摘要:

This paper applies a quasi-experimental design to the problem of the causal relation between intellectual and political movements. A sample of 122 consecutive “generations” (or 20-year periods) was drawn from European history (540 B.C. to 1900 A.D.). A cross-lagged correlation analysis indicated the following intergenerational influences: (1) political fragmentation has a positive impact on the emergence of empiricism, skepticism-criticism-fideism, materialism, temporalism, nominalism, singularism, and the ethics of happiness; (2) war has a negative impact on the appearance of most of these just mentioned beliefs; (3) skepticism-criticism-fideism and perhaps materialism have a positive influence on the appearance of war; and (4) civil disturbances tend to polarize beliefs on all major philosophical issues.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.3.513

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1976

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Attitude differences by quality of higher education experience were investigated on six sociopolitical issues for a national sample of adult Americans. Persons from high-ranked colleges were found to be consistently more liberal than those from low- and unranked institutions, differences which were significant on all but one item when region of birth and age were held constant. Most variance in attitudes by education lies between the three major educational strata (grade school, high school, and college), rather than within the college-educated group. But rising levels of higher education and greater differences among younger than older persons suggest a continuing stratification of opinion within the college-educated population.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.3.524

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1976

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The central question of this paper is why people of African descent have shown different rates of acculturation, and different degrees of “racia” distinctiveness in Mexico, Brazil, and the United States. Acculturation is greater in Mexico and the United States than in Brazil, but Mexico makes the least racial distinctions and the United States the most, with Brazil in between. The two dimensions are thus independent of each other, and each is determined by a multiplicity of factors including demographic ratios, the size and status of the indigenous population, racist ideology, the slave family structure, ethnic concentrations of African immigrants, recency of immigration, and the extent of cross-Atlantic ties.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.3.530

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1976

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This study examines the relationships between certain characteristics and motivations of return migrants from the U.S. to Israel. Characteristics are those bearing on “success” as measured by level of education and occupation. Motivations are classified by developing and operationalizing the push-pull model for explaining migratory selection and movement. The data show that return migration from the U.S. to Israel is nonselective and that remigrants are motivated mainly by the attraction of the country of destination. A subclassification of the push-pull dichotomy reveals that: (1) the decision of the more successful return migrants is primarily influenced by occupational opportunities back home; (2) the less successful are motivated chiefly by patriotic attachment and loyalty to the home country. The predictive value and policy implications of the results of this analysis are indicated.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.3.546

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1976

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Because they mainly address different questions, functionalist and Marxist theories are often assumed to be incommensurable explanations of the distribution of rewards in society and, therefore, the theories cannot be competitively tested. But close examination of the two viewpoints suggests that despite many differences, the theories share two analytical elements in common. These aresocial powerandevaluation of contributionas determinants of the concrete distribution of rewards. While the theories diverge widely in the emphasis they give these two elements in their explanations, the presence of common analytical elements makes possible a competitive test of the ability of each theory to explain variance in concrete systems of differentiated reward. Four questions encompassing such a test are posed.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.3.559

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1976

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

It is no exaggeration to say that subsequent evidence in support of Weber' thesis has been historical and “institutional.” Conversely, almost all research claiming to negate the thesis has involved social-psychological variables. A review of this latter research, however, reveals no instance where the relationship between a Protestant Ethic attitude and a capitalistic spirit attitude is investigated. Instead, the former is inferred from one' church affiliation or involvement and/or the latter is inferred from one' class standing, upward mobility, or the like. Using college students as subjects, the research reported here measures a worldview identified as “innerworldly ascetic” (i.e., applicable to more than Protestants) and investigates its relationship with a number of rational capitalistic attitudes.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.3.579

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1976

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This study explores a range of issues bearing on prisonization research based on male populations but does so using cross-sectional questionnaire data gathered from 172 female felons and misdemeanants incarcerated in a prison for women in Raleigh, N. C. The analysis tackles three major issues: (1) the relation of traditional situational variables (career phase and group contact) to inmate perspectives, (2) the relative impact of situational and non-institutional characteristics on inmate perspectives, and (3) variation in traditional patterns among different categories of inmates. In general, we found that the patterns involving career phase and group contact were similar to those found in Wheeler' early research among males and similar to one recent analysis of females. Moreover, of all situational variables examined the traditional situational variables were the most strongly related to inmate perspectives. Several of the background variables examined were, however, more strongly related than the situational variables. On the other hand, the relationship between career phase and subscription to the inmate code was quite variable among different categories of inmates. The variation noted appears relevant for reconciling divergent findings in prisonization research among female inmates.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.3.590

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1976

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Drawing on the insights offered by Durkheim, Erikson, Simmel, and Coser about possible integration effects on social groups of acts of conflict and deviance committed within and against them, this paper examines some consequences of deviant behavior and attendant sanctions in a number of small-scale tribal societies in Africa. Data drawn from ethnographic studies indicate that when the parties in dispute are members of closely linked social units, deviance and mechanisms of sanctioning enhance social integration within and between the units involved, and that when disputing parties are members of distantly related social units, deviance and mechanisms of sanctioning operate to preserve social distance and animosities. A model is proposed to conceptualize these relationships.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.3.604

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1976

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The impact of race, age, SES, marital status, perceived health and social participation upon life satisfaction was examined. Data were drawn from a survey of 1,347 adult residents of the United States. Hypotheses concerning each independent variable were derived from the literature and tested through regression analysis. Sex was incorporated in the research design as a control variable.The findings indicate that race and quality of perceived health are the most salient predictors of satisfaction. Marital status and social participation emerged as consistent but relatively weak determinants. SES displayed a negligible relationship with satisfaction. And while age was related to satisfaction the direction of the relationship was opposite from that which had been hypothesized. Possible reasons for the results as well as implications for future research are discussed.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.3.621

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1976

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper analyzes some factors related to ambivalence toward ethnic integration among a segment of white liberals. Drawing from the sociological literature on ethnic identification, interethnic contact, ethnocentrism, and the cosmopolitan-local typology, we test and find support for several hypotheses. Tests are based on interviews with members of an organization which supports civil rights and whose members, Protestants and Jews, are well above national mean ranks in education, occupation, and income. Attitudes toward six interethnic situations are examined. We suggest that when status concerns and central values of ethnic groups are threatened, people will be ambivalent about integration. We find “localistic embeddedness” to be a major correlate of ambivalence. Further research on samples of different ethnic groups is indicated, with investigation into degree of ethnic indentification among members and their interactions within and outside the ethnic community.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/54.3.632

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1976

数据来源: OUP