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Proceedings of the Chemical Society, Vol. 7, No. 101 |
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Proceedings of the Chemical Society, London,
Volume 7,
Issue 101,
1891,
Page 123-148
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Issued 17/11/1891. PROCEEDINGS OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY. No. 101. Session 1891-92. Titles of Papers communicated to the Society and printed in the Transactions during the recess. 37. “ Researches on the terpenes. On camphene.” By J.E. Marsh, M.A., and J. A. Garilner. 38. “Action of nitrosyl chloride on metals.” By J. J. Sudborough, B.Sc. 39. “The influence of temperature on germinating barley.’’ By T. Cuthbert Day. 40. “Researches in the triazine series.” By Raphael Meldola, F.R.S., and Martin 0.Forster. 41. “ The action of picric chloride on aminesin presence of alkali.” By G. S. Turpin, M.A., D.Sc. 42. “Researches on the terpenes. 11. On turpentine.” By J. E. Marsh, M.A., and J. A. Gardner. 43. “On diphenylisosuccinic acid and /3-diphenylpropionic acid.” By G.G. Henderson, D.Sc., MA. 44.“ Preparation and properties OE ethyl hydrogen fumarate and ethyl hjdrogen maleate.” By John Shields, Ph.D., B.Sc. 45. Action of ammonia on ethereal salts of organic acids.” By S. Ruhemann, Ph.D., M.A, and R. S. Morrell, B.A. 46. “ Contribut,ions to the knowledge of mucic acid.” By S. Ruhemann, Ph.D., M.A., and S. F. Dufton, B.A., B.Sc. 124 47. ‘‘ Orthoquinolinehydrazine.” By S. F. Dufton, E.A., B.Sc. 48. “Oxidation of cobalt salts by electrolysis.” By Hugh Mar-shall, D.Sc. 49. “ The persulphates.” By Hugh Marshall, D.Fc. 50. ‘‘ Acetylcarbinol.” By W. H. Perkin, Jnn., Ph.D., F.E.S. 51. ‘‘Actmionof met,hylene iodide on the disodium compound of ethyl pentanetetracarboxylnte. Synthesis of hexamethylene deriva- tives.” By W.H. Perkin, Jun., Ph.U., F.R.S. 52. ‘‘ Synthesis of homologues of penta(netetracarboxy1ic acid and of pimelic acid.” By W. H. Perkin, Jun., Ph.I)., F.R.S., and Bertram Prentice. 53. “The synthetical formation of closed carbon chains. Part I (rontimied). The action of ethylene brorriicle on the sodium com- pounds of ethyl acetoacetate and et,hyl benzoylacetate. By T. Rhymer 1\,Iarshall, D.Sc., acd W. H. Perkin, Jun., Ph.D., F.R.S. 54. “On the vapour pressures and molecular rolumes of acetic acid.” By Sydney Young, D.Sc. 55. On the vapour pressures and molecular volumes of carbon tetrachloride and stannic chloride .” By Sydney Yoiing, D.Sc. 56. “ On the freezing points of triple alloys of gold, cadmium, and tin.” By C.T. Heycock, M.A., and F. H. Neville, 11.A. 57. “The sulphonic derivatives of camphor.” By J. E. Marsh, &LA., and H. H. Cousins, B.A. 58. “Eulyte and dyslyte.” (A correction.) By Henry Bassett. November 5th, 1891. Mr. W. Crookes, F.R.S., Vice-president, in the Chair. Mi-. J. Tudor Cundall was formally admitted a Fellow of the Society. Certificates were read for the first time in favour of Messrs. George James Allen, Ivy House, Bolton Road, Pendleton ; George Alfred Ashcroft, 88, Alexandra Road, Maiichester ; Harold Alger, The Manor House, Stoke, Devonport ;Edward Charles C. Baly, Bank 125 of England; Thomas William Berry, Shireoaks, Worksop, Notts ; Samuel Francis Burford, Eastleigh, Queen's Road, Leicester ; John Bairstow, :32, Sealand Road, Chester; J.Treeby Barratt, Mostyn, North Wales; John Reciman Bovell, Dodds, Barbados; John C. Chorley, Lodge Lane, Bewsey, Warrington ; George Edward Cory, The Public School, Grahamstown, South Africa ; Thomas Darling, 1, Palace Street E., Berwick-on-Tweed ; Charles E. Eastick, Myrtle Bank, Leyton ; Percy Elford, Christ Church, Oxford ; Lionel William Fulcher, 37, Milford Road, Lordship Lane, S.E. ; George German, jun., Ashby-de-la-Zouch ; Alfred Daniel Hall, Martyn Road, Guild- ford ; Archibald Hall, 34, Bishopsgate Street ; John Holliday, ?, Aglionby Street, Carlisle ; John Walter Leather, 15, Bradgate Road, Catford, S.E. ; Lionel Lucllow, 90, Waltei Road, Smansea ; John Willis 3Iarshal1, 10, Palatine Square, Burnley ; Daniel McLaren, B.Sc., 30, Raleigh Street, Nottingham ; Joseph Mowis, Stamford Street, Mossley, near Mauchester ; William Eaylor, 182, Newhampton Road, Wolverhampton ; Thomas Neileon, 26, Harring-ton Road, Workington, Cumberland ; Sbhayachsran Sanyal, 31.A., Nuir Central Collegc, *4llahabad ; Walter Thorp, 3, BIelbourne Villas, Headingley, Leeds ; A. W.Winteyton, 6, Lindum Terrace, Rotherham ; John Henry Wilson, 29, Radford Street, Coventry. The following papers were read :-59. " The magnetic rotatory power of solutions of ammonium and sodium salts of some of the fatty acids." By W. H. Perkin, Ph.D., F.R.S. Ostwald, in his paper on magnetic rotation ((7.8.Tj-am.,1891, 198), has argued that the peculiar results obtained by the author in the case of solutions of acids and of ammonium salts, &c., are in accordance with the electrolytic dissociation hypothesis ; and has suggested t,hat since salts formed from weak acids are as good conductors as those formed from strong ones, we may expect in this case, dso, marked deviations from the calculated values.The same chemist, in his work on Solutions, considers that there can be no doubt that such salts as ammonium formate, &c., when in aqueons solution, would show molecular rotations which would not be the sums of the rota- tions of the components of the salts, as must (nearly) be the case if the view put forward by the author be correct, that such salts are almost entirely dissociated into acid and base.Experiments made with the object of throwing further light on the subject have afforded the following results :- 126 Mols. water Average to 1 mol. salt. Mol. rot. mol. rot. Ammonium formate ...... 3-00 3.363 ,, ...... 8.78 3.3947) ,, ,, ...... 1o*ou 3.333 3.363 ?, acetate ...... 4.75 4.246 >, ,, ...... 13.13 4-247 4.246 ), propionate .... 2.86 5.255 .... 10.26 5.263 5.25977 7, Sodium formate .......... 5.40 2.364 ,, .......... 12.54 2,331 2.34777.. acetate .......... 11.23 3.281 3.281 ,, propionate ...... 