摘要:

This paper inquires into the effects of urbanization and bureaucratization on one type of institutionalized decision-making: judicial sentencing. Theoretical and empirical links between urbanization, bureaucratization, and sentencing are reviewed. Then, two data sets from a Canadian province (Alberta) are analyzed: (1) 507 questionnaires based on presentence reports completed in all provincial probation departments, and (2) 974 offenders admitted to the five major provincial prisons. The analysis is built on comparisons of sentencing patterns for North American Indians and whites in urban and rural communities. The results reveal that probation officers in rural jurisdictions, as contrasted with those in urban communities, sentence Indians severely, without the justification of correlated legal variables. In addition, Indians are more likely to be sent to jail in default of fine payments in rural, than in urban communities. The implications of these findings for an understanding of the bureaucratization of criminal justice are discussed.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/55.3.597

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This exploratory study examined the relation between conventional everyday shrine/temple/church religion and politics among a random sample of rural Japanese. In contrast to the conventional wisdom previously assumed by many Western and Japanese social scientists, presence/absence of religious identification was found to be positively associated with presence/absence of political party preference, religiosity was positively correlated with several modes of political participation, and significant differences in rates of political participation were discovered between two types of Buddhism analogous to the Western Protestant—Catholic division. Social structural factors in the community, rather than theological or doctrinal elements, are suggested as accounting for the latter findings.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/55.3.613

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper presents a nonrecursive causal model of violence at protest demonstrations; it seeks to account for violence by both the police and the protestors. The model is tested using data on 126 protest events in the United States. The results of the analysis suggest strongly that the outbreak of violence at protest demonstrations is the result of a dynamic process resulting from the interaction of police and protestors; exogenous variables are found to have little predictive power when the reciprocal causal link between protestor violence and police violence is included in the model.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/55.3.630

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This investigation confirms the existence of a home advantage in organized sports; however, it refines and extends that knowledge in a number of ways. The home advantage is most pronounced in the indoor sports of ice hockey and basketball; least so, in the outdoor sports of baseball and football. More effective offensive rather than defensive action is the major factor in the home advantage among all sports. Playing at home or away from home is as strong a correlate of a team's performance as is the average quality of its players. Finally, inferences from the data, as well as more direct observations on audience size and its relationship to performance and outcome, justify the conclusion that the home advantage is almost totally independent of visitor fatigue and lack of familiarity with the home playing area; it is mainly attributable to the social support of the home audience.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/55.3.641

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This study is one of a larger inquiry into organizational stratification. About U.S. medical schools it asks: How does a sample of full-time clinical and basic science medical school faculty rank 94 medical schools as to quality of faculty and effectiveness of instruction? And: What are the structural correlates of such rankings? The resulting rank order takes on significance as it affects recruitment and placement of students and faculty. Measures of aggrandizement (inflated estimates of worth by insiders) are estimated. Characteristics of medical schools that correlate with perceived quality are: research and publication, eminence of faculty, training and research grants available, size of full-time faculty, and perceived effectiveness of training. While the data support the view that reputation stems from functionally appropriate performance, there is some evidence of a ceiling effect (Harvard) and a halo effect for schools affiliated with universities having national reputations. Regional location is positively associated with perceived reputation in the North and West, negatively in the South. Caveats are entered about interpreting the data.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/55.3.662

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Educational ambition has been shown to be very important in models of status attainment. But other research results suggest that ambition develops in different ways among black (and possibly other lower-status) individuals than among their white counterparts. This paper analyzes the antecedents of educational ambitions of twelfth grade boys, comparing blacks with high- and low-status whites. The black-white comparison reveals major differences in the total explanatory power of the antecedents as well as their relative importance. Level of education of head of household has far less importance and one's view of the opportunity structure (fatalism) has more importance for blacks than for whites. High- and low-status whites resemble each other much more than either is like the blacks, although education of head of household is a stronger source of explanation of ambition for high-status whites. If mother's education is substituted for education of head of household, it sharply reduces the effect of SES of origin among high SES whites, sharply increases it for blacks, and has little effect for low SES whites. These findings indicate that models of educational ambition need to be quite different for blacks than whites, and they suggest non-linear relationships among whites.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/55.3.701

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Interracial communication and cooperation are impaired by a generally high level of distrust on the part of blacks toward white liberals. The idea that the typical white liberal is a hypocritical, sub-rosa racist is widely held and appears supported by laboratory research. Such research is discussed and its findings reinterpreted from a symbolic interactionist and situationalist point of view. The position is developed that much of interaction dynamics between blacks and liberal whites is situationally determined. Such interaction is characterized by strong situationally specific cues, both internal (e.g., anger, fear, guilt), and external (e.g., color of other). These in conjunction with behavioral demand factors, emanating from cultural myths which set up expectations for specific behavior patterns from self and other in such encounters, operate to elicit stereotypical behavior from blacks and whitesas interracial interactants. From the perspective developed, a reconceptualization of interracial interaction is presented, and its implications discussed.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/55.3.715

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

A probability sample of 398 black, 373 Mexican American, and 373 white residents of Los Angeles County aged 45-74 were asked about their experiences with race and age discrimination in finding or staying on a job. The overwhelming majority (60%–88%) of each ethnic subsample identified both race and age discrimination as common in the country today. Smaller percentages of each ethnic subsample (20%–45%) reported that their own friends and acquaintances had experienced race or age discrimination. Finally, respectively smaller percentages of each group (8%–34%) directly identified personal experiences with race or age discrimination. Blacks were considerably more likely to assert the existence of race discrimination at each of these three levels of observation than were Mexican Americans, who, in turn, were moderately more likely to report race discrimination at each level than were whites. Differences among the ethnic subsamples were less dramatic and less consistent for reported experiences with age discrimination at the three levels of observation, although black respondents still tended to report greater exposure to age discrimination than the other ethnic groups.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/55.3.728

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This research attempts to replicate and extend the work of Litwak and Szelyeni on primary group structures in Hungary and the United States. Their findings indicated that proximity of kin and occupation affected primary-group relationships. Employing data drawn from interviews with 686 Irish women, we generally confirmed their findings; however, by means of a step-wise regression procedure we were able to show that occupational prestige was negatively correlated with kin usage in our three time-demand situations because of its association with low fertility in respondent's families of orientation and higher rates of geographic mobility.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/55.3.743

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Questionnaire data from 3,254 Naval Reservists were used to assess ephemeral role enactment, and its relation to model and operating dominant roles. Satisfaction of 14 individual needs was measured with identical Likert items in scales concerning active duty, Reserve Drill, and civilian occupation. Reservists were divided into categories of more and less satisfaction with Reserve Drill, and comparisons were made of scale-item means.The more satisfied Reservists reported a balance of satisfactions among the model dominant role (past active duty), operating dominant role (civilian occupation), and ephemeral role (Reserve Drill), and reported several specific needs better satisfied in the ephemeral role than in the model and operating dominant roles. The less satisfied Reservists reported an imbalance of overall satisfactions in favor of the operating dominant role, and reported virtually no specific needs better satisfied in the model dominant and ephemeral roles than in the operating dominant role. The more satisfied Reservists were enacting Reserve Drill as an ephemeral role, and had been influenced by active duty as a model dominant role.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/55.3.753

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1977

数据来源: OUP