|
1. |
Abstracts of the Proceedings of the Chemical Society, Vol. 2, No. 16 |
|
Proceedings of the Chemical Society, London,
Volume 2,
Issue 16,
1886,
Page 133-146
Preview
|
PDF (895KB)
|
|
摘要:
ABSTRACTS OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF ‘IRE CHEMICAL SOCIETY. No. 16. Session 1885-86. January 21st, 1886. Dr. Hugo Muller, F.R.S., President, in the Chair. Messrs. Charles Langert, W. J. Cousins, W. Watson Will, and G. H. Bailey were formally admitted Fellows of the Society. Certificates were read for the first time in favour of Messrs. Caleb Ferrey, M.B., C.M., B. Sc., Mainhead, Bondi, Sydney, N.S.W. ; Francis W. Leeds, Glenfield, 69, Highbury New Park, N.; Arthur Percy Hoskins, 58, Wakehurst Road, New Wandsworth, S.W. ; James Galbraith ROSS,14, Argyle Place, Grange, Edinburgh ; Arthur John Stnrey, 8, Duncombe Road, Hornsey Rise, N.; Sidney Williamson, Fairholme, Esher, Surrey ; William T. Wright, 15, Victoria Road, Bromhall Park, Shefield ; Brougham Young, Home Lyn, Woodberry Down, London.The following papers were read : 1. “The Influence of Silicon on the Properties of Cast Iron.” Part 111. By Thomas Turner. The paper is a continuation of those recently published by the author on the same subject (Trans., 47, 577, 902). It is shown that the previous results strongly support the author’s conclusions, although opposite opinions have been generally held. The Woolwich Report, “ Cast Iron Experiments, 1858,” is con-sidered in detail. This report included the chemical analyses and mechanical tests of 70 specimens of British cast iron. The author classifies these irons according to the amount of phosphorus present, and in different tables considers every specimen mentioned in the report. Some of the more important results are as follows :- 134 1.Only eight specimens were mentioned as being “too hard to turn ;” seven of these contained under 0.9 per cent. of silicon, while the eighth was rich in phosphorus and sulphur. These facts strongly support the author’s conclusion that a soft,ening effect is produced by a suitable proportion of silicon. 2. The six best specimens mentioned in the report contained on an average 1393 per cent. of silicon, while the author, from his own experiments, recommended about 1.4 per cent. The six specimens lowest in silicon are of intermediate quality, while the six specimens highest in silicon are of inferior quality. These results support the author’s view that tt suitable proportion of silicon is beneficial.3. When the specimens are classified according to their proportion of phosphorus and arranged in tables in order of silicon present, a gradual improvement is noticed as the silicon increases until a certain point is reached beyond which point the metal deteriorates in quality. In one table, however (0.2-0.4 per cent. of phosphorus), no such regularity is observed ; this is due to the small variations in silicon and the large alterations in the proportion of other elements present. 4.That the maximum points are as follows :-With under 0.2 per cent. phosphorus .... 1.88 p. c. Si. Between 0.4 and 0.6 per cent. phosphorus. 1.21 5, 7,9, 0.6 9, 1.0 >, . 1-41 ,, Over 1per cent. phosphorus.. .......... 1-57 ,, English irons in the Appendix ..........1.03 ,, Foreign irons in the Appendix .......... 1.33 ,, Mean ............ 1.405 .. The author also refers in detail to Sir William Fairbaiim’s experi- ments of 1853 on the influence of remelting on the mechanical pro-perties of cast iron. It is shown that the results obtained may be entirely explained by the chemical changes which took place ; and that when regarded in this lighfi they illustrate the influence of silicon on cast iron very much in the same way as did the results previously published by the author. DISCUSSION. Prof. UNWINsaid that Mr. Turner had done a service in removing bhe popular prejudice that silicon is a very injurious constituent of cast iron. This prejudice arose a long time ago, apparently from the difficulty experienced in smelting very rich iron ores containing much silica.Thus the Turkish Government in 1844 wished to utilise an exceedingly rich ore (magnetic ore containing 12 per cent. silica) found at Samakoff, but could not smelt it, and the difficulty was attributed 135 to the silica. Again about 1853 attempts were made to improve cast- iron guns, and Mr. Cochrane advised the use of Nova Scotia iron. This was tried at Woolwich, but. the Chemical Department there refused to