7.00 4.308 4.308 ), butyrate ........ 6.81 5.332 5.332 It will be seen that the rotatory powers OP the ammonium salts do not vary with dilution ; there can be little doubt that this is true also of the sodium salts, as sodium formate shows no difference on dilution.Comparing the experimental values obtained in the case of the am- monium salts with those afforded by the constituent acid and ammonia, the following results are obtained :-CH,O, .... 1.671 CZH402 .... 2.525 C3H602 .... 3.462 NH, ...... 1.818 --1-818 --1.818 3.489 4.343 5-280 Am. salt . . 3.363 4.246 5.359 Diff.. . 0.126 0.095 0.021 As might be expected, as reduction of rotatory power always attends combination, the values are slightly less in the case of the salts. The author points out that the reduction is very nearly the same as that which takes place in the formation of the corresponding ethereal salts, and as these latter salts are anhydrous, the results may be held to justify the conclusion that the values obtained for ammonium salts in solution are practically those of the dry salts, and, therefore, that Ostwald’s views are inapplicable. In the case of sodium salts, it is more difficult to arrive at a conclusion, as the value of sodium is un-known, but it is shown that whatever influence water has on them, it is to be supposed that it acts to the same extent on all the four salts examined.60. ‘‘Note on the action of water gas on iron.” By Sir H. E. Roscoe and Frank Scudder. During some experiments which the authors have recently been 127 making on the application of water gas for illuminating purposes by means of the well-known Fahnehjelm system, it was occasionally obserred that after the water gas had impinged on the comb for some hours a deposition of ferric oxide was formed on the magnesia rods, the result being that the illuminating power was considerably lowered.It was at first suggested that the iron came from the particles of dust which were present in the atmosphere of the steel works where these experiments were being condncted. Further examination of the tips of the steatite burners showed, however, that the deposit of ferric oxide was " coralloid " and that, therefore, it could not be pro- duced from dust in the atmosphere but was contained in the gas itself. In order to ascertain whether the iron was in a gaseous state or in the form of finely divided particles, the gas was filtered through several tight plugs of cotton wool; but as a similar deposit was observed after four or fiye hours it was concluded tlhat; the water gas contained a volatile iron compound.These facts, although interesting, only showed that the quantity of the volatile iron compound was extremely small, apparently precluding all hope of extracting suficient of the material for analysis. Never-theless the occurrence of iron, even in these minute quantities, was a most serious bar to the technical application of water gas as an illuminant, and the questizn of its origin as well as its removal became of practical interest. In the course of experiments made for another purpose, x-ater gas was compressed in steel cylinders to a pressure of 8 atmospheres, and on burning th.e gas immediately after compression no visible alteration in the colonr of the flame or in the amount of iron con-tained in the gas was observable ; but after the compressed gas had remained in the cylinders for about a month, it was found that when it mas burned from a steatite burner the flame was highly luminous and instantly deposited on the Fahnehjelm comb a yellowish-red coat- ing of ferric oxide: proving that a much larger quantity of iron was contained in the gas which had been kept than in the original com- pressed gas.On passing a small quantity of the gas through a piece of combus-tion tubing heated externally by a Bunsen burner, a, large deep-black mirror was rapidly formed, which proved on aiialysis to be metallic iron, free from carbon, arsenic and antimony.The flame, however, still remained strongly luminous, particles of metallic iron burning brightly in it, whilst either a black mirror of r-etnl or one of ferric oxide was deposited on a porcelain plate held above it, according to the position in which the plate was held. On insertii:g a plug of cotton wool between the heated portion of the tube 128 and the bumer, the dame instantly became non-luminous, and in a few seconds the cotton wool nearest to the heated part, of the tube became black; in a short time the whole plug was deeply stained with finely divided metal. Hence it was evident that under a pressure of 8 atmospheres the carbonic oxide contained in water gas (about 39 per cent.of its bulk) slowly attacked metallic iron at the ordinary atnio- spheric temperature. In a preliminary determination in which about 30 litres of gzs was burned in half an hour, the weight of the metallic iron deposited as a mirror amounted to 0.0322 gram, whilst that found on the plug of cotton wool was 0.0406 gram, a total of 0.0728 gram of iron, equal to 2-4 milligrams per litre. Although the compound, which is, doubtless, the iron carbonyl of Mond and Quincke, is only present in this small quantity, the authors have found that it can readily be liquefied if the gas be passed through a cotton-plugged tube and then led into a U -tube surrounded by a mixture of salt and ice : a few drops of turbid liquid thus depo- sited became clear on treatment with a little hydrochloric acid, and on adding potassium ferrocyanide a deep blue colour was 011-tained.The authors hope, before long, to communicate more detailed infor- mation as to the causes of the occasional occurrence of the volatile iron compound in water gas and as to its nature. The action of water gas on other metals will also receive their attention. The CHAIRIIAXreferred to the fact that at the recent British Associa- tinn meeting at Cardiff Mr. Mond had exhibited specimens not ouly of liquid iron carbonyl but also of a solid compound of iron with carb- onic oxide. Professcr RAXSAYstated that he had