摘要:

Prevention of mouthpart development after feedingBacillus thuringiensisBerliner β-exotoxin was demonstrated inHeliothis zea(Boddie),H. Virescens(F.),Trichoplusia ni(Hübner),Spodoptera exigua(Hübner),Estigmene acrea(Drury), andPectinophora gossypiella(Saunders).Development of neonatalH. zeaor matureT. nilarvae was affected by exposure to diets surface treated with β-exotoxin. Mortality in many cases resulted from failure to molt and/or to discard exuvia. Fecundity and longevity were reduced for moths which developed from mature larvae fed diets surface treated with β-exotoxin. Topical treatment ofT. nieggs did not interfere with hatching but did affect subsequent survival and development of neonatal larvae. Dephosphorylation of free-acid β-exotoxin completely destroyed its per os or injected activity.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/1.3.269

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Four standard Japanese beetle trap attractants and 4 trap colors were tested for attraction to honey bees, bumble bees, and other Apoidea. White traps with any of the 4 baits were highly attractive to honey bees; white and yellow traps accounted for 96% of the bumble bees captured and 86% of the remaining Apoidea (wild bees). White and yellow traps, regardless of baits, probably should be avoided, or their capture of beneficial insects should be monitored.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/1.3.272

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Confrontation behavior of the imported fire ant,Solenopsis saevissima richteriForel, andLasius neonigerEmery was studied in the laboratory and field. Workers ofL. neonigerattacked those ofS. saevissima richteri.Usually an antenna of the imported fire ant was seized and passed between the clypeus and mandibles ofL. neoniger.TheL. neonigersprayed a secretion from the acidopore of the gaster into the imported fire ant's facial area; many imported fire ants were killed. Although imported fire ants had difficulty getting close enough to sting, the venom secreted from the sting was fatal toL. neonigerworkers. A laboratory confrontation index showed thatL. neonigerworkers could destroy 2 to 3 imported fire ants for each one of its own killed. EventuallyL. neonigercolonies were destroyed by the overwhelming number of workers in the imported fire ant colonies.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/1.3.274

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Monthly rainfall during the immediately preceding known epidemics ofDendroctonus frontalisZimmermann in Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, and North Carolina was compared with nonepidemic rainfall conditions for the period 1910–62. It was found (by statisticalt-tests) that during this time epidemic years were characterized by (1) low summer rainfall in Georgia; (2) high winter rainfall in Texas; and (3) high spring rainfall and with low rainfall in early summer in North and South Carolina. Frequency tables of epidemics and their rainfall in these 3 areas are given.No evidence could be demonstrated to support the hypothesis that high rainfall at any season terminates an epidemic.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/1.3.279

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The relationship of light trap catches to the emission of single 4, 8, 15, 20, and 40-w blacklight fluorescent lamps is developed by using a catch index based on the number individuals captured and the frequency of capture. This catch index (CI) was approximately equal to 4 times the milliwatt power (P) emitted in the near-UV region raised to the 0.4 power, i.e., CI ≍ 4P0,4.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/1.3.285

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Population levels ofPseudoplusia includens(Walker) were found to vary considerably among agricultural ecosystems in Louisiana. The cotton, corn, and soybean ecosystem was characterized by a dense larval population in late August or September.Parasitism was inversely related to population density and to the amount of pesticides used in the surrounding area.Apanteles scitulusRiley andCopidosoma truncatellum(Dalman) were the predominant parasites, whileLespesia aletiae(Riley) was of lesser importance.The fungal pathogensSpicaria rileyi(Farlow) Charles andMassosporasp. attacked the soybean looper larvae at different periods and densities.S. rileyiappeared in midsummer at relatively low population densities, whileMassosporasp. was present only in late August or September in very dense larval populations.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/1.3.290

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Artificial illumination had no appreciable effect on oviposition ofHeliothis zea(Boddie) and damage caused by it in 1 large- and 2 small-field experiments. In the last experiment, the intensity of the light from nineteen 1500-watt incandescent lamps in the 12-acre field (as much as 73.6 μw/cm2) was sufficient to cause pigment migration in the moth eye. This condition should have interfered with normal activity resulting in decreased oviposition and subsequent damage. However, activity (as measured by oviposition) was not affected. Populations of beneficial arthropods were higher in the illuminated field for a 2-week period when insecticides were not applied for control of the boll weevil, but these beneficial insects did not reduce the populations of bollworms. In the 3rd experiment, estimated yield of cotton from the illuminated field was so low that the cotton was not harvested.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/1.3.295

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Breeding sites of phlebotomine sandflies at the bases of trees in Panama were studied by systematic soil sampling and analysis, rain-gauge experiments, topographic mapping, and rearing of field-collected larvae in the laboratory. It was found that the sandfly species complement of this breeding habitat is specialized, dominated byBrumptomyia hamata(Fairchild&Hertig). The species complement is of potential medical importance because of inclusion ofLutzomyia ovallesi(Ortiz). The principal environmental factor affecting sandfly populations and species compositions in the tree-base habitat is that of protection from flooding from rainfall or soil run-off.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/1.3.300

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The passage of viable algae and protozoa through digestive tracts of field-collected herbivorous and carnivorous aquatic insects was demonstrated. Thirty-two genera of viable algae and protozoa were identified from 36 cultures inoculated with aquatic Hydrophilidae hindguts; 86% of the beetle cultures yielded organisms. Nineteen genera of algae and protozoa were identified from 107 cultures inoculated with dragonfly feces; 65% of the dragonfly cultures yielded organisms. The results indicated that herbivorous aquatic beetles were more important than carnivorous dragonflies in dispersal of algae and protozoa by passive internal transport. The results were ecologically significant since aquatic insects periodically disperse, carrying a variety of aquatic microorganisms adapted for alimentary survival during overland transport. Not only was internal transport of spores, cysts, and resistant structures possible, but transport of vegetative algal cells also was demonstrated.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/1.3.309

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Melanoplus sanguinipes(F.) females arising from crowded parents lived longer and produced more eggs per pod and more pods per female than those from uncrowded parents. The increase in eggs per pod persisted into a 3rd generation although to a lesser degree. The number of ovarioles did not differ but females from uncrowded parents weighed about 30% more than those from crowded parents. Descendants of crowded parents produced almost twice as many eggs as did those from uncrowded parents. This provides an explanation for the rapidity of buildup of non gregarious economically important grasshoppers under favorable weather conditions.

ISSN:1754-5692    

DOI:10.1093/ee/1.3.314

出版商:Oxford University Press    

年代:1972

数据来源: OUP