sanction its use on the ground that it contained too much silicon, notwithstanding that Mr. Fairbairn’s mechanical tests were in its favour. Prof. Unwin exhibited specimens of some of the bars produced in Mr.Fairbairn’s 1853experiments in the remelting of iron, and he stated that the iron was remelted in a brass furnace, not a cupola. From the analyses quoted of the bars tested in these experiments it appeared that the only chemical change which occurred in re-melting was the change in the amount of silicon, which therefore seemed to be the sole cause of the variation in strength. But this was a fallacy : the methods of determining carbon in those days were faulty, and no distinction was drawn between graphitic and combined carbon. The change in properties on remelting was always attributed chiefly to the change from graphitic to combined carbon. Mr. Turner stated that he had found exceptional values of the modulus of elas-ticity. Now the determination of the modulus of elasticity was so diffi-cult that hardly any measurement is to be trusted unless the measnre- ments are made on suitable bars under suitable conditions ;frequently the bars used are far too short.He was not prepared to agree that because a certain proportion of silicon was present, therefore the iron was good ; and it was essential to bear in mind that in cast iron we want not strength so much as certain working qualities j mere crushing strength was of very little importance. As supporting Mr. Turner’s views, Mr. Pochin quoted an instance of an iron containing some amount of silicon being accepted by a manu- facturer of very small castings as suitable in place of one with less which had been complained of as unsuitable on the ground that it contained too much silicon.He suggested that some of the dis-crepancies in analyses referred to by the author might really be due to difference in composition ; different parts of one and the same pig or steel ingot often differ very much in composition. He had recently had occasion to notice grea,t differences in quality in the two ends of steel sleepers, the one withstanding all tests, the other breaking readily. Mr. TURNERin reply said that he did not contend that a large pro- portion of silicon was good, but that when present in suitable propor- tion it improved the quality of the iron. No doubt the conversion of graphitic into combined carbon was a most important change, but the extent to which this took place probably in some way depended on the amount of silicon present; he had shown in a previous paper that grey cast iron can be made from white by addition of silicon.He did not think that the serious discrepancies which he Lad called attention to could be explained in the manner suggested by Mr. Pochin. 2. “ The Chemical Action of Pure Cultivations of Bacterium aceti.” By Adrian J. Brown. After referring to the work of Pasteur and others on acetic fermen- tation, the author describes his method of working and the means used for obtaining pure cultivations of Bacteriuwb aceti. He tlieu treats of the mode of growth and morphology of the organism. The different cell-forms observed agree with the drawings of B. aceti by Hansen and Zopf.The ferment is strictly aerobic. After showing that B. aceti oxidises ethylic alcohol to acetic acid and that the acetic acid so formed is subsequently destroyed by the ferment, its action on other alcohols of the same series is studied. Normal propylic alcohol is freely oxidised to propionic acid, but methylic alcohol is not acted upon. Isoprimary butylic alcohol and amylic alcohol are also not attacked, The action of B. aceti on certain carbohydrates is then described. Dextrose is freely acted on by the ferment; no alcohol or vola-tile acid is formed during the fermentation, the sole product being gluconic acid, the relation of which to dextrose is exhibited in the formulae:-Dextrose, CH,(OH)~CH(OH)*CH(OH).CH(OH).CH(OH)*COH, G1uconicacid .. } CHz(OH) .CH(OH) *CH(OH) 4 CH ( 0H)*CH(OH) .c0 0 H. Cane-sugar is unaffected by B. a,ceti, even when the organism is made to grow freely in a solutioii containing it. This is true also of milk-sugar and starch. Mannitol is shown to be completely acted upon by B. aceti, the main product being lsvulose. A small proportion of a body pos- Bessing a cupric reducing power, but no action on polarised light, is also simultaneously formed. No acid is formed, the laevulose pro- duced not being further acted on by