found that the compound of nickel with carbonic 'oxide was formed in the cold, the action fre- quently going on for days.He subsequently added, in reply to a question by 3h. Groves whether dry pure carbonic oxide acted on iron, that in the case of nickel, the gas acted equally well when dried by phosphoric anhydride. Sir Henry R'oscoe, in the course of his account, had mentioned that ordinarj coal gas contained traces of iron, pointing out that this was the cause of tlie stain observed on steatite burners. Referring to this point, Dr. THORNEmentioned that he had recently had occasion to detect irou in compressed csal gas, which was now frequentlyused for the production of the limelight. In using such gas, it was some- tinies noticed that the lime cylinder acquired a brown deposit, and 129 it was owing to this circumstance that he was led to examine the gas.61. " The dissociation of liquid nitrogen peroxide." By J. Tudor Cundall, B.Sc., Lecturer on Chemistry in the Edinburgh Academy. The author has determined, by colorimetric methods, the relative amount of NO, formed in liquid nitrogen peroxide (i) by dilution witoh chloroform, (ii) by rise of temperature. He has also ascer-tained the absolute amount of dioxide by comparing the colour of the liquid solution with that of the gas containing a known amount of nitrogen dioxide. The results go to show that, on dilution, (i) dis- sociation takes place very slowly at first, but more rapidly when less that 5 per cent. of the peroxide is taken ; (ii) that solutions of the peroxide dissociate more rapidly than the pure liquid on rise of tem-perature. In the most dissociated solution yet examined, viz., one to which had been added 1.44 per cent.of' peroxide by vol. at 25" C., not more than 1.22 per cent. of NO, was present,. DISCUSSIOK. Professor RAMSAYpointed out that the fact established by Mi,. Cundall, that nitrogen peroxide was dissociated to but a slight extent on dilution unless the solution were very dilute,'was a confirmation of the result which he had obtained on determining the molecular weight of the peroxide by Raoult's method. Professor THORPEsuggested that the rate of dissociation might possibly be ascertained by determining the relative densities of soli-a-tions of nitrogen peroxide at different temperatures. Mr. CCNDALLthought that the variation was too slight to permit of the application of such a method.62. '(Ortho- and para-nitro-orthotoluidine." By Arthur G. Green and Thos. A. Lawson, P1i.D. It has been shown by PJolting and Collin (Ber., 1884, 265) that when orthotoluidine sulphate is nitrated at a low temperature in presence of a large excess of sulphuric acid, pccmnitro-ortho-tolaidine, C6H,Me(XH,)(NO,) [l:2 :43, results. This isomer appears to have been considered to be the only product of the interaction under these conditions, but the authors have found that this is by no means the case, for besides the paranitro-orthotoluidine(about 75 per cent.) there is formed about 3 or 4 per cent. of metanitro-ortho-toluidine, C6H,Me(NH,)(N0,) [l:2 :51, and about 20 per cent.of oTthonitro-orthotoluidine,CBH,Me(NH2)(NO,) [l:2 : 61. The latter, ~ CH, CII, cIT, CH, I COiH OH 2Ae XIIAc NU2 c1 c1 NO,. NNAc NP N.? No, I M. p. 107" M. p. M. p. 99". M. 13. 221" &I.p. 1G8" M. p. 290" M.p. 197" M. p. 300" M. p. G5.5" M. p. (Nolting 107-108" Prisml,ztie (Tieinann), ( Limpriclit,; (G. and L.). Limpricht) (G. and L.) (Waclien-136-137O and Collin), (Noltinr crystals. 2244" (La-(G. and L.) . Small, white 203" Small, dorff) , (Wachen-107 '5", and Collin) deliburg). Yellow needles. G. and L.) yellow 68" dorff) . 1:2:4 very sharp Fine, Does not iicedlcs or Orange, needles. (G. and L.). (G. and L.). yellowish sublime in orange prismatic Long, wlrite Orange needles ; flocks. prisms. needles. needles.prisms; verj very sweet sweet, taste. taste. M. p. 91 '6" ni. 31. p. 103.5' IN.11. M. 1'. 149" M. p. 307" M. p. 175" M. p. M. p. 37' M. p. 161'' (Berntlisen) 142-143" (Uhlmann) , 202-203" (a.and L.). (,G. and L.). G. and L.) above 340" (G. and L.). ((3. ard L.).($.and L.). (Uhlmaiiii) 105" G. and L.). Pale-jellow small, white, Orange (G and L.) Long, white 'c1;Me, Pine, light-143-14k" ((3. and L.). Sublimes in plntcs. flat needles. plates. Stnall, necdles. prisino tic yellow (G. and L.) Prisms. very light yellow needles.1:2:6 needles ; Compact, flocks. needles. not sweet. yellowneedles ; slightdy sweet. which up to the prasent has only been obtained by reduction of the consecutive dinitrotoluene, like paranitro-orthotoluidine,has the NH, and NO, groups relatively in the meta-position, and hence the simultaneous formation of these two isomers (the 1: 2 :6 and the 1:2 :4) by nitration of orthotoluidine in presence of sulphuric acid might have been theoretically expected.The separation of the orthonitro-orthotoluidine from the mixture is effected by taking advantage of the greater solubility of this isomer in slightly warm water. Having at their disposal considerable quantities of the ortho- and para-nitro-orthotoluidine,the authors have made a comparison of these two isomers and of their products of reduction and other derivatives, which is summarised in the table (p. 130). 