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THE ALTITUDE EFFECT ON THE SPECIFIC IONIZING POWER AND ZENITH ANGLE DISTRIBUTION OF COSMIC RAYS |
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Canadian Journal of Research,
Volume 16a,
Issue 2,
1938,
Page 29-40
Darol K. Froman,
J. C. Stearns,
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摘要:
Measurements made with a quadruple-coincidence Geiger-Müller counting system at altitudes of 120 and 14,160 ft. give the intensity,J, of cosmic ray ionizing particles at various zenith angles, ψ. The distribution,J(ψ) = J0e−0.175ψcos2ψ, does not differ significantly from any measured values, and agrees with all observations within 0.5 and 3.0% of the vertical intensities at the lower and higher altitudes respectively. The total number of rays incident per unit area per unit time was found, and the specific ionization was determined by comparison with ionization chamber measurements. The results are given below.†Ionization chamber data from Clay and Jongen (4).*Ionization chamber data from Millikan and Cameron (18).
ISSN:1923-4287
DOI:10.1139/cjr38a-003
出版商:NRC Research Press
年代:1938
数据来源: NRC
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A STUDY OF THE JOULE AND JOULE-THOMSON EFFECTS |
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Canadian Journal of Research,
Volume 16a,
Issue 2,
1938,
Page 41-59
A. L. Clark,
L. Katz,
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摘要:
This paper contains material not treated in a previous paper on the same subject. It deals particularly with the Joule and Joule-Thomson effects at low and at high pressures and also near the critical point. These effects have been calculated by various methods from available data. The value of the internal pressure (Joule effect) has been calculated (for the first time) for the two-phase, liquid-vapor state, and compared with values obtained from the equation of state. This internal pressure is nearly a linear function of the external pressure. The values of the internal pressure have also been calculated for low pressure where values have been in doubt. The behavior of the specific heat at constant volume as a function of the temperature has also been studied and related to the behavior of the internal pressure. The inversion of the Joule and Joule-Thomson effects is examined. The internal pressure evidently rises to a maximum as the pressure is increased at constant temperature, and probably falls off to zero and becomes negative. For helium the pressure for inversion is relatively low. The inversion curve for the Joule-Thomson effect has also been studied, and it is shown that even for carbon dioxide an inversion of the effect may be expected. When the values of the two effects are small we must have recourse to experimental methods because the calculations cannot be made with accuracy. When however these values are large, calculations yield results of good accuracy, probably better than may be obtained by experiment.
ISSN:1923-4287
DOI:10.1139/cjr38a-004
出版商:NRC Research Press
年代:1938
数据来源: NRC
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