B. aceti. Laevulose prepared from inulin is also not oxidised by the ferment, thus indicating a marked difference in the constitution of dextrose and lsvulose. Using Kiliani’s formula for laevulose, its relation to mannitol is shown by the formulae :-Nanni tol, CH, ( OH)*CH( OH)*CH(OH) CH( OH) ClH(OH) CH,(OH) Laevulose, CH,( OH)*CH(OH)*CO*CH(OH)*CH(OH).CH,( OH) As mannitol may be formed from dextrose by the action of sodium 137 amalgam, the oxidation of mannitol by B.aceti appears to afford a means of converting dextrose into laevulose. DISCUSSION. The PRESIDENTremarked that the study of the effects produced by various organisms presents an enormous field for research ;the results obtained by Fitz had already shown this. The experiments were also of interest as bearing on the examination of antiseptics, and pointed to the importance of ascertaining their effect upon a variety of organisms, as a given antiseptic might affect one kind and not another.Dr. ARMSTRONGsaid that Mr. Brown’s results appeared to him to throw some light on the remarkable transformations undergone by the carbohydrates in plants and animals. It is well known that in some cases starch wanders from the leaves where it has been formed and is elsewhere again deposited as starch, as in the potato, for example ;that in the sugar-beet it becomes cane-sugar, and in the dahlia and arti- choke inulin ; and that sometimes in animals it becomes milk-sugar. No clue has hitherto been obtained to these and similar changes. The conversion of mannitol into lamdose, however, indicates a possible mode of obtaining cane-sugar from starch, as it is unquestionable that a change such as that of starch into dextrose and then into mannitol takes place within the plant, and that individual cells may act upon the mannitol in the same way as B.aceti does, forming laevulose, which might then enter into reaction with dextrose. As regards the difference in behaviour of various carbohydrates, he thought that caution must be observed in reasoning from the formulae ordinarily employed ;probably even the simplest carbohydrates exist in solution as complex aggregates of several C6groups, and their behaviour much depends on the composition of these aggregates. Mr. Brown’s obser- vations were also of value as throwing light on the phenomena of fer-mentation. He (Dr. Armstrong) had long thought that fermentation took place in consequence of a something contained within the ferment- organism attaching itself to the molecule of the fermented substance ; action thereupon set in at this point of attachment, and hydrolysis taking place the molecule was ultimately broken up : the function of ferments was, in fact, to localise the action, whether of water alone, or of water and atmospheric oxygen.Mr. Brown’s observations on mannitol clearly proved that the organism exercised a selective influence. 138 3. “ A Method of Separating and Estimating Zirconium.” By G. H. Bailey, D.Sc., Ph.D. When a solution of zirconia in dilute sulphuric acid is treated with excess of hydrogen peroxide, a white bulky precipitate is obtained consisting of an oxide of zirconium of the formula Zr,06. This oxide seems to be possessed of very well-defined characters, and moreover the precipitation is a complete one.It is suggested that the reaction may be utilised as a means of obtaining pure compounds of zirconium, of separating zirconium-especially where it occurs in small quantities in minerals, and in quantitatively determining this element. 4. “Notes on an Analysis of Koppite.” By G.H. Bailey, D.Sc., Ph.D. The following are the author’s results :-Knop and Rammelsberg. Nb,O,. ......... 61.4 62.18 TiOz .......... 0.72 -Tho, .......... -3.0 ZrO, .......... 3.39 -Ce, La, Di oxides 6.89 6.69 FeO ........... 3-01 1.80 CaO .......... 16-61 16-00 MgO .......... 1-62 0.4 Na ............ 3.58 5.58 K ............. 0-36 4.23 I?..............Not estimated 6.23 DISCUSSION. The PRESIDENTenquired how the titanium had been separated from niobium ; he was not aware that any method had yet been devised. The discovery of titanium in the mineral was in itself an interesting fact ;had the author taken the precaution of excluding Dysanalyte ? Dr. BAILEY,in reply, said that the titanium was estimated in pre- sence of the niobium by a colorimetric method, by means of hydrogen peroxide ; the crystals were very carefully selected, and only the octa- hedral ones were analysed. 