63. “Researches on the gums of the arabin group. Part IT. Geddic acids. Gedda gums ; ‘;he dextrorotatory varieties.” By (3> O’Sullivan.The Gedda gums described consist of the calcium, magnesium and potassium salts of gum acids, the calcium salt predominating, together with more or less nitrogenous matter, which is probably in some way combined with a true gum acid. They dissolve easily in water, forming a yellow or reddish syrup, neutral to test-paper, which is dextrorotatory. If the solution be acidified and dialysed for some time, the whole of the ash may be separated, and if alcohol be added carefuliy to the dialysed liquid, a powdery precipitate first separates, which contains the whole of the nitrogenous bodies and some gum acid ; on allo-cyjng the precipitate to deposit, and then decanting the clear, supernatant liquid and adding alcohol, a syrupy precipitate is obtained, consistiag of a mixture of the gum acids present in the natural gum.By repeatedly fractionating the aqueous solution of these gum acids by alcohol, they were separated from one another and obtained in a pure state. The gum acids contained in any one sa,mple of gum bear a very simple relation to oue another, and they are also intimately related to the gum acids contained in other samples. These relationships are indicated in the table (p. 132). Of these gum acids, those having the highest molecular weight are most soluble in dilute alcohol. The gum acid of gum arabic is similarly constituted, being, in fact, diarabinante tragalactanarabic acid, 2CloH,,0s.4C12H,,0,,.C23H30018; and the acids present in the third sample of Gedda gum described are similarly constituted, geddic and arabic acids being isomeric.132 ->er cent. Name. Lab BaO in Ba salt. Gedda gum I. Tetr-arabinnn-tri-galactan-geddic acid.. ..... . .. ..,. + 59" 5.59 Tri-arabinan-tri-galactan-geddic acid.. .. . . . . . . ..,. + 49" 6 so5 Di-arabinan-tri-galactan-geddic acid.. ... . . ....... + 43" 6 *75 Mon-arabinan- tri-galactan- geddic acid.. . . .. . . ... . , , + 3,i0 'I-65 Gedda gum 11. Non-arabinan-tetra-galactan-geddic acid.. .. . . ....... . f 110' 3 -46 Hep t- arabinan-tetra- galactan- geddic acid.. . . .. . .... . . . + 100" 3 '93 Pent-arabinan-tetra-galactm-geddic acid .............. + 90" 4.55 Tri-arabinan-tetra-galactan-geddic acid...... . .. . . ... +*O" 5.40I The composition and partial constitution of any one of the gum acids which have been as yet examined may be expressed by the general formula C23H,,-2,,0z'z~,~~z~,,H~~01~,~~C1~H1~Os. When a solution containing 2 per cent. H,SO, of any one of these gum acids is heated at 80-100" C. for 10-30 minutes, the gum acid is hydrolysed, yielding nrabinon and a gum acid of lower molecular weight, the whole of t'he arabinon residue indicated in the general formula being liberated. The change may be expressed as follows :-C23H3~-221tO22--1L*nCizH2,01,.13Ci,H,,OR+ pH2O = C23H35-mOzz-1~*nC12H20010+ pCloH1s09. The greater portion of the arabinon thus produced is hydrolysed to arabinose, CloHlsOg+ H20 = 2C5H,,05. It is possible by carefully restraining the hydrolytic action to obtain gum acids -which still contain the arabinon residue, but, un ler the conditions given, practically the whole of the arabinose obtainable is produced. The gum acids thus produced are separated from the sugars by treatment with alcohol; they very closely resemble the gum acids existing in the natural gums, but are less optically active, and less soluble in weak alcohol. As is evident from the formuke given above, any one of the gum acids contained in a given sample of gum, when thus hydrolysed, yields the same gum acid ; and the acids obtained from the natural 133 acids of different samples are closely related together.This is indi- cated in the following table :-Obtained by the action Per cent,.of sulphuric acid on Forniula. [a]=. BaO in1the gum acids con-Name. Ba salt,. tained in- I_____.-Geddo gum ZIT.. ... . Penta-galactan-geddic acid.. 6 -51 Gedds gum I1 .. .. .. Tetra-galactan-geddic acid.. 7 -49 Gum arabic Gedda guin I.. . . . . . . Tri-galactan-geddic acid.. 8 *81 It is noteworthy that these acids bear a relat'ion to one another similar to that of the different acids contained in any one sampie of the natural gums. The most marked point of difference between these gum acids and those present in the natnral gum is their behaviour when heated with a 2 per cent. solution of sulphuric acid ; they offer great resistance to the hydrolytic action of this acid, but are aiowly broken down by several hours' digestion, the galactan residue being removed, and acids of successively lower weight being formed ; the lowest stage is represented by the general equation C2,H,8-,,0,2-n'nClzH20OlO + 3nH20= C2,H3& + 2nC6H&.The properties of the compound C23H38022have not yet been very accurately determined, t,he ditlicnlty being to obtain a sufficient quan- tity. This gum acid and the others obtained after the partial hydrolysis of the galactnn residue can only be precipitated from their concen- trated aqueous solutions by very strong alcohol ; they are dialysable, and strongly acid. Those obtained from Gedda gum are highly dextrorotatory, whilst those from gum arabic, although otherwise identical, are inactire.64. '' Some compollnds of the oxides of silver and lead." By Emily Aston, B.Sc. The author finds that on following the directions given by Wohler (Pogg. Ann., 1837, 41, 344) for the preparation of the compound Ag20,2Pb0,the product varies in composition, the highest percentage of silver obtainable being 49.01, whereas the amount required for Wohler's compound is 34.23. 134 When a mixture of lead and silver hydroxides is allowed to stand in presence of caustic soda, a change of colour occurs, and after repeated extraction with caustic soda, a substance is left having a composition nearly that required by the formula 2Ag20,Pb0. A pro-duct of similar composition is obtained by precipitating the mixed nitrates of lead and silver, and exhaustively extracting with caustic soda.Attempts to prepare compounds of lead oxide with the oxides of barium, strontium, sodium and potassium were unsuccessful. 65. " The electrolysis of potassium acetate solutions." By T.S. Murray, D.Sc. On electrolysing a very dilute aqueous solution of potassium acetate, only hydrogen and oxygen are evolved ; if the solution be a concen-trated one, the gaseous product is a mixture of ethane, hydrogen, oxygen, methyl acetate (trace) and carbon dioxide : a portion of the carbon dioxide arises from oxidation of some part of the electrolyte, or prodnct of the electrolysis. The author has investigated the influence of concentration of solu-tion, strength of current, size of electrodes, temperature, &c., on the course of the electrolysis.He proves the absence from the gas of acetone, methyl oxide, ethylene or any unsaturated hydrocarbon. On diluting the solution of acetate, the amount of ethane pro-duced decreases, at first very slowly, but finally with great rapidity. For instance, A 60 per cent. solution gave ethaue = 80.0 (hydrogen = 100). 