摘要:

A theory of social control structures is developed which (1) postulates that control agents' ideologies of deviance shape modes of treating deviants, (2) locates sources of strain in the social control network, (3) identifies points of role strain in the deviant career. The theory complements the model of the social control network as it consists of the sequence of potential agents who manage the deviant. The model applies to all forms of deviance, provides a dynamic perspective to the study of social control, and provokes questions as to both social control systems and the effects of system functioning upon individual participants.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/47.2.119

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

James C. Davies proposed a “rise and drop” hypothesis to explain the origin of revolutions. The present paper attempts to place this in the more general context of analyzing conditions which produce both social movements and revolutions. Three additional temporal hypotheses (“rising expectations,” “relative deprivation,” and “downward mobility”) and one nontemporal hypothesis (“status inconsistency”) are suggested. These five hypotheses are subsumed under the Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. This provides a general social psychological theory of motivation which could account for individual predispositions toward participation in social movements and revolutions. Predictions are made regarding the direction and intensity of such movements.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/47.2.127

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Teenies' views on social change were never systematically brought together by Toennies himself, but they are implicit in many of his writings, fromGemeinschaft und Gesellschaft(1887) to his posthumous fragmentGeist der Neuzeit(1936). In Toennies' parlance, they are identical with “applied sociology,” but must be considered in the light of the concepts of “pure sociology.” According to Toennies, the principle of change is inherent in the contradictory or dialectical nature of human nature which is based on communal or shared feelings but disturbed by arbitrary or reflective will. In other words, individualism as the carrier of change arises out ofgemeinschaftand sustainsgesellschaft. Individualistic striving primarily becomes operative in trade, secondarily in politics and in science; it is in evidence throughout history, but becomes extraordinarily virulent in the modern age, through the medium of capitalism. The increase of trade and population and the growth of cities are indicators of this development. Toennies differs from Durkheim because he is a typologist and from Weber because he is a dialectician. He shares Weber's pessimistic appraisal of present trends, but envisages a possible reversal in the future.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/47.2.136

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The literature on political party preference of college professors presents the consistent finding that social scientists tend overwhelmingly to identify with the Democratic party. Using a stratified random sample of college professors, this study explores the effects of discipline as well as region, type of school, faculty size, and professorial rank on political party preference. The data reveal that although each of these variables has an effect upon the dependent variable, region and discipline are the most salient.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/47.2.145

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Inconsistency between an achieved and an ascribed status is more likely to lead to Democratic party preference than is inconsistency between two achieved statuses. Because members of the present generation are more likely to attain their occupations through achievement than were their fathers, intergenerational mobility in many cases leads to achievement-ascription inconsistencies. Our data show that both the upwardly mobile and the downwardly mobile are likely to support the Democratic party, thus helping to explain part of the partisan realignment in the United States favoring that party.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/47.2.154

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Analysis of socioeconomic scores of persons classified by detailed occupation in 1950 and 1960 shows general stability of occupational status over the decade but significantly-changing status for a minority of occupations. The latter are examined in terms of changing numbers of occupants and changing median age, as well as relative increases or decreases in average education and income of occupants. Slight declines in scores for persons in a high proportion of occupations is interpreted as a function of the shifting occupational distribution which makes positions in higher status occupations more common and those in lower status occupations even less privileged as time goes on.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/47.2.158

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Data from a probability sample of a state university faculty are analyzed to determine whether academic discipline is predictive of faculty religiosity. Wide variations observed on four of dock's proposed dimensions of religiosity are compared to the scientist-nonscientist dichotomy of fields and to “scholarly distance from religion,” a construct delineated in the paper. The scientist-nonscientist scheme is not predictive of religiosity scores. Scholarly distance from religion successfully orders the scores. A relationship between scholarly distance from religion and religiosity seems to be interpreted partly by the effect of scholarly distance from religion on cognitive differentiation of religion and on social support for religiosity, especially the former. Selectivity of discipline and present religiosity appear to be based on childhood religious background, but controlling for childhood religiosity does not alter the original relationships greatly.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/47.2.171

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The use of systems of simultaneous equations to describe social behavior, extensive in econometrics, appears to have promise for explaining behavior in other social sciences as well. Two problems that may arise with the use of such equations are (1) identification, and (2) estimation. This paper considers the problem of identification and extends the methodology to include a description of the Theil-Basmann method of estimation. A specific model concerning the diffusion of technical innovations is formulated and tested. The results suggest that variables in the model represent an interdependent system.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/47.2.182

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

The idea of a status hierarchy governing the serious dating relationships of university-students is subjected to definitive test. The data, from a state university population, support the assertion. High agreement, within and between sexes, is found on the ranking of fraternities and sororities. Drops, pinnings, and engagements all tend to occur disproportionately among persons from similar prestige levels. The findings hold both for Greek-affiliated and for independent students. The degree of status homogamy tends to increase with the seriousness of the involvement. Interpretations of the findings are offered.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/47.2.195

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This study is concerned with the rural-urban fringe as a complex transition zone on the periphery of growing urban areas in Western countries. Case studies of the fringe and related areas are reviewed, and a definition of the rural-urban fringe is suggested. Further, the urban fringe is differentiated from the rural fringe, the former constituting the subzone of most rapid exurban invasion. Hypotheses are postulated regarding the residents, accessibility, and land and dwellings in the fringe, and suggestions for future studies are outlined in the conclusion.

ISSN:0430-0696    

DOI:10.1093/sf/47.2.202

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1968

数据来源: OUP