5. “The Monobromophthalic Acids.” By G. Stallard. Guareschi and Meldola have both assumed that the bromophthalic acid melting at 175” is the 1: 2 :4 modification, attributing the alter- native formula COOH : COOH : Br = 1 :2 : 3 to the acid melting at, 139”.Guareschi obtained the acid of higher melting point by 139 oxidising the bromonitronaphthalene produced on brominating nitro- naphthalene. The author, however, finds that a-bromonaphthalene is produced on eliminating the NOa-group from Guareschi’s bromonitro- naphthalene ; and that it yields ydibi-ornonaphthalene (melting at 130”) on displacing the N02-group by Br. Hence he infers that the bromophthalic acid melting at 175” is the 1: 2 : 3 modification ; and he points out that this view is favoured by the fact that, according to Kruger, the melting point of the anhydride of the 1: 2 : 3 chloro-phthalic acid is much higher than that of the 1: 2 :4modification. This conclusion, however, does not harmonise with Meldola’s view of the constitution of the dibromonaphthylamine which he obtained from bromo-P-naphthylarnine from Liebermann’s brornonitronaphthalene.6. “Benzoylacetic Acid and some of its Derivatives.” Part IV. By W. H. Perkin, Jun., Ph.D., and A. Calman, Ph.D. In the hope that methylic benzoylacetate might prove to be a crystalline substance, the authors have prepared it from methylic phenylpropiolate and sulphuric acid; but they could not obtain it otherwise than as an oil, and several of its derivatives were also found to be oils. Ethylic methylbenzoylacetate is described. PCI, converts it into ethylic a-methyl-/?-chlorocinnamate, C6H5*CC1: CMe*COOEt. By the action of sodium amalgam on its alcoholic solution, a-methyl- p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid is produced. Ethylic propylbenzoyl- acetate is next considered, and its conversion into butylphenjlketone by the action of dilute alcoholic potash is described; it yields ethylic a.propyl-P-chlorocinnamate on treatment with PCI,.An account of ethylic isopropylbenzoylacetate and isobntylbenzoylacetate and of the corresponding ketones is then given. The authors have further stndied ethylic furfurandicarboxylate obtained by heating ethylic dibenzoylsuccinate with sulphuric acid. ’7. ‘‘ Mercury Sulphites and the Constitution of Sulphites.” ByEdward Divers, M.D., P.R.S., and Tetsukichi Shimidzu, M.E. In formation, composition and reaction the mercury sulphites, according to the authors, are not ordinary salts, and supply many facts serving for the determination of the constitution of non-saturated oxygenous salts.The mercuric radicle, Hg, takes up and preserves a non-oxylic relation to sulphuryl with an energy compara- ble to that it exerts in its cyanide and iodide; this is the central con-ception in the chemistry of the mercury sulphites, and they are of opinion that without it all the peculiarities of these salts stand unex- plained. 140 The paper is of great length; the salts which are described and dis- cussed, and the formulte attributed to them, are as follows :-Mercuric sodium sulphite ........ Hg<~~$~-OH~ Mercuric hydrogen SO,*OH (known only in solutio$PlfitC } H~<SO~*OH S02-OHg0>%*OH2Mercuric oxysulphite............ Hg< s02. Mercuric mercurous or mercu-rosic sulphite .............. Mercuric hypomercurous so *o hypomercurosic sulphitc . . p.'} Iig< S022*O>Hg3*0H2 Only the first and third of these have been previously described. Normal mercuric and mercurous sulphites do not appear to be capable of existing. Among the conclusions arrived at are the following :-In reduction by sulphurous acid, the acid is not as such or directly oxidised by the metallic salts reduced, but a sulphite is formed through changes in which reduction afterwards follows. Either, as in the case of mer-curosic sulphite, a further quantity of the sulphurous acid or alkali sulphite resolves the salt into a double salt of part of the metal: the free metal, e.g,, mercurosic sulphite becomes mercuric hydrogen sul- phite and mercury ; or the sulphite suffers hydrolysis into metal and sulphuric acid. Mercury and silver sulphites resemble organic sulphites (sulphonates) in undergoing hydrolysis into sulphuric acid and basic radicle, and in not oxidising in the air.The contrast they afford in this respect to most other metallic sulphites is good evidence of sulphites having a hemi-haloid constitution. Hydrolysis may in fact serve as a test of the constitution of an oxygenous salt : if the salt suffer hydrolysis into acid and metal, the salt is partly haloid; while if it yield acid and basic oxide it is wholly oxylic. Sulphites are like haloid salts and unlike oxylic salts in the pro- perty which some of them display of parting with some of their chlorous radicle.Mercuric sulphite becomes mercurosic snlphite, much as manganic chloride becomes manganous chloride and cupric iodide or cyanide becomes cuprous ; mercury and silver sulphites become metal and acid radicle, much as gold chlorides become gold and chlorine. There is a difference in tthe cases, but this is accounted for by the sulphites being hemi-oxy lic salts-therefore requiring water to effect their decomposition. Sulphites are also like haloid salts in the considerable insolubility of their silver and mercury compounds in nitric acid; and they resemble iodides and cyanides 141 inasmuch as the double mercury and silver salts are stable and not decomposed by free alkalis. 8.‘‘ Potassium Chlorate.” By Frank L. Teed, D.Sc. The author in a previous paper arrived at the conclusion that the decomposition of potassium chlorate by heat may be represented by the equation 10KCIOs = 6KClOa + 4KC1 + 302. He has continued his experiments and finds that when the salt is very gently heated the decomposition more nearly approximates to that indicated by the equation 22KC103 = 14KC104+ 8KC1 + 50,, the majority of his results falling within the limits calculated from these two equations. As bearing on the subject, the decomposition of potassium perchlo- rate by heat was investigated ; it appears that in the earlier stages potassium chlorate is formed, but this disappears again long before the complete decomposition of the perchlorate is effected.He finds that when the perchlorate is heated with manganese binoxide, it decomposes apparently without any chlorate being formed. Some numbers obtained by Baudrimont, which had an apparent similarity to his own, are criticised, and it is pointed out that Baudri- mont’s methods of analysis must have been untrustworthy. The author intends continuing his experiments, DISCUSSION. FRANKLANDDr. PERCY said that experiments made in the South Kensington Laboratory had given results in accordance with the equation 8KC10, = 20, + 5KC10a + 3KC1. Care had been taken to prevent mechanical loss by placing a glass wool plug above the chlorate ; the decomposition had been effected at a known constant temperature; and the amount of residual chlorate had been de- termined.Dr. ARMSTRONGremarked that the results now brought forward made it more than ever probable that, as he had previously suggested, the perchlorate simultaneously underwent decomposition even at a temperature below that at which it decomposes when heated alone: a considerable amount of heat is developed in the decomposition of potassium chlorate, and it was therefore to be expected that the amount of perchlorate formed would be less, and the amount decom- posed greater, and hence that more oxygen would be obtained, when the decomposition was effected more rapidly, as the temperature would be locally higher. Dr. TEED said that the results quoted by Dr. Percy Prankland con- firmed his statement that the ratio of oxygen to chloride depends on 142 the way in which the decomposition is effected ; Dr.Frankland would find less oxygen produced at a lower temperature. 9. “On the Sugars of some Cereals and of Germinated Grain.” By C. O’Sullivan, F.R.S. My attention has been called to a paper by Kjeldahl, of the Carlesberg Laboratory, Copenhagen, published in the Transactions of that Insti- tution, in which this subject is treated. The methods employed are pretty much the same as those described by me, and the results obtained are practically confirmed by my work. Priority of publica-tions of the chief points belongs, therefore, to Kjeldahl. I regret very much that I should have missed this work of Kjeldahl, arid I take the earliest opportunity of putting the matter right as far as I can.I may, however, say, in justice to myself, that there is sufficient novelty in the mode of treatment and in the details of my work to justify the publication of it even though I had seen Kjeldahl’s paper. 10. ‘‘Note on the Chemical Formula for Wool Keratine.” By R. Lloyd Whiteley, Lecturer on Dyeing at University College, Notting- ham. Having occasion to calculate the approximate formula for the keratine found in wool fibre, according to “Bowman’s Analyses ” (p. 170, “Structure of the Wool Fibre,” by F. H. Bowman) I was surprised to find what a different result I obtained from that given by Mills and Takamine (Chem. Xoc. Trans., 1883, 43, 142), and quoted by Bowman.I therefore referred to Mills’ data to ascertain wherein the difference lay, and found that in Cmelin’s Handbook, 18,351, from which the numbers had been obtained, there was an evident mis- print, the values of the hydrogen and nitrogen in the percentage numbers being interchanged. This was confirmed on reference to two of the original papers, viz., Marcker and Schulze (Annalen, 40,193-207), and Scherer (Ann. Pharm., 40, 53). Instead, therefore, of the formula C42H157N5S018, given by Mills as (Zoc. cit.), the corrected results yield the formula C41H,1N12S014, obtained from the mean figures C 49.96, H 7.11, N 16-65, 0 3.39, S 22-89 (by difference), in which probably the nitrogen is too low, and the oxygen correspondingly high. Taking Dr.Bowman’s later analyses we obtain the approximate formula C43H71N13S013,from the mean figures C 50.27, H 7.05, N 18-37,S 2.90, 0 20.40. These figures are not quite free from objection, the carbon being probably rather high ; but considering the difficulty of completely 143 purifying the fibre from every trace of mechanically adhering mineral matter, it is probable tbat either of the two formulae may be taken as closely resembling the true empirical one. This would apply to wool only, for, though the analysis of other keratines, such as those of hair, horn, &c., closely agree in the amount of carbon and hydrogen, and fairly well in the amount of nitrogen, in the case of sulphur and oxygen they are proportionably much more divergent, so that it is impossible to represent them by any one formula.11. “ Some Derivatives of Thiourea.” By George McGowan, Ph.D., F.R.S.E. In continuation of his examination of the derivatives of methyl-sulphonic acid (J. pr. Chem., 1884, 30,280), the author has submitted thioruea to the action of trichloromethylsulplionic chloride. If the chloride, CCl,*SO,Cl, be added to a cold aqueous solution of thiourea, no reaction takes place until after long standing, but on applying heat the chloride gradually dissolves, sulphur being deposited. On adding the chloride to a cold or nearly cold solution of thiourea in 80 or 90 per cent. alcohol, much heat is developed, and a mass of needle-like crystals separate out, the quantity being much increased by the subsequent addition of ether.The product is identical with the dithiourea dichloride, (CSN2H&C1,, obtained by Claus by acting on thiourea with chlorine (Annalen, 179, 139). The same compound is obtained by the action on thiourea of mono-and di-chloromethyl- sulphonic chlorides and of phosphorus oxychloride, but the author failed to obtain it with acetyl chloride. When allowed to crystallise out from 90 per cent. alcohol on a microscopic slide, it forms highly characteristic, apparently monoclinic, plates. It cannot be recrystal- lised from water or alcohol as the solutions invariably deposit sulphur. An aqueous solution strongly acidified with chlorhydric acid may, however, even be heated with impunity. It is perfectly stable at ordinary temperatures.If dilute nitric acid be added to a moderately concentrated aqueous solution of the dichloride, a crystalline precipitate is produced in the form of jagged daggers or long sword-like plates, consisting of the nitrate (CSN,H,),(NO,),. These crystals were also observed to be formed in the mother-liq-ilor from the preparation of thiourea nitrate, CSN2H4,HN03. The salt is almost insoluble in dilute nitric acid ; more soluble, although sparingly, in water ; practically insoluble in cold absolute alcohol and in ether. This is a comparatively stable compound, and in this respect differs from the thiourea nitrate described by Reynolds ; but the author suggests that the instability of the latter may have been due to the presence of a small quantity 144 of free nitric acid.A solution of potassium nitrate also produces a precipitate of the above nitrate in a cold aqueous solution of dithiourea dichloride. If iodine chloride or trichloride be added to a cold alcoholic solu-tion of thiourea, dithiourea dichloride is formed, iodine separating. If potassium iodide and thiourea dichloride be suspended together in absolute alcohol, they react to form thiourea, potassium chloride and iodine. Dithiourea diiodide, (GSN2Ha)212,can, however, be pre- pared by rubbing together in a mortar pure thiourea and iodine in the proportion of their molecular weights, sufficient alcohol being added to make a pasty mass ; the reaction succeeds best when only small quantities are used.Once it is prepared, the diiodide is quite stable and can be preserved in a dry tube ; it crystallises in long colourless prisms. It is at once decomposed by water, alcohol and ether, iodine separating, but not by benzene. On heating the aqueous solution, or on addition of caustic alkali, sulphur separates, this separation of sulphur being characteristic of the dithiourea salts. Addition of dilute chlorhydric acid does not cause the separation of iodine in the cold, but on heating the solution iodine is freely liberated, but no sulphur is precipitated : hence it is more easily decomposed under these conditions into iodine and thiourea than into sulphur, hydrogen iodide, thiourea and cyanamide (or derivatives thereof), these latter being the products which should result, according to Claus’s observa-tions on the dichloride.The results me given of the complete analyses of the salts described in the paper. ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. I. Donations. Principles of Thermal Chemistry: by M, M. P. Mnir, assisted by D. M. Wilson : London, 1885: from the Author. Transactions of the Sanitary Institute of Great Britain: Vol. vi, 18865 : London, 1885: from trhe Council. Brewing with Raw Grain: by T. W. Lovibond: London, 1883: from the Author. Chemistry ; General, Medical, and Pharmaceutical : by J. Att,field: eleventh edition : London, 1885 : from the Author. Year Book of Photography for 1886: London : from the Editor. Die Schwingungsknoten. Theorie der Chemischen Verbindungen : 145 von M.N. Teplow : am dem Russischen ubersetz : von L. Jawein : St. Petersburg, 1885. from the Author. Lightning Conductors, their History, Nature, and Mode of Appli-cation: by R. Anderson: London and New Pork, 1885 : from the Author. Ansfuhrliches Lehrbuch der Chemie: von H. E. Roscoe und Schorlemmer : Zweite vermehrte Auflage : Band I : Nichtmetalle : Braunschwig, 1885 : from the Authors. 11. By Purchase. Thermochemische Untersuchungen : von J. Thomsen : Band IV : Organische Verbindungen : Lcipzig, 1886. Titles of Papers of interest to Chemists recently read befQre Societies in the United Kingdom:- “ On the Action of Sunlight on Micro-organisms, &c., with a Demonstration of the Influence of Diffused Light.” By Dr. Arthur Downes.Royal Society of London, .Tanuary 14th. “ On the Foundations of the Kinetic Theory of Gases ”-(a.) “ On the ultimate average Distribution of Energy among Systems of Colliding Spheres.” (b.) “ On the Length of the Mean Path among Equal Spheres.” By Professor Tait. “ On the Temperature of Loch Lomond.” By J. Y. Buchanan, Esq. “ On Dew.” By John Aitken, Esq. “ On the Salinity of the Water about the Mouth of the Spey.” By Hugh Robert Mill, Esq., B.Sc., and T. Morton Ritchie, B.Sc. “ On the Distribution and Significance of Micro-organisms in Water.” By A. Wynter Blyth, Esq. “ On Systems of Colliding Spheres.” By Professor Tait. “ On the Effect of Pressure on the Maximum Density Point of Water.” By the Same.“ On the Relation between the Densities and the Atomic Weights of the Elements.” By Professor Crum Brown. “ On the Partition of Energy among Systems of Colliding Spheres.” By Professor Tait. “ On an Improved Form of Water-Collector.” By H. R,Mill, Eaq., B.Sc., F.R.S. “ On as Repetition of Berthelot’s Experiment on the Tenacity of Water and its Adhesion to Glass.” By H. G. Creelmann, B.A. Royal Society of Edinburgh, December 7th and 21st ; January 4th and 18th. “ Some Thermodynamical Relationg.” By Professor Ramsay and Dr. Young.‘‘ Note on the foregoing Paper.” By Professors Ayrton and Perry. Physical Society, November 28th, and January 23rd. ‘‘ On Gas Producers.” By Mr. P. J. Rowan. Institution of Civil Engineers, January 15th. SALE 0.k’ THE “ ABSTRACTS OF PROCEEDINGS.” The Council having resolved to place the “Abstracts of Proceed-ings ” on sale at a price of 7s. 6d. per annum, intending subscribers and FelloFs who desire to purchase extra copies are requested to apply without delay to Mr. Van Voorst, Paternoster Row, London, E.C. At the meeting on February 4th Dr. Klein, F.R.S., will deliver a lecture on “ Methods of bacteriological research from a biologist’s point of view.” HARRISON AND ~ONS,PRINTERS IN OBDINARY TO HER MAJESTY, ST. MAXTIN’S LANE.
ISSN:0369-8718
DOI:10.1039/PL8860200133
出版商:RSC
年代:1886
数据来源: RSC
|
|