77 77?, 11.77 ,, = 73.5 9, 971.84 ,, 9, = 50.8 79 970.50 = 0.003 Reducing the current has a similar influence. With rise of tem- perature, the ethane diminishes in quantity, more rapidly the higher the temperature, and ceases to be formed at about 100" C. In contradiction to Jahn, he finds that the employment of a large anode reduces the yield of ethane, the largest yield being obtained by the use of a very small anode; variations in the cathode do riot influence the electrolysis.The presence of acetic acid, or of alkali, even in small quantity, reduces the yield of ethane. The oxidation of the electrolyte to carbon dioxide, which proceeds simnltaneously with the formation of ethane, is affecLed very differ- ently by changes in the several conditions. Thus for a given yield of ethane = 25 say (hydrogen = loo), the corresponding oxidations produced are by change of current, 96 ; by varying size of anode, 68 ; 135 by varying concentration, 60 ; by varying the temperature, 50 ; pos-sible oxidation being taken as 100. With a yield of ethane about 75, no matter how it is obtained, the oxidation is always about the same, namely, 94.The results of the investigation are illustrated by a series of curves. The author believes that he has demonstrated that the ethane is formed, not by a partial oxidation of acetic acid, as Bourgoin, Jahn and Bunge believe, but that it results from a simple interaction of the acetions (CHg-COO). He finds that the yields of ethane obtained from equivalent solutions of potassium, sodium and calcium acetates are equal. 66. '' A new method of preparing p-dinaphthylene oxide and the constitution of its tetrasulphonic acid.'' By W. R. Hodgkinson and L. Limpach. The method in question is to heat the sodium salt of 2 :3'-p-naphtholsulphonic acid (Schaefer's acid) to low redness ; the dis- tillate also contains 6-naphthol and p-dinaphthyl ether : the former having been extracted by alkali, the residue is dissolved in acetic acid ;as the solution cools, the oxide separates as a yellow, fluorescent substance, and when recrystallised forms rhombic plates melting at 153".Its picrate crystallises from alcohol in dark-red needles melting at 134". It is easily converted into a tetrasulphonic acid. The same tetrasulphonic acid is formed by the continued action of sulphuric acid on p-naphthol. ADDITIONS TO THE LJBRARY. I. Donations. Collected Papers on Allotropic Silver, by At. Carey Lea. With Atlas of Specimens. 1891. From the Author. Undersokningar inom Piazinserien, af P. W. Abenius. Upsala 1891. From the Author. Die Entwickelung der Elemente.Entwurf zu einer biogenetischen Grundlage fur Chemie und Physik, von G. Wendt. Berlin 1891. From the Author. Supplement to the Companion to the latest edition of the British Pharmacopmia, including the additions of 1890, by P. W. Squire and A. H. Squire. London 1891. Prom the Authors. 136 Smithsonian Institution. Annual Reports of Ethnology, by J. W. Powell. Fifth Annual Report, 188;3-84. Washir~gton1887. Sixth Annual Report, 1884-65. Washington 1888. From the Institution. An Introduction to the Science and Practice of Photograqhy, by Chapman Jones. 2nd Edition. London 1891. From the Author. The Chemistry of the Farm, by R. Warington. 6th Edition. London 1891. From the Suthor. Examination of Water for Sanitary and Technical Purposes, by H.Le-ft‘mann and W. Beam. 2nd Edition. London 1891. From the Publishers. Short Treatise on Building llaterials, by J. Scorgie. 2nd Edition. Aberdeen 1891. Prom tlie Author. Piesse’s A1.t of Perfumery. 5th Edition. Edited by C. H. Piesse Loiidon 1891. From the Editor. 9Textbook of the Science of Brewing, by E. R. Moritz and G. H. Morris. London 1891. Prom the Authors. Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada. Annual Report (New Series), Vol. IV, 1838-89. Montreal 1890. From the Survey. Pamphlets preseded by the Authow. Theoretic Rationale of an improved design of an Open-Hearth Furnace, by B. H. Thwaite. Briei-ly Hill 1891.. The Variation of the Magnetic Needle at Paris, by G. T. Carruthers.1891. Thiacetessigester, von C. T. Sprague. Gottingen 1890. Glacier Observations, by Marshall Hall. (From the Alpine Zournal.) 1891. The Proteids or Albumiiioids of the Oat-kernel, by T. B. Osborne. 1890. Mill Engines, by H. B. Thwaite. Leeds 1891. Volumes mol6culaires des combinaisons CpH,O,, A leur points d’&bullition,par J. A. Groshans. Paris 1891. Reports of the results obtained on the Experimental Fields at Docld‘s Reformatory, by J. B. Bovell. Bridgetown 1890. Food Preservation and Food Preservatives, by C. A. Crampton. Washington 1881. Influence of Food, Animal Idiosyncrasy and Breed on the Com- position of Butter, by H. W.Wiley. Toronto 1889. Composition of Sorghum Seed with reference to its Feeding Value, by H.W. Wiley. Tcronto 1889. 137 Onderzoek naar de Plantenstoff en von Nederlandsch-Indie, door 31.Greshoff. Ratavis 1890. Discours prononebs aux Funerailles de 31. Eugene Peligot, le 18 Arril, 1890. Ueber Fenerbeststtung, von F. Goppelsroeder. Mulhausen 1890. Considerakions on the subject of Solar Heat, by P. W. Boulton. London 1890. I. The Analysis of Cupric Bromide and the Atomic Weight of Copper ; 11. Cupric Oxybromide, by T. W. Richards. 1890. Hops and Bitter Principles, by C. E. Sohn. London 1890. Etudio sobre plsta allotropica obtenida por reduction con el Malato ferroso, por C. F. de Landero. Mexico 1890. Beziehuiigen zwischen Absorption und Empfindlichkeit sensibili- sirten Platten, von J. J. Acworth. Leipzig 1890. Interstellar Bbher, by A.S. Merry. London 1891. 11. By Purchctse. Die Chemie des Pyridins und seine Derivate, von A. Calm und K. v. Buchka. 2te Lieferung. Brannschweig 1891. An Introduction to the Study of Netallurgy, by W. C. Roberts-Austen. London 1891. At the next meeting, on Thursday, November 19th, a lecture will be delivered on “ Colour Photometry,” by Captain Abneg, C.B., F.R.S. CERTIFICATES OF CANDIDATES FOR ELECTION AT THE NEXT BALLOT. N.B.