–8 days before pupation, as compared to 1–4 days before pupation for those reared at 20–26°C. High temperature also enhanced the number of prey killed per day.Depending on temperature, each larva destroyed an average of 154 to 358A. aegyptilarvae during its entire larval development.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/1.5.537

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The ability of adultDermatophagoides farinaeHughes, collected from house dusts in Longueuil Québec, and reared at 21° and 25°C to survive 1- to 168-hour exposures of 2±1°C, −6±1°C, −12±1°C, and −18±1°C, was tested. Less than 5% ofD. farinae, regardless of rearing temperature, survived 24 hours at −18°C. Only 15% survived 2°C for 168 hour. Survival was lower at −12°C than at −6°C for all times of exposure. Mites could withstand low-temperature exposure somewhat better when reared at 21°C than at 25°C. Comparisons of survival and exposure time data at treatment temperatures of 2°C and −6°C showed significant differences in survival rates (P≤0.01) and in timcs (P≤0.05). Male and female mites did not differ significantly (P≤0.01) in their tolerance to the low-temperature treatments. The possibility of environmental control ofD. farinaeby exposing infested household furniture to −18°C for over 48 hours is discussed.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/1.5.547

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A population ofPorthetria dispar(L.) exposed to low winter temperatures in Maine was examined to determine the amount of egg mortality and to determine the fate of the surviving population through one generation. Eggs protected by snow survived temperatures that reached −32.2°C (−26°F). The height above ground that egg masses were deposited was critical. A high percentage of egg masses (81%) was deposited below a height of 5 feet, but most hatch occurred in egg masses found below 1 foot. Egg mortality due to low temperature was 85%. An epizootic of nuclear-polyhedrosis virus further reduced the size of the subsequent population.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/1.5.549

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Traps baited with live virgin females or trans-8, trans-10-dodecadien-1-ol, the synthetic sex pheromone ofLaspeyresia pomonella(L.), were used to determine population levels of this pest in a sprayed and in a nonsprayed orchard. The syntheticpheromone traps captured far more male codling moths than those baited with virgin females for most of the season. In August, male captures were slightly higher in the female-baited traps.In the sprayed orchard, the average weekly male codling moth capture from femalebaited and pheromone traps per trap site was less than 2 except for one period, August 17, when the average was 2.0. A few recent codling moth larval entries were noted in late August, and the grower applied a spray of azinphosmethyl on September 6. This was the only codling moth spray applied in contrast to a 3-spray program the previous year. At harvest, the codling moth infestation was less than 0.5% injured fruit.In contrast to the sprayed orchard, female-baited traps in a nonsprayed orchard captured an average of 11.3 male moths per trap per week. The infestation in this orchard averaged 12.7% injured fruit at harvest.These data indicate that codling moth pheromone traps are useful for estimating native populations and for indicating the need for chemical control.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/1.5.554

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The plant-feeding capability of the 1st instars ofNabis alternatusParshley,N. americoferusCarayon, andN. capsiformisGermar indicated that some plant feeding increased longevity. No instar development occurred.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/1.5.557

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Autumn populations of the omnivorous predatorGeocoris bullatus(Say) were as high as 25 per square foot on the floor of a peach orchard in some years. This tremendous buildup was associated with the dropping of the arboreal forms of the green peach aphid,Myzus persicae(Sulzer), from the peach trees where infested leaves fell to the ground and produced a spatial and temporal synchronization of the 2 species. When applications of insecticide and cloth barriers were used to obtain nearly predatorfree plots, the seasonal average number of aphids returning to each tree was 18,169 in treated plots and 7,595 in untreated plots. The minimal temperature threshold forGeocorisactivity was calculated to be about 15°C in October, but as the temperature dropped in November,Geocorisappeared to acclimatize so the threshold was reduced to 10°C by late November.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/1.5.559

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

At Camp Stanley, Bexar County, Texas,Haematobia irritans(L.) ovipositing on cattle manure during October and November were responsible for the spring buildup of flies on cattle during April and May. The average 0.14 flies per pat that emerged from the subsequent overwintering pupae produced an Flgeneration that averaged 1.2 flies per pat, an 8-fold increase from the overwintering flies to the Flgeneration. The average monthly rate of production for the period May–October was 6.6 horn flies per pat when competition from other orthropods was allowed, compared with 66.8 per pat when competition was essentially eliminated.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/1.5.565

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Exposure of parent boll weevils to several photoperiods had no measurable influence on the incidence of diapause in the offspring. Photoperiod was largely unable to override dietary influences on the regulation of boll weevil diapause.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/1.5.568

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Winter survival ofPectinophora gossypiella(Saunders) was studied in relation to timing of irrigation treatments, with applications ranging from January 5 to May 10, 1967, including a nonirrigated control and 2 methods of larval burial. Of 4200 larvae buried at the 6-in. soil depth, only 1.3% survived. No significant differences existed among irrigation treatments, but larval survival was significantly greater in buried bolls than in buried, free cocoons. Moth emergence appeared to be related to soil moisture and compaction. Approximately 75% of the moth emergence was suicidal, and significantly more males than females survived.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/1.5.572

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Levels of organophosphate resistance to 4 insecticides and the toxicity of recommended and selective field rates of 23 commonly used pesticides were evaluated for several populations ofAmblyseius fallacis(Garman) from Michigan apple orchards. Tests indicated high levels of resistance to azinphosmethyl and Imidan®(O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioateS-ester withN-(mercaptomethyl)phthalimide) in predators from most commercial orchards and a greater toxicity for diazinon and phosalone. Crossresistance features were suggested for several O-P materials in addition to azinphosmethyl and Imidan. Evaluations of the toxicity of each of the 23 chemicals by both a slide-dip and residue method provided indications of their relative selectivity toA. fallacisand suggested those materials having potential use in integrated pest control programs.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/1.5.576

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP