摘要:

Tendencies toward disciplinary isolation in graduate training are contradicted by the growing unity of science. Human social behavior and adaptation are functions of several complex and interrelated systems, namely, biological, ecological, physiological, psychological and sociological. Accordingly, if a sociologist is to effectively specialize, then, his undergraduate and graduate training must reflect appropriate knowledge and skills in one or more related substantive disciplines beyond sociology itself.Moreover, man's phylogenetic and ontogenetic development are affected by the interaction of natural and man-made systems. The explanation of the causes of the main effects and the interacting effects of these systems can be improved by taking into account knowledge from related levels of abstraction. This is illustrated by analyzing the concepts ofinnateandlearnedandcommunicationandrole-taking, first from the perspective of individual development, and secondly, from the point of view of the interrelations of phylogenetic and ontogenetic development.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/49.1.1

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1970

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Identical questionnaires were administered to identical samples of Williams College undergraduates in 1948 and in 1967, and the 1948 nonveterans were compared with the 1967 sample. Changes in the backgrounds of the students were controlled by a weighting system in calculating responses. The main changes were diminished traditional religious commitment and liberalization of beliefs; diminished religious behavior; more and earlier reported religious questioning during adolescence; and fewer designations of religious preference. The students changed more than did their parents during this time. The decreasing traditional religious commitment seems related to the increasing politicization of students since the early 1950s.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/49.1.16

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1970

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Secularization is the object of controversy and unclarity. By restricting the concept to traditional forms of religiosity, and by distinguishing it multidimensionally, similar to Glock and Stark's model of religious commitment, it can be fruitfully applied. A priori hypotheses predicting increases in secularization based on differences in urbanization and industrialization from samples of Catholic male adolescents in Merida, San Juan, St. Paul, and New York are partially confirmed, and the need for a multidimensional concept of secularization is underscored. A suggested expansion of the concept would include vocabularies of motives, e.g., Anglo respondents checked parental expectations as reasons for attending church considerably more than did the Latin respondents. Caution is in order, however, when applying data from a cross-sectional design to theories of change.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/49.1.28

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1970

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Weber's suggestion that the greater one's involvement with the politics of social reform the less his aversion to the use of morally dubious means is tested in a population of clergymen. The data are consistent with Weber's suggestion. Specifically, it is found that the more a clergyman is involved in attempts to alleviate social problems the less he objects to the use of a strategy for social change which employs deceit, threats, bluffs, and hostility; the less he disapproves of the use of power and conflict in general; and the less he rejects the use of power by the underprivileged in particular.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/49.1.36

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1970

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Contrary to what several theoretical perspectives would predict, the merger of the northern and southern branches of the Methodist church in 1939 has not resulted in a convergence of racial attitudes among clergy. Southern clergy have become more liberal about racial issues, but so have clergy in the non-South, and hence no significant convergence is observed. Two important structural variables appear to substantially account for the lack of convergence. First, while there is a national bureaucratic structure, most administrative matters are organized on a limited geographic basis and there is an absence of national conventions, committees, etc., bringing clergy into contact with peers from other regions. Second, interregional migration of clergy appears to be solidifying rather than homogenizing regional differences.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/49.1.41

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1970

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This article presents a joint set of eight religio-ethnic identification dimensions which are equally applicable to the Jewish and Protestant communities. Given such a conceptual scheme, it becomes possible to evaluate the impacts of United States generations, social status, sex, and age, upon group identification. Such an evaluation reveals the rejection by the younger, higher-status members of both groups of many of their traditional acts and beliefs but a constant, or strengthened, interest in improved religious education for their children and upon activity in religio-ethnic organizations. When upper-status Jews and Protestants are compared, the surprising thing is their fairly similar index values on the dimensions of religious behavior, pietism, and religious education. However, such Jews are a lot more active in Jewish organizations than are their Protestant equivalents. Upper-status Jews and Protestants further differ in that the Jews are less traditional in beliefs, socialize to a greater degree within their ethnic community, and are more concerned about the religious education of their children.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/49.1.50

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1970

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Patterns of lifetime church attendance and participation in voluntary associations among skid-row men and two samples of “normal” respondents are contrasted with models of aging and affiliation derived from previous research. All samples manifested substantial religious disaffiliation during adult life, with the model based in “disengagement theory” receiving the greatest support. With advancing age, church attendance becomes increasingly less important as a source of voluntary affiliation among both well-to-do and poor men. Comparison of results from cross-sectional and retrospective data suggest that currently accepted generalizations about lifetime patterns of aging and church attendance are open to serious question. Developmental patterns must be distinguished from variations due to societal change, and cross-sectional data do not permit this distinction.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/49.1.59

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1970

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The pipeline construction industry is characterized by short jobs which often are long distances apart. Consequently, construction contractors must recruit new crews for each job, and workers must constantly seek work. Moreover, the industry has not developed effective formal recruiting procedures. Recruiting is informal and it depends upon the particularism of kin ties and friendships. Contractors find crews, and workers find jobs, through patterns of favor exchange which originate among groups of kinsmen and friends. The writer examined these patterns through field observation and informant reports. He drew two tentative conclusions: (1) particularistic recruiting is essential for the industry; and (2) the particularism is patterned so that it interferes very little with the competency requirements of the industry.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/49.1.72

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1970

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper presents a theory of participant behavior in (hospital) organizations which integrates internal and external influences on such behavior. Emphasis is placed upon the relationship between extra-organizational variables (especially ascribed and achieved statuses) and model types of organizational “anchorages”—in the authority system, in the co-worker system and in the clientele system. The analytical connection between organizational anchorages and extra-organizational variables is made in terms of a theory of status deficits and surpluses. The hypothesis developed is that participants with lower status in the society-at-large have status deficits which lead to “authority anchorage” in the organizational system. Alternative anchorages of other participants are discussed as well.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/49.1.81

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1970

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A social-psychological formulation of Weber's model of bureaucracy is offered which emphasizes close connections among expertise, control, authority, and legitimacy. Structured and sociometric questions are used to develop ordinal measures of these four variables and the relationships are tested among the individuals in a public school system. In general the relationships are confirmed, indicating that Weber's model is useful as a source of generalizations about the behavior of individuals in organizations. The implications of these findings are discussed, with emphasis given to suggested modifications of the ideal-typical model.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/49.1.91

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1970

数据来源: OUP