-The names of those who sign from “ General Knowledge ” are printed in italics. Alger, Harold, The Manor House, Stoke, Devonport. Manufacturing Chemist (Messrs. Burnard and Alger, Limited, Plymouth Chemical Works). Has studied Chemistry at the Royal College of Science, South Kensington, for three years.T. E. Tliorpe. W. P. Wynne. A. I(.Miller. Alfred E. Tutton. Chapman Jones. William Tate. Ashcroft,George Alfred, 88, Alexandra Road, Manchester. Analytical Chemist, Four years student in the Owens College. Obtained the College Certificate in Applied Chemistry on the com-pletion of four years’ study in Chemistry, Physics, and Mathematics ; two years in Dr. Burghardt’s Analytical Laboratory. Harold B. Dixon. G. H. Bailey. Arthur Harden. R. Ormandy. C. Schorlemmer. Allen, George James, Ivy House, Bolton Road, Pendlcton. Assistant to Dr. Burghnrdt, Dalton Laboratory. Two years student! in Chemicai Laboratories, Owens College ; one year in the Universit,y Laborntory of Tubingen. Harold R. Dixon. Julius B. Cohen.G. H. Bailey. C. Schorlemmer. G. J. Fowler. Baly, Edward Charles Cyril, Bank of England. Studied Chemistry for four years at University College, London. William Ramsay. John Norman Collie. R. T. Plimpton. Watson Smith. C. F. Baker. 140 Berry, Thomas William, Shireoaks, Worksop, N otts. Schoolmaster (Certif. 1st Div.) and (Certif. 1st Cia,ss) Science Teacher. Student in St. John’s College (Laboratory), London, S.W., two years; obtained 2nd Prize in Chemistry; 1st Class Teacher’s Certificate in Theoretical Chemistry ; 1st Class Teacher’s Cerzificate Practical Chemistry, South Kensington Science Department ; Ad-vanced Certificate in Physics (Electriciky, Sound, Light, and Heat) ; Agriculture (Chem.), Physiology, Physiography, Hygiene, &c., and Science Lecturer at the Mechanics’ Institute.Wm. B. Hards, B.A. Duncan T. Richards. James Taylor, B.Sc., &c. Alexauder Esilmnn. Wilfred Irwin. A. G. Fediin. R. L. Taylor. Burford, Samuel Francis, Eastleigh, Queen’s Road, Leicester. Analytical Chemist and Pharmacist. Late Teacher of Practical Chemistry to the Leicester and Leicestershire Chemists’ Association. Studied Chemistry at the South London School of Pharmacy. Med-allist in Sdvanced Chemistry. Passed the Major Examination of the Pharmaceutical Society, and afterwards studied Analytical Chemistry for two years under Dr. Muter. Chas. Turner. Jno. Geo. Frederick Richardson. W. Henry Dodd. Leonard de Koningh. H. N. B. Richardson. Lewis Ough. E. Norman Langham.M. Carteighe. Bairstow, John, 32, Sealand Road, Chester. Manager of Chemical Works. W. P. Lowe. H. Broadbent. S. Watmough Webster. J. Carter Bell. Percy C. Bell. Barratt, J. Treeby, Mostyn, North Wales. Analytical Chemist. Studied Theoretical and Practical Chemistry privately and at Harris’ Institute, Preston, where I passed in Ad-vanced Practical Chemistry. Four years Assistant Chemist with the Darwen and Mostyn Iron Company, Limited, and for the last three years Head Chemist at the Talladega Iron and Steel Company, Talladega, U.S.A. Special experience in the analysis of Ferro-manganese, Ferro-chrome, &c., and materials used in their manu- facture. Frank B. Last. Richard Dormer. Saml. Sutcliffe. John Pattinson. Edwd.Riley.141 Bovell, John Redman, Dodds, Barbados. Superintendent of the Botanical and Experimental Station at Dodds Reformatory. Engaged on researches to ascertain the Manurial requirements of the Sugar Cane. J. B. Harrison, William Douglas. George Carrington, F.H.A.S. Francis Watts. E. E. H. Thorne. Chorley, John C., Lodge Lane, Bewsey, Warrington. Chemical student for two years at Owens College, Manchester. C heinical student for two years at University College, London. William Ramsay. R. T. Plimpton. John Norman Collie. Watson Smith. C. F. Baker. Calder, William A. S., 45, Barrington Road, Brixton, S.W. Student (Chemistry), Royal College of Science, South Kensington. Two years in Chemical Laboratory, Royal College of Science, London.T. E. Thorpe. W. P. Wynne. A. E. Tutton. William Tate. A. K. Miller. Chapman Jones. Cory, George Edward, The Public School, Grahanistown, South Africa, also Kicg’s College, Cambridge. Vice-principal of above. B.A.Natuml Science Honours, Cambridge. Three years Demonstrator of Chemistry in the University Labora- tory at Cambridge. Now Lecturer on Chemistry in t’hisInstitution. J. Wilson Swan. G. D. Liveing. H. J. H. Fenton. Clias. W. Low, M.B. John Percival. T. W. Easterfield. Darling, Thos., 1,Palace Street E., Berwick-on-Tweed. Chemical Manufacturer. Studied Chemistry, and continue to do so. Apply the Science to my business. W. Ivison Macadam. R . Greig Smith. Stevenson Macadam. Robert Irvine. Stevenson Macadam, jr.Eastick, Charles E., Myrtle Bank, Leyton. Chemist to Messrs. Martineau <Pt Son’s Sugar Refinery, Clyde Wharf, Victoria Docks, E. For two years Assistant Chemist at the 142 Chemical Works of the Gas Light & Cokt x,Bcckton, E. For six years Chemist to Messrs. Abram Lyle & Qons, Sugar Refiners, Lon- don. Registered Teacher of the City and Guilds of London Insti- tute on the subject of Sugar. C. Haughton Gill. B. E. R. Newlands. Thos. D. Lichtenstein. I?. S. Adair Roberts. John A. R. Newlands. A. Boake. Wrn. Mucnab. H. H. B. Shepkard. Elford, Percy, Christ Church, Oxford. Studying and Teaching Chemistry. Was elected to a Natural Science Scholarship at Christ Church in 1884. Became Demonstra- tor in the Christ Church Laboratory in 1887.Class I, School of Natural Science, 1882. Demonstrator in the Laboratory of Ba.llio1 College, 1890. Has lectured and tJaken private pupils ; and has been working for two or three years on the Conditions of the Decomposi- tion and Synthesis of Ammonia. A. Vernon Harcourt. John Conroy. D. H, Nagel. J. E. Marsh. V. H. Veley. Arthur Colefax. Fulcher, Lionel William, 37, Melford Road, Lordship Lane, S.E. Junior Assistant (Science Collections), South Kensington Mnseuni. Bachelor of Science, University of London (Honours in Chemistry). Student of Chemistry (especially Physical and Inorganic.). T. E. Thorpe. W. P. Wynne. A. E. Tutton. Chapman Jones. William Tate. J. Howard. Alfred C. Young. German, George, jun., Ashby de la Zouch.Estate Agent. Member of the Royal Agricultural College (by ex- amination) and Gold Medallist thereof ; obtained Honours Certificates in Organic Chemistry and Agricultural Cheniistry. Edward Kinch. James Muir. T. A. Dickson. J. Augustus Voelcker. Arthur G. Bloxarn. A. H. Church. B. Warington. J. H. Gilbert. E.W. Voelcker. Hall, Alfred Daniel, Martyr Road, Guildford. Lecturer (Oxford Univ. Extension) for the Technical Ed. Com-mittee of the County Council of Surrey. 