摘要:

The structures of beliefs on feminist policy preferences are compared for activists who led campaigns supporting and opposing a Massachusetts referendum on equal rights for women (ERA) in 1976. Beliefs of opposing activists demonstrate asymmetric structures. The preferences for feminist policies of ERA proponents show significantly greater constraint, consensus, and position extremity than do those of ERA opponents. These findings are explained in terms of differences in the group processes among activists within social movements that assert new claims and responsibilities compared with those that defend old rights and privileges.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.3.657

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Central to the ecological theory of urban systems is the notion of a territorial division of labor based on differentiation and interdependence and mediated by large urban centers performing metropolitan, i.e., control and coordination, functions. The hypothesis of a positive relationship between performance of metropolitan functions and extensiveness of involvement in the web of interdependence (the latter measured by volume and variety of trade flows and the number of exchange linkages), is here tested directly for the first time. The vertical (metropolitan) dimension of functional differentiation is found to be closely associated with the extensiveness of trade interdependence, but the relationship varies by product type and city size.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.3.676

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The careers of 557 biochemists are studied in order to answer the following questions: Who gets postdoctoral training and why? How does such training affect subsequent employment opportunities? Does postdoctoral training increase later research productivity? Results show that predoctoral research productivity has no effect on who gets postdoctoral training or where one gets it. Getting postdoctoral training does not seem to affect one's chances of getting a prestigious job, but where the training occurred has a major impact on the prestige of subsequent jobs. In contrast, having had postdoctoral training seems to result in substantial increases in later citation rates, but where the training occurred makes little difference in citation rates. The modest effect of postdoctoral training on publication rates disappears when employment sector is held constant.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.3.701

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Recent representations of George Mead's view of society have opposed it to the dominant view by emphasizing its dynamic aspect at the expense of the inertia to which Mead also gave full recognition. He saw that inertia exercised through culture. Without using the term, culture, Mead recognized its force in the notion of sociality, as well as in a whole complex of other interrelated concepts. In addition, Mead represented social evolution as a cultural development, viz., a growing universalism in the institutions. Finally, as further evidence that Mead should not be set apart from the mainstream, it is shown that his position does not require a special methodology.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.3.723

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Studies of the issue disagree about the reasons for—even the existence of—a low level of class voting in Canada. In order to study class voting, three items must be conceptualized and measured adequately: the class of the voters, the class of the parties, and the structural constraints on political partisanship. Central to our concerns is that the only true leftist party, the New Democrat party (NDP), does not field a candidate in every constituency and is not really a viable party everywhere it does contest the election. Thus, the working classes do not always have the realistic option of voting NDP and research which does not take this into account attenuates the relationship between class and voting. We hypothesize, therefore, that (a) the level of class voting is higher in constituencies in which the NDP is viable and (b) the level of nonvoting among the working classes is higher where the NDP is not viable. Reconceptualizing class in Marxian terms, our results indicate that class is related to voting and that there is a statistical interaction among class, voting, and the viability of the NDP. Furthermore, nonvoting among the working classes increases in nonviable constituencies and decreases in those constituencies where the NDP is viable, indicating that nonvoting may be a class response similar to voting NDP. Implications of this analysis for other Western democracies are noted.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.3.738

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Fear of crime has emerged as a significant issue. Much research has investigated the extent and distribution of fear across such social statuses as age, sex, class, and race. Our research takes a different direction: it treats fear as a social fact which varies across sites and situations—fear between cities and the structural characteristics of cities which influence it, such as crime rates, the proportion of crime which is interracial, racial composition (percent nonwhite and segregation), and population size. Using data from the National Crime Survey (NCS) and various other sources, we regress fear of crime on these structural characteristics for 26 cities. For whites the analysis suggests that fear is affected by property crime rates and the proportion of crime which is interracial, and that racial composition indirectly affects fear by strongly influencing the proportion of crime which is interracial. For nonwhites the analysis suggests that fear is also affected by racial composition, but not by crime rates or the proportion of crime which is interracial. The paper explores the meaning of these findings for a structural theory of the fear of crime.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.3.760

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

We estimate multiwave panel models for the effect of clearance rates and a vector of socioeconomic control variables on index crimes, using a sample of 98 U.S. cities for the years 1964–70. No consistent evidence of a substantial effect is found.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.3.771

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Potential problems in ratio correlation cannot be resolved outside a particular substantive context. Within the context of deterrence research, several approaches are examined: the “conceptual-meaning” resolution, the Pearsonian approximation formula and null comparison, simulation techniques, decomposition into component covariances, part correlation, and the use of residual scores. A simulation experiment shows that when the terms used in the measures of certainty of imprisonment and crime rate are randomly scrambled, the resulting ratios correlate in a manner comparable to what occurs with the data in their original form. These scrambled-data correlations, however, are due purely to artifactual effects of the common term. The most useful test for the existence of this common-term artifact appears to be the technique of part correlation. With empirical imprisonment data, the part correlations are lower than the zero-order correlations, supporting the possibility that the original correlations may have been at least partially artifactual.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.3.791

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This study examines the role-related conditions which generate a target's compliance with a source when threatened with genuine, severe punishment. Given the ethical restrictions of laboratory experimentation, cases of robbery are used as a data base. Compliance is affected by the source's capacity to punish, intent as to the use of force, and the target's capacity to oppose and ability to comply with the source's command. If the source is perceived as capable of inflicting threatened punishment and as making punishment contingent on opposition, and if the target perceives self as incapable of effective opposition and able to comply, the target will comply. Some implications of this research are discussed.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.3.811

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Surveys conducted between 1957 and 1978 indicate a decline in reported levels of happiness from the 1950s to the early 1970s, followed by a gradual rebound. The pattern is different for certain subgroups of the population. Those in the bottom quartile in family income showed little decline in happiness during the initial period and a steeper rise during the 1970s. A similar pattern was observed for those age 65 and older. Further analysis of the differences among age groups suggests that cohort effects dominate true age effects, and that the period effect observed prior to the 1970s was greater among young people than among older people. These patterns are interpreted as evidence of a possible shift away from materialistic values during the 1960s. The magnitude of the trend, however, is very small.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/60.3.826

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1982

数据来源: OUP