1st Class Final Honour School (Chemistry) of Natural Science, Oxford, 1884. Science Master at Blnirlodge School, N.B. ; the Hulme Grammar School, 143 Manchester ; and King Edward’s High School, Birmingham. Author of h’zercises in Practical Chemistry :Rivingtons, 1890.William A. Tilden. Henry E. Armstrong. G. Crewe Chambers Francis Jones. R. L. Taylor. Percy Morton. Heath, John William, 33, Upper Gloucester Place. Chemical Assistant, Royal Institution. Has had great experience as an Assistant and has given valuable aid in all the original inves-tigations conducted at the Royal Institution for the last ten years. James Dewar. F. A. Abel. C. Meymott Tidy. W. C. Roberts-Aueten. G. D. Liveing. Ludwig Mond. Hall, Archibald, 34,Bishopsgate Street. Analytical Chemist. Late student Finsbury Technical College. Asliociate of Institute of Chemistry, 1890. R. Meldola. A. Norman Tate. Edw. Rider Cook. Henry J. Cook. F. G. Arseh Holliday, John, 7, Aglionby Street, Carlisle.Chief Assistant for five years to Mr. J. Hepworth (Memb. Inst. Ch., President Incorporated Gas Institute, Engineer and Nanager of the Carlisle Corporation Gas Depf.). Chemist (three years) Carlisle Corporation Gas Department (at Gas Works, Sulphate of Ammonia Works, and Sulphuric Acid Works). Teacher under Science and Art Dept. in Inorganic Chemistry. Hugh Ba’rclay. Wm. Foster. C has. Armitage. Stevenson Macadam. W. Ivison Macadam. Leather, John Walter, 15, Bradgate Road, Catford, S.E. Agricultural Chemist. Senior Assistant in Chem. baby., Royal Agricultural Society. Doctor of Philoaophy. Dissertation-“ Die Pipitzaho’insaure.” Fellow of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland. Five years Senior Assistant in Chem.Laby., Royal Agricuitural Society . J. Augustus Voelcker. J. H. Gilbert. Bernard Dyer. E. W. Voelcker. Charles E. Cassal. Edward Kinch. Ludlow, Lionel, 90, Walter Road, Swansea. Analytical Chemist and Assayer. Served articles four years with Dr. Morgan, F.C.S., F.I.C., at the Technical Institute, Swansea. 144 Now Chemist to the Cape Copper Mining Co., at O’okiep, Port Nolloth, South Africa. W. Morgan, Ph.D. John Ruf€le. Rhys Charles. Jas. S. Merry. W. Terrill. Lennox, Robert, 3, Inverness Terrace, Putney. Senior Chemical Assistant, Royal Institution. Experienced as an analyst. Conducted a large number of Gas Analyses for ‘‘ Challenger ” Reports. During the last ten years has given material assistance in the conduct of research at the Royal Institution.James Dewar. F. A. Abel. C. Meymott Tidy. W C. Roberts-Austen. G. D. Liveing, Ludwig Mond. Leffler, Rudolf Laurentz, 21, Havelock Street, Sheffield. Analytical Chemist (Assistant), Messrs. Thos. Firth & Sons, Norfolk Works, Sheffield. Chemistry Student three years Firth College, Sheffield. Obtained “ Honours Certificate” (Theo. and Prac. Chem. and Prac. Physics). Student two years Metallurgical Dept., Shef. Tech. School. “Honour Certificate ’’ (Theo. and Prac. Metallurgy). City and Guilds Exams., “ Honours ” in “ Iron and Steel ” and “ Fuel.” Sci. and Art. Depart., ‘‘Honours” iu Pract. Met,allurgy. Two years and nine months Assistant, Messrs. Thos. Firth & Sons, Limited (Lab.). W. Carleton Williams.L. T. O’Shea. James Taylor. W. H. Greenwood. Jno. E.PZatts. Marshall, John Willis, 10, Palatine Square, Burnely. Head Science Master of the Burnley Mechanics’ Institution, and Lecturer in Chemistry (Theo. and Prac., Inorg. and Org.) and Physics. B.Scl (Victoria) Ord. in Biology and Honours in Chemistry. Assoc. of Owens College. Member of the University of Marbnrg. Honours Cert. in Alkali Manufacture, City and Guilds of London Inst,. Public Analyst. C. Schorlemmer. Harold B. Dixon. Arthur Harden. G. H. Bailey. G. J. Fowler. McLaren, Daniel, B.Sc., 30, Raleigh Street, Nottingham. Science Master. (1.) Graduate in Science of St. Andrews Uni- versity. Honours in Chemistzy, Physics. (2.) “.Forrester ” Prize-man and first in 1st Class Honours in Chemistry Class at above University.(3.) “ Neil Arnott” Prizeman, and first in 1st Class 145 Sonours in Physics at above University. (4.) Demonstrator in Chemical Laboratory, St. Andrews University. (5.) Teacher of Mathematics amd Chemistry (Prac. and Theo.) in All Saints’ Higher Grade School, Nottingham. Thomas Purdie. William Marshall. Isaac Patchett. Percy F. Frankland. John a. Taylor. Morris, Joseph, Stamford Street, Mossley, near Manchester. Trained Certificated Schoolmaster and Science Teacher. Science Teacher, under Science and Art Department, in Chemistry, Animal Physiology, Hygiene, and. Agriculture at Butterworth Newhey Na- tional Science and Art School, near Rochdale, Stalybridge Technical School, and Mossley Mechanics’ Institute.R. I;. Taylor. John Howard. Robt. R. Rothwell. .ho. Wiltshire. C. H. Corbett. Naylor, William, 182, Newhampton Road, Wolverhampton. Chemist at the Wolverhampton Corporation Sewage Works. Two years’ experience as Chemist in the Laboratory of Wolverhampton Corporation. E. W. T. Jones. Alfred Hiil. E. Frankland. A. Duprk. John Angell. Newlands, William P. R., Rosa, North West Province, India. Analytical Chemist. Was a student in the Chemical Laboratory of the Normal School of Science from February, 1882, to June, 1883, also attended the Lectures on Chemistry during the same period, arid those on Physics from October, 1882,to January, 1883. Was Assistant Chemist to Messrs. James Gibbs & Co., illanure Manufacturers, in London, from September, 1883, to February, 1884, and from that time to May, 1887, sole Chemist to the Plymouth Works of the same firm.Was Principal Assistant in the Laboratory of Messrs. Newlands Bros. from June, 1887, to December, 1888. From that date and at present holds the appointment of Chief Chemist to the Sugar Refinery and Distillery at Rosa, North West Province, India. E. Frankland. C. R. Alder Wright. F. R. Japp. W. E. Halse. Percy F. Frankland. W. T.Burgess. Arthur R. Ling. Henry Bassett. Charles E. Groves. Neilson, Thomas, 26, Harrington Road, Workington, Cumberland. Analytical Chemist to the Distington Hem. Iron Co., Limited, 146 near Whitehaven. Contributed an original paper to the Chewtical News, 27th April, 1891, on the “Estimation of Sulphur in Coal,” &c., together with a new process.for the Estimation of Sulphur, and a comparison of various processes in Sulphur Estimation. Have been two years student with Dr. Clark, of Glasgow, and three years Chemist to the Distington Iron 610. John Borland. John Clark. R. R. Tatlock. Hugh Barclay. W.MacKean. Priestley, Laurence, Forest View, Noel Street, Nottingham. Chemist’s Assistant. One session at the University College, Not- tingham, in the Government Service Classes; two sessions at the same College, studying for the Minor Exam. of the Pharmaceutical Society; one session at the Liverpool School of Chemistry; and one session at the South London School of Chemistry; passed the Major Exam.of the Pharmaceutical Society. Fcank Clo wes. J. Bernard Coleman. R. Lloyd Whiteley. John Muter. W. Henry Dodd. Edgar B. Truman. Jqzo. R.Ashwell. John X. Ward. H. Belcher Thornton. Sauyal, Abhayacharan, M.A., Benares, at present Allahabad (India). Professor, Physical Science, Muir Central College, AIlahabad (India). Obtained the degree of Master of Arts with Honours at the Calcutta University in Physical Science and Chemistry in February, 1879. Was appointed Assistant to the Professor of Phy-sical Science, Muir Central College, Allahabad, in August, 1880, and worked for about five years under S. A. Hill, Esq., B.Sc.(Lond.), and Dr. Murray Thomson, M.D., where he acquired experience as an Analytical Chemist. In July, 1885, was appointed to take charge of the College Classes of the Queen’s College, Benares. In 1889, 06-ciated for some time as Professor of Physical Science, Muill Central College, Allahabad, and since September, 1890, has been filling the office of Professor of Physical Science,, Rfuir Central College.(Both the Queen’s and the Muir Colleges teach up to the M.A. standard.) W. Venis. Kanny Loll Dey. Tarapusauna Itoy. Ramchandra Dutta. Preo Loll &y. ,John M. TJzomson. Scott, Charles K., 26, Pigott Street, Limehouse, London, R. Chemist and Overseer, North Brazilian Sugar Factories Co., Brazil. Assistant Chemist, London Beet Sugar Assn., two years. Five years Chemist to Messrs. Powler Bros. & Go., Sugar Hefiners, 147 Orchard Place Refinery, Blackwall, E.Four years evening student of Chemistry, Finsbury Technical College. John A. R. Newlands. B. E. R. Newlands. Geo. Patterson. Arthur R. Ling. R. Meldola. Stephenson, Thomas, Bellasis Road, Byculla, Bombay. Phaymaceutical Chemist. Minor and Major Examinations, Phar- maceutical Society of Great Britain. Author of Prescriber's Phayma- copmia (Bombay), and of various papers on Pharmaceutical Chemistry published in the Pharmaceutical Journal (London), and in the India% Medical Record (Calcutta). D. B. Dott, F.RJ.S.E. Alex. Kinninmont. Thos. Maben. Adam Gibson. Stevenson Macadam. D. S. Kemp. Peter McEwan. Alex. Cruna Brown. M. Carteighe. John Attfield. Thos. Tyrer. Thorp,Walter, 3, Melbourne Villas, Headingley, Leeds.Bachelor of Science (London). Formerly Assistant to Prof. T.E. Thorpe, F.R.S., at the Yarkshire College, Leeds. St'udent in the laboratories of Prof. Smithells (Leeds) and Prof, Wm. Ramsay, F.R.S. (Univ. Coll., London). Medallist in Organic Chemistry, Univ. Coll., London, 1890. T. E. Thorpe. William Ramsay. John Norman Collie, R. T. Plimpton. Arthur Smithells. Winterton, A.W., 6, Lindum Terra.ce, Rotherham. Metallurgical Aiialyst to the Parkgate Iron and Steel Co., Lim. Assistant, Chemist and Steelmaker, Darlington Steel Go., 5 years. Manager of Testing Dept. (Physical and Chemical), Moor Steel Works, Stockton-on-Tees, 2 years. Chief Analyst, Parkgate Iron and Steel Co. (comprising mines, five blast furnaces, four Siemens' steel furnaces, refining, puddling, coke ovens, &c.), 1; years.Bernard Dyer. Johp A. R. Newlands. W. E. Halse. John Hughes. Wrn.'Thos.Gent. Otto Hehner. Chas. Heisch. liobert E. Hoyle. Byred H, Allen Wilson, John Henry, 29, Radford Street', Coventry. Analytical Chemist. Associate of the Institute of Chemistry. " Tangye " Scholar in Chemistry, Mason Coll., 1890-91. Now en 148 gaged in Analytical and Research work under the direction of Prof. W. A. Tilden. William A. Tilden. W. W. J. Nicol. T. Rhymer Marshall. Thomas Turner. J. J. Sudborough. Chas. R. Beck. Ward,Thomas Armistead, Preston Road, Blackburn. Manufacturing Chemist. Analyst to, and partner in, the firm of Clayton, Jowett, amd Ward, Manufacturing Chemists, Liverpool and Blackburn.Associate of the Pharmaceutical Society (by exam.), having formerly studied Chemistry and Practical Chemistry under Professors Dunstan and Attfield. Wyndham R. Dunstan. John Attfield. John W. Clayton. W. Hall Jowett. Robert G. Gow. Thos. Tyrer. John Hargreaues. Robert Yntes. John Moss. White, Henry, 8, Brown Street, Masboro’, Rotherham. Manufacturing Chemist. Seven years’ experience in the manufac- ture of various commercial acids, cyanides, soaps, &c., &c. Science Certificates in Organic and Inorganic Chemistry. J. 0. Arnold. C. Bradshaw. Ed. Rnwlins. A. W. Duncan. B. W. Winder. C.T. W.Newsholme. HARRISON AND SONS, PRXNTERS IN ORDINARY TO IIER MAJESTY, ST. NABTIN’S LANE.
ISSN:0369-8718
DOI:10.1039/PL8910700123
出版商:RSC
年代:1891
数据来源: RSC
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